CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fuzhou dialect - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9ecac0b2-3dbe-473d-a80b-b60469e9f9e1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fuzhou_dialect","wgTitle":"Fuzhou dialect","wgCurRevisionId":1259834850,"wgRevisionId":1259834850,"wgArticleId":2347345,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Pages with plain IPA","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015","All articles needing rewrite","Articles needing additional references from January 2015", "All articles needing additional references","Articles that may contain original research from January 2015","All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Language articles with old speaker data","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Languages with ISO6 code","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code","Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code","Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Pages with undetermined IPA","Articles containing Min Dong Chinese-language text","Pages with Min Nan Chinese IPA","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles to be expanded from May 2012","All articles to be expanded", "Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles to be expanded from June 2008","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with dead external links from January 2018","Eastern Min","City colloquials","Culture in Fujian","Languages of China"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fuzhou_dialect","wgRelevantArticleId":2347345,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Fuzhounese","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode": "en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35571","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1337"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="891"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg/640px-Fuzhou_language_map.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="713"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fuzhou dialect - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fuzhou_dialect rootpage-Fuzhou_dialect skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fuzhou+dialect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fuzhou+dialect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fuzhou+dialect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fuzhou+dialect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_by_Western_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_by_Western_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Studies by Western missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_by_Western_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_by_Japanese_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_by_Japanese_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Studies by Japanese scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_by_Japanese_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_quo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_quo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Status quo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_quo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tonal_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonal_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tonal sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonal_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Initial assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Close/Open_rimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close/Open_rimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Close/Open rimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close/Open_rimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_phonological_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_phonological_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other phonological features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_phonological_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutral_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Neutral tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Words_from_Old_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_from_Old_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Words from Old Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_from_Old_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_from_Ancient_Minyue_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_from_Ancient_Minyue_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Words from Ancient Minyue language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_from_Ancient_Minyue_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_colloquial_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_colloquial_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literary and colloquial readings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_colloquial_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_from_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_from_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Loan words from English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_from_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chinese characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foochow_Romanized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foochow_Romanized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foochow Romanized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foochow_Romanized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mǐnqiāng_Kuàizì" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mǐnqiāng_Kuàizì"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mǐnqiāng_Kuàizì-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_art_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_art_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literary and art forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_art_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missionary_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionary_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Missionary texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionary_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Modern studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuzhou dialect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hok-chiu-%C5%8De" title="Hok-chiu-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hok-chiu-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA-zh%C5%8Du-hu%C3%A0" title="Fú-zhōu-huà – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fú-zhōu-huà" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou-Dialekt" title="Fuzhou-Dialekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fuzhou-Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_fuzhoun%C3%A9s" title="Chino fuzhounés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino fuzhounés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecte_de_Fuzhou" title="Dialecte de Fuzhou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dialecte de Fuzhou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuk-ch%C3%BB-fa" title="Fuk-chû-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fuk-chû-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek_Fuzhou" title="Dialek Fuzhou – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dialek Fuzhou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loghat_Fuzhou" title="Loghat Fuzhou – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loghat Fuzhou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3k-ci%C5%AD-u%C3%A2" title="Hók-ciŭ-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hók-ciŭ-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="福州語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福州語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhouhua" title="Fuzhouhua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fuzhouhua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt_Fuzhou" title="Dialekt Fuzhou – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt Fuzhou" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_fuzhou" title="Língua fuzhou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua fuzhou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fuzhou dialect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukienesiska" title="Fukienesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fukienesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Ph%C3%BAc_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phương ngữ Phúc Châu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương ngữ Phúc Châu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="福州話" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="福州話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福州話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fuzhou_dialect" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fuzhou_dialect" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fuzhou_dialect" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&oldid=1259834850" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fuzhou_dialect&id=1259834850&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFuzhou_dialect"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFuzhou_dialect"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fuzhou_dialect&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fuzhou_dialect" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35571" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhounese&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Min Chinese language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Fuzhou dialect">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fuzhou_dialect" title="Talk:Fuzhou dialect">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fuzhou_dialect" title="Talk:Fuzhou dialect">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Fuzhou dialect">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22">"Fuzhou dialect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fuzhou+dialect%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Fuzhounese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州話</span></span> / <i>Hók-ciŭ-uâ</i><br /> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州語</span></span> / <i>Hók-ciŭ-ngṳ̄</i><br /> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">平話</span></span> / <i>Bàng-uâ</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsju˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>uɑ˨˦˨]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> and its surrounding counties) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(10 million cited 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-Li_1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Min">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Houguan<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Fuzhounese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a>, Taiwan (as local language<sup id="cite_ref-UDN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">ISO 639-6</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>fzho</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fuzh1239">fuzh1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-ice">79-AAA-ice</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuzhou_language_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg/320px-Fuzhou_language_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg/480px-Fuzhou_language_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg/640px-Fuzhou_language_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="762" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The Fuzhou dialect in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>, regions where the standard form is spoken are deep blue.<br />1: <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> City Proper, 2: <a href="/wiki/Minhou_County" title="Minhou County">Minhou</a>, 3: <a href="/wiki/Fuqing" title="Fuqing">Fuqing</a>, 4: <a href="/wiki/Lianjiang_County" title="Lianjiang County">Lianjiang</a>, 5: <a href="/wiki/Pingnan_County,_Fujian" title="Pingnan County, Fujian">Pingnan</a><br />6: <a href="/wiki/Luoyuan_County" title="Luoyuan County">Luoyuan</a>, 7: <a href="/wiki/Gutian_County" title="Gutian County">Gutian</a>, 8: <a href="/wiki/Minqing_County" title="Minqing County">Minqing</a>, 9: <a href="/wiki/Changle" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle">Changle</a>, 10: <a href="/wiki/Yongtai_County" title="Yongtai County">Yongtai</a>, 11: <a href="/wiki/Pingtan_County" title="Pingtan County">Pingtan</a><br />12: Regions in <a href="/wiki/Fuding" title="Fuding">Fuding</a>, 13: Regions in <a href="/wiki/Xiapu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiapu County">Xiapu</a>, 14: Regions in <a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a><br />15: Regions in <a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a>, 16: Regions in <a href="/wiki/Youxi_County" title="Youxi County">Youxi</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Fuzhounese</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:福">福</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:州">州</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:話">話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:福">福</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:州">州</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:话">话</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fúzhōuhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">fuk<sup>1</sup> zau<sup>1</sup> waa<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hok-chiu-oē</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn"><b>Hók-ciŭ-uâ</b><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ua˨˦˨</span>)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:福">福</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:州">州</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:語">語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:福">福</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:州">州</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fúzhōuyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">fuk<sup>1</sup> zau<sup>1</sup> jyu<sup>5</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hok-chiu-gí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn"><b>Hók-ciŭ-ngṳ̄</b><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋy˧</span>)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Everyday language</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:話">話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:话">话</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Píng huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ping<sup>4</sup> waa<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn"><b>Bàng-uâ</b><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">paŋ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>wa˨˦˨</span>)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fuzhou language</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">福州话</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">福州話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fúzhōuhuà</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">FR</a>: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span style=\"font-family:sans-serif;\">H\u00f3k-ci\u016d-u\u00e2<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Hók-ciŭ-uâ</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg" title="File:Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ua˨˦˨]</a></span>), also <b>Foochow</b>, <b>Hokchew</b>, <b>Hok-chiu</b>, or <b>Fuzhounese</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> spoken mainly in the Mindong region of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>. As it is mutually unintelligible to neighbouring varieties (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>) in the province, under a technical linguistic definition Fuzhou is a <a href="/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">language and not a dialect</a> (conferring the variety a 'dialect' status is more socio-politically motivated than linguistic). Thus, while Fuzhou may be commonly referred to as a 'dialect' by laypersons, this is colloquial usage and not recognised in academic linguistics. Like many other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, the Fuzhou dialect is dominated by monosyllabic morphemes that carry lexical <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WALS_fuz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WALS_fuz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a mainly <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic syntax</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> branch it belongs to is relatively closer to other <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">branches of Min</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a> than to other Sinitic branches such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, they are still not mutually intelligible. </p><p>Centered in <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou City">Fuzhou City</a>, the Fuzhou dialect covers 11 cities and counties in China: <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> City Proper, <a href="/wiki/Pingnan_County,_Fujian" title="Pingnan County, Fujian">Pingnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutian_County" title="Gutian County">Gutian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luoyuan_County" title="Luoyuan County">Luoyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minqing_County" title="Minqing County">Minqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lianjiang_County" title="Lianjiang County">Lianjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minhou_County" title="Minhou County">Minhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changle" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle">Changle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongtai_County" title="Yongtai County">Yongtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuqing" title="Fuqing">Fuqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pingtan_County" title="Pingtan County">Pingtan</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lienchiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Lienchiang County">Lienchiang County</a> (the Matsu Islands), in Taiwan (the ROC). It is also the second local language in many northern and middle Fujian cities and counties such as <a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaowu" title="Shaowu">Shaowu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shunchang_County" title="Shunchang County">Shunchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youxi_County" title="Youxi County">Youxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fuzhou dialect is also widely spoken in some regions abroad, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern Asian</a> countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. The Malaysian city of <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a> is called "New Fuzhou" due to the influx of immigrants there in the late 19th century and early 1900s. Many Fuzhou people have also emigrated to Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou Americans">United States</a>, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chinese, it is generally termed in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">福州话</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">福州話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fúzhōuhuà</span></i>, which in the native language (using the romanization <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a>) is: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i><span style=\"font-family:sans-serif;\">H\u00f3k-ci\u016d-u\u00e2<\/span><\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Hók-ciŭ-uâ</span></i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg" title="File:Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ua˨˦˨]</a></span>. It is also sometimes called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州語</span></span> (<span title="Min Dong Chinese-language text"><i lang="cdo">Hók-ciŭ-ngṳ̄</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Fúzhōuyǔ</i>), using a different term for 'speech'. Native speakers also call it <b>Bàng-uâ</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">平話</span></span>), meaning "the everyday language". </p><p>In English, the term "Fuzhou dialect" dominates, although "Fuzhounese" is also frequently attested. In older works written in English, the variety is called "Foochow dialect", based on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Chinese postal romanization</a> of Fuzhou. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>), it is known locally as "Hokchia". Meanwhile in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, it is often called "Hokchiu" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[hɔk̚˥t͡ɕiu˦]</a></span>), which is the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language or "Huchiu" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[hu˨˩t͡ɕiu˥]</a></span>), which is the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> language of Fuzhou itself. Eastern Min and Southern Min are both spoken in the same <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>, but the name Hokkien, while etymologically derived from the same characters as Fujian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">福建</span></span>), is used in Southeast Asia and the English press to refer specifically to Southern Min, which has a larger number of speakers both within Fujian and in the Chinese diaspora of Southeast Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qilinbayin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qilinbayin.jpg/220px-Qilinbayin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qilinbayin.jpg/330px-Qilinbayin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qilinbayin.jpg/440px-Qilinbayin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The authoritative Foochow rime book <i><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%AB_L%C3%ADn_B%C4%81y%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Qī Lín Bāyīn">Qī Lín Bāyīn</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a> kingdom of Southeast China in 110 BC, Chinese people began settling what is now <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> language brought by the mass influx of Chinese immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plain (China)">Chinese heartland</a>, along with the influences of local languages, became the early Proto-Min language from which Eastern Min, Southern Min, and other Min languages arose.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this Min branch of Chinese, Eastern Min and Southern Min both form part of a Coastal Min subgroup, and are thus closer to each other than to Inland Min groups such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a>. </p><p>The famous book <i><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%AB_L%C3%ADn_B%C4%81y%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Qī Lín Bāyīn">Qī Lín Bāyīn</a></i>, which was compiled in the 17th century, is the first and the most full-scale <a href="/wiki/Rime_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime book">rime book</a> that provides a systematic guide to character reading for people speaking or learning the Fuzhou dialect. It once served to standardize the language and is still widely quoted as an authoritative reference book in modern academic research in Min Chinese phonology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_by_Western_missionaries">Studies by Western missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Studies by Western missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg/220px-Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg/330px-Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg/440px-Dictionary_of_foochow_h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Foochow_dialect" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of the Foochow dialect">Dictionary of the Foochow dialect</a></i>, 3rd Edition, published in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> was open to Westerners as a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty port</a> after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>. But due to the language barrier, however, the first Christian missionary base in this city did not take place without difficulties. In order to convert <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou people</a>, those missionaries found it very necessary to make a careful study of the Fuzhou dialect. Their most notable works are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>1856, <a href="/wiki/M._C._White" class="mw-redirect" title="M. C. White">M. C. White</a>: <i>The Chinese language spoken at Fuh Chau</i></li> <li>1870, <a href="/wiki/R._S._Maclay" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. Maclay">R. S. Maclay</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._C._Baldwin" title="C. C. Baldwin">C. C. Baldwin</a>: <i>An alphabetic dictionary of the Chinese language in the Foochow dialect</i></li> <li>1871, C. C. Baldwin: <i>Manual of the Foochow dialect</i></li> <li>1891, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._B._Adam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. B. Adam (page does not exist)">T. B. Adam</a>: <i>An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect</i></li> <li>1893, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartwell" title="Charles Hartwell">Charles Hartwell</a>: <i>Three Character Classic of Gospel in the Foochow Colloquial</i></li> <li>1898, R. S. Maclay & C. C. Baldwin: <i>An Alphabetic Dictionary of the Chinese Language of the Foochow Dialect</i>, 2nd edition</li> <li>1905, T. B. Adam: <i>An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect</i>, 2nd edition]</li> <li>1906, The Foochow translation of the complete Bible</li> <li>1923, T. B. Adam & L. P. Peet: <i>An English-Chinese dictionary of the Foochow dialect</i>, 2nd edition</li> <li>1929, R. S. Maclay & C. C. Baldwin (revised and enlarged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._H._Leger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. H. Leger (page does not exist)">S. H. Leger</a>): <i>Dictionary of the Foochow dialect</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_by_Japanese_scholars">Studies by Japanese scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Studies by Japanese scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japo-foochow2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Japo-foochow2.jpg/220px-Japo-foochow2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Japo-foochow2.jpg/330px-Japo-foochow2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Japo-foochow2.jpg/440px-Japo-foochow2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Japanese-Chinese Translation: Fuzhou Dialect</i>, published in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, 1940. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foochow_kana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foochow kana (page does not exist)">Foochow kana</a> is used to represent Foochow pronunciation.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some Japanese scholars became passionate about studying the Fuzhou dialect, believing that it could be beneficial to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. One of their most famous works was the <i>Japanese-Chinese Translation: Fuzhou Dialect</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日華對譯: 福州語</span></span>) published in 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> was used to represent Fuzhou pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_quo">Status quo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status quo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foochow_teaching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foochow_teaching.jpg/220px-Foochow_teaching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foochow_teaching.jpg/330px-Foochow_teaching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foochow_teaching.jpg/440px-Foochow_teaching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Pupils in Gulou Experimental Elementary School (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">鼓樓實驗小學</span></span>) in Fuzhou are learning the Foochow <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> <i>Cĭng-cēu-giāng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">真鳥囝</span></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Fuzhou society had been largely <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism#Multilingualism_at_the_societal_level" title="Multilingualism">monolingual</a>. But for decades the Chinese government has discouraged the use of the vernacular in school education and in media, so the number of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> speakers has been greatly boosted. Recent reports indicate that less than 50% of young people in Fuzhou are able to speak the Fuzhou dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, the Fuzhou dialect has been officially listed as an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promotion work is being systematically carried out to preserve its use. In <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a>, currently controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the teaching of the local variant, the <a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a>, has been successfully introduced into <a href="/wiki/Elementary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary schools">elementary schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UDN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GetIt01_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GetIt01-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in Matsu<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Fuzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FuzhouTransport_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuzhouTransport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the standard Fuzhou dialect. For a discussion of other dialects, see <a href="#Regional_variations">§ Regional variations</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Like all Chinese varieties, the Fuzhou dialect is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>, and has extensive <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> rules in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">initials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>. These complicated rules make the Fuzhou dialect one of the most difficult Chinese varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven original <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> in the Fuzhou dialect, compared with the eight tones of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Name </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Tone contour </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Description </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Example </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">five-scale IPA</a> (李1994)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">five-scale IPA</a> (冯1998)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dark-level (<i>Ĭng-bìng</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰平</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td>high level </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">君</span></span> </td> <td>44 </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising tone (<i>Siōng-siăng</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上聲</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td>middle level </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">滾</span></span> </td> <td>31 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark-departing (<i>Ĭng-ké̤ṳ</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰去</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span> </td> <td>low falling and rising </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">貢</span></span> </td> <td>213 </td> <td>212 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark-entering (<i>Ĭng-ĭk</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span> </td> <td>middle rising stopped </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">谷</span></span> </td> <td><u>23</u> </td> <td><u>24</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Light-level (<i>Iòng-bìng</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽平</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> </td> <td>high falling </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">群</span></span> </td> <td>53 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Light-departing (<i>Iòng-ké̤ṳ</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽去</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦˨</span> </td> <td>middle rising and falling </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">郡</span></span> </td> <td>353 </td> <td>242 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Light-entering (<i>Iòng-ĭk</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> </td> <td>high level stopped </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">掘</span></span> </td> <td><u>5</u> </td> <td><u>5</u> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sample characters are taken from the <i><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%AB_L%C3%ADn_B%C4%81y%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Qī Lín Bāyīn">Qī Lín Bāyīn</a></i>. More modern studies have also been done in the late 20th century and early 21st centuries, including an acoustically quantified set of data for the citation tones.