Aristotle - World History Encyclopedia

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4px;-moz-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-web-border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;-moz-box-shadow:0 15px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 15px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.sf-menu ul li{text-transform:none}.sf-menu a{text-decoration:none;zoom:1;transition:all .25s}.sf-menu a{color:#494949;cursor:pointer}.sf-menu li{white-space:nowrap;*white-space:normal;transition:background .25s}.sf-menu ul li{background:#FFF}.sf-menu ul li a{border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:11px 8px;transition:all .25s;margin-left:10px;margin-right:10px;font-size:14px}.sf-menu ul li a:hover{color:#b52600}.sf-menu li:hover,.sf-menu li.sfHover{transition:none}}}</style>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="World History Encyclopedia RSS Feed" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/rss2/?lang=en"> <link rel="image_src" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1259.jpg?v=1667304423" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" type="image/png" href="/template/images/whe-favicon-16px.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon shortcut" 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src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-white-r.svg">'; } function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Alexander_the_Great+aristotle+Athens+Epicurus+Greek_Philosophy+Nicolaus_Copernicus+Philip_II_of_Macedon+philosophy+plato" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/1259.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/aristotle/" data-pin-description="Aristotle of Stagira (l. 384-322 BCE) was a Greek philosopher who pioneered systematic, scientific examination in literally every area of human knowledge and was known, in his time, as "the man who knew everything" and later simply as "The Philosopher”, needing no further qualification as his fame..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 22 May 2019 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/zh/1-355/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Chinese</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-355/aristote/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/pt/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/tr/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Turkish</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 0px; } .audio-player-wrapper .audio_player { visibility: hidden; } </style> <div id="amplift-outer-wrapper"></div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ window.setTimeout(()=>{ async_load_js("https://c.ampliftglobal.com/player/ampliftplayer.js",function() { AHE.ampliftPlayer = new AmpliftPlayer({target: '#amplift-outer-wrapper'}); AHE.ampliftPlayer.init(); window.setTimeout(()=>{ $('.audio-player-wrapper .audio_player').css('visibility','visible'); },1500); }); },1000); }); </script> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Alexander_the_Great+aristotle+Athens+Epicurus+Greek_Philosophy+Nicolaus_Copernicus+Philip_II_of_Macedon+philosophy+plato" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/1259/aristotle-bust-by-lisippo/" title="Aristotle Bust by Lisippo"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1259.jpg.webp?v=1730123765 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1259.jpg.webp?v=1730123765 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1259.jpg?v=1730123765 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1259.jpg?v=1730123765 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1259.jpg?v=1730123765" width="300" height="450" alt="Aristotle Bust by Lisippo (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" title="Aristotle Bust by Lisippo (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Aristotle Bust by Lisippo</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1259/aristotle-bust-by-lisippo/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1259/aristotle-bust-by-lisippo/","caption":"A Hellenistic bust of Greek philosopher Aristotle by Lisippo from a bronze original. (Palazzo Altemps, Rome).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/1259.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/MCartwrightWHE"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2013-06-05T13:39:45+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Aristotle Bust by Lisippo","height":"3888","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1259/aristotle-bust-by-lisippo/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1259/aristotle-bust-by-lisippo/","width":"2592"} </script> <p><dfn>Aristotle</dfn> of Stagira (l. 384-322 BCE) was a <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> philosopher who pioneered systematic, scientific examination in literally every area of human knowledge and was known, in his time, as "the man who knew everything" and later simply as "The Philosopher”, needing no further qualification as his fame was so widespread.</p> <p>He literally invented the concept of metaphysics single-handedly when he (or one of his scribes) placed his book on abstract philosophical speculation after his book on physics (metaphysics literally means “after physics”) and standardized in learning – how information is collected, assimilated and interpreted, and then communicated – across numerous disciplines.