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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Virology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Virology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Structure and genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Tropism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Replication cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replication_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_to_the_cell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_to_the_cell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Entry to the cell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_to_the_cell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication_and_transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication_and_transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Replication and transcription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replication_and_transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recombination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recombination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Recombination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recombination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly_and_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_and_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Assembly and release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_and_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_within_the_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_within_the_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Spread within the body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_within_the_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_variability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_variability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Genetic variability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_variability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Treatment and transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">HIV</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" > 107 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIV" title="MIV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MIV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%AA" title="ኤችአይቪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤችአይቪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فيروس العوز المناعي البشري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس العوز المناعي البشري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A.%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87.%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF." title="এইচ.আই.ভি. – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এইচ.আই.ভি." data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_d%27Inmunodeficiencia_Humana" title="Virus d'Inmunodeficiencia Humana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virus d'Inmunodeficiencia Humana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan%C4%B1n_immun%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_virusu" title="İnsanın immunçatışmazlığı virusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsanın immunçatışmazlığı virusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF" title="এইচআইভি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এইচআইভি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вірус імунадэфіцыту чалавека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірус імунадэфіцыту чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вірус імунадэфіцыту чалавека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вірус імунадэфіцыту чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%92" title="ХИВ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ХИВ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Хүнэй дархалал хомсодолой вирус – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнэй дархалал хомсодолой вирус" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_immunodefici%C3%A8ncia_humana" title="Virus de la immunodeficiència humana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus de la immunodeficiència humana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%C4%95" title="Этемĕн иммунитет дефицит вирусĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этемĕн иммунитет дефицит вирусĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immundefektvirus" title="Human immundefektvirus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Human immundefektvirus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιός ανθρώπινης ανοσοανεπάρκειας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιός ανθρώπινης ανοσοανεπάρκειας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_inmunodeficiencia_humana" title="Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Immunoeskasiaren_Birusa" title="Giza Immunoeskasiaren Birusa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza Immunoeskasiaren Birusa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اچ‌آی‌وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اچ‌آی‌وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_l%27immunod%C3%A9ficience_humaine" title="Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADreas_easpa_imdh%C3%ADonachta_daonna" title="Víreas easpa imdhíonachta daonna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víreas easpa imdhíonachta daonna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_da_inmunodeficiencia_humana" title="Virus da inmunodeficiencia humana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus da inmunodeficiencia humana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%8D_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="인간면역결핍 바이러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간면역결핍 바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%BB%D4%B1%D5%8E" title="ՄԻԱՎ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԻԱՎ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="एचआइवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एचआइवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homal_Imuno-defektiganta_Viruso_(HIV)" title="Homal Imuno-defektiganta Viruso (HIV) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homal Imuno-defektiganta Viruso (HIV)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%93%B4%E1%90%B1" title="ᐊᓴᐱ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᓴᐱ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C.%E0%B2%90.%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF." title="ಎಚ್‌.ಐ.ವಿ. – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಚ್‌.ಐ.ವಿ." data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის იმუნოდეფიციტის ვირუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის იმუნოდეფიციტის ვირუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%A2%D8%A6_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ایچ آئ وی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایچ آئ وی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%98%D0%92" title="АИВ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АИВ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi_itera_SIDA/SIDA" title="Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi_vya_UKIMWI" title="Virusi vya UKIMWI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virusi vya UKIMWI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_HIV" title="Soy HIV – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soy HIV" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Адамдын иммунитет жетишсиздигинин вирусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адамдын иммунитет жетишсиздигинин вирусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_immunodeficientiae_humanae" title="Virus immunodeficientiae humanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virus immunodeficientiae humanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDIV" title="ŽIV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ŽIV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mik%C9%94l%C9%94%CC%81b%C9%9B_ya_kol%C9%9Bmbisa_makil%C3%A1" title="Mikɔlɔ́bɛ ya kolɛmbisa makilá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mikɔlɔ́bɛ ya kolɛmbisa makilá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%92" title="ХИВ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ХИВ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF." title="എച്ച്.ഐ.വി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ഐ.വി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A.%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF.%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80." title="एच.आय.व्ही. – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एच.आय.व्ही." data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერიშ იმუნოდეფიციტიშ ვირუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერიშ იმუნოდეფიციტიშ ვირუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D9%89_%DA%A4%D9%89" title="ايتش آى ڤى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايتش آى ڤى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv" title="Hiv – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hiv" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80" title="एचआइभी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एचआइभी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ヒト免疫不全ウイルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト免疫不全ウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv" title="Hiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_l%27immunodefici%C3%A9ncia_umana" title="Virus de l'immunodeficiéncia umana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virus de l'immunodeficiéncia umana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%98%D0%92" title="АИВ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="АИВ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9A.%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87.