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Qī Lín Bāyīn</i>, the Fuzhou dialect is described as having eight tones, which explains how the book got its title (<i>Bāyīn</i> means "eight tones"). That name, however, is somewhat misleading, because Ĭng-siōng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰上</span></span>) and Iòng-siōng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽上</span></span>) are identical in <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a>; therefore, only seven tones exist. </p><p>Ĭng-ĭk and Iòng-ĭk (or so-called <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">entering tone</a>) syllables end with either <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">velar stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> or a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>. However, they are both now realized as a glottal stop, though the two <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> maintain distinct sandhi behavior in connected speech. </p><p>Besides those seven tones listed above, two new tonal values, "˨˩" (Buáng-ĭng-ké̤ṳ, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">半陰去</span></span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span> (Buáng-iòng-ké̤ṳ, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">半陽去</span></span>) occur in connected speech (see <b>Tonal sandhi</b> below). </p><p>Little discussed in the existing literature, there is some evidence that Fuzhou uses non-modal phonation with certain tones: creaky for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰去</span></span> <i>ĭng-ké̤ṳ</i>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入</span></span> <i>ĭng-ĭk</i>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽去</span></span> <i>iòng-ké̤ṳ</i>, and breathy for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上聲</span></span> <i>siōng-siăng</i>. This has been shown to be perceptually relevant for tonal identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonal_sandhi">Tonal sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tonal sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rules of <a href="/wiki/Tonal_sandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal sandhi">tonal sandhi</a> in the Fuzhou dialect are complicated, even compared with those of other Min dialects. When two or more than two morphemes combine into a word, the tonal value of the last morpheme remains stable but in most cases those of the preceding morphemes change. For example, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">獨</span></span>", "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">立</span></span>" and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">日</span></span>" are words of Iòng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span>) with the same tonal value <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span>, and are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuʔ˥]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[liʔ˥]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[niʔ˥]</span>, respectively. When combined as the phrase "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">獨立日</span></span>" (Independence Day), "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">獨</span></span>" changes its tonal value to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span>, and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">立</span></span>" changes its to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span>, therefore the pronunciation as a whole is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>liʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>niʔ˥]</span>. </p><p>The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#BBFFFF">Ĭng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰平</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#BBFFFF"> <p>Iòng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽平</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span>)<br /> Iòng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span>) </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#BBFFFF">Siōng-siăng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上聲</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#BBFFFF"> <p>Ĭng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰去</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span>)<br /> Iòng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽去</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦˨</span>)<br /> Ĭng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFBBFF"> <p>Ĭng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰平</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span>)<br /> Ĭng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰去</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span>)<br /> Iòng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽去</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦˨</span>)<br /> Ĭng-ĭk-ék (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入乙</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span>) </p> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFBBFF"> <p>Iòng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽平</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span>)<br /> Iòng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span>) </p> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">˨˩</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFBBFF"> <p>Siōng-siăng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上聲</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span>)<br /> Ĭng-ĭk-gák (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入甲</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span>) </p> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ĭng-ĭk-gák (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入甲</span></span>) are ĭng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入</span></span>) syllables ending with <i>-k</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and ĭng-ĭk-ék (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入乙</span></span>) are those with a final <i>-h</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanM_1990-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction made between the glottal stop and the -k is said to have been maintained in the literary readings of characters until quite recently.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are usually realized as the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> by most modern speakers of the Fuzhou dialect, and have the same tone in isolation, but they are still distinguished both in the above tone sandhi behavior, and in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Initial_assimilation">initial assimilation</a> that occurs after them.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanM_1990-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the iòng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span>) tone is also a <a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked tone</a> composed of both types of syllables, in <i>-k</i> and in <i>-h</i>, there is no split in its realization, either in isolation or in its tone sandhi behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three patterns of tone sandhi exhibited in the Fuzhou dialect may be a reflex of the voicing split from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> into different registers. This is based on a comparison with the tonal sandhi system of the subdialect of <a href="/wiki/Lianjiang_County" title="Lianjiang County">Lianjiang</a>, a very similar but more conservative <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> variety, where three tonal categories on penultimate syllables ("Yin" / Ĭng / <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰</span></span> from unvoiced consonants in Middle Chinese; "Yang" / Iòng / <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽</span></span> from voiced consonants in Middle Chinese; and a third "Shang" / Siōng / <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上</span></span> tonal category from the Middle Chinese "rising tone" 上聲 where the Yin and Yang registers have merged) interact with the tonal category of the final syllable to form the sandhi pattern in Lianjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the effect of the historical tonal registers from Middle Chinese is clear in Lianjiang, the Fuzhou tonal sandhi system has deviated from the older pattern, in that the tone Iòng-ké̤ṳ 陽去<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦˨</span>, which is from the historical "Yang" tonal register, now follows the sandhi rules for the "Yin" register; and the sandhi tone Ĭng-ĭk-gák 陰入乙 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span>, which comes from the historical "Yin" register, follow the sandhi rules for the merged "Shang" tone.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tonal sandhi rules of more than two syllables display further complexities. For three-syllable domains: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Original tones </th> <th colspan="3">After tone sandhi </th></tr> <tr> <th>First syllable</th> <th>Second syllable</th> <th>Third syllable </th> <th>First syllable</th> <th>Second syllable</th> <th>Third syllable </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F5F0EB"><i>All tones</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked (B) /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/ </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Dark level /˥/ </td> <td rowspan="12" bgcolor="#EBF0F5"><i>No change</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Rising /˧/<br />Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Light level /˥˧/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Rising /˧/<br />Dark checked (A) /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Rising /˧/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half light departing /˧˥/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Dark level /˥/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked (B) /˨˦/ </td> <td rowspan="7" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Dark level /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Dark level /˥/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Rising /˧/ </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Light level /˥˧/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Rising /˧/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Rising /˧/<br />Dark checked (A) /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/<br />Rising /˧/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half light departing /˧˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Rising /˧/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Dark level /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/ </td> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark level /˥/<br />Light level /˥˧/<br />Light checked /˥/<br />Rising /˧/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Rising /˧/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Rising /˧/ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F5F0EB">Dark departing /˨˩˧/<br />Light departing /˨˦˨/<br />Dark checked /˨˦/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td> <td bgcolor="#EBF0F5">Half dark departing /˨˩/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Four-syllable words can be treated as two sequential two-syllable units, and undergo two-syllable tone sandhi accordingly; in faster speech, the first two syllables are reduced to a half dark departing tone, and the remaining two syllables undergo two-syllable tone sandhi. A domain of four syllables is the maximum, with anything larger broken down to into smaller domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are fifteen <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">initials</a>, including a zero initial realized as a glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">蒙</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">日</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">語</span></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">波</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">他</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">氣</span></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">邊</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">低</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">求</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">鶯</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">時</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">喜</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰ/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">出</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">曾</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">柳</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chinese characters in the brackets are also sample characters from <i><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%AB_L%C3%ADn_B%C4%81y%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Qī Lín Bāyīn">Qī Lín Bāyīn</a></i>. </p><p>Some speakers find it difficult to distinguish between the initials <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>. </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental phonemes</a>, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, exist in the Fuzhou dialect, which is one of the most conspicuous characteristics shared by all branches in the <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Family</a>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> exist only in connected speech (see <b>Initial assimilation</b> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_assimilation">Initial assimilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Fuzhou dialect, there are various kinds of initial <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>, all of which are progressive. When two or more than two syllables combine into a word, the initial of the first syllable stays unchanged while those of the following syllables, in most cases, change to match its preceding phoneme, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> of its preceding syllable. As with the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Close/Open_rimes">rime changes</a>, initial assimilation is not as mandatory as tone sandhi in connected speech, and its presence and absence may indicate different parts of speech, different meanings of a single word, or different relationships between groups of words syntactically.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_(2002)_6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_(2002)_6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">The Coda of the Former Syllable </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable </th></tr> <tr> <td>Null coda or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/tʰ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> change to null initial (without <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>);</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰ/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and the null initial remain unchanged.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/tʰ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> and the null initial change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰ/</span> change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>;</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> remain unchanged.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-k/</span> </td> <td>All initials remain unchanged. