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They form the main [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] influence on [[Amharic]] and other [[Ethiopian Semitic languages]].<ref>Hetzron (1976, p. 5)</ref> ==Classification== The Central [[Cushitic languages]] are classified as follows (after Appleyard): * [[Awngi language|Awngi]] (South Agaw) spoken southwest of [[Lake Tana]], much the largest, with over 350,000 speakers :([[Kunfäl dialect|Kunfäl]], spoken west of Lake Tana, is poorly recorded but most likely a dialect of Awngi)<ref>Joswig/Mohammed (2011)</ref> * Northern Agaw: :*Bilen–Xamtanga: ::* [[Bilen language|Bilen]] (North) spoken (70,000 speakers) in [[Eritrea]] around the town of [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]] and eastern [[Sudan]] around the town of [[Kassala]] ::* [[Xamtanga language|Xamtanga]] (Central Agaw; also called Khamir, Khamta) 143,000 speakers in the North [[Amhara Region]] :* [[Qimant language|Qimant]] (Western Agaw) nearly extinct, spoken by the [[Qemant]] in [[Semien Gondar Zone]] ::(dialects [[Qwara dialect|Qwara]] – nearly extinct, spoken by [[Beta Israel]] formerly living in Qwara, now in [[Israel]]; [[Kayla dialect|Kayla]] – extinct, formerly spoken by some [[Beta Israel]], transitional between Qimant and Xamtanga) There is a literature in Agaw but it is widely dispersed: from medieval texts containing passages in the [[Qimant language]], now mostly in [[Israel|Israeli]] museums, to the modern [[Bilen language]] with its own newspaper, based in [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], [[Eritrea]]. Historical material is also available in the [[Xamtanga language]], and there is a deep tradition of folklore in the [[Awngi language]]. ==Phonology== Central Cushitic languages are characterised by the presence of {{IPAslink|ŋ}}, {{IPAslink|ɣ}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, and [[central vowel]]s, while they lack ejectives, implosives, pharyngeals, consonant gemination, vowel length, and the consonant {{IPAslink|ɲ}}.<ref>Zelealem, [Mollaligne] Leyew. 2020. Central Cushitic. In: Rainer Vossen and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.), ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> ==See also== *[[Agaw|Agaw people]] *[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Agaw reconstructions|List of Proto-Agaw reconstructions]] (Wiktionary) ==Bibliography== *Appleyard, David L. (2006) ''A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages'' (Kuschitische Sprachstudien – Cushitic Language Studies Band 24). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. *Hetzron, Robert (1976) The Agaw Languages. ''Afroasiatic Linguistics'' 3,3. p.&nbsp;31–37 * Joswig, Andreas and Hussein Mohammed (2011). [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/47/48/71/47487126751402247272257693921708804224/silesr2011_047.pdf A Sociolinguistic Survey Report; Revisiting the Southern Agaw Language areas of Ethiopia]. SIL International. 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