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>During the later Middle Ages (c. 1300-1500 CE), he was referred to as "The Master", most notably in <a href="/Dante_Alighieri/">Dante</a>'s <em>Inferno</em> where the author did not need to even identify Aristotle by name for him to be recognized. This particular epithet is apt in that Aristotle wrote on, and was considered a master in, disciplines as diverse as biology, politics, metaphysics, <a href="/disambiguation/Agriculture/">agriculture</a>, <a href="/literature/">literature</a>, botany, <a href="/disambiguation/medicine/">medicine</a>, mathematics, physics, ethics, logic, and the <a href="/disambiguation/theatre/">theatre</a>. He is traditionally linked in sequence with <a href="/socrates/">Socrates</a> and <a href="/plato/">Plato</a> in the triad of the three greatest <a href="/collection/118/the-greek-philosophers/">Greek philosophers</a>.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>Plato (l. c. 424/423-348/347 BCE) was a student of Socrates (l. c. 469/470-399 BCE) and Aristotle studied under Plato. The student and teacher disagreed on a fundamental aspect of Plato's <a href="/philosophy/">philosophy</a> – the insistence on a higher realm of Forms which made objective reality possible on the earthly plane – although, contrary to the claims of some scholars this did not cause any rift between them. Aristotle would build upon Plato's theories to advance his own original thought and, although he rejected Plato's Theory of Forms, he never disparaged his former master's basic philosophy.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">In 343 BCE Aristotle was summoned by King <a href="/Philip_II_of_Macedon/">Philip II of Macedon</a> to tutor his son <a href="/Alexander_the_Great/">Alexander the Great</a>.</div> <p>He was hired by <a href="/disambiguation/Philip_II/">Philip II</a>, King of <a href="/macedon/">Macedon</a> (r. 359-336 BCE) as tutor for his son <a href="/disambiguation/Alexander/">Alexander</a> the Great (l. 356-323 BCE) and made such an impression on the youth that Alexander carried Aristotle's works with him on campaign and introduced Aristotelian philosophy to the east when he conquered the <a href="/disambiguation/Persian_Empire/">Persian Empire</a>. Through Alexander, Aristotle's works were spread throughout the known world of the time, influencing ancient philosophy and providing a foundation for the development of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theology.</p> <h3>Early Life</h3> <p>Aristotle was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, <a href="/greece/">Greece</a>, on the border of Macedonia. His father, Nichomachus, was the court physician to the Macedonian king and died when Aristotle was ten years old. His uncle assumed guardianship of the boy and saw to his education. Aristotle probably spent time with the tutors at the Macedonian court, as the son and nephew of <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> staff, but this not known with certainty. When he was 18, Aristotle was sent to <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> to study at Plato's Academy where he remained for the next 20 years.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="1165"> <a href="/image/1165/plato/" title="Plato" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1165.jpg.webp?v=1729514888 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1165.jpg.webp?v=1729514888 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1165.jpg?v=1729514888 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1165.jpg?v=1729514888 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1165.jpg?v=1729514888" alt="Plato" class="in_text_image" width="334" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Plato</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1165/plato/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1165/plato/","caption":"Bust of the Greek philosopher Plato, mid-1st century CE copy from a 4th century BCE original statue by Silanion. (Vatican Museums, Rome).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/1165.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/MCartwrightWHE"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2013-04-30T20:40:43+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Plato","height":"3888","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1165/plato/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1165/plato/","width":"2592"} </script> </p> <p>He was an exceptional student, graduated early, and was awarded a position on the faculty teaching rhetoric and dialogue. It appears that Aristotle thought he would take over the Academy after Plato's <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> and, when that position was given to Plato's nephew Speusippus, Aristotle left Athens to conduct experiments and study on his own in the islands of the Greek Archipelago.</p> <h3>Aristotle & Alexander the Great</h3> <p>In 343 BCE Aristotle was summoned by <a href="/disambiguation/King_Philip/">King Philip</a> II of Macedon to tutor his son Alexander and held this post for the next seven years, until Alexander ascended to the throne in 336 BCE and began his famous conquests. By 335 BCE, Aristotle had returned to Athens but the two men remained in contact through letters, and Aristotle's influence on the conqueror can be seen in the latter's skillful and diplomatic handling of difficult political problems throughout his career. Alexander's habit of carrying books with him on campaign and his wide reading have been attributed to Aristotle's influence as has Alexander's appreciation for art and <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a>.