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Note that although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span> are generally pronounced the same in isolation, realized as a final <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ʔ]</span>, they cause drastically different effects on the initials that follow. They also differ in how common it is to drop them in natural linked speech. These have been called prelinked and floating glottal stops respectively in academic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChanM_1990-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rimes">Rimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the seven <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel phonemes</a> of the Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou is known for its vowel alternations much discussed in the linguistic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i~ɛi]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y~œy]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u~ɔu]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e~a]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø~ɔ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o~ɔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Fuzhou dialect, the codas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-n/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span> have all merged as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-k/</span> have all merged as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span>. Seven vowel phonemes, together with the codas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span>, are organized into forty-six <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="7">Monophthongs </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Open syllable </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">蝦, 罷</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e,<span class="wrap"> </span>a]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">街, 細</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">驢, 告</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">哥, 抱</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛi]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">喜, 氣</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔu]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">苦, 怒</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y,<span class="wrap"> </span>œy]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">豬, 箸</span></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nasal Coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">三, 汗</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛiŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">人, 任</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔuŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">春, 鳳</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>œyŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">銀, 頌</span></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Glottal Coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">盒, 鴨</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">漬</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">扔</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">樂, 閣</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛiʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">力, 乙</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔuʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">勿, 福</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>œyʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">肉, 竹</span></span></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="5">Rising diphthongs </th> <th colspan="8">Falling diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wa/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wo/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɥo/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eu/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øy/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iu/</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Open syllable </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">寫, 夜</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">雞, 毅</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">花, 話</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">科, 課</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥo]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">橋, 銳</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">紙, 再</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">郊, 校</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eu,<span class="wrap"> </span>au]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">溝, 構</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øy,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔy]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">催, 罪</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iu]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">秋, 笑</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ui]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">杯, 歲</span></span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nasal Coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ/</span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">驚, 命</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jeŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">天, 見</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">歡, 換</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[woŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">王, 象</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥoŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">鄉, 樣</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eiŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aiŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">恒, 硬</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ouŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔuŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">湯, 寸</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øyŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔyŋ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">桶, 洞</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Glottal Coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">擲, 察</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jeʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">熱, 鐵</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">活, 法</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[woʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">月, 郭</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥoʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">藥, 弱</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eiʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aiʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">賊, 黑</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ouʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔuʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">學, 骨</span></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øyʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔyʔ]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">讀, 角</span></span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="4">Triphthong </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wai/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Open syllable </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wai]</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">我, 怪</span></span></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As has been mentioned above, there are theoretically two different entering tonal codas in the Fuzhou dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʔ/</span>. However, for most Fuzhou dialect speakers, those two codas are only distinguishable when in the <a href="#Tonal_sandhi">tonal sandhi</a> or <a href="#Initial_assimilation">initial assimilation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close/Open_rimes"><span id="Close.2FOpen_rimes"></span>Close/Open rimes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Close/Open rimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some rimes come in pairs in the above table: the one to the left represents a close rime (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">緊韻</span></span>), while the other represents an open rime (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">鬆韻</span></span>). This vowel alternation of close/open rimes is closely related with the tones. In single syllables, the tones of Ĭng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰平</span></span>), Siōng-siăng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">上聲</span></span>), Iòng-bìng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽平</span></span>) and Iòng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽入</span></span>) have close rimes, while Ĭng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰去</span></span>), Ĭng-ĭk (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陰入</span></span>) and Iòng-ké̤ṳ (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">陽去</span></span>) have open rimes. </p><p>In connected speech, an open rime shifts to its close counterpart in the <a href="#Tonal_sandhi">tonal sandhi</a>. For instance, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福</span></span>" (hók) is a Ĭng-ĭk syllable and is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɔuʔ˨˦]</span> and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">州</span></span>" (ciŭ) a Ĭng-bìng syllable with the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsiu˥]</span>. When these two syllables combine into the word "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州</span></span>" (Hók-ciŭ, Fuzhou), "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福</span></span>" changes its tonal value from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˦</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> and, simultaneously, shifts its rime from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ɔuʔ]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-uʔ]</span>, so the phrase is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥]</span>. In contrast, in the word "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">中國</span></span>" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tyŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kuoʔ˨˦]</span> (Dṳ̆ng-guók, China), "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">中</span></span>" is a Ĭng-bìng syllable and therefore its close rime never changes, though it does change its tonal value from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span> in tonal sandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Initial_assimilation">initial assimilation</a>, the closing of open rimes in connected speech is not as compulsory as tone sandhi. It has been described as "a sort of switch that flips on and off to indicate different things", so its presence or absence can indicate different meanings or different syntactic functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_(2002)_6_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_(2002)_6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon of close/open rimes is nearly unique to the Fuzhou dialect and this feature makes it especially intricate and reduces its intelligibility, even to speakers of other <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> varieties. Even cross-linguistically, such phonological tone-vowel interactions are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_phonological_features">Other phonological features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other phonological features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutral_tone">Neutral tone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Neutral tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Neutral_tone" title="Standard Chinese phonology">neutral tone</a> is attested in the Fuzhou dialect, as well as being found in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> group and in varieties of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, including Beijing-based <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a>. It is commonly found in some modal particles, aspect markers, and some question-forming negative particles that come after units made up of one tone sandhi domain, and in some adverbs, aspect markers, conjunctions etc. that come before such units. These two types, the post-nucleus and the pre-nucleus neutral tone, exhibit different tone sandhi behavior. Disyllabic neutral tone words are also attested, as are some inter-nuclei neutral tones, mainly connected to the use of 蜀 <i>siŏh</i> /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">suoʔ˥</span>/ in verbal reduplication.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_(2002)_106_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_(2002)_106-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words">words</a> in the Fuzhou dialect have <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> in other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, so a non-Fuzhou speaker would find it much easier to understand the Fuzhou dialect written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> than spoken in conversation. However, <a href="/wiki/False_friends" class="mw-redirect" title="False friends">false friends</a> do exist: for example, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">莫細膩</span></span>" (mŏ̤h sá̤-nê) means "don't be too polite" or "make yourself at home", "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">我對手汝洗碗</span></span>" (nguāi dó̤i-chiū nṳ̄ sā̤ uāng) means "I help you wash dishes", "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">伊共伊老媽嚟冤家</span></span>" (ĭ gâe̤ng ĭ lâu-mā lā̤ uŏng-gă) means "he and his wife are quarreling (with each other)", etc. Mere knowledge of Mandarin vocabulary, with the cognates <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%86%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:細膩">細膩</a></span></span> <i>xìnì</i>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%89%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:對手">對手</a></span></span> <i>duìshǒu</i> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%A4%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:冤家">冤家</a></span></span> <i>yuānjiā</i>, does not assist in understanding the nuance of such sentences. </p><p>The majority of Fuzhou dialect vocabulary dates back more than 1,200 years. Some everyday words are still in use as they were in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, as illustrated by a poem of a renowned Chinese poet of the era, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kuang" title="Gu Kuang">Gu Kuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his poem <i>Jiǎn</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kuang" title="Gu Kuang">Gu Kuang</a> explicitly noted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝，音蹇。閩俗呼子為囝，父為郎罷。</span></span><br />"<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝</span></span> is pronounced as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">蹇</span></span>. In Fujian vernacular son is called <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝</span></span>, and father <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">郎罷</span></span>."