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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_of_HTTP_milestone_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_HTTP_milestone_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Summary of HTTP milestone versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_HTTP_milestone_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HTTP/0.9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/0.9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>HTTP/0.9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/0.9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.0-draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.0-draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>HTTP/1.0-draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.0-draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W3C_HTTP_Working_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W3C_HTTP_Working_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>W3C HTTP Working Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W3C_HTTP_Working_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>HTTP/1.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>HTTP/1.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W3C_HTTP-NG_Working_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W3C_HTTP-NG_Working_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>W3C HTTP-NG Working Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W3C_HTTP-NG_Working_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IETF_HTTP_Working_Group_restarted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IETF_HTTP_Working_Group_restarted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>IETF HTTP Working Group restarted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IETF_HTTP_Working_Group_restarted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SPDY:_an_unofficial_HTTP_protocol_developed_by_Google" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPDY:_an_unofficial_HTTP_protocol_developed_by_Google"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>SPDY: an unofficial HTTP protocol developed by Google</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPDY:_an_unofficial_HTTP_protocol_developed_by_Google-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>HTTP/2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_updates_to_HTTP/1.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_updates_to_HTTP/1.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.10</span> <span>2014 updates to HTTP/1.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_updates_to_HTTP/1.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/0.9_Deprecation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/0.9_Deprecation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.11</span> <span>HTTP/0.9 Deprecation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/0.9_Deprecation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.12</span> <span>HTTP/3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP/3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Updates_and_refactoring_in_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Updates_and_refactoring_in_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.13</span> <span>Updates and refactoring in 2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Updates_and_refactoring_in_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP_data_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP_data_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>HTTP data exchange</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HTTP_data_exchange-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HTTP data exchange subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTTP_data_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Request_and_response_messages_through_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Request_and_response_messages_through_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Request and response messages through connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Request_and_response_messages_through_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistent_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Persistent connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_retrieval_optimizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_retrieval_optimizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Content retrieval optimizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_retrieval_optimizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP_authentication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP_authentication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>HTTP authentication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HTTP_authentication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HTTP authentication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTTP_authentication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authentication_realms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authentication_realms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Authentication realms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authentication_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP_application_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP_application_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>HTTP application session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP_application_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.1_request_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.1_request_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>HTTP/1.1 request messages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HTTP/1.1_request_messages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HTTP/1.1 request messages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.1_request_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Request_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Request_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Request syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Request_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Request_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Request_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Request methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Request_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safe_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safe_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Safe methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safe_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idempotent_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idempotent_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Idempotent methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idempotent_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cacheable_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cacheable_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Cacheable methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cacheable_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Request_header_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Request_header_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Request header fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Request_header_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.1_response_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.1_response_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>HTTP/1.1 response messages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HTTP/1.1_response_messages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HTTP/1.1 response messages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.1_response_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Response syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_status_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_status_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Response status codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_status_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_header_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_header_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Response header fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_header_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>HTTP/1.1 example of request / response transaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HTTP/1.1 example of request / response transaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Client_request" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Client_request"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Client request</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Client_request-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Server response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encrypted_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encrypted_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Encrypted connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encrypted_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Similar protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">HTTP</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="بروتوكول نقل النص الفائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول نقل النص الفائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolu_de_tresferencia_d%27hipertestu" title="Protocolu de tresferencia d'hipertestu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protocolu de tresferencia d'hipertestu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="হাইপার টেক্সট ট্রান্সফার প্রোটোকল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইপার টেক্সট ট্রান্সফার প্রোটোকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пратакол перадачы гіпэртэксту – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратакол перадачы гіпэртэксту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_de_transfer%C3%A8ncia_d%27hipertext" title="Protocol de transferència d'hipertext – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protocol de transferència d'hipertext" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCperteksti_edastusprotokoll" title="Hüperteksti edastusprotokoll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüperteksti edastusprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρωτόκολλο Μεταφοράς Υπερκειμένου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Μεταφοράς Υπερκειμένου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_transferencia_de_hipertexto" title="Protocolo de transferencia de hipertexto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de transferencia de hipertexto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperteksto-Transiga_Protokolo" title="Hiperteksto-Transiga Protokolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiperteksto-Transiga Protokolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86" title="پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Http" title="Http – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Http" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3tacal_Aistrithe_Hipirt%C3%A9acs" title="Prótacal Aistrithe Hipirtéacs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótacal Aistrithe Hipirtéacs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="હાયપરટેક્સ્ટ ટ્રાન્સફર પ્રોટોકોલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હાયપરટેક્સ્ટ ટ્રાન્સફર પ્રોટોકોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="हाइपरटेक्स्ट ट्रांसफर प्रोटोकॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइपरटेक्स्ट ट्रांसफर प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertextala_Tranferoprotokolo" title="Hipertextala Tranferoprotokolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hipertextala Tranferoprotokolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Transfer_Hiperteks" title="Protokol Transfer Hiperteks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol Transfer Hiperteks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocollum_translationis_hypertextuum" title="Protocollum translationis hypertextuum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protocollum translationis hypertextuum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Протокол за пренос на хипертекст – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протокол за пренос на хипертекст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹൈപ്പർ ടെക്സ്റ്റ്‌ ട്രാൻസ്ഫർ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈപ്പർ ടെക്സ്റ്റ്‌ ട്രാൻസ്ഫർ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="हायपर टेक्स्ट ट्रान्सफर प्रोटोकॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायपर टेक्स्ट ट्रान्सफर प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Pemindahan_Hiperteks" title="Protokol Pemindahan Hiperteks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Pemindahan Hiperteks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="एचटिटिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एचटिटिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਹਾਇਪਰਟੈਕਸਟ ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫਰ ਪਰੋਟੋਕਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਇਪਰਟੈਕਸਟ ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫਰ ਪਰੋਟੋਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokolli_i_Transferimit_t%C3%AB_Teksteve_t%C3%AB_Lidhura" title="Protokolli i Transferimit të Teksteve të Lidhura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protokolli i Transferimit të Teksteve të Lidhura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertextov%C3%BD_prenosov%C3%BD_protokol" title="Hypertextový prenosový protokol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypertextový prenosový protokol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="மீயுரை பரிமாற்ற நெறிமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீயுரை பரிமாற்ற நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="เอชทีทีพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชทีทีพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Http" title="Http – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Http" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E7%B4%84" title="傳超文約 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="傳超文約" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超文本传输协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="HTTP" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超文本传输协议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a>)</span><br /> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=HTTP">reviewed</a> on <i>25 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">HTTP</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/220px-HTTP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/330px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/440px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">International standard</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a> HTTP/1.0</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> HTTP Semantics</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9111">9111</a> HTTP Caching</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a> HTTP/1.1</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113">9113</a> <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7541">7541</a> HTTP/2: HPACK Header Compression</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8164">8164</a> HTTP/2: Opportunistic Security for HTTP/2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8336">8336</a> HTTP/2: The ORIGIN HTTP/2 Frame</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8441">8441</a> HTTP/2: Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a> <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9204">9204</a> HTTP/3: