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Rateliff, ‘Le Hobbit’</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>John D. Rateliff, ‘Le Hobbit’</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>John D. Rateliff retrace l’évolution du livre depuis l’invention du terme de « hobbit » par Tolkien jusqu’à sa publication finale, et son succès sans cesse renouvelé.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Une histoire inattendue (1930)</strong></p> <p>La première étincelle a jailli au cours de l’été 1930 alors que – au beau milieu de la correction d’un gros paquet de deux cents copies – l’auteur (qui avait déjà 38 ans) jette sur une page blanche les mots : In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit (« Au fond d’un trou vivait un hobbit »). Ayant spontanément inventé le terme, J. R. R. Tolkien se demande alors quelle sorte de créature pourrait bien être un Hobbit, et il commence sans tarder, ce même été ou lors des vacances de Noël suivantes, à écrire l’histoire d’un petit personnage casanier, qui doit apparemment beaucoup aux hobs et aux brownies des traditions populaires. Contre toute attente, on lui demande de laisser son cocon et sa tranquille vie routinière pour partir à l’aventure.</p> <p>La première phase de l’histoire ne va pas au-delà du premier chapitre mais pour autant, en si peu de pages, Tolkien présente le peuple des hobbits, Bilbo lui-même, ainsi que le magicien, les nains et le but de la quête – même si Gandalf est alors appelé Bladorthin (tandis que le nom Gandalf est utilisé pour le chef des nains !), tandis que Smaug a pour nom Pryftan.</p> <p>L’histoire s’arrête alors à cet endroit, comme nombre de ces débuts prometteurs que Tolkien a rédigés avant de les abandonner, tout au long de sa vie. Pourtant, et de manière tout à fait inhabituelle, il y revient environ un an plus tard, à l’été ou l’hiver 1931. Très occupé par ses diverses tâches d’enseignant, de tutor et d’administrateur, il a rarement le loisir de se consacrer à l’écriture de fiction en période scolaire, de sorte que la majeure partie de son travail sur <em>le Hobbit</em> se fait par intermittence au cours des deux années suivantes, pendant les vacances.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>« Je me rappelle d’un été en train de corriger une pile de copies d’examens ennuyeuses, assis près de la fenêtre de mon bureau au 20, Northmoor Road. Je suis tombé sur une bienheureuse page blanche et ai griffonné dessus (sans réflexion consciente ou effort d’invention) “Au fond d’un trou vivait un hobbit”. »</p> <p>MS. Tolkien 21, fol. 130</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Les deuxième et troisième « phases » de la rédaction, 1932-1933</strong></p> <p>Pendant la plus continue de ces périodes de travail, la deuxième phase, l’auteur reprend le récit là où il l’avait laissé, y ajoutant l’attaque de Smaug et la destruction du Royaume sous la Montagne, ainsi que l’épisode où le magicien raconte comment il a obtenu la carte. Tolkien poursuit tout d’abord le récit jusqu’à la scène dans la grand’salle de Beorn, avant de le suspendre pour ébaucher quelques notes sur la suite de l’intrigue.</p> <p>Reprenant le fil de la narration (sans doute au printemps 1932), il conduit ses héros à travers la Forêt de Grand’Peur, jusqu’au moment où ils sont capturés par les Elfes Sylvains ; puis il revient à ses notes, esquissant pour la première fois le reste de l’histoire jusqu’à la fin. Enfin, à l’été 1932, il poursuit le récit jusqu’à la scène sur Montcorbeau, qui suit la mort de Smaug.</p> <p>A ce stade, Tolkien s’interrompt pour réviser quelques passages qui achoppent sur certaines difficultés, tel l’ajout imprévu d’un autre prétendant légitime au trésor de Smaug, en la personne de Bard le tueur de dragons, dont l’apparition n’avait pas été programmée dans les notes.</p> <p>Décidant de laisser Thorin succomber à la maladie du dragon et de séparer Bilbo de ses compagnons de voyage, l’auteur s’attèle à ce que l’on peut appeler la troisième phase. Il prépare un tapuscrit du récit jusqu’au point où il est arrivé, puis en écrit les derniers chapitres très rapidement (entre décembre 1932 et janvier 1933), menant l’histoire jusqu’à son terme, jusqu’à l’eucatastrophe – terme inventé par l’auteur pour désigner l’opposé d’une catastrophe, donc un bouleversement inattendu et positif dans le cours des événements – suivie du dénouement apaisé, avec le retour de Bilbo chez lui : « …. et retour ».</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/582-azz0161.jpg" alt="" title="582 azz0161" /></span> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p style="text-align: center;"><em>« La Mort de Smaug »</em></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>La « soupe » du récit : un livre pour la jeunesse né de la philologie</strong></p> <p>Tous les éléments qui ont nourri l’imaginaire de Tolkien se retrouvent dans <em>Le Hobbit</em> : son érudition, les histoires inventées pour ses enfants, son Légendaire et ses inventions linguistiques. Ce livre consacre sa maturité en tant qu’auteur : il a donné forme à sa voix narrative si particulière et a inauguré un modèle littéraire qui tient à la fois du livre pour enfants classique tel <em>Le vent dans les saules</em> (de Kenneth Grahame, 1908), et du romance pseudo-médiéval, ainsi <em>le Puits du bout du monde</em> de William Morris, paru en 1896.