</p></blockquote> <p>In the Fuzhou dialect, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝</span></span>" (giāng) for 'son' and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">郎罷</span></span>" (nòng-mâ) for 'father' are still in use today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_from_Old_Chinese">Words from Old Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Words from Old Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quite a few words from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> have retained the original meanings for thousands of years, while their counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> have either fallen out of daily use or varied to different meanings. </p><p>This table shows some Fuzhou dialect words from Old Chinese, as contrasted to Mandarin Chinese: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Fuzhou dialect </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF"><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a> </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Mandarin </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>eye </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">目睭/目珠</span></span> </td> <td>mĕ̤k-ciŭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[møyʔ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>tsju˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">眼睛</span></span> </td> <td>yǎnjīng </td></tr> <tr> <td>you </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">汝</span></span> </td> <td>nṳ̄ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ny˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">你</span></span> </td> <td>nǐ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chopstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopstick">chopstick</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">箸</span></span> </td> <td>dê̤ṳ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tøy˨˦˨]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">筷子</span></span> </td> <td>kuàizi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to chase </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">逐</span></span> </td> <td>dṳ̆k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tyʔ˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">追</span></span> </td> <td>zhuī </td></tr> <tr> <td>to look, to watch </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">覷/覰/䁦</span></span> </td> <td>ché̤ṳ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰœy˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">看</span></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td>kàn </td></tr> <tr> <td>wet </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">潤</span></span> </td> <td>nóng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɔuŋ˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">濕</span></span> </td> <td>shī </td></tr> <tr> <td>black </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">烏</span></span> </td> <td>ŭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">黑</span></span> </td> <td>hēi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to feed </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">豢</span></span> </td> <td>huáng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hwaŋ˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">養</span></span>² </td> <td>yǎng </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">看</span></span>" (káng) is also used as the verb "to look" in the Fuzhou dialect.</dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">養</span></span>" (iōng) in the Fuzhou dialect means "give birth to (a child)".</dd></dl> <p>This table shows some words that are used in the Fuzhou dialect close to as they were in Classical Chinese, while the meanings in Mandarin Chinese have altered: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Word </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Foochow Romanized </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning in Classical Chinese and the Fuzhou dialect </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Pinyin </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning in Mandarin </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">細</span></span> </td> <td>sá̤ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sa˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td>tiny, small, young </td> <td>xì </td> <td>thin, slender </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">說</span></span> </td> <td>suók/siók <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[swoʔ˨˦]</span> </td> <td>to explain, to clarify </td> <td>shuō </td> <td>to speak, to talk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">懸</span></span> </td> <td>gèng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[keiŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td>tall, high </td> <td>xuán </td> <td>to hang, to suspend (v.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">喙</span></span> </td> <td>chói <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰwi˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td>mouth </td> <td>huì </td> <td>beak </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_from_Ancient_Minyue_language">Words from Ancient Minyue language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Words from Ancient Minyue language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some daily used words, shared by all Min varieties, came from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Minyue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyue language">Minyue language</a>. Such as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Word </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Foochow Romanized </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> / Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a> </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">骹</span></span> </td> <td>kă ([kʰa˥]) </td> <td>kha ([kʰa˥]) </td> <td>foot and leg </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">囝</span></span> </td> <td>giāng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjaŋ˧]</span> </td> <td>kiáⁿ ([kjã˥˩]) </td> <td>son, child, whelp, a small amount </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">睏</span></span> </td> <td>káung <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰauŋ˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td>khùn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰun˨˩]</span> </td> <td>to sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">骿</span></span> </td> <td>piăng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰjaŋ˥]</span> </td> <td>phiaⁿ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰjã˥]</span> </td> <td>back, dorsum </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">儂</span></span> </td> <td>nè̤ng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nøyŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td>lâng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[laŋ˨˦]</span> </td> <td>human </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">厝</span></span> </td> <td>chuó/chió <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰwo˨˩˧]</span> </td> <td>chhù <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰu˨˩]</span> </td> <td>home, house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">刣</span></span> </td> <td>tài <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰai˥˧]</span> </td> <td>thâi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰai˨˦]</span> </td> <td>to kill, to slaughter </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_and_colloquial_readings">Literary and colloquial readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literary and colloquial readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial reading">literary and colloquial readings</a> is a feature commonly found in all Chinese dialects throughout China. Literary readings are mainly used in formal phrases derived from the written language, while the colloquial ones are used in colloquial phrases in the spoken language, as well as when used on their own. </p><p>Phonologically, a large range of phonemes can differ between the character's two readings: in tone, final, initial, or any and all of these features. </p><p>This table displays some widely used characters in the Fuzhou dialect which have both literary and colloquial readings: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Character </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Literary reading </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Phrase </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Colloquial reading </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Phrase </th> <th bgcolor="#ABCDEF">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">行</span></span> </td> <td>hèng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[heiŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">行李</span></span> hèng-lī </td> <td>luggage </td> <td>giàng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjaŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">行墿</span></span> giàng-duô </td> <td>to walk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">生</span></span> </td> <td>sĕng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[seiŋ˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">生態</span></span> sĕng-tái </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> </td> <td>săng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saŋ˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">生囝</span></span> săng-giāng </td> <td>childbearing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">江</span></span> </td> <td>gŏng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kouŋ˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">江蘇</span></span> Gŏng-sŭ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> </td> <td>gĕ̤ng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[køyŋ˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">閩江</span></span> <a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-g%C4%95%CC%A4ng" class="extiw" title="cdo:Mìng-gĕ̤ng">Mìng-gĕ̤ng</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_River_(Fujian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minjiang River (Fujian)">Min River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">百</span></span> </td> <td>báik <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paiʔ˨˦]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">百科</span></span> báik-kuŏ </td> <td>encyclopedical </td> <td>báh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paʔ˨˦]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">百姓</span></span> báh-sáng </td> <td>common people </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">飛</span></span> </td> <td>hĭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hi˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">飛機</span></span> hĭ-gĭ </td> <td>aeroplane </td> <td>buŏi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pwi˥]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">飛鳥</span></span> buŏi-cēu </td> <td>flying birds </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">寒</span></span> </td> <td>hàng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">寒食</span></span> Hàng-sĭk </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cold_Food_Festival" title="Cold Food Festival">Cold Food Festival</a> </td> <td>gàng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaŋ˥˧]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">天寒</span></span> tiĕng gàng </td> <td>cold, freezing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">廈</span></span> </td> <td>hâ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ha˨˦˨]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">大廈</span></span> dâi-hâ </td> <td>mansion </td> <td>â <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˨˦˨]</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">廈門</span></span> <a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-mu%C3%B2ng" class="extiw" title="cdo:Â-muòng">Â-muòng</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> (Xiamen) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_from_English">Loan words from English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Loan words from English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, also known as the First Anglo-Chinese War, was ended in 1842 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>, which forced the <a href="/wiki/Qing_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing government">Qing government</a> to open <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> to all <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> traders and missionaries. Since then, quite a number of churches and Western-style schools have been established. Consequently, some <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> words <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">came into</a> the Fuzhou dialect, but without fixed written forms in Chinese characters. The most frequently used words are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>kŏk, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰouʔ˥]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, meaning "an article of dress", is from the word "coat";</li> <li>nă̤h, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[neʔ˥]</span>, noun, meaning "a meshwork barrier in tennis or badminton", is from the word "net";</li> <li>pèng, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰeiŋ˥˧]</span>, noun, meaning "oil paint", is from the word "paint";</li> <li>pĕng-giāng, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰeiŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋjaŋ˧]</span>, noun, meaning "a small sum of money", is from the word "penny";</li> <li>tă̤h, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰeʔ˥]</span>, noun, meaning "money", is from the word "take";</li> <li>sò̤, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[so˥˧]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, meaning "to shoot (a basket)", is from the word "shoot";</li> <li>ă-gì, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˥<span class="wrap"> </span>ki˥˧]</span>, verb, meaning "to pause (usually a game)", is from the word "again".</li> <li>Mā-lăk-gă, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ma˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>laʔ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>ka˥]</span>, meaning "Southeastern Asian (esp. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)", is from the word "<a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section includes inline links to audio files.</b> If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Some common phrases in the Fuzhou dialect: </p> <ul><li>Fuzhou dialect: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州話</span></span> <i>Hók-ciŭ-uâ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>wa˨˦˨]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg\/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg/Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_fuzhou_dialect.ogg" title="File:Cdo fuzhou dialect.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li> <li>Hello: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">汝好</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Cdo_hello.ogg\/Cdo_hello.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>N\u1e73\u0304 h\u014d\u0324<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo hello.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Cdo_hello.ogg/Cdo_hello.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Nṳ̄ hō̤</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_hello.ogg" title="File:Cdo hello.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ny˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ho˧]</span></li> <li>Good-bye: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">再見</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/Cdo_goodbye.ogg\/Cdo_goodbye.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>C\u00e1i-gi\u00e9ng<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo goodbye.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Cdo_goodbye.ogg/Cdo_goodbye.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Cái-giéng</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_goodbye.ogg" title="File:Cdo goodbye.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsai˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kjeŋ˨˩˧]</span></li> <li>Please: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">請</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/Cdo_please.ogg\/Cdo_please.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Chi\u0101ng<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo please.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Cdo_please.ogg/Cdo_please.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Chiāng</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_please.ogg" title="File:Cdo please.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰjaŋ˧]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">起動</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Cdo_do_me_a_favor.ogg\/Cdo_do_me_a_favor.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>K\u012b-d\u00e2e\u0324ng<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo do me a favor.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Cdo_do_me_a_favor.ogg/Cdo_do_me_a_favor.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Kī-dâe̤ng</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_do_me_a_favor.ogg" title="File:Cdo do me a favor.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰi˥<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔyŋ˨˦˨]</span></li> <li>Thank you: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">謝謝</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Cdo_thanks.ogg\/Cdo_thanks.