%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF." title="ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି. – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି." data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIV" title="OIV – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="OIV" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਐਚਆਈਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਚਆਈਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%86_%D8%A2%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%8A" title="اېچ آی وي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېچ آی وي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludzki_wirus_niedoboru_odporno%C5%9Bci" title="Ludzki wirus niedoboru odporności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludzki wirus niedoboru odporności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_da_imunodefici%C3%AAncia_humana" title="Vírus da imunodeficiência humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus da imunodeficiência humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вирус иммунодефицита человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирус иммунодефицита человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Иммунитеты девициттыыр вирус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иммунитеты девициттыыр вирус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱮᱰᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱰᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%8C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="මානව ප්‍රතිශක්ති ඌණතා වෛරසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව ප්‍රතිශක්ති ඌණතා වෛරසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_%C4%BEudskej_imunitnej_nedostato%C4%8Dnosti" title="Vírus ľudskej imunitnej nedostatočnosti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírus ľudskej imunitnej nedostatočnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="ڤایرۆسی نەمانی بەرگری لە مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆسی نەمانی بەرگری لە مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%92" title="ХИВ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ХИВ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv" title="Hiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%90.%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="எச்.ஐ.வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எச்.ஐ.வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="เอชไอวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชไอวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%9C%D0%9E" title="ВНМО – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="ВНМО" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIW" title="AIW – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="AIW" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вірус імунодефіциту людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірус імунодефіциту людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="人类免疫缺陷病毒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人类免疫缺陷病毒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88r%C3%A0n_%C3%A0%C3%ACt%C3%B3agb%C3%B3gunt%C3%A0r%C3%B9n_%C3%A8n%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Èràn àìtóagbóguntàrùn ènìyàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èràn àìtóagbóguntàrùn ènìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="HIV" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the virus. For the infection caused by the virus, see <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/HIV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="HIV (disambiguation)">HIV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AIDS virus" redirects here. For the computer virus, see <a href="/wiki/AIDS_(computer_virus)" title="AIDS (computer virus)">AIDS (computer virus)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(250,250,190);">Human immunodeficiency viruses </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/220px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/330px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/440px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="1971" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron micrograph">Scanning electron micrograph</a> of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a>. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(250,250,190);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lentivirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Realm: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes">Pararnavirae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes">Artverviricota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes">Revtraviricetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ortervirales" title="Ortervirales">Ortervirales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retroviridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthoretrovirinae" title="Orthoretrovirinae">Orthoretrovirinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(250,250,190);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#HIV-1" title="Subtypes of HIV">Human immunodeficiency virus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#HIV-2" title="Subtypes of HIV">Human immunodeficiency virus 2</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(250,250,190);">Other lentiviruses </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Bovine immunodeficiency virus">Bovine immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprine_arthritis_encephalitis_virus" title="Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus">Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine infectious anemia virus">Equine infectious anemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Feline immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jembrana_disease_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jembrana disease virus">Jembrana disease virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_lentivirus" title="Puma lentivirus">Puma lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">Simian immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visna-maedi_virus" title="Visna-maedi virus">Visna-maedi virus</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a> (a subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a>) that infect humans. Over time, they cause <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</a> (AIDS),<a href="#cite_note-pmid8493571-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18947296-2">[2]</a> a condition in which progressive failure of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> allows life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27611681-3">[3]</a> Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV subtype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2007-4">[4]</a> In most cases, HIV is a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS#Transmission" title="HIV/AIDS">occurs</a> by contact with or transfer of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">pre-ejaculate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal fluids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PARTNER2-2019-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fauci-JAMA-6">[6]</a> Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mead-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> particles and virus within infected <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">immune cells</a>. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is not contagious during sexual intercourse without a condom if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable <a href="/wiki/Viral_load_monitoring_for_HIV" title="Viral load monitoring for HIV">viral load</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PARTNER2-2019-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fauci-JAMA-6">[6]</a> HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">helper T cells</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a>+ T cells), <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including <a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">pyroptosis</a> of abortively infected T cells,<a href="#cite_note-pmid24356306-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> of uninfected bystander cells,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by <a href="/wiki/CD8_cytotoxic_lymphocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 cytotoxic lymphocyte">CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes</a> that recognize infected cells.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated immunity</a> is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Comparison of HIV species </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">Virulence</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">Infectivity</a></th> <th>Prevalence</th> <th>Inferred origin </th></tr> <tr> <th>HIV-1 </th> <td>High</td> <td>High</td> <td>Global</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">Common chimpanzee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>HIV-2 </th> <td>Lower</td> <td>Low</td> <td>West Africa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">Sooty mangabey</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">Subtypes of HIV</a></div> HIV is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ICTV61.0.6-15">[15]</a> part of the family <a href="/wiki/Retroviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroviridae">Retroviridae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICTV61.-16">[16]</a> Lentiviruses have many <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-17">[17]</a> Lentiviruses are transmitted as <a href="/wiki/Single-stranded" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-stranded">single-stranded</a>, positive-<a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">enveloped</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA viruses</a>. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by a virally encoded enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>, that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Integrase" title="Integrase">integrase</a>, and host <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">co-factors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JASmith-18">[18]</a> Once integrated, the virus may become <a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">latent</a>, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system, for an indeterminate amount of time.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_Latency-19">[19]</a> The virus can remain dormant in the human body for up to ten years after primary infection; during this period the virus does not cause symptoms. Alternatively, the integrated viral DNA may be <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a>, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins, using host cell resources, that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that will begin the replication cycle anew. Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulent</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">infective</a> than HIV-2,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_genome">Structure and genome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">Structure and genome of HIV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HI-virion-structure_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/300px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/450px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/600px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the HIV virion</figcaption></figure> HIV is similar in structure to other retroviruses. It is roughly spherical<a href="#cite_note-McGovern-22">[22]</a> with a diameter of about 120 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>, around 100,000 times smaller in volume than a <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Microbiology3-23">[23]</a> It is composed of two copies of positive-<a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-stranded" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-stranded">single-stranded</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> that codes for the virus' nine <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> enclosed by a conical <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein <a href="/wiki/P24_capsid_protein" title="P24 capsid protein">p24</a>.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> The single-stranded RNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins, p7, and enzymes needed for the development of the virion such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonuclease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrase" title="Integrase">integrase</a>. A matrix composed of the viral protein p17 surrounds the capsid ensuring the integrity of the virion particle.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> This is, in turn, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">viral envelope</a>, that is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> taken from the membrane of a human host cell when the newly formed virus particle buds from the cell. The viral envelope contains proteins from the host cell and relatively few copies of the HIV envelope protein,<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> which consists of a cap made of three molecules known as <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">glycoprotein (gp) 120</a>, and a stem consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Gp41" title="Gp41">gp41</a> molecules that anchor the structure into the viral envelope.<a href="#cite_note-Chan-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The envelope protein, encoded by the HIV <a href="/wiki/Env_(gene)" title="Env (gene)">env</a> gene, allows the virus to attach to target cells and fuse the viral envelope with the target <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell's membrane</a> releasing the viral contents into the cell and initiating the infectious cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Chan-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_(41863579304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg/220px-Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg/330px-Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg/440px-Protein_Structure_Diagram_of_Fusion_Peptide_Epitope_on_HIV_Spike_%2841863579304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the HIV spike protein (green), with the fusion peptide epitope highlighted in red, and a broadly neutralizing antibody (yellow) binding to the fusion peptide</figcaption></figure> As the sole viral protein on the surface of the virus, the envelope protein is a major target for <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">HIV vaccine</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-nih1998-27">[27]</a> Over half of the mass of the trimeric envelope spike is N-linked <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a>. The density is high as the glycans shield the underlying viral protein from neutralisation by antibodies. This is one of the most densely glycosylated molecules known and the density is sufficiently high to prevent the normal maturation process of glycans during biogenesis in the endoplasmic and Golgi apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The majority of the glycans are therefore stalled as immature 'high-mannose' glycans not normally present on human glycoproteins that are secreted or present on a cell surface.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The unusual processing and high density means that almost all broadly neutralising antibodies that have so far been identified (from a subset of patients that have been infected for many months to years) bind to, or are adapted to cope with, these envelope glycans.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryogenic electron microscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> These advances in structural biology were made possible due to the development of stable <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant organism">recombinant</a> forms of the viral spike by the introduction of an intersubunit <a href="/wiki/Disulphide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulphide bond">disulphide bond</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radical_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical replacement">radical replacement</a> of an amino acid) in gp41.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The so-called SOSIP <a href="/wiki/Trimer_(chemistry)" title="Trimer (chemistry)">trimers</a> not only reproduce the antigenic properties of the native viral spike, but also display the same degree of immature glycans as presented on the native virus.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Recombinant trimeric viral spikes are promising vaccine candidates as they display less non-neutralising <a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitopes</a> than recombinant monomeric gp120, which act to suppress the immune response to target epitopes.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-genome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HIV-genome.png/450px-HIV-genome.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HIV-genome.png/675px-HIV-genome.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/HIV-genome.png/900px-HIV-genome.png 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the RNA genome of HIV-1</figcaption></figure> The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (<a href="/wiki/Long_terminal_repeat" title="Long terminal repeat">LTR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-activation_response_element_(TAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-activation response element (TAR)">TAR</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV_Rev_response_element" title="HIV Rev response element">RRE</a>, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes (gag, pol, and env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and sometimes a tenth tev, which is a fusion of tat, env and rev), encoding 19 proteins. Three of these genes, gag, pol, and env, contain information needed to make the structural proteins for new virus particles.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> For example, env codes for a protein called gp160 that is cut in two by a cellular protease to form gp120 and gp41. The six remaining genes, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, and vpu (or vpx in the case of HIV-2), are regulatory genes for proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect cells, produce new copies of virus (replicate), or cause disease.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Tat_(HIV)" title="Tat (HIV)">tat</a> proteins (p16 and p14) are <a href="/wiki/Activator_(genetics)" title="Activator (genetics)">transcriptional transactivators</a> for the LTR <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoter</a> acting by binding the TAR RNA element. The TAR may also be processed into <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a> that regulate the <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> genes <a href="/wiki/ERCC1" title="ERCC1">ERCC1</a> and <a href="/wiki/IER3" title="IER3">IER3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18299284-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19220914-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rev_(HIV)" title="Rev (HIV)">rev</a> protein (p19) is involved in shuttling RNAs from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by binding to the <a href="/wiki/HIV_Rev_response_element" title="HIV Rev response element">RRE</a> RNA element. The vif protein (p23) prevents the action of <a href="/wiki/APOBEC3G" title="APOBEC3G">APOBEC3G</a> (a cellular protein that <a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination">deaminates</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">cytidine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">uridine</a> in the single-stranded viral DNA and/or interferes with reverse transcription<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Vpr" title="Vpr">vpr</a> protein (p14) arrests <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> at <a href="/wiki/G2/M_checkpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="G2/M checkpoint">G2/M</a>. The nef protein (p27) down-regulates <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> (the major viral receptor), as well as the <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a> and <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">class II</a> molecules.