</p> <p>Aristotle, who held a low opinion of non-Greek “barbarians” generally and Persians specifically, encouraged Alexander's <a href="/warfare/">conquest</a> of their <a href="/empire/">empire</a>. As with most – if not all - Greeks, Aristotle would have been brought up hearing stories of the <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">Battle</a> of <a href="/marathon/">Marathon</a> of 490 BCE, the Persian Invasion of 480 BCE, and the Greek <a href="/Roman_Triumph/">triumph</a> over the Persian forces at <a href="/disambiguation/Salamis/">Salamis</a> and <a href="/Plataea/">Plataea</a>. His advocacy of conquest, then, is hardly surprising considering the cultural atmosphere he grew up in which had remained largely anti-Persian.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Even without this consideration, Aristotle was philosophically pro-<a href="/war/">war</a> on the grounds that it provided opportunity for greatness and the application of one's personal excellence to practical, difficult, situations. Aristotle believed that the final purpose for human existence was happiness (<em>eudaimonia</em> – literally, “to be possessed of a good spirit”) and this happiness could be realized by maintaining a virtuous life which developed one's <em>arete</em> (“personal excellence”).</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="14293"> <a href="/image/14293/aristotle-tutoring-alexander/" title="Aristotle Tutoring Alexander" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14293.png.webp?v=1700267529 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14293.png.webp?v=1700267529 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14293.png.webp?v=1700267529 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/14293.png.webp?v=1700267529 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/14293.png?v=1700267529 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/14293.png?v=1700267529 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14293.png?v=1700267529 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/14293.png?v=1700267529 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/14293.png?v=1700267529" alt="Aristotle Tutoring Alexander" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="375" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Aristotle Tutoring Alexander</div><div class="figauthor">Mohawk Games (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14293/aristotle-tutoring-alexander/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14293/aristotle-tutoring-alexander/","caption":"Artist's impression of an ancient Greek scholar tutoring a young boy. It was common for wealthy Greek families to hire private tutors for their children, as there were no public schools. Famously, Alexander the Great was tutored by Aristotle.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/14293.png","copyrightNotice":"Mohawk Games - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Mohawk Games"},"creditText":"Mohawk Games / Mohawk Games","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2021-06-19T02:21:32+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Aristotle Tutoring Alexander","height":1024,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14293/aristotle-tutoring-alexander/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14293/aristotle-tutoring-alexander/","width":2048} </script> A person's <em>arete</em> would enable them to see what had to be done in any given situation and be able to do it. Further, by associating with virtuous comrades who sought the same end, the soul was enriched and one's excellence sharpened and honed, and <a href="/warfare/">warfare</a> provided many opportunities for an individual to expand upon and prove not only self-worth but greatness. He would have encouraged Alexander with thoughts along these lines prior to the launch of the campaign in 336 BCE.</p> <div class="big_quote">Aristotle's writings, like Plato's, have influenced virtually every avenue of human knowledge pursued in the west & the east.</div> <h3>Beliefs & Differences with Plato</h3> <p>Once Aristotle returned to Athens in 335 BCE, he set up his own school, The Lyceum, a rival to Plato's Academy. Aristotle was a Teleologist, an individual who believes in `end causes' and final purposes in life, and believed that everything and everyone in the world had a purpose for existing and, further, these final purposes could be ascertained from observation of the known world.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Plato, who also dealt with first causes and final purposes, considered them more idealistically and believed they could be known through apprehension of a higher, invisible, plane of truth he called the `Realm of Forms'. Plato's philosophy was deeply rooted in the mysticism of the Pythagorean School, founded by the Pre-Socratic philosopher and mystic <a href="/Pythagoras/">Pythagoras</a> (l. c. 571-c.497 BCE). Pythagoras emphasized the immortality of the soul and the importance of virtuous living, recognizing there are essential, indisputable truths in life which one must recognize and adhere to in order to live a good life.</p> <p>Plato was also significantly influenced by another Pre-Socratic philosopher, the sophist <a href="/protagoras/">Protagoras</a> (l. c. 485-415 BCE), considered the first relativist thinker. Protagoras famously maintained that “Of all things, a man is the measure”, meaning that individual perception determines truth. There can be no objective truth in any given situation, Protagoras argued, because all observable phenomenon or emotional or psychological experiences are subject to an individual's interpretation.<figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6816"> <a href="/image/6816/lyceum-of-aristotle/" title="Lyceum of Aristotle" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6816.jpg.webp?v=1721750225 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6816.jpg.webp?v=1721750225 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/6816.jpg.webp?v=1721750225 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6816.jpg.webp?v=1721750225 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6816.jpg?v=1721750225 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6816.jpg?v=1721750225 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/6816.jpg?v=1721750225 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6816.jpg?v=1721750225 1500w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/6816.jpg?v=1721750225" alt="Lyceum of Aristotle" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="422" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Lyceum of Aristotle</div><div class="figauthor">Spyros Kamilalis (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6816/lyceum-of-aristotle/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6816/lyceum-of-aristotle/","caption":"The Lyceum of Aristotle, one of the centres of ancient Greek Philosophy.\r\nFounded: 334 BCE\r\nLocation: Athens, Greece","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6816.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Spyros Kamilalis - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/spykamilalis/#person","name":"Spyros Kamilalis","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/spykamilalis/","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/SpyrosKam"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-spykamilalis.JPG","description":"Contributor for World History Encyclopedia."},"creditText":"Spyros Kamilalis / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-07-04T15:47:20+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Lyceum of Aristotle","height":2160,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6816/lyceum-of-aristotle/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6816/lyceum-of-aristotle/","width":3840} </script> Plato developed his Theory of Forms in an effort to refute Protagoras and provide his Pythagorean-infused idealism with a rational basis by which he could establish the existence of objective truth. The Realm of Forms contained the perfect expressions of what was Good, True, and Beautiful; all that was perceived by humans on the earthly plane and defined as good or true or beautiful were only so in so far as they participated in the higher, more perfect Form of Good or True or Beautiful. For example, a horse was not beautiful just because one admired how it looked; it was beautiful objectively through participation in the Form of Beauty.</p> <p>Aristotle could never accept Plato's Theory of Forms nor did he believe in positing the unseen as an explanation for the observable world when one could work from what one could see backwards toward a First Cause. In his <em>Physics</em> and <em>Metaphysics</em>, Aristotle claims the First Cause in the universe is the Prime Mover – that which moves all else but is itself unmoved. To Aristotle, this made more sense than the realm of Forms.</p><div class="intext_6"></div> <p>To Aristotle, a horse is beautiful because of certain characteristics humans associate with the concept of beauty: the horse's coat is a pleasing color, it is in good health, it has good form in the ring. To claim that a horse is beautiful because of some unseen and unproveable realm of Perfect Beauty was untenable to Aristotle because any claim should require proof in order to be accepted.<figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="272"> <a href="/image/272/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael/" title="The School of Athens by Raphael" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/272.jpg.webp?v=1732257440 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/272.jpg.webp?v=1732257440 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/272.jpg?v=1732257440 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/272.jpg?v=1732257440 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/272.jpg?v=1732257440" alt="The School of Athens by Raphael" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="388" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The School of Athens by Raphael</div><div class="figauthor">Raphael (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/272/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/272/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael/","caption":"The School of Athens by Raphael, painted between 1510-1511 CE, depicting all of the major philosophers of antiquity with Plato and Aristotle at the centre. (Vatican Museums, Rome).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/272.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Raphael - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Raphael"},"creditText":"Raphael / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The School of Athens by Raphael","height":2964,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/272/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/272/the-school-of-athens-by-raphael/","width":3820} </script> The existence of the Prime Mover could be proven, at least theoretically, because some force had to have set life in motion at some point in the past and this force – whatever it consisted of – he designated the Unmoved Mover or Prime Mover. His reasoning in this would later be adopted by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians and contributed to these religions' concept of <a href="/God/">God</a>.