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Si\u00e2-si\u00e2<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo thanks.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Cdo_thanks.ogg/Cdo_thanks.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Siâ-siâ</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_thanks.ogg" title="File:Cdo thanks.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sja˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>lja˨˦˨]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">起動</span></span> <i>Kī-dâe̤ng</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰi˥<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔyŋ˨˦˨]</span></li> <li>Sorry: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">對不住</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/Cdo_sorry.ogg\/Cdo_sorry.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>D\u00f3\u0324i-b\u00f3k-c\u00ea\u0324\u1e73<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo sorry.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Cdo_sorry.ogg/Cdo_sorry.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Dó̤i-bók-cê̤ṳ</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_sorry.ogg" title="File:Cdo sorry.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tøy˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>puʔ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>tsøy˨˦˨]</span></li> <li>This: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">嚽</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6a\/Cdo_this_cuoi.ogg\/Cdo_this_cuoi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Cu\u00f2i<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo this cuoi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Cdo_this_cuoi.ogg/Cdo_this_cuoi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Cuòi</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_this_cuoi.ogg" title="File:Cdo this cuoi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsui˥˧]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">啫</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Cdo_this_cia.ogg\/Cdo_this_cia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Ci\u0101<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo this cia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Cdo_this_cia.ogg/Cdo_this_cia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Ciā</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_this_cia.ogg" title="File:Cdo this cia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsja˧]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">茲</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/Cdo_this_ci.ogg\/Cdo_this_ci.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>C\u012b<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo this ci.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Cdo_this_ci.ogg/Cdo_this_ci.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Cī</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_this_ci.ogg" title="File:Cdo this ci.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsi˧]</span></li> <li>That: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">噲</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Cdo_that_huoi.ogg\/Cdo_that_huoi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Hu\u00f2i<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo that huoi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Cdo_that_huoi.ogg/Cdo_that_huoi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Huòi</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_that_huoi.ogg" title="File:Cdo that huoi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hui˥˧]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">嘻</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Cdo_that_hia.ogg\/Cdo_that_hia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Hi\u0101<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo that hia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Cdo_that_hia.ogg/Cdo_that_hia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Hiā</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_that_hia.ogg" title="File:Cdo that hia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hja˧]</span>; 許 <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4d\/Cdo_that_hi.ogg\/Cdo_that_hi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>H\u012b<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo that hi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Cdo_that_hi.ogg/Cdo_that_hi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Hī</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_that_hi.ogg" title="File:Cdo that hi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hi˧]</span></li> <li>How much?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">偌</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Cdo_how_much.ogg\/Cdo_how_much.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Nu\u00e2i<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo how much.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Cdo_how_much.ogg/Cdo_how_much.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Nuâi</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_how_much.ogg" title="File:Cdo how much.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (<i>niŏh-uâi</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nwai˨˦˨]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nwoʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>wai˨˦˨]</span>)</li> <li>Yes: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">正是</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Cdo_yes.ogg\/Cdo_yes.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Ci\u00e1ng-s\u00ea<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo yes.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Cdo_yes.ogg/Cdo_yes.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Ciáng-sê</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_yes.ogg" title="File:Cdo yes.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsjaŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>nɛi˨˦˨]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">無綻</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/Cdo_not_wrong.ogg\/Cdo_not_wrong.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>M\u00f2\u0324 d\u00e2ng<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo not wrong.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Cdo_not_wrong.ogg/Cdo_not_wrong.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Mò̤ dâng</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_not_wrong.ogg" title="File:Cdo not wrong.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mo˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>laŋ˨˦˨]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">著</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Cdo_right.ogg\/Cdo_right.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Di\u014fh<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo right.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Cdo_right.ogg/Cdo_right.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Diŏh</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_right.ogg" title="File:Cdo right.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (<i>Duŏh</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɥoʔ˥]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[twoʔ˥]</span>)</li> <li>No: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">伓是</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/Cdo_no.ogg\/Cdo_no.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Ng-s\u00ea<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo no.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Cdo_no.ogg/Cdo_no.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Ng-sê</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_no.ogg" title="File:Cdo no.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>nɛi˨˦˨]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">綻</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/38\/Cdo_wrong.ogg\/Cdo_wrong.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>D\u00e2ng<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo wrong.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Cdo_wrong.ogg/Cdo_wrong.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Dâng</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_wrong.ogg" title="File:Cdo wrong.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦˨]</span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">賣著</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c8\/Cdo_not_right.ogg\/Cdo_not_right.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>M\u00e2\u0324 di\u014fh<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo not right.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Cdo_not_right.ogg/Cdo_not_right.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Mâ̤ diŏh</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_not_right.ogg" title="File:Cdo not right.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (<i>Mâ̤ duŏh</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[me˥<span class="wrap"> </span>tɥoʔ˥]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[me˥<span class="wrap"> </span>twoʔ˥]</span>)</li> <li>I don't understand: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">我賣會意</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Cdo_i_dont_understand.ogg\/Cdo_i_dont_understand.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>Ngu\u0101i m\u00e2\u0324 hu\u00f4i-\u00e9<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo i dont understand.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Cdo_i_dont_understand.ogg/Cdo_i_dont_understand.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Nguāi mâ̤ huôi-é</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_i_dont_understand.ogg" title="File:Cdo i dont understand.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋwai˧<span class="wrap"> </span>me˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>hui˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛi˨˩˧]</span></li> <li>What's his name?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">伊名什乇？</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Cdo_whats_his_name.ogg\/Cdo_whats_his_name.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>\u012c mi\u00e0ng si\u00e9-n\u00f3\u0324h?<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo whats his name.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Cdo_whats_his_name.ogg/Cdo_whats_his_name.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Ĭ miàng sié-nó̤h?</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_whats_his_name.ogg" title="File:Cdo whats his name.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˥<span class="wrap"> </span>mjaŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>sje˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>nɔʔ˨˦]</span></li> <li>Where's the hotel?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">賓館洽底所？</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/Cdo_where_is_the_hotel.ogg\/Cdo_where_is_the_hotel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>B\u012dng-gu\u0101ng g\u0103k di\u0113-n\u0113\u0324?<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo where is the hotel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Cdo_where_is_the_hotel.ogg/Cdo_where_is_the_hotel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Bĭng-guāng găk diē-nē̤?</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_where_is_the_hotel.ogg" title="File:Cdo where is the hotel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[piŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kwaŋ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kaʔ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>tje˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>nø˧]</span></li> <li>How can I go to the school?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">去學校怎樣行？</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/85\/Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg\/Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>K\u00f3\u0324 h\u0103k-h\u00e2u cu\u014dng-i\u00f4ng gi\u00e0ng?<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo how to go to school.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg/Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Kó̤ hăk-hâu cuōng-iông giàng?</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg" title="File:Cdo how to go to school.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰo˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>haʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>hau˨˦˨<span class="wrap"> </span>tswoŋ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>ɥoŋ˨˦˨<span class="wrap"> </span>kjaŋ˥˧]</span></li> <li>Do you speak the Fuzhou dialect?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">汝會講福州話賣？</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Cdo_can_you_speak_fuzhou_dialect.ogg\/Cdo_can_you_speak_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>N\u1e73\u0304 \u00e2\u0324 g\u014dng H\u00f3k-ci\u016d-u\u00e2 m\u00e2\u0324?<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo can you speak fuzhou dialect.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Cdo_can_you_speak_fuzhou_dialect.ogg/Cdo_can_you_speak_fuzhou_dialect.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Nṳ̄ â̤ gōng Hók-ciŭ-uâ mâ̤?</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_can_you_speak_fuzhou_dialect.ogg" title="File:Cdo can you speak fuzhou dialect.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ny˧<span class="wrap"> </span>e˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kouŋ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>huʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tsiu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>wa˨˦˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ma˨˦˨]</span></li> <li>Do you speak English?: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">汝會講英語賣？</span></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Cdo_can_you_speak_english.ogg\/Cdo_can_you_speak_english.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>N\u1e73\u0304 \u00e2\u0324 g\u014dng \u012cng-ng\u1e73\u0304 m\u00e2\u0324?<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cdo can you speak english.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Cdo_can_you_speak_english.ogg/Cdo_can_you_speak_english.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>Nṳ̄ â̤ gōng Ĭng-ngṳ̄ mâ̤?</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_can_you_speak_english.ogg" title="File:Cdo can you speak english.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ny˧<span class="wrap"> </span>e˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kouŋ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>iŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋy˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ma˨˦˨]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_characters">Chinese characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chinese characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif/220px-Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif/330px-Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif/440px-Foochow_Bible_in_Characters.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Foochow Bible in Chinese Characters, published by China Bible House in 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most words of the Fuzhou dialect stem from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> and can therefore be written in Chinese characters. Many books published during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had been written in this traditional way, such as the famous <i>Mǐndū Biéjì</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">閩都別記</span></span>, Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dŭ Biék-gé). However, Chinese characters as the writing system for the Fuzhou dialect can have many shortcomings. </p><p>First, a great number of words are unique to the Fuzhou dialect, so that they can only be written in informal ways. For instance, the word "mâ̤", a negative word, has no common form. Some write it as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">賣</span></span>" or "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">袂</span></span>", both of which share with it an identical pronunciation but have an irrelevant meaning; and others prefer to use a newly created character, <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A3%8D%90#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𣍐">𣍐</a></span>, combining "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">勿</span></span>" and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">會</span></span>", but this character is not included in most fonts. </p><p>Second, the Fuzhou dialect has been excluded from the educational system for many decades. As a result, many if not all take for granted that the Fuzhou dialect does not have a formal writing system and when they have to write it, they tend to employ characters with a similar <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> enunciation. For example, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">會使</span></span> (â̤ sāi)", meaning "okay", are frequently written as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">阿塞</span></span>" because they are uttered almost in the same way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foochow_Romanized">Foochow Romanized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foochow Romanized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foochow_Bible.