QPACK: Field Compression</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Initially <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>; <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>, <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpwg.org/specs/">httpwg<wbr />.org<wbr />/specs<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTTP</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/180px-HTTP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/270px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/360px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection" title="HTTP persistent connection">Persistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">Request methods</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">OPTIONS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">GET</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">HEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">PUT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">DELETE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">TRACE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">CONNECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)" title="PATCH (HTTP)">PATCH</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">Header fields</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_location" title="HTTP location">Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track" title="Do Not Track">DNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Forwarded-For" title="X-Forwarded-For">X-Forwarded-For</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">Response status codes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_301" title="HTTP 301">301 Moved Permanently</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_302" title="HTTP 302">302 Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">303 See Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_403" title="HTTP 403">403 Forbidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">404 Not Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_451" title="HTTP 451">451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security access control methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_access_authentication" title="Basic access authentication">Basic access authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">Digest access authentication</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security vulnerabilities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_header_injection" title="HTTP header injection">HTTP header injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_request_smuggling" title="HTTP request smuggling">HTTP request smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_response_splitting" title="HTTP response splitting">HTTP response splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_parameter_pollution" title="HTTP parameter pollution">HTTP parameter pollution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTTP" title="Template:HTTP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTTP" title="Template talk:HTTP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>HTTP</b> (<b>Hypertext Transfer Protocol</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> protocol in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> model for distributed, collaborative, <a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">hypermedia</a> information systems.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents include <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> click or by tapping the screen in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. </p><p>Development of HTTP was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP version, named 0.9.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/0.9-specifications-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That version was subsequently developed, eventually becoming the public 1.0.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of early HTTP <a href="/wiki/Requests_for_Comments" class="mw-redirect" title="Requests for Comments">Requests for Comments</a> (RFCs) started a few years later in a coordinated effort by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), with work later moving to the IETF. </p><p>HTTP/1 was finalized and fully documented (as version 1.0) in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It evolved (as version 1.1) in 1997 and then its specifications were updated in 1999, 2014, and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its secure variant named <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> is used by more than 85% of websites.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTPS-usage-web-servers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTPS-usage-web-servers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a>, published in 2015, provides a more efficient expression of HTTP's semantics "on the wire". As of August 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is supported by 66.2% of websites<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP2-usage-web-servers_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP2-usage-web-servers-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (35.3% HTTP/2 + 30.9% HTTP/3 with backwards compatibility) and supported by almost all web browsers (over 98% of users).<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP2-Can-I-Use_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP2-Can-I-Use-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also supported by major web servers over <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (TLS) using an <a href="/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation" title="Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation</a> (ALPN) extension<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/TLS_1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="TLS 1.2">TLS 1.2</a> or newer is required.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>, the successor to HTTP/2, was published in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of February 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is now used on 30.9% of websites<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP3-usage-web-servers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP3-usage-web-servers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is supported by most web browsers, i.e. (at least partially) supported by 97% of users.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP3-Can-I-Use_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP3-Can-I-Use-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/3 uses <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> for the underlying transport protocol. Like HTTP/2, it does not obsolete previous major versions of the protocol. Support for HTTP/3 was added to <a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> first,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also enabled in <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, and loads faster than with HTTP/2, in some cases over three times faster than HTTP/1.1 (which is still commonly only enabled).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2></div> <p>HTTP functions as a <a href="/wiki/Request%E2%80%93response" title="Request–response">request–response</a> protocol in the <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, for example, may be the <i>client</i> whereas a <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>, running on a computer <a href="/wiki/Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">hosting</a> one or more <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> may be the <i>server</i>. The client submits an HTTP <i>request</i> message to the server. The server, which provides <i>resources</i> such as <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> files and other content or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a <i>response</i> message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body. </p><p>A web browser is an example of a <i><a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a></i> (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers (<a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Voice_browser" title="Voice browser">voice browsers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that accesses, consumes, or displays web content. </p><p>HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">web cache</a> servers that deliver content on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Upstream_server" title="Upstream server">upstream servers</a> to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them, whenever possible, to reduce network traffic. HTTP <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private network</a> boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers. </p><p>To allow intermediate HTTP nodes (proxy servers, web caches, etc.) to accomplish their functions, some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">HTTP headers</a> (found in HTTP requests/responses) are managed <a href="/wiki/Hop-by-hop_transport" title="Hop-by-hop transport">hop-by-hop</a> whereas other HTTP headers are managed <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end</a> (managed only by the source client and by the target web server). </p><p>HTTP is an <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> protocol designed within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-3.3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) is no longer used, but the older versions are still more used and they most commonly use TCP. They have also been adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), which HTTP/3 also (indirectly) always builds on, for example in <a href="/wiki/HTTPU" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTPU">HTTPU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simple_Service_Discovery_Protocol" title="Simple Service Discovery Protocol">Simple Service Discovery Protocol</a> (SSDP). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">HTTP resources</a> are identified and located on the network by <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locators</a> (URLs), using the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifiers</a> (URIs) schemes <i>http</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Https" class="mw-redirect" title="Https">https</a></i>. As defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>, URIs are encoded as <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> documents, so as to form interlinked <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents. </p><p>In HTTP/1.0 a separate TCP <a href="/wiki/Connection-oriented_communication" title="Connection-oriented communication">connection</a> to the same server is made for every resource request.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1945-1.3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1945-1.3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In HTTP/1.1 instead a TCP connection can be reused to make multiple resource requests (i.e. of HTML pages, frames, images, <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">scripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">stylesheets</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-9.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-9.3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-9.3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead, especially under high traffic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> is a revision of previous HTTP/1.1 in order to maintain the same client–server model and the same protocol methods but with these differences in order: </p> <ul><li>to use a compressed binary representation of metadata (HTTP headers) instead of a textual one, so that headers require much less space;</li> <li>to use a single <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a>) connection per accessed server domain instead of 2 to 8 TCP/IP connections;</li> <li>to use one or more bidirectional streams per TCP/IP connection in which HTTP requests and responses are broken down and transmitted in small packets to almost solve the problem of the HOLB (<a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line blocking</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to add a push capability to allow server application to send data to clients whenever new data is available (without forcing clients to request periodically new data to server by using <a href="/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)" title="Polling (computer science)">polling</a> methods).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9113-2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9113-2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>HTTP/2 communications therefore experience much less latency and, in most cases, even higher speeds than HTTP/1.1 communications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> is a revision of previous HTTP/2 in order to use <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a> + UDP transport protocols instead of TCP. Before that version, TCP/IP connections were used; but now, only the IP layer is used (which UDP, like TCP, builds on). This slightly improves the average speed of communications and to avoid the occasional (very rare) problem of TCP connection <a href="/wiki/TCP_congestion_control" title="TCP congestion control">congestion</a> that can temporarily block or slow down the data flow of all its streams (another form of "<i>head of line blocking</i>"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg/220px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg/330px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg/440px-Tim_Berners-Lee_CP_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> in 1965 in the <a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanadu Project">Xanadu Project</a>, which was in turn inspired by <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "<a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">memex</a>" system described in his 1945 essay "<a href="/wiki/As_We_May_Think" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a>". <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and his team at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> are credited with inventing the original HTTP, along with HTML and the associated technology for a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> and a client <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> called <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Berners-Lee designed HTTP in order to help with the adoption of his other idea: the "WorldWideWeb" project, which was first proposed in 1989, now known as the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">The first web server</a> went live in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol used had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response from the server was always an HTML page.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/0.9-specifications-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_HTTP_milestone_versions">Summary of HTTP milestone versions</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>Year introduced </th> <th>Current status </th> <th>Usage in August 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> </th> <th>Support in August 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>HTTP/0.9 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Obsolete </td> <td>0 </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>HTTP/1.0 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Obsolete </td> <td>0 </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>HTTP/1.1 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Standard </td> <td>33.8% </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Standard </td> <td>35.3% </td> <td>66.