</p> <p>Les langues inventées de Tolkien, ce « Vice Secret » qui a absorbé une si grande partie de son énergie créatrice tout au long de sa vie et inspiré une aussi grande part de son œuvre, jouent un rôle subtil mais significatif dans <em>le Hobbit</em>. Nombre de noms propres que Bilbo croise après son départ de Cul-de-Sac sont, en effet, de l’elfique sindarin (ou noldorin, selon l’ancienne dénomination) : Elrond, Gondolin, Orcrist, Glamdring, Galion, Esgaroth, Girion, Bladorthin, Gundabad, etc. (à l’exception notable de Beorn, nom vieil anglais). Le fait qu’ils sont associés à des noms vieux norrois, portés par les compagnons de Bilbo, nous donne l’impression de plonger dans un univers pré-historique, un monde perdu dans lequel les cultures oubliées auraient pour un temps côtoyé celles de nos propres ancêtres – en d’autres termes, en Terre du Milieu. Ainsi, l’érudition de Tolkien en vieil anglais et en vieil islandais l’amène à tirer les noms des Nains du Dvergatal (liste des nains) que l’on trouve dans <em>l’Edda poétique</em> et la plus récente <em>Edda en prose</em>.</p> <p>Tolkien fait par ailleurs appel à sa longue expérience d’auteur et de conteur d’histoires pour enfants, à commencer par les siens. Cette tradition a commencé dès le début des années 1920, alors que son fils aîné n’est âgé que de trois ans, avec ses <em>Lettres du Père Noël</em>, (voir aussi notre Galerie) suivies de <em>Roverandom</em> (vers 1925), des poèmes de « Bimble Bay » tel que « La visite du dragon » (vers 1928), ou encore du <em>Fermier Gilles de Ham</em> (à la fin des années 1920), puis quelques années plus tard de <em>M. Merveille</em> (vers 1932). Au fil de ces récits et d’autres qui n’ont jamais été consignés par écrit, Tolkien a appris à raconter des histoires palpitantes nourries de son goût personnel pour les dragons, les magiciens et l’aventure, tout en les adaptant de manière à captiver un public spécifique : en l’occurrence, ses enfants.</p> <blockquote> <p>« M. Bessac a commencé comme un récit comique au milieu de Nains conventionnels et inconsistants sortis d’un conte de fées de Grimm, et a été attiré jusqu’au bord de cette mythologie — si bien que même Sauron le terrible est apparu à cet endroit. »</p> <p>Lettre de J.R.R. Tolkien à Stanley Unwin, 1937</p> </blockquote></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>« … Même Sauron le terrible a fait son apparition » : une histoire attirée vers la « mythologie »</strong></p> <p>La « mythologie » de Tolkien se compose à cette époque d’un ensemble de récits en prose, de poésie lyrique, de narrations en vers, de cartes, d’annales et d’un abondant matériau linguistique. L’unique œuvre dont Tolkien déclare s’être « consciemment inspiré » pour <em>le Hobbit</em> est le « <em>Silmarillion</em> », autrement dit son Histoire des Elfes. Et le récit ne le dément pas ; ainsi, pratiquement tous les amis et ennemis que Bilbo se fait lors de son grand voyage font leur première apparition dans le « Silmarillion » : magiciens, Nains, Elfes, Gobelins, Wargs, aigles, araignées géantes et, bien entendu, dragon. <em>Le Hobbit</em> fait en outre référence à des lieux, à des personnages et à des événements que l’on trouve dans le Légendaire, tels la Forêt de Grand’Peur (Taur-na-Fuin), Elrond, la chute de Gondolin et la querelle entre Thingol et les Nains. Il est même fait allusion dans le manuscrit du <em>Hobbit</em> à la victoire de Beren et Lúthien sur le Nécromancien, un épisode qui est décrit dans <em>le Lai de Leithian.</em></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>La publication du Hobbit, une sorte d’accident domestique</strong></p> <p>Même si en janvier 1933 l’histoire est achevée, Tolkien semble n’avoir pas du tout cherché à trouver un éditeur. Au cours des trois années et demie qui suivent, non seulement il lit <em>Le Hobbit</em> à ses enfants, mais il en prête le manuscrit à des amis, dont la Mère Supérieure d’un couvent local, aux jeunes filles d’un ami de sa paroisse, et à son ancienne élève Elaine Griffiths. C’est elle qui, à l’été 1936, suggère à Susan Dagnall, travaillant pour les éditions Allen & Unwin, de demander au professeur Tolkien de lui laisser emprunter son manuscrit « terriblement bon », intitulé <em>Le Hobbit.</em> Ce que fait Dagnall. Celle-ci considère que le livre vaut la peine d’être publié, et Tolkien se met rapidement au travail pour en soumettre une version achevée aux éditions George Allen & Unwin, en octobre 1936 : il révise le tapuscrit existant et tape une nouvelle version des derniers chapitres de son manuscrit initial. Stanley Unwin confie alors à son fils Rayner, âgé de dix ans, la tâche de lire le texte et d’en faire un compte rendu avec son point de vue d’enfant.</p> <p>L’enthousiasme de Rayner Unwin (futur éditeur de Tolkien) est déterminant : « Ce livre, avec ces cartes, n’a pas besoin d’images, il est bon et devrait plaire à tous les enfants entre 5 et 9 ans. » Tolkien se lance alors dans diverses tâches : le dessin des cartes, qu’il reprend pour certaines ; les illustrations, en noir et blanc pour commencer puis en couleur ; une autre destinée à la jaquette ; enfin, une ultime révision du texte.</p> <p><em>Le Hobbit</em> paraît le 21 septembre 1937 et connait un succès immédiat. Il se vend à des milliers d’exemplaires au cours des six premiers mois, et reçoit – entre autres distinctions – le prix du meilleur livre pour la jeunesse attribué par le <em>New York Herald Tribune</em>.</p> <p>Ce succès surprise ne s’est jamais démenti, jusqu’au 75e anniversaire de sa publication, en 2012 ; il a été traduit en une soixantaine de langues, soit dix de plus que <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> !</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="434" height="244" 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