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Foochow_Bible.gif/220px-Foochow_Bible.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Foochow_Bible.gif/330px-Foochow_Bible.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Foochow_Bible.gif/440px-Foochow_Bible.gif 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in Foochow Romanized, published by British and Foreign Bible Society in 1908.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></div> <p><b>Foochow Romanized</b>, also known as <b>Bàng-uâ-cê</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">平話字</span></span>, <b>BUC</b> for short) or <b>Hók-ciŭ-uâ Lò̤-mā-cê</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">福州話羅馬字</span></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by American and English <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>. It had varied at different times, and became standardized several decades later. Foochow Romanized was mainly used inside of church circles, and was taught in some mission schools in Fuzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mǐnqiāng_Kuàizì"><span id="M.C7.90nqi.C4.81ng_Ku.C3.A0iz.C3.AC"></span>Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C7%90nqi%C4%81ng_Ku%C3%A0iz%C3%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì (page does not exist)">Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì</a></div> <p><b>Mǐnqiāng Kuàizì</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">閩腔快字</span></span>, Foochow Romanized: <i>Mìng-kiŏng Kuái-cê</i>), literally meaning "Fujian Colloquial Fast Characters", is a Qieyin System (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">切音系統</span></span>) for Fuzhou dialect designed by Chinese scholar and calligrapher Li Jiesan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">力捷三</span></span>) in 1896. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_text">Example text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> written in the Fuzhou dialect, using both Foochow Romanized (left) and Chinese characters (center). </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>BUC version</th> <th>Hanzi version</th> <th>English version </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Lièng-hăk-guók sié-gái ìng-guòng sŏng-ngiòng</span> </th> <th>聯合國世界人權宣言 </th> <th>Universal Declaration of Human Rights </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Dâ̤-ék dèu</span></td> <td>第一條</td> <td>Article 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Sū-iū nè̤ng sĕng giâ lì cêu sê cê̤ṳ-iù gì,</span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">所有儂生下來就是自由其，</span></span></td> <td>All human beings are born free </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">bêng-chiă diŏh cŏng-ngièng gâe̤ng guòng-lĭk siông ék-lŭk bìng-dēng.</span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">並且著尊嚴共權利上一律平等。</span></span></td> <td>and equal in dignity and rights. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Ĭ-gáuk-nè̤ng ô lī-séng gâe̤ng liòng-sĭng,</span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">伊各儂有理性共良心，</span></span></td> <td>They are endowed with reason and conscience </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">bêng-chiă éng-gāi ī hiăng-diê guăng-hiê gì cĭng-sìng lì hô-siŏng dó̤i-dâi.</span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">並且應該以兄弟關係其精神來互相對待。</span></span></td> <td>and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPA">IPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: IPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tě.ěiʔ.téu]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[sū.jū.nø̂ŋ.séiŋ.kjǎ.lî.tsěu.sěi.tsø̌y.jú.kî,]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[pěiŋ.tsʰjá.tjóʔ.tsóuŋ.ŋjêŋ.kǎøŋ.kwôŋ.líʔ.sjǒŋ.ěiʔ.lúʔ.pîŋ.tēiŋ]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[í.kǎuʔ.nø̂ŋ.ǒu.lī.sèiŋ.kǎøŋ.ljôŋ.síŋ,]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[pěiŋ.tsʰjá.èiŋ.kāi.ī.hjáŋ.tjě.kwáŋ.hjě.kî.tsíŋ.lî.hǒu.sjóŋ.tòi.tài]</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_art_forms">Literary and art forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literary and art forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Min_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Opera">Min Opera</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_Pinghua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzhou Pinghua (page does not exist)">Fuzhou Pinghua</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Brooklyn">Chinatown, Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Flushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Flushing">Chinatown, Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown, Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="East Broadway (Manhattan)">Manhattan's Little Fuzhou</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Li_1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_1994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiLiang1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Li, Rulong 李如龙; Liang, Yuzhang 梁玉璋, eds. (1994). <i>Fúzhōu fāngyán cídiǎn</i> <bdi lang="zh">福州方言词典</bdi> [<i>Fuzhou dialect dictionary</i>]. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-211-02354-6" title="Special:BookSources/7-211-02354-6"><bdi>7-211-02354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+c%C3%ADdi%C7%8En+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=7-211-02354-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Min&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fminn1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UDN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udn.com/news/story/6885/4827205">本土語言納中小學必修潘文忠：將按語發法實施</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.tw/Page/294/46383/%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95-">"國家語言發展法第二條"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%A2%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.tw%2FPage%2F294%2F46383%2F%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25AE%259A%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E6%25B3%2595-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%92%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:zh:大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法">大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WALS_fuz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WALS_fuz_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_fuz">"WALS Online - Language Fuzhou"</a>. <i>World Atlas of Language Structures</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures&rft.atitle=WALS+Online+-+Language+Fuzhou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_fuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陈泽平. (1998). 福州方言研究: 福建人民出版社, 福州.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Rulong, Liang Yuzhang: Fuzhou Dialect Records, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80597-361-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-80597-361-X">7-80597-361-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Zhuqing: A study of the "Qī Lín Bāyīn", <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.fznews.com.cn/fuzhou/2006-10-19/20061019+6Qa5T+h2223174.shtml">Survey by Fuzhou Evening Paper Showing Less Than Half of Fuzhou Youth Able to Speak Fuzhou Dialect</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8346274.htm">Fuzhou Dialect Protected as Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080056/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/11/content_8346274.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GetIt01-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GetIt01_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getit01.com/p2018040835272751/">"馬祖小朋友個個得學福州話 - GetIt01"</a>. <i>www.getit01.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.getit01.com&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%8B%E5%8F%8B%E5%80%8B%E5%80%8B%E5%BE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1+-+GetIt01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getit01.com%2Fp2018040835272751%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%92%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:zh:大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法">大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FuzhouTransport-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FuzhouTransport_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fzjt.fuzhou.gov.cn/zz/zwgk/gzdt_33471/202004/t20200427_3262189.htm">"地铁2号线通车后公共交通出行逐步改善_工作动态_市交通局"</a>. <i>fzjt.fuzhou.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fzjt.fuzhou.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%812%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%9A%E8%BD%A6%E5%90%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84_%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81_%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffzjt.fuzhou.gov.cn%2Fzz%2Fzwgk%2Fgzdt_33471%2F202004%2Ft20200427_3262189.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuan Jiahua: Summary of Chinese Dialects, 2nd Edition, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80126-474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80126-474-9">978-7-80126-474-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">李如龙, & 梁玉璋. (Eds.). (1994) 福州方言词典. 福州: 福建人民出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">冯爱珍, & 李荣. (Eds.). (1998) 福州方言词典. 江苏教育出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donohue2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2013_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue,_Cathryn2013" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, Cathryn (2013). <i>Fuzhou tonal acoustics and tonology</i>. Muenchen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783862885220" title="Special:BookSources/9783862885220"><bdi>9783862885220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869209191">869209191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzhou+tonal+acoustics+and+tonology&rft.place=Muenchen&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869209191&rft.isbn=9783862885220&rft.au=Donohue%2C+Cathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donohue2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Donohue, Cathryn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11646480/The_role_of_contour_and_phonation_in_Fuzhou_tonal_identification">The role of contour and phonation in Fuzhou tonal identification</a> In <i>Quantitative approaches to problems in linguistics : studies in honour of Phil Rose</i>. Donohue, Cathryn, Ishihara, Shunichi, Steed, William, Rose, Philip, 1949-. Muenchen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783862883844" title="Special:BookSources/9783862883844">9783862883844</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/822991941">822991941</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.yam.com/gnudoyng/article/5806871">Nguāi Muōng Gōng Nṳ̄ Muōng Tiăng (我罔講汝罔聽), post of March 17th, 2006</a>, retrieved December 26th, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChanM_1990-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChanM_1990_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1990" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Marjorie K.M. (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-linguistics-revue-canadienne-de-linguistique/article/abs/prelinked-and-floating-glottal-stops-in-fuzhou-chinese/605C456A41C97F230971D6119F5FB483">"Prelinked and Floating Glottal Stops In Fuzhou Chinese"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 331–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000841310001392X">10.1017/S000841310001392X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Prelinked+and+Floating+Glottal+Stops+In+Fuzhou+Chinese&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-349&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000841310001392X&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcanadian-journal-of-linguistics-revue-canadienne-de-linguistique%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fprelinked-and-floating-glottal-stops-in-fuzhou-chinese%2F605C456A41C97F230971D6119F5FB483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849974_The_Effect_of_Historical_Tone_Categories_on_Tone_Sandhi_in_Lianjiang">Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). The Effect of Historical Tone Categories on Tone Sandhi in Lianjiang. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the IACL, Hongkong.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). An account of Lianjiang tone Sandhi: Pitch target, context, and historical tone categories. Paper presented at the Tone and Intonation Conference 2012 (TIE5), Londen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_(2002)_6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_(2002)_6_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_(2002)_6_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Zhuqing: <i>Fuzhou Phonology and Grammar</i>, Dunwoody Press (2002), page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donohue2017-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2017_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohue2017_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2017" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, Cathryn (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322015761">"Tones and vowels in Fuzhou revisited"</a>. <i>Segmental Structure and Tone</i>. pp. 99–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110341263-004">10.1515/9783110341263-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110341263" title="Special:BookSources/9783110341263"><bdi>9783110341263</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tones+and+vowels+in+Fuzhou+revisited&rft.btitle=Segmental+Structure+and+Tone&rft.pages=99-108&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110341263-004&rft.isbn=9783110341263&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=Cathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322015761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Peng, Gongguan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/theses/c_ftt/phd-ctl-b4086098xf.pdf"><i>A phonetic study of Fuzhou Chinese</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). City University of Hong Kong.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+phonetic+study+of+Fuzhou+Chinese&rft.inst=City+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Gongguan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flbms03.cityu.edu.hk%2Ftheses%2Fc_ftt%2Fphd-ctl-b4086098xf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span> Note that the thesis does not mention the open rimes for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eu/</span> and does not analyse phonemes independently from tonal allophones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerJurgec2017" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Michael; Jurgec, Peter (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322015483">"Interactions of tone and ATR in Slovenian"</a>. <i>Segmental Structure and Tone</i>. pp. 11–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110341263-002">10.1515/9783110341263-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110341263" title="Special:BookSources/9783110341263"><bdi>9783110341263</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interactions+of+tone+and+ATR+in+Slovenian&rft.btitle=Segmental+Structure+and+Tone&rft.pages=11-26&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110341263-002&rft.isbn=9783110341263&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jurgec%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322015483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_(2002)_106-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_(2002)_106_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Zhuqing: <i>Fuzhou Phonology and Grammar</i>, Dunwoody Press (2002), page 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao Rihe: Fuzhou Dialect Rhyme Dictionary, 1998, MRXN-1998-0465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Zeping: Loan Words in Fuzhou dialect, <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Normal_University" title="Fujian Normal University">Fujian Normal University</a>, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000208/http://www.fjsdfz.org/html/news/2004b/20041123fzwb.htm">"福州女校三鼎甲"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjsdfz.org/html/news/2004b/20041123fzwb.