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Standard </td> <td>30.9% </td> <td>30.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/0.9"><span id="HTTP.2F0.9"></span>HTTP/0.9</h4></div> <p>In 1991, the first documented official version of HTTP was written as a plain document, less than 700 words long, and this version was named HTTP/0.9, which supported only GET method, allowing clients to only retrieve HTML documents from the server, but not supporting any other file formats or information upload.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/0.9-specifications-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/1.0-draft"><span id="HTTP.2F1.0-draft"></span>HTTP/1.0-draft</h4></div> <p>Since 1992, a new document was written to specify the evolution of the basic protocol towards its next full version. It supported both the simple request method of the 0.9 version and the full GET request that included the client HTTP version. This was the first of the many unofficial HTTP/1.0 drafts that preceded the final work on HTTP/1.0.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="W3C_HTTP_Working_Group">W3C HTTP Working Group</h4></div> <p>After having decided that new features of HTTP protocol were required and that they had to be fully documented as official <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a>, in early 1995 the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG, led by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Dave Raggett</a>) was constituted with the aim to standardize and expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">header fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raggettprofile_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggettprofile-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HTTP WG planned to revise and publish new versions of the protocol as HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 within 1995, but, because of the many revisions, that timeline lasted much more than one year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HTTP WG planned also to specify a far future version of HTTP called HTTP-NG (HTTP Next Generation) that would have solved all remaining problems, of previous versions, related to performances, low latency responses, etc. but this work started only a few years later and it was never completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/1.0"><span id="HTTP.2F1.0"></span>HTTP/1.0</h4></div> <p>In May 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a> was published as a final HTTP/1.0 revision of what had been used in previous 4 years as a pre-standard HTTP/1.0-draft which was already used by many web browsers and web servers. </p><p>In early 1996 developers started to even include unofficial extensions of the HTTP/1.0 protocol (i.e. keep-alive connections, etc.) into their products by using drafts of the upcoming HTTP/1.1 specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-Persistent-Connections_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-Persistent-Connections-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/1.1"><span id="HTTP.2F1.1"></span>HTTP/1.1</h4></div> <p>Since early 1996, major web browsers and web server developers also started to implement new features specified by pre-standard HTTP/1.1 drafts specifications. End-user adoption of the new versions of browsers and servers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet used the new HTTP/1.1 header "Host" to enable <a href="/wiki/Virtual_hosting" title="Virtual hosting">virtual hosting</a>, and that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were pre-standard HTTP/1.1 compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2068">2068</a> was officially released as HTTP/1.1 specifications. </p><p>In June 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a> was released to include all improvements and updates based on previous (obsolete) HTTP/1.1 specifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="W3C_HTTP-NG_Working_Group">W3C HTTP-NG Working Group</h4></div> <p>Resuming the old 1995 plan of previous HTTP Working Group, in 1997 an <i>HTTP-NG Working Group</i> was formed to develop a new HTTP protocol named HTTP-NG (HTTP New Generation). A few proposals / drafts were produced for the new protocol to use <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> of HTTP transactions inside a single TCP/IP connection, but in 1999, the group stopped its activity passing the technical problems to IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-NG-Working-Group_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-NG-Working-Group-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IETF_HTTP_Working_Group_restarted">IETF HTTP Working Group restarted</h4></div> <p>In 2007, the IETF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpwg.org/">HTTP Working Group</a> (HTTP WG bis or HTTPbis) was restarted firstly to revise and clarify previous HTTP/1.1 specifications and secondly to write and refine future HTTP/2 specifications (named httpbis).<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-WG-2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-WG-2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-WG-httpbis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-WG-httpbis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SPDY:_an_unofficial_HTTP_protocol_developed_by_Google">SPDY: an unofficial HTTP protocol developed by Google</h4></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, a private company, announced that it had developed and tested a new HTTP binary protocol named <a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a>. The implicit aim was to greatly speed up web traffic (specially between future web browsers and its servers). </p><p>SPDY was indeed much faster than HTTP/1.1 in many tests and so it was quickly adopted by <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> and then by other major web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-SPDY-vs-HTTP/1.1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPDY-vs-HTTP/1.1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the ideas about multiplexing HTTP streams over a single TCP/IP connection were taken from various sources, including the work of W3C HTTP-NG Working Group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/2"><span id="HTTP.2F2"></span>HTTP/2</h4></div> <p>In January–March 2012, HTTP Working Group (HTTPbis) announced the need to start to focus on a new HTTP/2 protocol (while finishing the revision of HTTP/1.1 specifications), maybe taking in consideration ideas and work done for SPDY.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTPbis-rechartering-prop_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTPbis-rechartering-prop-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTTPbis-rechartering-act_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTPbis-rechartering-act-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a few months about what to do to develop a new version of HTTP, it was decided to derive it from SPDY.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/2-introduction_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/2-introduction-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> was published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540">7540</a> and quickly adopted by all web browsers already supporting SPDY and more slowly by web servers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014_updates_to_HTTP/1.1"><span id="2014_updates_to_HTTP.2F1.1"></span>2014 updates to HTTP/1.1</h4></div> <p>In June 2014, the HTTP Working Group released an updated six-part HTTP/1.1 specification obsoleting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a>: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232">7232</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Conditional Requests</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233">7233</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Range Requests</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234">7234</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Caching</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235">7235</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1: Authentication</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/0.9_Deprecation"><span id="HTTP.2F0.9_Deprecation"></span>HTTP/0.9 Deprecation</h4></div><p> In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a> Appendix-A, HTTP/0.9 was deprecated for servers supporting HTTP/1.1 version (and higher):<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230-Appendix-A_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230-Appendix-A-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-style: italic;"><p>Since HTTP/0.9 did not support header fields in a request, there is no mechanism for it to support name-based virtual hosts (selection of resource by inspection of the Host header field). <b>Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought to disable support for HTTP/0.9</b>. Most requests that appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests caused by a client failing to properly encode the request-target.</p></blockquote> <p>Since 2016 many product managers and developers of user agents (browsers, etc.) and web servers have begun planning to gradually deprecate and dismiss support for HTTP/0.9 protocol, mainly for the following reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-chrome-deprecated_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/0.9-chrome-deprecated-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>it is so simple that an RFC document was never written (there is only the original document);<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/0.9-specifications-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>it has no HTTP headers and lacks many other features that nowadays are required for minimal security reasons;</li> <li>it has not been widespread since 1999..2000 (because of HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1) and is commonly used only by some very old network hardware, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP/3"><span id="HTTP.2F3"></span>HTTP/3</h4></div> <p>In 2020, the first drafts <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> were published and major web browsers and web servers started to adopt it. </p><p>On 6 June 2022, IETF standardized HTTP/3 as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Updates_and_refactoring_in_2022">Updates and refactoring in 2022</h4></div> <p>In June 2022, a batch of RFCs was published, deprecating many of the previous documents and introducing a few minor changes and a refactoring of HTTP semantics description into a separate document. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>, <i>HTTP Semantics</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9111">9111</a>, <i>HTTP Caching</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a>, <i>HTTP/1.1</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113">9113</a>, <i>HTTP/2</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a>, <i>HTTP/3</i> (see also the section above)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9204">9204</a>, <i>QPACK: Field Compression for HTTP/3</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9218">9218</a>, <i>Extensible Prioritization Scheme for HTTP</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP_data_exchange">HTTP data exchange</h2></div> <p>HTTP is a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_protocol" title="Stateless protocol">stateless</a> application-level protocol and it requires a reliable network transport connection to exchange data between client and server.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-3.3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In HTTP implementations, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP/IP</a> connections are used using <a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">well-known ports</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/TCP_port" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP port">port 80</a> if the connection is unencrypted or port 443 if the connection is encrypted, see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers" title="List of TCP and UDP port numbers">List of TCP and UDP port numbers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-4.2.1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-4.2.1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-4.2.2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-4.2.2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In HTTP/2, a TCP/IP connection plus multiple protocol channels are used. In HTTP/3, the application transport protocol <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a> over UDP is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Request_and_response_messages_through_connections">Request and response messages through connections</h3></div> <p>Data is exchanged through a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Request-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Request-response">request–response messages</a> which are exchanged by a <a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">session layer</a> transport connection.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-3.3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An HTTP client initially tries to connect to a server establishing a connection (real or virtual). An HTTP(S) server listening on that port accepts the connection and then waits for a client's request message. The client sends its HTTP request message. Upon receiving the request the server sends back an HTTP response message, which includes header(s) plus a body if it is required. The body of this response message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned. At any time (for many reasons) client or server can close the connection. Closing a connection is usually advertised in advance by using one or more HTTP headers in the last request/response message sent to server or client.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-9.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistent_connections">Persistent connections</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection" title="HTTP persistent connection">HTTP persistent connection</a></div> <p>In <b>HTTP/0.9</b>, the TCP/IP connection is always closed after server response has been sent, so it is never persistent. </p><p>In <b>HTTP/1.0</b>, as stated in RFC 1945, the TCP/IP connection should always be closed by server after a response has been sent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <b>HTTP/1.1</b> a keep-alive-mechanism was officially introduced so that a connection could be reused for more than one request/response. Such persistent connections reduce request <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> perceptibly because the client does not need to re-negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Connection_establishment" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP 3-Way-Handshake connection</a> after the first request has been sent. Another positive side effect is that, in general, the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP's <a href="/wiki/TCP_congestion_control#Slow_start" title="TCP congestion control">slow-start</a>-mechanism. </p><p><b>HTTP/1.1</b> added also <a href="/wiki/HTTP_pipelining" title="HTTP pipelining">HTTP pipelining</a> in order to further reduce lag time when using persistent connections by allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response. This optimization was never considered really safe because a few web servers and many <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a>, specially transparent proxy servers placed in Internet / <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranets</a> between clients and servers, did not handle pipelined requests properly (they served only the first request discarding the others, they closed the connection because they saw more data after the first request or some proxies even returned responses out of order etc.). Because of this, only HEAD and some GET requests (i.e. limited to real file requests and so with <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> without query string used as a command, etc.) could be pipelined in a <a href="#Safe_methods">safe</a> and <a href="#Idempotent_methods">idempotent</a> mode. After many years of struggling with the problems introduced by enabling pipelining, this feature was first disabled and then removed from most browsers also because of the announced adoption of HTTP/2. </p><p><b>HTTP/2</b> extended the usage of persistent connections by multiplexing many concurrent requests/responses through a single TCP/IP connection. </p><p><b>HTTP/3</b> does not use TCP/IP connections but QUIC + UDP (see also: <a href="#Technical_overview">technical overview</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_retrieval_optimizations">Content retrieval optimizations</h3></div> <dl><dt>HTTP/0.9</dt> <dd>A requested resource was always sent in its entirety.