</p> <p>In rejecting the Theory of Forms, Aristotle mentions Plato and how he hates to argue against his former teacher, a man who remains dear to him. He feels he must address the impracticality of Plato's theory, however, and encourages Platonists to abandon it, <a href="/writing/">writing</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p>In the interest of truth, one should perhaps think a man, especially if he is a philosopher, had better give up even theories that once were his own, and in fact must do so…it is our sacred duty to honor truth more highly than friends [i.e. Plato]. (<em>Nicomachean Ethics</em> I.1096a.15)</p> </blockquote> <p>Plato claimed that intellectual concepts of the Truth could not be gained from experience and nothing could actually be learned. He most notably demonstrates this in his dialogue of the <em>Meno </em>where he argues that all learning is actually “remembering” from a past life. Aristotle rejected this claim, arguing that knowledge was obviously learned because people could be taught and this was evident in changes in their perception of life and behavior.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <p>A good man was good, Aristotle argued, because he had been taught the value of living a good, virtuous life. If an individual could not actually “learn”, but only “remember” essential truths from a past life in which they were “good”, then that person could not be considered “good” themselves. The virtue a human exhibited in life was the result of that person deciding to behave a certain way and practicing virtuous habits for their own sake, not for reputation or praise from others. Aristotle writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>Honor seems to depend on those who confer it rather than on him who receives it, whereas our guess is that the good is a man's own possession which cannot easily be taken away from him. (<em>Nicomachean Ethics</em> I.1095b.25)</p> </blockquote> <p>Aristotle advocated moderation in all things in order to attain this “good” in life which, ultimately, was a happiness no person or set of circumstances could take or diminish. Aristotle maintained that “a man becomes just by performing just acts and self-controlled by performing acts of self-control” (<em>Nicomachean Ethics</em> I.1105b.10). This self-control was exemplified by his concept of the Golden Mean. Aristotle writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>In regard to pleasures and pains…the mean is self-control and the excess is self-indulgence. In taking and giving money, the mean is generosity, the excess and deficiency are extravagance and stinginess. In these vices excess and deficiency work in opposite ways: an extravagant man exceeds in spending and is deficient in taking, while a stingy man exceeds in taking and is deficient in spending. (<em>Nicomachean Ethics</em> I.1107b.5-10)</p> </blockquote> <p>The Golden Mean provides a control which acts to correct one's behavior. If one knows that one is prone to the excess of extravagance, one should revert to the extreme opposite of stinginess. Since one's natural inclination will be to spend freely, making a conscious attempt to spend nothing will result in one drifting to the moderate ground between the extremes.</p><div class="intext_7"></div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="877"> <a href="/image/877/aristotle-bust-palazzo-altemps/" title="Aristotle Bust, Palazzo Altemps" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/877.jpg.webp?v=1724806217 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/877.jpg.webp?v=1724806217 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/877.jpg?v=1724806217 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/877.jpg?v=1724806217 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/877.jpg?v=1724806217" alt="Aristotle Bust, Palazzo Altemps" class="in_text_image" width="339" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Aristotle Bust, Palazzo Altemps</div><div class="figauthor">SquinchPix.com (Copyright)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/877/aristotle-bust-palazzo-altemps/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/877/aristotle-bust-palazzo-altemps/","caption":"2nd century AD marble bust of Aristotle (Museo Nazionale Romano,Palazzo Altemps,Rome).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/877.jpg","copyrightNotice":"SquinchPix.com - Copyright - You cannot use, copy, distribute, or modify this item without explicit permission from the author.","creator":{"@type":"Organization","name":"SquinchPix.com"},"creditText":"SquinchPix.com / SquinchPix","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:25:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-09-13T10:19:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Aristotle Bust, Palazzo Altemps","height":"900","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://www.squinchpix.com/searchn.php?zoom_query=^14382&dmode=gallery"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/877/aristotle-bust-palazzo-altemps/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/877/aristotle-bust-palazzo-altemps/","width":"610"} </script> </p> <p>The Golden Mean was among the many precepts Aristotle taught to his students at the Lyceum. His habit of walking back and forth as he taught earned the Lyceum the name of the Peripatetic School (from the Greek word for walking around,<em> peripatetikos</em>). Aristotle's favorite student at the school was Theophrastus who would succeed him as leader of the school and who collected and published his works. Some scholars have claimed, in fact, that what exists today of Aristotle's work was never written to be published but was only lecture notes for classes which Theophrastus and others admired a great deal and so had copied and distributed.