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2014052-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8612235-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11593029-42">[42]</a> Nef also interacts with <a href="/wiki/SH3_domain" title="SH3 domain">SH3 domains</a>. The vpu protein (p16) influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called a <a href="/wiki/Long_terminal_repeat" title="Long terminal repeat">long terminal repeat</a> (LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell. The <a href="/wiki/Retroviral_Psi_packaging_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroviral Psi packaging element">Psi element</a> is involved in viral genome packaging and recognized by <a href="/wiki/Group-specific_antigen" title="Group-specific antigen">gag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rev_(HIV)" title="Rev (HIV)">rev</a> proteins. The SLIP element (<samp class="dna-sequence" style="word-break: break-all;">TTTTTT</samp>) is involved in the <a href="/wiki/Translational_frameshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Translational frameshift">frameshift</a> in the gag-pol <a href="/wiki/Reading_frame" title="Reading frame">reading frame</a> required to make functional pol.<a href="#cite_note-compendia-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropism">Tropism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV_tropism" title="HIV tropism">HIV tropism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG/220px-HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG/330px-HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG/440px-HIV_Mature_and_Immature.PNG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV</figcaption></figure> The term <a href="/wiki/Viral_tropism" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral tropism">viral tropism</a> refers to the cell types a virus infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as <a href="/wiki/Helper_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Helper T cell">CD4+ T cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microglial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Microglial cell">microglial cells</a>. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells' membrane and also with <a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">chemokine</a> <a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">co-receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chan-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-<a href="/wiki/Syncytia" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncytia">syncytia</a>-inducing strains (NSI; now called R5 viruses<a href="#cite_note-pmid9440686-44">[44]</a>) use the β-chemokine receptor, <a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a>, for entry and are thus able to replicate in both macrophages and CD4+ T cells.<a href="#cite_note-Coakley-45">[45]</a> This CCR5 co-receptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype. Indeed, macrophages play a key role in several critical aspects of HIV infection. They appear to be the first cells infected by HIV and perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4+ cells become depleted in the patient. Macrophages and microglial cells are the cells infected by HIV in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoids">adenoids</a> of HIV-infected patients, macrophages fuse into multinucleated <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> that produce huge amounts of virus. T-tropic strains of HIV-1, or <a href="/wiki/Syncytia" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncytia">syncytia</a>-inducing strains (SI; now called X4 viruses<a href="#cite_note-pmid9440686-44">[44]</a>) replicate in primary CD4+ T cells as well as in macrophages and use the α-chemokine receptor, <a href="/wiki/CXCR4" title="CXCR4">CXCR4</a>, for entry.<a href="#cite_note-Coakley-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deng-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feng-47">[47]</a> Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry. The α-chemokine <a href="/wiki/SDF-1_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF-1 (biology)">SDF-1</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">down-regulating</a> the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of HIV target cells. M-tropic HIV-1 isolates that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5; those that use only CXCR4 are termed X4, and those that use both, X4R5. However, the use of co-receptors alone does not explain viral tropism, as not all R5 viruses are able to use CCR5 on macrophages for a productive infection<a href="#cite_note-Coakley-45">[45]</a> and HIV can also infect a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Myeloid_dendritic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid dendritic cells">myeloid dendritic cells</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Knight-48">[48]</a> which probably constitute a <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">reservoir</a> that maintains infection when CD4+ T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels. Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Tang-49">[49]</a> For example, people with the <a href="/wiki/CCR5-%CE%9432" class="mw-redirect" title="CCR5-Δ32">CCR5-Δ32</a> mutation are resistant to infection by the R5 virus, as the mutation leaves HIV unable to bind to this co-receptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> is the major mode of HIV transmission. Both X4 and R5 HIV are present in the <a href="/wiki/Seminal_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal fluid">seminal fluid</a>, which enables the virus to be transmitted from a male to his <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual partner</a>. The virions can then infect numerous cellular targets and disseminate into the whole organism. However, a selection process[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] leads to a predominant transmission of the R5 virus through this pathway.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu1993-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wout-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhu1996-52">[52]</a> In patients infected with subtype B HIV-1, there is often a co-receptor switch in late-stage disease and T-tropic variants that can infect a variety of T cells through CXCR4.<a href="#cite_note-Clevestig-53">[53]</a> These variants then replicate more aggressively with heightened virulence that causes rapid T cell depletion, immune system collapse, and opportunistic infections that mark the advent of AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-54">[54]</a> HIV-positive patients acquire an enormously broad spectrum of opportunistic infections, which was particularly problematic prior to the onset of <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">HAART</a> therapies; however, the same infections are reported among HIV-infected patients examined post-mortem following the onset of antiretroviral therapies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27611681-3">[3]</a> Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression to AIDS. A number of studies with subtype B-infected individuals have determined that between 40 and 50 percent of AIDS patients can harbour viruses of the SI and, it is presumed, the X4 phenotypes.<a href="#cite_note-Karlsson-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koot-56">[56]</a> HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution to <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The adoption of "accessory genes" by HIV-2 and its more <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">promiscuous</a> pattern of co-receptor usage (including CD4-independence) may assist the virus in its adaptation to avoid innate restriction factors present in host cells. Adaptation to use normal cellular machinery to enable transmission and productive infection has also aided the establishment of HIV-2 replication in humans. A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host, but ultimately become a <a href="/wiki/Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> organism. Having achieved a low pathogenicity, over time, variants that are more successful at transmission will be selected.<a href="#cite_note-CheneyandMcKnight-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication_cycle">Replication cycle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg/400px-HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg/600px-HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg/800px-HIV-replication-cycle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The HIV replication cycle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entry_to_the_cell">Entry to the cell</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg/400px-HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg/600px-HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg/800px-HIV_Membrane_fusion_panel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Mechanism of viral entry: 1. Initial interaction between gp120 and CD4. 2. Conformational change in gp120 allows for secondary interaction with CXCR4. 3. The distal tips of gp41 are inserted into the cellular membrane. 4. gp41 undergoes significant conformational change; folding in half and forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the viral and cellular membranes together, fusing them.</figcaption></figure> The HIV virion enters <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and CD4+ <a href="/wiki/T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">viral envelope</a> with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (<a href="/wiki/Gp160" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp160">gp160</a> spike) on the HIV viral envelope and both <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> and a chemokine co-receptor (generally either <a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a> or <a href="/wiki/CXCR4" title="CXCR4">CXCR4</a>, but others are known to interact) on the target cell surface.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> Gp120 binds to <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrin</a> α4β7 activating <a href="/wiki/LFA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="LFA-1">LFA-1</a>, the central integrin involved in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Virological_synapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Virological synapse">virological synapses</a>, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1.<a href="#cite_note-Arthos-60">[60]</a> The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a> to CD4. Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine receptor binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> This allows for a more stable two-pronged attachment, which allows the <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminal</a> fusion peptide gp41 to penetrate the cell membrane.