</dd> <dt>HTTP/1.0</dt> <dd>HTTP/1.0 added headers to manage resources cached by client in order to allow conditional GET requests; in practice a server has to return the entire content of the requested resource only if its last modified time is not known by client or if it changed since last full response to GET request. One of these headers, "Content-Encoding", was added to specify whether the returned content of a resource was or was not <a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">compressed</a>.</dd> <dd>If the total length of the content of a resource was not known in advance (i.e. because it was dynamically generated, etc.) then the header <code>"Content-Length: number"</code> was not present in HTTP headers and the client assumed that when server closed the connection, the content had been sent in its entirety. This mechanism could not distinguish between a resource transfer successfully completed and an interrupted one (because of a server / network error or something else).</dd> <dt>HTTP/1.1</dt> <dd>HTTP/1.1 introduced: <ul><li>new headers to better manage the conditional retrieval of cached resources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding" title="Chunked transfer encoding">chunked transfer encoding</a> to allow content to be streamed in chunks in order to reliably send it even when the server does not know its length in advance (i.e. because it is dynamically generated, etc.).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byte_serving" title="Byte serving">byte range serving</a>, where a client can request only one or more portions (ranges of bytes) of a resource (i.e. the first part, a part in the middle or in the end of the entire content, etc.) and the server usually sends only the requested part(s). This is useful to resume an interrupted download (when a file is very large), when only a part of a content has to be shown or dynamically added to the already visible part by a browser (i.e. only the first or the following n comments of a web page) in order to spare time, bandwidth and system resources, etc.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>HTTP/2, HTTP/3</dt> <dd>Both HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have kept the above mentioned features of HTTP/1.1.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP_authentication">HTTP authentication</h2></div> <p>HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Basic_access_authentication" title="Basic access authentication">basic access authentication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">digest access authentication</a> which operate via a challenge–response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content. </p><p>HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication, via an extensible set of challenge–response authentication schemes, which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authentication mechanisms described above belong to the HTTP protocol and are managed by client and server HTTP software (if configured to require authentication before allowing client access to one or more web resources), and not by the web applications using <a href="#HTTP_application_session">a web application session</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authentication_realms">Authentication realms</h3></div> <p>The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary, implementation-specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a>. The realm value string, if present, is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge. This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP_application_session">HTTP application session <span class="anchor" id="HTTP_session"></span></h2></div> <p>HTTP is a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_protocol" title="Stateless protocol">stateless protocol</a>. A stateless protocol does not require the web server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> need to manage user sessions, so they implement states, or <a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">server side sessions</a>, using for instance <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookies</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or hidden <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a> within <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">web forms</a>. </p><p>To start an application user session, an interactive <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> via web application <a href="/wiki/Login" title="Login">login</a> must be performed. To stop a user session a <a href="/wiki/Logout" class="mw-redirect" title="Logout">logout</a> operation must be requested by user. These kind of operations do not use <a href="#HTTP_authentication">HTTP authentication</a> but a custom managed web application authentication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP/1.1_request_messages"><span id="HTTP.2F1.1_request_messages"></span>HTTP/1.1 request messages<span class="anchor" id="Request_message"></span></h2></div> <p>Request messages are sent by a client to a target server.<sup id="cite_ref-http-23-message_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-23-message-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Request_syntax">Request syntax</h3></div> <p>A client sends <i>request messages</i> to the server, which consist of:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-2.1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-2.1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a <b>request line</b>, consisting of the case-sensitive request method, a <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a>, the requested URI, another space, the protocol version, a <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>, e.g.:</li></ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/images/logo.png</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> </pre></div> <ul><li>zero or more <a href="/wiki/HTTP_request_header_field" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP request header field">request header fields</a> (at least 1 or more headers in case of HTTP/1.1), each consisting of the case-insensitive field name, a colon, optional leading <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace (computer science)">whitespace</a>, the field value, an optional trailing whitespace and ending with a carriage return and a line feed, e.g.:</li></ul> <pre>Host: www.example.com Accept-Language: en </pre> <ul><li>an empty line, consisting of a carriage return and a line feed;</li> <li>an optional <a href="/wiki/HTTP_message_body" title="HTTP message body">message body</a>.</li></ul> <p>In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all header fields except <code>Host: hostname</code> are optional. </p><p>A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 specification in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apacheweek_com-http11_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apacheweek_com-http11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Request_methods">Request methods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png/220px-Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png/330px-Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png/440px-Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>An HTTP/1.1 request made using telnet. The <a href="/wiki/HTTP_request" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP request">request</a> message, <a href="/wiki/HTTP_response" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP response">response</a> header section, and response body are highlighted.</figcaption></figure> <p>HTTP defines methods (sometimes referred to as <i>verbs</i>, but nowhere in the specification does it mention <i>verb</i>) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server. The HTTP/1.0 specification<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1945-8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1945-8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined the GET, HEAD, and POST methods as well as listing the PUT, DELETE, LINK and UNLINK methods under additional methods. However, the HTTP/1.1 specification<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2616-9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2616-9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formally defined and added five new methods: PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTIONS, and TRACE. Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods. If a method is unknown to an intermediate, it will be treated as an unsafe and <a href="/wiki/Idempotence" title="Idempotence">non-idempotent</a> method. There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined, which allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure. For example, <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> defined seven new methods and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5789">5789</a> specified the <a href="/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)" title="PATCH (HTTP)">PATCH</a> method. </p><p>Method names are case sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-9.1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-9.1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to HTTP header field names which are case-insensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-6.3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-6.3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="GET_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>GET</dt> <dd>The GET method requests that the target resource transfer a representation of its state. GET requests should only <a href="/wiki/Data_retrieval" title="Data retrieval">retrieve data</a> and should have no other effect. (This is also true of some other HTTP methods.)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For retrieving resources without making changes, GET is preferred over POST, as they can be <a href="/wiki/Addressability" title="Addressability">addressed</a> through a <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>. This enables bookmarking and sharing and makes GET responses eligible for <a href="/wiki/Browser_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser cache">caching</a>, which can save bandwidth. The <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> has published guidance principles on this distinction, saying, "<a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a> design should be informed by the above principles, but also by the relevant limitations."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="#Safe_methods">safe methods</a> below.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="HEAD_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>HEAD</dt> <dd>The HEAD method requests that the target resource transfer a representation of its state, as for a GET request, but without the representation data enclosed in the response body. This is useful for retrieving the representation metadata in the response header, without having to transfer the entire representation. Uses include checking whether a page is available through the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_status_code" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP status code">status code</a> and quickly finding the size of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> (<code>Content-Length</code>).</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="POST_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>POST</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST method</a> requests that the target resource process the representation enclosed in the request according to the semantics of the target resource. For example, it is used for posting a message to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a>, subscribing to a <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a>, or completing an <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a> transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="PUT_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>PUT</dt> <dd>The PUT method requests that the target resource create or update its state with the state defined by the representation enclosed in the request. A distinction from POST is that the client specifies the target location on the server.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="DELETE_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>DELETE</dt> <dd>The DELETE method requests that the target resource delete its state.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="CONNECT_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>CONNECT</dt> <dd>The CONNECT method requests that the intermediary establish a <a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">TCP/IP tunnel</a> to the origin server identified by the request target. It is often used to secure connections through one or more <a href="/wiki/HTTP_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP proxy">HTTP proxies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-proxy-arbitrary-TCP_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-proxy-arbitrary-TCP-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/HTTP_tunnel#HTTP_CONNECT_method" title="HTTP tunnel">HTTP CONNECT method</a>.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="OPTIONS_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>OPTIONS</dt> <dd>The OPTIONS method requests that the target resource transfer the HTTP methods that it supports. This can be used to check the functionality of a web server by requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="TRACE_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>TRACE</dt> <dd>The TRACE method requests that the target resource transfer the received request in the response body. That way a client can see what (if any) changes or additions have been made by intermediaries.