</p> <h3>Famous Contributions & Works</h3> <p>The Golden Mean is one of Aristotle's best-known contributions to philosophical thought (after the Prime Mover) but it should be noted that this was only in the realm of ethics and Aristotle contributed to every branch of knowledge available in his time. In ethics, he also famously explored the difference between voluntary actions and involuntary actions, encouraging people to try to fill their lives with as many voluntary actions as possible in order to achieve the greatest happiness. He understood that there were many chores and responsibilities one would meet in a day which one would rather not do but suggested one consider these apparent annoyances as opportunities and avenues to happiness.</p> <p>For example, one might not want to do the dishes and would consider having to perform this chore and involuntary action. Aristotle would suggest one look at cleaning the dishes as a means to the desirable end of having a clean kitchen and clean plates to use at the next meal. The same would apply to a job one does not like. Instead of seeing the job as an obstacle to happiness, one should look at it as the means by which one is able to buy groceries, clothes, take trips, and enjoy hobbies. The value of positive thinking and the importance of gratitude have been highlighted by a number of authors in different disciplines in the 20th and 21st centuries CE but Aristotle was a much earlier proponent of the same view.</p> <p>In his work <em>On the Soul</em>, Aristotle addresses the issue of memory-as-fact, claiming that one's memories are impressions but not reliable records of what really happened. A memory assumes a different value as one undergoes new experiences and so one's memory of an unpleasant event (say a car accident) will change if, because of that car accident, one met the love of one's life. People pick and choose what they will remember, and how they will remember it, based on the emotional narrative they are telling themselves and others. This concept has been explored since Freud and Jung in the mid-20th century CE but was not an original thought of either of them.</p> <p>His <em>Politics</em> addresses the concerns of the state which Aristotle sees as an organic development natural to any community of human beings. The state is not a static structure imposed on people but a dynamic, living entity created by those who then live under its rules. Long before <a href="/Thomas_Hobbes/">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote his <em>Leviathan</em> concerning the burden of government or Jean-Jacque Rousseau developed his <a href="/Social_Contract/">Social Contract</a>, Aristotle had already addressed their same concerns.</p> <p>Aristotle's <em>Poetics</em> introduced concepts such as mimesis (imitation of reality in art) and catharsis (a purging of strong emotion) to literary criticism as well as the creative arts. His observations on poetic and rhetorical form would continue to be taught as objective truths on the subject up through the period of the European Renaissance. Aristotle was naturally curious about all aspects of the human condition and natural world and systematically studied whatever subject came to his attention, learned it to his satisfaction, and then tried to make it comprehensible and meaningful through philosophical interpretation. Through this process, he developed the <a href="/Scientific_Method/">Scientific Method</a> in an early form by forming a hypothesis and then testing it through an experiment which could be repeated for the same results.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IsdgFJBXb2w?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="The History of Philosophy: Origins of Ancient Philosophy Around the Globe"></iframe></div></div> <h3>Conclusion</h3> <p>After the <a href="/article/2366/death-of-alexander-the-great/">death of Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BCE, when the tide of Athenian popular opinion turned against Macedon, Aristotle was charged with impiety owing to his earlier association with Alexander and the Macedonian Court. With the unjust execution of Socrates in mind, Aristotle chose to flee Athens, "lest the Athenians sin twice against philosophy", as he said. He died of natural causes a year later in 322 BCE.</p> <p>Aristotle's writings, like Plato's, have influenced virtually every avenue of human knowledge for the past two thousand years. Although he was not widely read in the west after the fall of <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a>, his works were appreciated in the east where Muslim scholars drew inspiration and understanding from his works. Aristotle's<em> Ethics</em> (written for his son, Nichomachus, as a guide to good living) is still consulted as a philosophical touchstone in the study of ethics. He contributed to the understanding of physics, created the field and the study of what is known as metaphysics, wrote extensively on natural <a href="/science/">science</a> and political philosophy, and his <em>Poetics</em> remains a classic of literary criticism.</p> <p>In all this, he proved himself to be in fact The Master recognized by Dante. As with Plato, Aristotle's work infuses the entire spectrum of human knowledge as it is apprehended in the present day. Many scholars, philosophers, and thinkers over the past two thousand years have argued with, dismissed, ignored, questioned, and even debunked Aristotle's theories but none have argued that his influence was not vast and deeply penetrating, establishing schools of thought and creating disciplines taken for granted in the present as having always just existed.