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeat sequences</a> in gp41, HR1, and HR2 then interact, causing the collapse of the extracellular portion of gp41 into a hairpin shape. This loop structure brings the virus and cell membranes close together, allowing fusion of the membranes and subsequent entry of the viral capsid.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-59">[59]</a> After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a>-based transport to the nucleus, the viral single-strand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome. HIV can infect <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a> (DCs) by this CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using <a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DC-SIGN" title="DC-SIGN">DC-SIGN</a> can also be used.<a href="#cite_note-Pope_2003-61">[61]</a> DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T cells when the virus is captured in the <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> by DCs.<a href="#cite_note-Pope_2003-61">[61]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/FEZ-1" class="mw-redirect" title="FEZ-1">FEZ-1</a>, which occurs naturally in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itrafig2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Itrafig2.jpg/220px-Itrafig2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Itrafig2.jpg/330px-Itrafig2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Itrafig2.jpg/440px-Itrafig2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clathrin-mediated_endocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrin-mediated endocytosis">Clathrin-mediated endocytosis</a></figcaption></figure> HIV-1 entry, as well as entry of many other retroviruses, has long been believed to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane. More recently, however, productive infection by <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-independent, <a href="/wiki/Clathrin-mediated_endocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrin-mediated endocytosis">clathrin-mediated endocytosis</a> of HIV-1 has also been reported and was recently suggested to constitute the only route of productive entry.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Replication_and_transcription">Replication and transcription</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_Transcription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reverse_Transcription.png/220px-Reverse_Transcription.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reverse_Transcription.png/330px-Reverse_Transcription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reverse_Transcription.png/440px-Reverse_Transcription.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcription">Reverse transcription</a> of the HIV <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> into <a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-stranded DNA">double-stranded DNA</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> called <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a> liberates the positive-sense single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a <a href="/wiki/CDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDNA">complementary DNA</a> (cDNA) molecule.<a href="#cite_note-Zheng-68">[68]</a> The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone, and the resulting mutations may cause <a href="/wiki/Resistance_to_antiviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance to antiviral drugs">drug resistance</a> or allow the virus to evade the body's immune system. The reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity that creates a <a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense</a> DNA from the antisense cDNA.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Together, the cDNA and its complement form a double-stranded viral DNA that is then transported into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a>. The integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> is carried out by another viral enzyme called <a href="/wiki/Integrase" title="Integrase">integrase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zheng-68">[68]</a> The integrated viral DNA may then lie dormant, in the latent stage of HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-Zheng-68">[68]</a> To actively produce the virus, certain cellular <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> need to be present, the most important of which is <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> (nuclear factor kappa B), which is upregulated when T cells become activated.<a href="#cite_note-Hiscott-70">[70]</a> This means that those cells most likely to be targeted, entered and subsequently killed by HIV are those actively fighting infection. During viral replication, the integrated DNA <a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">provirus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a> into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged into new viral particles in a <a href="/wiki/Pseudodiploid" title="Pseudodiploid">pseudodiploid</a> form. The selectivity in the packaging is explained by the structural properties of the dimeric conformer of the gRNA. The gRNA dimer is characterized by a tandem three-way junction within the gRNA monomer, in which the SD and AUG <a href="/wiki/Stem-loop" title="Stem-loop">hairpins</a>, responsible for splicing and translation respectively, are sequestered and the DIS (dimerization initiation signal) hairpin is exposed. The formation of the gRNA dimer is mediated by a 'kissing' interaction between the DIS hairpin loops of the gRNA monomers. At the same time, certain guanosine residues in the gRNA are made available for binding of the nucleocapsid (NC) protein leading to the subsequent virion assembly.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The labile gRNA dimer has been also reported to achieve a more stable conformation following the NC binding, in which both the DIS and the U5:AUG regions of the gRNA participate in extensive base pairing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> RNA can also be <a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">processed</a> to produce mature <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNAs</a> (mRNAs). In most cases, this processing involves <a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">RNA splicing</a> to produce mRNAs that are shorter than the full-length genome. Which part of the RNA is removed during RNA splicing determines which of the HIV protein-coding sequences is translated.<a href="#cite_note-Ocwieja-73">[73]</a> Mature HIV mRNAs are exported from the nucleus into the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, where they are <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a> to produce HIV proteins, including <a href="/wiki/Rev_(HIV)" title="Rev (HIV)">Rev</a>. As the newly produced Rev protein is produced it moves to the nucleus, where it binds to full-length, unspliced copies of virus RNAs and allows them to leave the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Pollard-74">[74]</a> Some of these full-length RNAs function as mRNAs that are translated to produce the structural proteins Gag and Env. Gag proteins bind to copies of the virus RNA genome to package them into new virus particles.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to package their RNA differently.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> HIV-1 will bind to any appropriate RNA.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> HIV-2 will preferentially bind to the mRNA that was used to create the Gag protein itself.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recombination">Recombination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">Genetic recombination</a></div> Two RNA genomes are encapsidated in each HIV-1 particle (see <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">Structure and genome of HIV</a>). Upon infection and replication catalyzed by reverse transcriptase, recombination between the two genomes can occur.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charpentier-81">[81]</a> Recombination occurs as the single-strand, positive-sense RNA genomes are reverse transcribed to form DNA. During reverse transcription, the nascent DNA can switch multiple times between the two copies of the viral RNA. This form of recombination is known as copy-choice. Recombination events may occur throughout the genome. Anywhere from two to 20 recombination events per genome may occur at each replication cycle, and these events can rapidly shuffle the genetic information that is transmitted from parental to progeny genomes.<a href="#cite_note-Charpentier-81">[81]</a> Viral recombination produces genetic variation that likely contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of resistance to <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">anti-retroviral therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Recombination may also contribute, in principle, to overcoming the immune defenses of the host. Yet, for the adaptive advantages of genetic variation to be realized, the two viral genomes packaged in individual infecting virus particles need to have arisen from separate progenitor parental viruses of differing genetic constitution. It is unknown how often such mixed packaging occurs under natural conditions.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Bonhoeffer et al.<a href="#cite_note-Bonhoeffer-84">[84]</a> suggested that template switching by reverse transcriptase acts as a repair process to deal with breaks in the single-stranded RNA genome. In addition, Hu and Temin<a href="#cite_note-Hu-80">[80]</a> suggested that recombination is an adaptation for repair of damage in the RNA genomes. Strand switching (copy-choice recombination) by reverse transcriptase could generate an undamaged copy of genomic DNA from two damaged single-stranded RNA genome copies. This view of the adaptive benefit of recombination in HIV could explain why each HIV particle contains two complete genomes, rather than one. Furthermore, the view that recombination is a repair process implies that the benefit of repair can occur at each replication cycle, and that this benefit can be realized whether or not the two genomes differ genetically. On the view that recombination in HIV is a repair process, the generation of recombinational variation would be a consequence, but not the cause of, the evolution of template switching.