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="PATCH_method"></span> </p> <dl><dt>PATCH</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)" title="PATCH (HTTP)">PATCH method</a> requests that the target resource modify its state according to the partial update defined in the representation enclosed in the request. This can save bandwidth by updating a part of a file or document without having to transfer it entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5789_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5789-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>All general-purpose web servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods, and all other methods are considered optional by the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9110-9.1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9110-9.1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Properties_of_request_methods_table"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;"> <caption>Properties of request methods </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Request method </th> <th scope="col">RFC </th> <th scope="col">Request has payload body </th> <th scope="col">Response has payload body </th> <th scope="col">Safe </th> <th scope="col">Idempotent </th> <th scope="col">Cacheable </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GET </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Optional </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">HEAD </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Optional </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">POST </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">PUT </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">DELETE </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Optional </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">CONNECT </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Optional </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">OPTIONS </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Optional </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">TRACE </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">PATCH </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5789">5789</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safe_methods">Safe methods</h4></div> <p>A request method is <i>safe</i> if a request with that method has no intended effect on the server. The methods GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE are defined as safe. In other words, safe methods are intended to be <a href="/wiki/Command%E2%80%93query_separation" title="Command–query separation">read-only</a>. Safe methods can still have <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">side effects</a> not seen by the client, such as appending request information to a <a href="/wiki/Server_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Server log">log file</a> or charging an <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">advertising account</a>. </p><p>In contrast, the methods POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, and PATCH are not safe. They may modify the state of the server or have other effects such as sending an <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">web robots</a> or web crawlers; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences. </p><p>Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests, in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way. Careless or deliberately irregular programming can allow GET requests to cause non-trivial changes on the server. This is discouraged because of the problems which can occur when <a href="/wiki/Web_caching" class="mw-redirect" title="Web caching">web caching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a>, and other automated agents make unintended changes on the server. For example, a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as <i>https://example.com/article/1234/delete</i>, which, if arbitrarily fetched, even using GET, would simply delete the article.<sup id="cite_ref-oreilly-get-rails_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oreilly-get-rails-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A properly coded website would require a DELETE or POST method for this action, which non-malicious bots would not make. </p><p>One example of this occurring in practice was during the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Google Web Accelerator</a> beta, which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing, causing records to be automatically altered or deleted <i>en masse</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Beta_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta test">beta</a> was suspended only weeks after its first release, following widespread criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oreilly-get-rails_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oreilly-get-rails-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Idempotent_methods">Idempotent methods</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idempotence#Computer_science_meaning" title="Idempotence">Idempotence § Computer science meaning</a></div> <p>A request method is <i>idempotent</i> if multiple identical requests with that method have the same effect as a single such request. The methods PUT and DELETE, and safe methods are defined as idempotent. Safe methods are trivially idempotent, since they are intended to have no effect on the server whatsoever; the PUT and DELETE methods, meanwhile, are idempotent since successive identical requests will be ignored. A website might, for instance, set up a PUT endpoint to modify a user's recorded email address. If this endpoint is configured correctly, any requests which ask to change a user's email address to the same email address which is already recorded—e.g. duplicate requests following a successful request—will have no effect. Similarly, a request to DELETE a certain user will have no effect if that user has already been deleted. </p><p>In contrast, the methods POST, CONNECT, and PATCH are not necessarily idempotent, and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further modify the state of the server or have further effects, such as sending multiple <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>. In some cases this is the desired effect, but in other cases it may occur accidentally. A user might, for example, inadvertently send multiple POST requests by clicking a button again if they were not given clear feedback that the first click was being processed. While <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> may show <a href="/wiki/Alert_dialog_box" title="Alert dialog box">alert dialog boxes</a> to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request, it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once. </p><p>Note that whether or not a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. To do so against recommendations, however, may result in undesirable consequences, if a <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a> assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it is not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cacheable_methods">Cacheable methods</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></div> <p>A request method is <i>cacheable</i> if responses to requests with that method may be stored for future reuse. The methods GET, HEAD, and POST are defined as cacheable. </p><p>In contrast, the methods PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTIONS, TRACE, and PATCH are not cacheable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Request_header_fields">Request header fields</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Request_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">List of HTTP header fields § Request fields</a></div> <p>Request header fields allow the client to pass additional information beyond the request line, acting as request modifiers (similarly to the parameters of a procedure). They give information about the client, about the target resource, or about the expected handling of the request. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP/1.1_response_messages"><span id="HTTP.2F1.1_response_messages"></span>HTTP/1.1 response messages <span class="anchor" id="Response_message"></span></h2></div> <p>A response message is sent by a server to a client as a reply to its former request message.<sup id="cite_ref-http-23-message_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-23-message-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_syntax">Response syntax</h3></div> <p>A server sends <i>response messages</i> to the client, which consist of:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-2.1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-2.1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a <b>status line</b>, consisting of the protocol version, a <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">response status code</a>, another space, a possibly empty reason phrase, a <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>, e.g.: <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> </pre></div></dd></dl></li> <li>zero or more <a href="/wiki/HTTP_response_header_field" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP response header field">response header fields</a>, each consisting of the case-insensitive field name, a colon, optional leading <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace (computer science)">whitespace</a>, the field value, an optional trailing whitespace and ending with a carriage return and a line feed, e.g.: <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">Content-Type: text/html</span> </pre></div></dd></dl></li> <li>an empty line, consisting of a carriage return and a line feed;</li> <li>an optional <a href="/wiki/HTTP_message_body" title="HTTP message body">message body</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_status_codes">Response status codes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">List of HTTP status codes</a></div> <p>In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the <i>status line</i> and includes a numeric <i>status code</i> (such as "<a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">404</a>") and a textual <i>reason phrase</i> (such as "Not Found"). The response status code is a three-digit integer code representing the result of the server's attempt to understand and satisfy the client's corresponding request. The way the client handles the response depends primarily on the status code, and secondarily on the other response header fields. Clients may not understand all registered status codes but they must understand their class (given by the first digit of the status code) and treat an unrecognized status code as being equivalent to the x00 status code of that class. </p><p>The standard <i>reason phrases</i> are only recommendations, and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developer</a>'s discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the <i>reason phrase</i> to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the <i>reason phrase</i>, though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine-readable and <i>reason phrases</i> are human-readable. </p><p>The first digit of the status code defines its class: </p> <dl><dt><code>1XX</code> (informational)</dt> <dd>The request was received, continuing process.</dd> <dt><code>2XX</code> (successful)</dt> <dd>The request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.</dd> <dt><code>3XX</code> (redirection)</dt> <dd>Further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request.</dd> <dt><code>4XX</code> (client error)</dt> <dd>The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled.</dd> <dt><code>5XX</code> (server error)</dt> <dd>The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_header_fields">Response header fields</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Response_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">List of HTTP header fields § Response fields</a></div> <p>The response header fields allow the server to pass additional information beyond the status line, acting as response modifiers. They give information about the server or about further access to the target resource or related resources. </p><p>Each response header field has a defined meaning which can be further refined by the semantics of the request method or response status code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction"><span id="HTTP.2F1.1_example_of_request_.2F_response_transaction"></span>HTTP/1.1 example of request / response transaction</h2></div> <p>Below is a sample HTTP transaction between an HTTP/1.1 client and an HTTP/1.1 server running on <a href="/wiki/Example.com" title="Example.com">www.example.com</a>, port 80.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Client_request">Client request</h3></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Host</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">www.example.com</span> <span class="na">User-Agent</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Mozilla/5.0</span> <span class="na">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8</span> <span class="na">Accept-Language</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">en-GB,en;q=0.5</span> <span class="na">Accept-Encoding</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">gzip, deflate, br</span> <span class="na">Connection</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">keep-alive</span> </pre></div> <p>A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and a few headers that can be reduced to only the <code>"Host: hostname"</code> header) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double end of line, each in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a> followed by a <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>. The <code>"Host: hostname"</code> header value distinguishes between various <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> names sharing a single <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, allowing name-based <a href="/wiki/Virtual_hosting" title="Virtual hosting">virtual hosting</a>. While optional in HTTP/1.0, it is mandatory in HTTP/1.1. (A "/" (slash) will usually fetch a <a href="/wiki/Webserver_directory_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Webserver directory index">/index.html</a> file if there is one.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_response">Server response</h3></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Date</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html; charset=UTF-8</span> <span class="na">Content-Length</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">155</span> <span class="na">Last-Modified</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT</span> <span class="na">Server</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)</span> <span class="na">ETag</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">"3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b"</span> <span class="na">Accept-Ranges</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">bytes</span> <span class="na">Connection</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">close</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>An Example Page<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>Hello World, this is a very simple HTML document.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag</a> (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. <code>"Content-Type"</code> specifies the <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">Internet media type</a> of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while <code>"Content-Length"</code> indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 <a href="/wiki/Webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Webserver">webserver</a> publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field <code>"Accept-Ranges: bytes"</code>. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a resource sent by the server, which is called <a href="/wiki/Byte_serving" title="Byte serving">byte serving</a>. When <code>"Connection: close"</code> is sent, it means that the <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> will close the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> connection immediately after the end of the transfer of this response.