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Alexander_the_Great+aristotle+Athens+Epicurus+Greek_Philosophy+Nicolaus_Copernicus+Philip_II_of_Macedon+philosophy+plato" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__ce3563a054cff7e88c1cc92920de88ff"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0691016518/" rel="sponsored">Aristotle (translated by Richard McKeon). <i>The Complete Works of Aristotle.</i> Princeton University Press, 1984.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b2a7dcc906002f45894edc200aff1c17"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Aristotle: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Aristotle: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__c3f9e70551ef81925effea96127326b5"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0205783856/" rel="sponsored">Baird, F.E. <i>Philosophic Classics, Volume I Ancient Philosophy.</i> Prentice Hall, 2010.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__84c4c05e024a37ea5dd985788373a53e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B004ZZS4YA/" rel="sponsored">Durant, W. <i>The Life of Greece.</i> Simon & Schuster, 2011.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__542d31bf259d35e69c21f2a0735689d4"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0674035011/" rel="sponsored">Freeman, K. <i>Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers.</i> Harvard University Press, 1983.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b65ed6fbb9ba655b870d2fa6058eba18"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0395053161/" rel="sponsored">Robinson, J. M. <i>An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy.</i> Houghton Mifflin School, 1984.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="nofollow" title="Joshua J. Mark"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG?v=1459726565" width="100" height="100" alt="Joshua J. Mark" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany. </div> <div class="sm_links"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339" title="Joshua J. Mark" class="sm_tiny_sprite linkedin no_external"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/zh/1-355/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Chinese</a> <a href="/trans/fr/1-355/aristote/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/pt/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Portuguese</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <a href="/trans/tr/1-355/aristoteles/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Turkish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-355/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div class="faq"> <h2>Questions & Answers</h2> <dl> <dt><h4>Who was Aristotle?</h4></dt> <dd>Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who pioneered the systematic study of every branch of human knowledge so thoroughly that he came to be known as The Philosopher and, later, as The Master.</dd> <dt><h4>What is Aristotle's theory of human happiness and which work is it in?</h4></dt> <dd>In his Nicomachean Ethics, Book I, Aristotle writes that happiness is the final purpose of life. Humans, he said, were supposed to be happy and one became happy and maintained happiness by living virtuously</dd> <dt><h4>What is Aristotle's most famous theory?</h4></dt> <dd>Aristotle's most famous theory is the Golden Mean: living a life of moderation. If one tends to spend too much, for example, one should try not spending at all and one's natural inclination will lead one to a middle ground of moderation.</dd> <dt><h4>What was the central difference between Aristotle and Plato?</h4></dt> <dd>A central difference between Aristotle and Plato is Plato's Theory of Forms. Plato believed in a higher realm that informed the reality of the world; Aristotle rejected this theory because it could not be proven.</dd> </dl> </div> <style> .faq h4 { font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; } .faq { margin-bottom: 40px; } </style> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">61</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">29</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">7</span></div> <div rel="6" class="ci_type_6 ci_rel_type ">Videos<span 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class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Nicolaus Copernicus</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543 CE) was a Polish astronomer who... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/plato/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-349"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1165.jpg.webp?v=1729514888 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/1165.jpg.webp?v=1729514888 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1165.jpg?v=1729514888 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/1165.jpg?v=1729514888 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1165.jpg?v=1729514888" width="360" height="202" alt="Plato" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Plato</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Plato (l. 424/423 to 348/347 BCE) is the pre-eminent Greek philosopher... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Epicurus/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-14311"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5078.jpg.webp?v=1664490727 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/5078.jpg.webp?v=1664490727 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5078.jpg?v=1664490727 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/5078.jpg?v=1664490727 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/5078.jpg?v=1664490727" width="360" height="202" alt="Epicurus" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Epicurus</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Epicurus (341 BCE – 270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/33/plato-the-name-and-the-poet/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-33"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16504.jpg.webp?v=1726298233-1665381109 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/16504.jpg.webp?v=1726298233-1665381109 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16504.jpg?v=1726298233-1665381109 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/16504.jpg?v=1726298233-1665381109 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16504.jpg?v=1726298233-1665381109" width="360" height="202" alt="Plato: The Name and The Poet" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Plato: The Name and The Poet</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Plato (l. c. 424/423 to 348/347 BCE), the Greek philosopher whose... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/macedon/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-386"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3185.jpg.webp?v=1725950701-1725950719 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/3185.jpg.webp?v=1725950701-1725950719 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3185.jpg?v=1725950701-1725950719 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/3185.jpg?v=1725950701-1725950719 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/3185.jpg?v=1725950701-1725950719" width="360" height="202" alt="Macedon" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Macedon</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Macedon was an ancient kingdom located in the north of the Greek... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Philip_II_of_Macedon/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-13145"> <picture> <source 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When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. <span class="no_print">Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.</span></p> </div> </main> <aside class="right_1_column"> <div id="editor_tools"> </div> <div class="timeline_outer_wrapper"> <div class="timeline_wrapper"> <h2>Timeline</h2> <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/login/" title="Add Timeline Entry" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Add Event</a> <a href="/ajax/ajax_print_visual_timeline.php?tag=aristotle&width=950&height=600" rel="nofollow" class="thickbox outline_button visual_timeline_button" title="Visual Timeline">Visual Timeline</a> <ul id="time_list"> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_501" title=""> <div class="date">c. 424 BCE - 423 BCE</div> <a href="/plato/">Plato</a> is born at <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a>, <a href="/greece/">Greece</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1231" title=""> <div class="date">399 BCE</div> Trial and <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> of the philosopher <a href="/socrates/">Socrates</a>, who taught in the court of the <a href="/agora/">Agora</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1369" title=""> <div class="date">384 BCE</div> Birth of the philosopher <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a>, tutor to <a href="/Alexander_the_Great/">Alexander the Great</a>, in Stagira (<a href="/greece/">Greece</a>). </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_209" title=""> <div class="date">384 BCE - 322 BCE</div> Life of <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_842" title=""> <div class="date">367 BCE</div> <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> begins studies in <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> at <a href="/plato/">Plato</a>'s Academy. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_843" title=""> <div class="date">347 BCE</div> <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> leaves <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> after <a href="/plato/">Plato</a>'s <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> to pursue his own line of inquiry. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_844" title=""> <div class="date">343 BCE</div> King <a href="/Philip_II_of_Macedon/">Philip II of Macedon</a> summons <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> to tutor his young son <a href="/disambiguation/Alexander/">Alexander</a> (later 'The Great'). </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_845" title=""> <div class="date">335 BCE</div> <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> returns to <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> to set up his school, the Lyceum. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_846" title=""> <div class="date">323 BCE</div> <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> leaves <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> following the <a href="/article/2366/death-of-alexander-the-great/">death of Alexander the Great</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_847" title=""> <div class="date">322 BCE</div> <a href="/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> dies in Euboea of natural causes. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; 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