<a href="#cite_note-Bonhoeffer-84">[84]</a> HIV-1 infection causes <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic inflammation">chronic inflammation</a> and production of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Thus, the HIV genome may be vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidative damage">oxidative damage</a>, including breaks in the single-stranded RNA. For HIV, as well as for viruses in general, successful infection depends on overcoming host defense strategies that often include production of genome-damaging reactive oxygen species. Thus, Michod et al.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18295550-86">[86]</a> suggested that recombination by viruses is an adaptation for repair of genome damage, and that recombinational variation is a byproduct that may provide a separate benefit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assembly_and_release">Assembly and release</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_on_macrophage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HIV_on_macrophage.png/220px-HIV_on_macrophage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HIV_on_macrophage.png/330px-HIV_on_macrophage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HIV_on_macrophage.png/440px-HIV_on_macrophage.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>HIV assembling on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">surface</a> of an infected <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophage</a>. The HIV virions have been marked with a green <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_tag" title="Fluorescent tag">fluorescent tag</a> and then viewed under a fluorescent microscope.</figcaption></figure> The final step of the viral cycle, assembly of new HIV-1 virions, begins at the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> of the host cell. The Env polyprotein (gp160) goes through the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> and is transported to the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> where it is <a href="/wiki/Bond_cleavage" title="Bond cleavage">cleaved</a> by <a href="/wiki/Furin" title="Furin">furin</a> resulting in the two HIV envelope glycoproteins, <a href="/wiki/Gp41" title="Gp41">gp41</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These are transported to the plasma membrane of the host cell where gp41 anchors gp120 to the membrane of the infected cell. The Gag (p55) and Gag-Pol (p160) polyproteins also associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane along with the HIV genomic RNA as the forming virion begins to bud from the host cell. The budded virion is still immature as the <a href="/wiki/Group-specific_antigen" title="Group-specific antigen">gag</a> polyproteins still need to be cleaved into the actual matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. This cleavage is mediated by the packaged viral protease and can be inhibited by antiretroviral drugs of the <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">protease inhibitor</a> class. The various structural components then assemble to produce a mature HIV virion.<a href="#cite_note-Gelderblom-88">[88]</a> Only mature virions are then able to infect another cell. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_within_the_body">Spread within the body</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virus_infecting_lymphocytes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Virus_infecting_lymphocytes.gif/220px-Virus_infecting_lymphocytes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Virus_infecting_lymphocytes.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Animation demonstrating cell-free spread of HIV</figcaption></figure> The classical process of infection of a cell by a virion can be called "cell-free spread" to distinguish it from a more recently recognized process called "cell-to-cell spread".<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-89">[89]</a> In cell-free spread (see figure), virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-89">[89]</a> HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread, for which two pathways have been described. Firstly, an infected T cell can transmit virus directly to a target T cell via a <a href="/wiki/Viral_synapse" title="Viral synapse">virological synapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arthos-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-90">[90]</a> Secondly, an <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen-presenting cell</a> (APC), such as a macrophage or dendritic cell, can transmit HIV to T cells by a process that either involves productive infection (in the case of macrophages) or capture and transfer of virions in trans (in the case of dendritic cells).<a href="#cite_note-Sattentau-91">[91]</a> Whichever pathway is used, infection by cell-to-cell transfer is reported to be much more efficient than cell-free virus spread.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan-92">[92]</a> A number of factors contribute to this increased efficiency, including polarised virus budding towards the site of cell-to-cell contact, close apposition of cells, which minimizes fluid-phase <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of virions, and clustering of HIV entry receptors on the target cell towards the contact zone.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-90">[90]</a> Cell-to-cell spread is thought to be particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid tissue">lymphoid tissues</a>, where CD4+ T cells are densely packed and likely to interact frequently.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intravital_microscopy" title="Intravital microscopy">Intravital imaging</a> studies have supported the concept of the HIV virological synapse in vivo.<a href="#cite_note-Sewald-93">[93]</a> The many dissemination mechanisms available to HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication in spite of anti-retroviral therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sigal-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_variability">Genetic variability</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">Subtypes of HIV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg/220px-HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg/330px-HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg/440px-HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> of the SIV and HIV</figcaption></figure> HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a>. This diversity is a result of its fast <a href="#Replication_cycle">replication cycle</a>, with the generation of about 1010 virions every day, coupled with a high <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rate</a> of approximately 3 x 10−5 per <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleotide base</a> per cycle of replication and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombinogenic</a> properties of reverse transcriptase.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsonDL-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rambaut_2004-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17960579-97">[97]</a> This complex scenario leads to the generation of many variants of HIV in a single infected patient in the course of one day.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsonDL-95">[95]</a> This variability is compounded when a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV. When <a href="/wiki/Coinfection" title="Coinfection">simultaneous infection</a> occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. This hybrid virion then infects a new cell where it undergoes replication. As this happens, the reverse transcriptase, by jumping back and forth between the two different RNA templates, will generate a newly synthesized retroviral <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> that is a recombinant between the two parental genomes.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsonDL-95">[95]</a> This recombination is most obvious when it occurs between subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsonDL-95">[95]</a> The closely related <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">simian immunodeficiency virus</a> (SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the <a href="/wiki/Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">African green monkey</a> (SIVagm) and <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> (SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts. These hosts have adapted to the presence of the virus,<a href="#cite_note-pmid19661993-98">[98]</a> which is present at high levels in the host's blood, but evokes only a mild immune response,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> does not cause the development of simian AIDS,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and does not undergo the extensive mutation and recombination typical of HIV infection in humans.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In contrast, when these strains infect species that have not adapted to SIV ("heterologous" or similar hosts such as <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">cynomologus macaques</a>), the animals develop AIDS and the virus generates <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> similar to what is seen in human HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">Chimpanzee</a> SIV (SIVcpz), the closest genetic relative of HIV-1, is associated with increased mortality and AIDS-like symptoms in its natural host.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19626114-103">[103]</a> SIVcpz appears to have been transmitted relatively recently to chimpanzee and human populations, so their hosts have not yet adapted to the virus.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19661993-98">[98]</a> This virus has also lost a function of the <a href="/wiki/Nef_(protein)" title="Nef (protein)">nef</a> gene that is present in most SIVs. For non-pathogenic SIV variants, nef suppresses T cell activation through the <a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a> marker. Nef's function in non-pathogenic forms of SIV is to <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">downregulate</a> expression of <a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">inflammatory cytokines</a>, <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC-1</a>, and signals that affect T cell trafficking. In HIV-1 and SIVcpz, nef does not inhibit T-cell activation and it has lost this function. Without this function, T cell depletion is more likely, leading to immunodeficiency.