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9112-9.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the header lines are optional but some are mandatory. When header <code>"Content-Length: number"</code> is missing in a response with an entity body then this should be considered an error in HTTP/1.0 but it may not be an error in HTTP/1.1 if header <code>"Transfer-Encoding: chunked"</code> is present. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Some old implementations of HTTP/1.0 omitted the header <code>"Content-Length"</code> when the length of the body entity was not known at the beginning of the response and so the transfer of data to client continued until server closed the socket. </p><p>A <code>"Content-Encoding: <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>"</code> can be used to inform the client that the body entity part of the transmitted data is compressed by gzip algorithm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encrypted_connections">Encrypted connections</h2></div> <p>The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: <a href="/wiki/Secure_Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a>, and using the <a href="/wiki/HTTP/1.1_Upgrade_header" title="HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header">HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header</a> to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_protocols">Similar protocols</h2></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher protocol</a> is a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a> protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, superseded by <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">Gemini protocol</a> is a Gopher-inspired protocol which mandates privacy-related features.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTTP</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/180px-HTTP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/270px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/360px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection" title="HTTP persistent connection">Persistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">Request methods</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">OPTIONS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">GET</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">HEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">PUT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">DELETE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">TRACE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Request_methods">CONNECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)" title="PATCH (HTTP)">PATCH</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">Header fields</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_location" title="HTTP location">Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track" title="Do Not Track">DNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Forwarded-For" title="X-Forwarded-For">X-Forwarded-For</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">Response status codes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_301" title="HTTP 301">301 Moved Permanently</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_302" title="HTTP 302">302 Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">303 See Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_403" title="HTTP 403">403 Forbidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">404 Not Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_451" title="HTTP 451">451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security access control methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_access_authentication" title="Basic access authentication">Basic access authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">Digest access authentication</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security vulnerabilities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_header_injection" title="HTTP header injection">HTTP header injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_request_smuggling" title="HTTP request smuggling">HTTP request smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_response_splitting" title="HTTP response splitting">HTTP response splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_parameter_pollution" title="HTTP parameter pollution">HTTP parameter pollution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTTP" title="Template:HTTP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTTP" title="Template talk:HTTP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a> – can replace HTTP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_transfer_protocols" title="Comparison of file transfer protocols">Comparison of file transfer protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol" title="Constrained Application Protocol">Constrained Application Protocol</a> – a semantically similar protocol to HTTP but used UDP or UDP-like messages targeted for devices with limited processing capability; re-uses HTTP and other internet concepts like <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">Internet media type</a> and web linking (RFC 5988)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5988_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5988-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">Content negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">Digest access authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">HTTP compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> – developed by the IETF's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (httpbis) working group<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-WG-httpbis_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-WG-httpbis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">List of HTTP header fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">List of HTTP status codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">Representational state transfer</a> (REST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_object" title="Variant object">Variant object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">Wireless Application Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In practice, these streams are used as multiple TCP/IP sub-connections to <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplex</a> concurrent requests/responses, thus greatly reducing the number of real TCP/IP connections on server side, from 2..8 per client to 1, and allowing many more clients to be served at once.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2022, HTTP/0.9 support has not been officially completely deprecated and is still present in many web servers and browsers (for server responses only), even if usually disabled. It is unclear how long it will take to decommission HTTP/0.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since late 1996, some developers of popular HTTP/1.0 browsers and servers (specially those who had planned support for HTTP/1.1 too), started to deploy (as an unofficial extension) a sort of keep-alive-mechanism (by using new HTTP headers) in order to keep the TCP/IP connection open for more than a request/response pair and so to speed up the exchange of multiple requests/responses.<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP-Persistent-Connections_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP-Persistent-Connections-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-23-message-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-http-23-message_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-http-23-message_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have a different representation for HTTP methods and headers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HTTP/1.0 has the same messages except for a few missing headers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 use the same request / response mechanism but with different representations for HTTP headers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IETF_RFC_9110" class="citation cs1">Fielding, R.; Nottingham, M.; Reschke, J. (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>HTTP Semantics</i></a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+Semantics&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Nottingham%2C+M.&rft.au=Reschke%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP/0.9-specifications-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-specifications_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berner-Lee1991" class="citation web cs1">Tim Berner-Lee (1991-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Protocols/HTTP/AsImplemented.html">"The Original HTTP as defined in 1991"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=The+Original+HTTP+as+defined+in+1991&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.au=Tim+Berner-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fpub%2FWWW%2FProtocols%2FHTTP%2FAsImplemented.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/1.0-first-unofficial-draft_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berner-Lee1992" class="citation web cs1">Tim Berner-Lee (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTTP2.html">"Basic HTTP as defined in 1992"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=Basic+HTTP+as+defined+in+1992&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Tim+Berner-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FHTTP%2FHTTP2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a>. That specification was then overcome by HTTP/1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2068">2068</a> (1997) was obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a> in 1999, which was obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a> in 2014, which was obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a> in 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTPS-usage-web-servers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTPS-usage-web-servers_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-httpsdefault">"Usage Statistics of Default protocol https for websites"</a>. <i>w3techs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+of+Default+protocol+https+for+websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fce-httpsdefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP2-usage-web-servers-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP2-usage-web-servers_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-http2">"Usage Statistics of HTTP/2 for websites"</a>. <i>w3techs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+of+HTTP%2F2+for+websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fce-http2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-http3">"Usage Statistics of HTTP/3 for Websites, August 2024"</a>. <i>w3techs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+of+HTTP%2F3+for+Websites%2C+August+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fce-http3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP2-Can-I-Use-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP2-Can-I-Use_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caniuse.com/?search=http2">"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"</a>. <i>caniuse.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caniuse.com&rft.atitle=Can+I+use...+Support+tables+for+HTML5%2C+CSS3%2C+etc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaniuse.com%2F%3Fsearch%3Dhttp2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7301_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlPopovLangleyStephan2014" class="citation cs1">Friedl, S.; Popov, A.; Langley, A.; Stephan, E. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7301"><i>Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension</i></a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7301">10.17487/RFC7301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7301">7301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+Layer+Security+%28TLS%29+Application-Layer+Protocol+Negotiation+Extension&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7301&rft.aulast=Friedl&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Popov%2C+A.&rft.au=Langley%2C+A.&rft.au=Stephan%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelshePeonThomson" class="citation web cs1">Belshe, M.; Peon, R.; Thomson, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715004452/https://http2.github.io/http2-spec/#TLSUsage">"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2, Use of TLS Features"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http2.github.io/http2-spec/#TLSUsage">the original</a> on 2013-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+Version+2%2C+Use+of+TLS+Features&rft.aulast=Belshe&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Peon%2C+R.&rft.au=Thomson%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttp2.github.io%2Fhttp2-spec%2F%23TLSUsage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin" class="citation cs1">Benjamin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8740"><i>Using TLS 1.3 with HTTP/2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8740">10.17487/RFC8740</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8740">8740</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-02</span></span>. <q>This lowers the barrier for deploying TLS 1.3, a major security improvement over TLS 1.2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+TLS+1.3+with+HTTP%2F2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8740&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114"><i>HTTP/3</i></a>. 6 June 2022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9114">10.17487/RFC9114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP%2F3&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP3-usage-web-servers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP3-usage-web-servers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-http3">"Usage Statistics of HTTP/3 for websites"</a>. <i>w3techs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3techs.com&rft.atitle=Usage+Statistics+of+HTTP%2F3+for+websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fce-http3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP3-Can-I-Use-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP3-Can-I-Use_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caniuse.com/?search=http3">"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"</a>. <i>canIuse.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canIuse.com&rft.atitle=Can+I+use...+Support+tables+for+HTML5%2C+CSS3%2C+etc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaniuse.com%2F%3Fsearch%3Dhttp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu2019" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloudflare-google-chrome-and-firefox-add-http3-support/">"Cloudflare, Google Chrome, and Firefox add HTTP/3 support"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Cloudflare%2C+Google+Chrome%2C+and+Firefox+add+HTTP%2F3+support&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fcloudflare-google-chrome-and-firefox-add-http3-support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.cloudflare.com/http3-the-past-present-and-future/">"HTTP/3: the past, the present, and the future"</a>. <i>The Cloudflare Blog</i>. 2019-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cloudflare+Blog&rft.atitle=HTTP%2F3%3A+the+past%2C+the+present%2C+and+the+future&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.cloudflare.com%2Fhttp3-the-past-present-and-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.cloudflare.com/t/firefox-nightly-supports-http-3/127778">"Firefox Nightly supports HTTP 3 – General – Cloudflare Community"</a>. 