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E6%A0%A1%E4%B8%89%E9%BC%8E%E7%94%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjsdfz.org%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F2004b%2F20041123fzwb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionary_texts">Missionary texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Missionary texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Language_Spoken_at_Fuh_Chau" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau">The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Foochow_Dialect" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect">Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1856" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Clark_White" title="Moses Clark White">White, M.C.</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/methodistreview08unkngoog#page/n358/mode/1up">"The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau"</a>. <i>The Methodist Review</i>. <b>38</b>: 352–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Methodist+Review&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Language+Spoken+at+Fuh+Chau&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=352-381&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmethodistreview08unkngoog%23page%2Fn358%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclayBaldwin1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuel_Maclay" title="Robert Samuel Maclay">Maclay, R.S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cook_Baldwin" title="Caleb Cook Baldwin">Baldwin, C.C.</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alphabeticdictio00macl"><i>An alphabetic dictionary of the Chinese language in the Foochow dialect</i></a>. Foochow: Methodist Episcopal Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+alphabetic+dictionary+of+the+Chinese+language+in+the+Foochow+dialect&rft.place=Foochow&rft.pub=Methodist+Episcopal+Mission+Press&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Maclay&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falphabeticdictio00macl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1871" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, C.C. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvpDAAAAYAAJ"><i>A manual of the Foochow dialect</i></a>. Foochow: Methodist Episcopal Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+manual+of+the+Foochow+dialect&rft.place=Foochow&rft.pub=Methodist+Episcopal+Mission+Press&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvpDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclayBaldwinLeger1929" class="citation book cs1">Maclay, R.S.; Baldwin, C.C.; Leger, S.H. (1929). <i>Dictionary of the Foochow dialect</i>. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Foochow+dialect&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Maclay&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Leger%2C+S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_studies">Modern studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modern studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1969" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Leo (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED010341.pdf"><i>Foochow-English, English-Foochow glossary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco, CA: Asian Language Publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foochow-English%2C+English-Foochow+glossary&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Asian+Language+Publication&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FPDFS%2FED010341.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenNorman1965" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Leo; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1965). <i>An Introduction to the Foochow Dialect</i>. San Francisco State College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Foochow+Dialect&rft.pub=San+Francisco+State+College&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Norman%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Chen, Zeping 陈泽平 (1998). <i>Fúzhōu fāngyán yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">福州方言研究</bdi> [<i>Studies of the Fuzhou dialect</i>]. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-211-03080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-211-03080-4"><bdi>978-7-211-03080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-7-211-03080-4&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Zeping+%E9%99%88%E6%B3%BD%E5%B9%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">—— (2010). <i>Shíjiǔ shìjì yǐlái de Fúzhōu fāngyán - Chuánjiào shì Fúzhōu tǔ bái wénxiàn zhī yǔyán xué yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">十九世纪以来的福州方言——传教士福州土白文献之语言学研究</bdi> [<i>Fuzhou dialect since the 19th century – Missionary literature on the Fuzhou dialect</i>]. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-211-06054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-211-06054-2"><bdi>978-7-211-06054-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C3%ADji%C7%94+sh%C3%ACj%C3%AC+y%C7%90l%C3%A1i+de+F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+-+Chu%C3%A1nji%C3%A0o+sh%C3%AC+F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+t%C7%94+b%C3%A1i+w%C3%A9nxi%C3%A0n+zh%C4%AB+y%C7%94y%C3%A1n+xu%C3%A9+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%9F%E7%99%BD%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E4%B9%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-211-06054-2&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Zeping+%E9%99%88%E6%B3%BD%E5%B9%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDai2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Dai, Ligang 戴黎刚 (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81953x/201003/35426159.html">"Fúzhōuhuà shēngmǔ lèi huà lìwài de yuányīn" <bdi lang="zh">福州话声母类化例外的原因</bdi></a>. <i>Fangyan</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fangyan&rft.atitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Duhu%C3%A0+sh%C4%93ngm%C7%94+l%C3%A8i+hu%C3%A0+l%C3%ACw%C3%A0i+de+yu%C3%A1ny%C4%ABn+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Ligang+%E6%88%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%88%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F81953x%2F201003%2F35426159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2013" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, Cathryn (2013). <i>Fuzhou tonal acoustics and tonology</i>. LINCOM Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-522-0"><bdi>978-3-86288-522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzhou+tonal+acoustics+and+tonology&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86288-522-0&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=Cathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengLi1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Feng, Aizhen 冯爱珍; <a href="/wiki/Li_Rong_(linguist)" title="Li Rong (linguist)">Li, Rong</a>, eds. (1998). <i>Fúzhōu fāngyán cídiǎn</i> <bdi lang="zh">福州方言词典</bdi> [<i>Fuzhou dialect dictionary</i>]. Jiangsu Educational Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5343-3421-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-5343-3421-7"><bdi>7-5343-3421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+c%C3%ADdi%C7%8En+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=Jiangsu+Educational+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=7-5343-3421-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Li, Rulong 李如龙, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109104517/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD2000-XMDS200001017.htm"><bdi lang="zh">福州话声母类化的制约条件</bdi></a>. Xiamen University (Philosophy and Social Sciences). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD2000-XMDS200001017.htm">the original</a> on 2019-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%88%B6%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6&rft.pub=Xiamen+University+%28Philosophy+and+Social+Sciences%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFD2000-XMDS200001017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiang1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Li, Rulong 李如龙; Liang, Yuzhang 梁玉璋, eds. (1994). <i>Fúzhōu fāngyán cídiǎn</i> <bdi lang="zh">福州方言词典</bdi> [<i>Fuzhou dialect dictionary</i>]. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-211-02354-6" title="Special:BookSources/7-211-02354-6"><bdi>7-211-02354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+c%C3%ADdi%C7%8En+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=7-211-02354-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1997" class="citation book cs1">Li, Zhuqing (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fuzhouenglishdic00lizh"><i>Fuzhou-English Dictionary</i></a></span>. Dunwoody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881265-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881265-52-8"><bdi>978-1-881265-52-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzhou-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-881265-52-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhuqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffuzhouenglishdic00lizh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <i>Fuzhou Phonology and Grammar</i>. Dunwoody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881265-93-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881265-93-1"><bdi>978-1-881265-93-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzhou+Phonology+and+Grammar&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-881265-93-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhuqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Liang, Yuzhang 梁玉璋 (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81953x/198201/1002780542.html">"Fúzhōu fāngyán de 'qiè jiǎo cí'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>" <bdi lang="zh">福州方言的"切脚词"</bdi></a>. <i>Fangyan</i>. <b>1</b>: 37–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fangyan&rft.atitle=F%C3%BAzh%C5%8Du+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+de+%27qi%C3%A8+ji%C7%8Eo+c%C3%AD%27+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%22%E5%88%87%E8%84%9A%E8%AF%8D%22&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Yuzhang+%E6%A2%81%E7%8E%89%E7%92%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F81953x%2F198201%2F1002780542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuzhou+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Min_Dong_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Min Dong Swadesh list">Appendix:Min Dong Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cdo:"> Mindong edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fuzhou_dialect" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matsudialect.org/language/">Fuzhou Dialect Textbook</a>: Elementary school textbook in <a href="/wiki/Matsu_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsu islands">Matsu</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/phon/fuzhou.htm">Fuzhou dialect phonology</a>, by James Campbell.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w6.wfjh.tpc.edu.tw/country/FIVE_LANG/5L/M/fz/A.html">Five Languages Translator</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601040726/http://www.gnudoyng.net/fuzhou_dialect/resources.php">Fuzhou Dialect Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/113">Eastern Min Chinese (Speech variety #113)</a>: Globalrecordings.net. Eastern Min Chinese (Speech variety #113)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/cdo">OLAC resources in and about the Eastern Min Chinese language</a>: OLAC. OLAC resources in and about the Eastern Min Chinese language</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&oldid=1259834850">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&oldid=1259834850</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Min" title="Category:Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_colloquials" title="Category:City colloquials">City colloquials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Fujian" title="Category:Culture in Fujian">Culture in Fujian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_China" title="Category:Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh)">Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_January_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015">Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite" title="Category:All articles needing rewrite">All articles needing rewrite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2015">Articles needing additional references from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2015">Articles that may contain original research from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_old_speaker_data" title="Category:Language articles with old speaker data">Language articles with old speaker data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO6_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO6 code">Languages with ISO6 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_languages_with_ISO_639-3_code" title="Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code">Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_ISO_639-3_code_but_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code">Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Min_Dong_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Min Dong Chinese-language text">Articles containing Min Dong Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Min_Nan_Chinese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Min Nan Chinese IPA">Pages with Min Nan Chinese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2012">Articles to be expanded from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2008">Articles to be expanded from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 09:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzhou_dialect&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-b7zp8","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.128","walltime":"2.393","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17422,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":675881,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42552,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":218151,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1958.630 1 -total"," 18.61% 364.435 28 Template:Navbox"," 17.80% 348.540 243 Template:Lang"," 13.78% 269.813 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.74% 269.162 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 12.88% 252.338 297 Template:IPA"," 12.81% 250.996 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.45% 185.125 17 Template:Cite_book"," 7.32% 143.358 27 Template:Audio"," 5.03% 98.488 94 Template:Nowrap"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.133","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17609531,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","23.4"],["?","260","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","17.2"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","4.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.1"],["type","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","20","1.6"],["[others]","180","14.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-4xfrq","timestamp":"20241128175115","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fuzhou dialect","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuzhou_dialect","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35571","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35571","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-31T11:27:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T09:23:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Fuzhou_language_map.jpg","headline":"Min Chinese dialect in Fujian"}</script> </body> </html>