2019-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefox+Nightly+supports+HTTP+3+%E2%80%93+General+%E2%80%93+Cloudflare+Community&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.cloudflare.com%2Ft%2Ffirefox-nightly-supports-http-3%2F127778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://requestmetrics.com/web-performance/http3-is-fast">"HTTP/3 is Fast"</a>. <i>Request Metrics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Request+Metrics&rft.atitle=HTTP%2F3+is+Fast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frequestmetrics.com%2Fweb-performance%2Fhttp3-is-fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-3.3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-3.3_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-3.3">"Connections, Clients, and Servers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 3.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connections%2C+Clients%2C+and+Servers&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-3.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1945-1.3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1945-1.3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945#section-1.3">"Overall Operation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945"><i>RFC 1945</i></a>. pp. 6–8. sec. 1.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1945">10.17487/RFC1945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overall+Operation&rft.btitle=RFC+1945&rft.pages=pp.-6-8.-sec.-1.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1945%26%23035%3Bsection-1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9112-9.1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-9.1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-9.1">"Connection Management: Establishment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112"><i>RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1</i></a>. sec. 9.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9112">10.17487/RFC9112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connection+Management%3A+Establishment&rft.btitle=RFC+9112%2C+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pages=sec.-9.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9112%26%23035%3Bsection-9.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9112-9.3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-9.3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-9.3">"Connection Management: Persistence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112"><i>RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1</i></a>. sec. 9.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9112">10.17487/RFC9112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connection+Management%3A+Persistence&rft.btitle=RFC+9112%2C+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pages=sec.-9.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9112%26%23035%3Bsection-9.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/Classic.html">"Classic HTTP Documents"</a>. W3.org. 1998-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+HTTP+Documents&rft.pub=W3.org&rft.date=1998-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FClassic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9113-2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9113-2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540#section-2">"HTTP/2 Protocol Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540"><i>RFC 9113, HTTP/2)</i></a>. sec. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7540">10.17487/RFC7540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540">7540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HTTP%2F2+Protocol+Overview&rft.btitle=RFC+9113%2C+HTTP%2F2%29&rft.pages=sec.-2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7540%26%23035%3Bsection-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_lee.htm">"Invention Of The Web, Web History, Who Invented the Web, Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, CERN, First Web Server"</a>. <i>LivingInternet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LivingInternet&rft.atitle=Invention+Of+The+Web%2C+Web+History%2C+Who+Invented+the+Web%2C+Tim+Berners-Lee%2C+Robert+Cailliau%2C+CERN%2C+First+Web+Server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fw%2Fwi_lee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1990" class="citation web cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim (1990-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Daemon/old/V0.1/daemon.c">"daemon.c - TCP/IP based server for HyperText"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=daemon.c+-+TCP%2FIP+based+server+for+HyperText&rft.date=1990-10-02&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FDaemon%2Fold%2FV0.1%2Fdaemon.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee" class="citation web cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/Protocols/HTTP.html">"HyperText Transfer Protocol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HyperText+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory%2F19921103-hypertext%2Fhypertext%2FWWW%2FProtocols%2FHTTP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raggettprofile-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raggettprofile_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggett" class="citation web cs1">Raggett, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/profile.html">"Dave Raggett's Bio"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dave+Raggett%27s+Bio&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.aulast=Raggett&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FRaggett%2Fprofile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggettBerners-Lee" class="citation web cs1">Raggett, Dave; Berners-Lee, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Arena/webworld/httpwgcharter.html">"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Working Group"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+Working+Group&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.aulast=Raggett&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FArena%2Fwebworld%2Fhttpwgcharter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggett" class="citation web cs1">Raggett, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Arena/webworld/httpwgplans.html">"HTTP WG Plans"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTTP+WG+Plans&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.aulast=Raggett&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FArena%2Fwebworld%2Fhttpwgplans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP-Persistent-Connections-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-Persistent-Connections_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-Persistent-Connections_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_GourleyBrian_TottyMarjorie_SayerAnshu_Aggarwal2002" class="citation book cs1">David Gourley; Brian Totty; Marjorie Sayer; Anshu Aggarwal; Sailu Reddy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/http-the-definitive/1565925092/ch04s05.html"><i>HTTP: The Definitive Guide. (excerpt of chapter: "Persistent Connections")</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565925090" title="Special:BookSources/9781565925090"><bdi>9781565925090</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP%3A+The+Definitive+Guide.+%28excerpt+of+chapter%3A+%22Persistent+Connections%22%29&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781565925090&rft.au=David+Gourley&rft.au=Brian+Totty&rft.au=Marjorie+Sayer&rft.au=Anshu+Aggarwal&rft.au=Sailu+Reddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fhttp-the-definitive%2F1565925092%2Fch04s05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980204144926/http://www.webcom.com/glossary/http1.1.shtml">"HTTP 1.1 Compliant Browsers"</a>. <i>webcom.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcom.com/glossary/http1.1.shtml">the original</a> on 1998-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webcom.com&rft.atitle=HTTP+1.1+Compliant+Browsers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcom.com%2Fglossary%2Fhttp1.1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP-NG-Working-Group-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-NG-Working-Group_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP-NG/">"HTTP-NG Working Group"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. World Wide Web Consortium. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=HTTP-NG+Working+Group&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FHTTP-NG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP-WG-2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-WG-2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeb_Administrator2007" class="citation web cs1">Web Administrator (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpwg.org/">"HTTP Working Group"</a>. <i>httpwg.org</i>. IETF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=httpwg.org&rft.atitle=HTTP+Working+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Web+Administrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhttpwg.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP-WG-httpbis-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-WG-httpbis_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-WG-httpbis_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeb_Administrator2007" class="citation web cs1">Web Administrator (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/charter/">"HTTP Working Group: charter httpbis"</a>. <i>datatracker.ietf.org</i>. IETF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datatracker.ietf.org&rft.atitle=HTTP+Working+Group%3A+charter+httpbis&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Web+Administrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fwg%2Fhttpbis%2Fcharter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPDY-vs-HTTP/1.1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPDY-vs-HTTP/1.1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.chromium.org/spdy/spdy-whitepaper">"SPDY: An experimental protocol for a faster web"</a>. <i>dev.chromium.org</i>. Google. 2009-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dev.chromium.org&rft.atitle=SPDY%3A+An+experimental+protocol+for+a+faster+web&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.chromium.org%2Fspdy%2Fspdy-whitepaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTPbis-rechartering-prop-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTPbis-rechartering-prop_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/2012JanMar/0098.html">"Rechartering httpbis"</a>. IETF; HTTP WG. 2012-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rechartering+httpbis&rft.pub=IETF%3B+HTTP+WG&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fietf-http-wg%2F2012JanMar%2F0098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTPbis-rechartering-act-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTPbis-rechartering-act_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIESG_Secretary2012" class="citation web cs1">IESG Secretary (2012-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/2012JanMar/0902.html">"WG Action: RECHARTER: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis)"</a>. IETF; HTTP WG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WG+Action%3A+RECHARTER%3A+Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+Bis+%28httpbis%29&rft.pub=IETF%3B+HTTP+WG&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.au=IESG+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fietf-http-wg%2F2012JanMar%2F0902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP/2-introduction-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/2-introduction_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlya_GrigorikSurma2019" class="citation web cs1">Ilya Grigorik; Surma (2019-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/http2">"High Performance Browser Networking: Introduction to HTTP/2"</a>. <i>developers.google.com</i>. Google Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developers.google.com&rft.atitle=High+Performance+Browser+Networking%3A+Introduction+to+HTTP%2F2&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.au=Ilya+Grigorik&rft.au=Surma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fperformance%2Fhttp2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7230-Appendix-A-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230-Appendix-A_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#appendix-A">"Appendix-A: HTTP Version History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230"><i>RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing</i></a>. p. 78. sec. A. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7230">10.17487/RFC7230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix-A%3A+HTTP+Version+History&rft.btitle=RFC+7230%2C+HTTP%2F1.1%3A+Message+Syntax+and+Routing&rft.pages=p.-78.-sec.-A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7230%26%23035%3Bappendix-A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP/0.9-chrome-deprecated-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP/0.9-chrome-deprecated_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Menke2016" class="citation web cs1">Matt Menke (2016-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/blink-dev/c/OdKnpLlvVUo/m/1EpFGVUjAwAJ">"Intent to Deprecate and Remove: HTTP/0.9 Support"</a>. <i>groups.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=Intent+to+Deprecate+and+Remove%3A+HTTP%2F0.9+Support&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.au=Matt+Menke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fa%2Fchromium.org%2Fg%2Fblink-dev%2Fc%2FOdKnpLlvVUo%2Fm%2F1EpFGVUjAwAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114"><i>HTTP/3</i></a>. 6 June 2022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9114">10.17487/RFC9114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP%2F3&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-4.2.1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-4.2.1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-4.2.1">"http URI Scheme"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 4.2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=http+URI+Scheme&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-4.2.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-4.2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-4.2.2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-4.2.2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-4.2.2">"https URI Scheme"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 4.2.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=https+URI+Scheme&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-4.2.2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-4.2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeChenChangChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Wei-Bin; Chen, Hsing-Bai; Chang, Shun-Shyan; Chen, Tzung-Her (2019-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.3857">"Secure and efficient protection for HTTP cookies with self-verification"</a>. <i>International Journal of Communication Systems</i>. <b>32</b> (2): e3857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdac.3857">10.1002/dac.3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59524143">59524143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication+Systems&rft.atitle=Secure+and+efficient+protection+for+HTTP+cookies+with+self-verification&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e3857&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdac.3857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59524143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wei-Bin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Hsing-Bai&rft.au=Chang%2C+Shun-Shyan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Tzung-Her&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fdac.3857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9112-2.1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-2.1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-2.1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-2.1">"Message format"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112"><i>RFC 9112: HTTP/1.1</i></a>. sec. 2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9112">10.17487/RFC9112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Message+format&rft.btitle=RFC+9112%3A+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pages=sec.-2.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9112%26%23035%3Bsection-2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apacheweek_com-http11-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apacheweek_com-http11_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213136/http://www.apacheweek.com/features/http11">"Apache Week. HTTP/1.1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apacheweek.com/features/http11">the original</a> on 2021-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apache+Week.+HTTP%2F1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apacheweek.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhttp11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span> 090502 apacheweek.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1945-8-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1945-8_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeFieldingNielsen" class="citation cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945#section-8">"Method Definitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945"><i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0</i></a>. IETF. pp. 30–32. sec. 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1945">10.17487/RFC1945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1945">1945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Method+Definitions&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+%E2%80%93+HTTP%2F1.0&rft.pages=pp.-30-32.-sec.-8&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1945&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Henrik+Frystyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1945%26%23035%3Bsection-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2616-9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2616-9_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616#section-9">"Method Definitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616"><i>RFC 2616</i></a>. pp. 51–57. sec. 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Method+Definitions&rft.btitle=RFC+2616&rft.pages=pp.-51-57.-sec.-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2616%26%23035%3Bsection-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9112-3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9112-3_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-3">"Request Line"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112"><i>RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1</i></a>. sec. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9112">10.17487/RFC9112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112">9112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Request+Line&rft.btitle=RFC+9112%2C+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pages=sec.-3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9112%26%23035%3Bsection-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-9.1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-9.1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-9.1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-9.1">"Methods: Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 9.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methods%3A+Overview&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-9.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-9.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-6.3-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-6.3_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-6.3">"Header Fields"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 6.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Header+Fields&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-6.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-6.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2004" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/whenToUseGet.html#checklist">"URIs, Addressability, and the use of HTTP GET and POST"</a>. <i>Technical Architecture Group finding</i>. W3C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technical+Architecture+Group+finding&rft.atitle=URIs%2C+Addressability%2C+and+the+use+of+HTTP+GET+and+POST&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Ftag%2Fdoc%2FwhenToUseGet.html%23checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-9.3.3">"POST"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 9.3.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=POST&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-9.3.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-9.3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.4_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-9.3.4">"PUT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 9.3.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PUT&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-9.3.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-9.3.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc9110-9.3.6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc9110-9.3.6_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110#section-9.3.6">"CONNECT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110"><i>RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics</i></a>. sec. 9.3.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9110">10.17487/RFC9110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110">9110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CONNECT&rft.btitle=RFC+9110%2C+HTTP+Semantics&rft.pages=sec.-9.3.6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9110%26%23035%3Bsection-9.3.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTTP-proxy-arbitrary-TCP-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTTP-proxy-arbitrary-TCP_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/150227">"Vulnerability Note VU#150227: HTTP proxy default configurations allow arbitrary TCP connections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center" title="CERT Coordination Center">US-CERT</a>. 2002-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulnerability+Note+VU%23150227%3A+HTTP+proxy+default+configurations+allow+arbitrary+TCP+connections&rft.pub=US-CERT&rft.date=2002-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kb.cert.org%2Fvuls%2Fid%2F150227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5789-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5789_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusseaultSnell2010" class="citation cs1">Dusseault, Lisa; Snell, James M. (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5789"><i>PATCH Method for HTTP</i></a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5789">10.17487/RFC5789</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5789">5789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PATCH+Method+for+HTTP&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5789&rft.aulast=Dusseault&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Snell%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oreilly-get-rails-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oreilly-get-rails_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oreilly-get-rails_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdiger2007" class="citation book cs1">Ediger, Brad (2007-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596510329.do"><i>Advanced Rails: Building Industrial-Strength Web Apps in Record Time</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0596519728" title="Special:BookSources/978-0596519728"><bdi>978-0596519728</bdi></a>. <q>A common mistake is to use GET for an action that updates a resource. [...] This problem came into the Rails public eye in 2005, when the Google Web Accelerator was released.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Rails%3A+Building+Industrial-Strength+Web+Apps+in+Record+Time&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.isbn=978-0596519728&rft.aulast=Ediger&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.oreilly.com%2Fproduct%2F9780596510329.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrell2005" class="citation web cs1">Cantrell, Christian (2005-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819161233/https://blogs.adobe.com/cantrell/archives/2005/06/what_have_we_le.html">"What Have We Learned From the Google Web Accelerator?"</a>. <i>Adobe Blogs</i>. Adobe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.adobe.com/cantrell/archives/2005/06/what_have_we_le.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adobe+Blogs&rft.atitle=What+Have+We+Learned+From+the+Google+Web+Accelerator%3F&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.adobe.com%2Fcantrell%2Farchives%2F2005%2F06%2Fwhat_have_we_le.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuotonenFranks1996" class="citation cs1">Luotonen, Ari; Franks, John (February 22, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00"><i>Byte Range Retrieval Extension to HTTP</i></a>. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byte+Range+Retrieval+Extension+to+HTTP&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.aulast=Luotonen&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft.au=Franks%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanavan2001" class="citation book cs1">Canavan, John (2001). <i>Fundamentals of Networking Security</i>. Norwood, MA: Artech House. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580531764" title="Special:BookSources/9781580531764"><bdi>9781580531764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Networking+Security&rft.place=Norwood%2C+MA&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781580531764&rft.aulast=Canavan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalewski" class="citation web cs1">Zalewski, Michal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part1#True_URL_schemes">"Browser Security Handbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Browser+Security+Handbook&rft.aulast=Zalewski&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fbrowsersec%2Fwiki%2FPart1%23True_URL_schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=4527">"Chromium Issue 4527: implement RFC 2817: Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromium+Issue+4527%3A+implement+RFC+2817%3A+Upgrading+to+TLS+Within+HTTP%2F1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fchromium%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D4527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=276813">"Mozilla Bug 276813 – [RFE] Support RFC 2817 / TLS Upgrade for HTTP 1.1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozilla+Bug+276813+%E2%80%93+%5BRFE%5D+Support+RFC+2817+%2F+TLS+Upgrade+for+HTTP+1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugzilla.mozilla.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D276813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5988-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5988_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNottingham2010" class="citation cs1">Nottingham, Mark (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5988"><i>Web Linking</i></a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5988">10.17487/RFC5988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5988">5988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+Linking&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5988&rft.aulast=Nottingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Networks/HTTP_Protocol" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Communication Networks/HTTP Protocol">Communication Networks/HTTP Protocol</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpwg.org/specs/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8777#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/httpwg">IETF HTTP Working Group</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/History.html">"Change History for HTTP"</a>. W3.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Change+History+for+HTTP&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span> A detailed technical history of HTTP.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/DesignIssues.html">"Design Issues for HTTP"</a>. W3.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+Issues+for+HTTP&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FDesignIssues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP" class="Z3988"></span> Design Issues by Berners-Lee when he was designing the protocol.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor Browser</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:URI_schemes" title="Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:URI_schemes" title="Template talk:URI schemes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:URI_schemes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acct_URI_scheme" title="Acct URI scheme">acct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_reference_identifier" title="Content reference identifier">crid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Technical_overview">http</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">nfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">nntp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_URI_scheme" title="SIP URI scheme">sip / sips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_URI_scheme" title="Tag URI scheme">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket#Overview" title="WebSocket">ws / wss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">xmpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">ed2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc / irc6 / ircs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">ymsgr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)" title="List of network protocols (OSI model)">Protocol list</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_interfaces" title="Template talk:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_interfaces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side"><a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">v3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol" title="Apache JServ Protocol">AJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets" title="Web Services for Remote Portlets">WSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">COM ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET" title="Open Web Interface for .NET">CLI OWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Ruby Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI" title="Plack (software)">Perl PSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_jk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod jk">mod_jk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_lisp" title="Mod lisp">mod_lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">mod_php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_ruby" title="Mod ruby">mod_ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture" title="Web-oriented architecture">WOA</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">ROA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">Open API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side"><a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">NaCl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-sent_events" title="Server-sent events">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5_File_API" title="HTML5 File API">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent 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