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19626114-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Three groups of HIV-1 have been identified on the basis of differences in the envelope (env) region: M, N, and O.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-105">[105]</a> Group M is the most prevalent and is subdivided into eight subtypes (or <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>), based on the whole genome, which are geographically distinct.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-106">[106]</a> The most prevalent are subtypes B (found mainly in North America and Europe), A and D (found mainly in Africa), and C (found mainly in Africa and Asia); these subtypes form branches in the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> representing the lineage of the M group of HIV-1. <a href="/wiki/Coinfection" title="Coinfection">Co-infection</a> with distinct subtypes gives rise to circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In 2000, the last year in which an analysis of global subtype prevalence was made, 47.2% of infections worldwide were of subtype C, 26.7% were of subtype A/CRF02_AG, 12.3% were of subtype B, 5.3% were of subtype D, 3.2% were of CRF_AE, and the remaining 5.3% were composed of other subtypes and CRFs.<a href="#cite_note-Osmanov-107">[107]</a> Most HIV-1 research is focused on subtype B; few laboratories focus on the other subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-108">[108]</a> The existence of a fourth group, "P", has been hypothesised based on a virus isolated in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Plantier_2009-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2009-110">[110]</a> The strain is apparently derived from <a href="/wiki/Gorilla_gorilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla gorilla">gorilla</a> SIV (SIVgor), first isolated from <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorillas</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Plantier_2009-109">[109]</a> HIV-2's closest relative is SIVsm, a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees. Since HIV-1 is derived from SIVcpz, and HIV-2 from SIVsm, the genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsm.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/300px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/450px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/600px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection; any particular individual's disease course may vary considerably. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  CD4+ T cell count (cells per µL)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma</div></figcaption></figure> Many HIV-positive people are unaware that they are infected with the virus.<a href="#cite_note-Kumaranayake-113">[113]</a> For example, in 2001 less than 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa had been tested, and this proportion is even lower in rural populations.<a href="#cite_note-Kumaranayake-113">[113]</a> Furthermore, in 2001 only 0.5% of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant women</a> attending urban health facilities were counselled, tested or received their test results.<a href="#cite_note-Kumaranayake-113">[113]</a> Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Kumaranayake-113">[113]</a> Since donors may therefore be unaware of their infection, <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">donor blood</a> and blood products used in medicine and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> are routinely screened for HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Kleinman-114">[114]</a> HIV-1 testing is initially done using an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_immunosorbent_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay">enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</a> (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1. Specimens with a non-reactive result from the initial ELISA are considered HIV-negative, unless new exposure to an infected partner or partner of unknown HIV status has occurred. Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested in duplicate.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2001-115">[115]</a> If the result of either duplicate test is reactive, the specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing with a more specific supplemental test (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR), <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">western blot</a> or, less commonly, an <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunofluorescence assay">immunofluorescence assay</a> (IFA)). Only specimens that are repeatedly reactive by ELISA and positive by IFA or PCR or reactive by western blot are considered HIV-positive and indicative of HIV infection. Specimens that are repeatedly ELISA-reactive occasionally provide an indeterminate western blot result, which may be either an incomplete antibody response to HIV in an infected person or nonspecific reactions in an uninfected person.<a href="#cite_note-celum-116">[116]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.521755673338px 26.144802193483px 0 0; border-top-color:#033e88"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#033e88"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.218747234955px 38.674315228786px 0 0; border-top-color:#add2d5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#add2d5"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:86.106169723366px 50.850049513948px 0 0; border-top-color:#5d2e68"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#5d2e68"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:75.301240652807px 65.80063188259px 0 0; border-top-color:#536cb6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#536cb6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:61.785961309033px 78.628843213662px 0 0; border-top-color:#704045"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#704045"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:46.069556263528px 88.755822263566px 0 0; border-top-color:#FFA500"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFA500"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:28.381452374056px 95.887919787318px 0 0; border-top-color:#7953c1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#7953c1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:9.3482764752599px 99.562089808029px 0 0; border-top-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#808000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 791.58150883058px 100px 0; border-right-color:#00058f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#00058f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 249.77000638276px 100px 0; border-right-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 133.5366571299px 100px 0; border-right-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 20.84009158137px 100px 0; border-right-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:16.384784242585px; border-width:0 0 83.615215757415px 54.849755640667px; border-bottom-color:silver"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> HIV deaths in 2014 excluding the U.S.:<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (15.76%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (12.51%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (11.50%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (4.169%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (4.061%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (3.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (3.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (3.04%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (2.98%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (2.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (2.94%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> (2.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (2.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (29.21%)</div> </div> </div></div> Although IFA can be used to confirm infection in these ambiguous cases, this assay is not widely used. In general, a second specimen should be collected more than a month later and retested for persons with indeterminate western blot results. Although much less commonly available, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test" title="Nucleic acid test">nucleic acid testing</a> (e.g., viral RNA or proviral DNA amplification method) can also help diagnosis in certain situations.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2001-115">[115]</a> In addition, a few tested specimens might provide inconclusive results because of a low quantity specimen. In these situations, a second specimen is collected and tested for HIV infection. Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate, when the <a href="/wiki/Window_period" title="Window period">window period</a> is taken into consideration. A single screening test is correct more than 99% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The chance of a false-positive result in a standard two-step testing protocol is estimated to be about 1 in 250,000 in a low risk population.<a href="#cite_note-ScreenReview2005-119">[119]</a> Testing post-exposure is recommended immediately and then at six weeks, three months, and six months.<a href="#cite_note-PEP10-120">[120]</a> The latest recommendations of the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_(CDC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) show that HIV testing must start with an <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassay</a> combination test for HIV-1 and HIV-2 <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> and p24 <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>. A negative result rules out HIV exposure, while a positive one must be followed by an HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay to detect which antibodies are present. This gives rise to four possible scenarios: <ul><li>1. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (−): HIV-1 antibodies detected</li> <li>2. HIV-1 (−) & HIV-2 (+): HIV-2 antibodies detected</li> <li>3. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (+): both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies detected</li> <li>4. HIV-1 (−) or indeterminate & HIV-2 (−): <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test" title="Nucleic acid test">Nucleic acid test</a> must be carried out to detect the acute infection of HIV-1 or its absence.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">HIV/AIDS research</a></div>HIV/AIDS research includes all <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, as well as fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV. Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral <a href="/wiki/Health_interventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Health interventions">health interventions</a>, such as research into <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">drug development</a>, such as research into <a href="/wiki/Microbicides_for_sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases">microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">HIV vaccines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drug">anti-retroviral drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Other medical research areas include the topics of <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">pre-exposure prophylaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">circumcision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biological_clock_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological clock (aging)">accelerated aging effects</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_and_transmission">Treatment and transmission</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">Management of HIV/AIDS</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS#Transmission" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS § Transmission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Undetectable_%3D_Untransmittable" title="Undetectable = Untransmittable">Undetectable = Untransmittable</a></div> The management of HIV/AIDS typically involves the use of multiple <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drugs">antiretroviral drugs</a>. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition, with progression to <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> increasingly rare. <a href="/wiki/HIV_latency" title="HIV latency">HIV latency</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Viral_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral reservoir">viral reservoir</a> in CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is the main barrier to eradication of the virus.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_Latency-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rodari-123">[123]</a> While HIV is highly virulent, transmission through sexual contact does not occur when an HIV-positive individual maintains a consistently undetectable <a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">viral load</a> (<50 copies/ml) due to antiretroviral treatment. This concept was first proposed by the Swiss Federal Commission for AIDS/HIV in 2008 in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Statement" title="Swiss Statement">Swiss Statement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vernazza&Bernard-125">[125]</a> Although initially controversial, subsequent studies have confirmed that the risk of transmitting HIV through sex is effectively zero when the HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load, a concept now widely known as U=U, or "Undetectable = Untransmittable."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Studies that established the U=U principle include Opposites Attract,<a href="#cite_note-Opposites_Attract-128">[128]</a> PARTNER 1,<a href="#cite_note-PARTNER1-129">[129]</a> PARTNER 2<a href="#cite_note-PARTNER2-2019-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-PARTNER2-130">[130]</a> (which focused on male-male couples),<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-131">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/HPTN_052" title="HPTN 052">HPTN052</a><a href="#cite_note-HPTN052-132">[132]</a> (which focused on heterosexual couples).<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-131">[131]</a> These studies involved couples where one partner was HIV-positive and one was HIV-negative, and included regular HIV testing. Across these four studies, a total of 4,097 couples participated from four continents, reporting 151,880 acts of condomless sex with zero phylogenetically-linked HIV transmissions when the positive partner had an undetectable viral load.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Following these findings, the U=U consensus statement advocating the use of the term 'zero risk' was endorsed by numerous individuals and organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/CDC" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC">CDC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_HIV_Association" title="British HIV Association">British HIV Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> medical journal.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Additionally, reactivation of <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex virus-2">herpes simplex virus-2</a> (HSV-2) in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a> is associated with an increase in <a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR-5</a> enriched CD4+ T cells and inflammatory dendritic cells in the dermis of ulcerated genital skin, persisting even after ulcer healing. HIV's tropism for CCR-5 positive cells contributes to the two- to threefold increased risk of HIV acquisition in persons with genital herpes. Notably, daily antiviral medication, such as <a href="/wiki/Acyclovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyclovir">acyclovir</a>, does not reduce the subclinical post-reactivation inflammation and therefore does not decrease the risk of HIV acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:HIV/AIDS_by_country" title="Category:HIV/AIDS by country">Category:HIV/AIDS by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th,_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/154px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/231px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg/308px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallo,_Robert_C._(3)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/159px-Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/239px-Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Gallo%2C_Robert_C._%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1997" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th,_2008-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg/147px-Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg/221px-Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg/294px-Luc_Montagnier-press_conference_Dec_06th%2C_2008-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1221" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a>, co-discoverers of HIV</div></div></div></div> The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper <a href="/wiki/New_York_Native" title="New York Native">New York Native</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-M2010-138">[138]</a> The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis</a> pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called Pneumocystis jirovecii), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR2-139">[139]</a> Soon thereafter, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/NYU_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU School of Medicine">NYU School of Medicine</a> studied gay men developing a previously rare skin cancer called <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a> (KS).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7287964-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6116083-141">[141]</a> Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-Basavapathruni_2007-142">[142]</a> The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">lymphadenopathy</a>, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982a-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montagnier-145">[145]</a> They also used Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982b-146">[146]</a> In the general press, the term GRID, which stood for <a href="/wiki/Gay-related_immune_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-related immune deficiency">gay-related immune deficiency</a>, had been coined.<a href="#cite_note-Altman-147">[147]</a> The CDC, in search of a name and looking at the infected communities, coined "the 4H disease", as it seemed to single out homosexuals, heroin users, <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">hemophiliacs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciRep470b-149">[149]</a> However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982b-146">[146]</a> it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Kher-150">[150]</a> By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982c-151">[151]</a> In 1983, two separate research groups led by American <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and French investigators <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallo-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montagnier-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in <a href="/wiki/Virus_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus structure">shape</a> to other <a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus">human T-lymphotropic viruses</a> (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo admitted in 1987 that the virus he claimed to have discovered in 1984 was in reality a virus sent to him from France the year before.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting with swelling of the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> of the neck and <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">physical weakness</a>, two classic symptoms of primary HIV infection. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).<a href="#cite_note-Basavapathruni_2007-142">[142]</a> As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986 LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Another group working contemporaneously with the Montagnier and Gallo groups was that of <a href="/wiki/Jay_A._Levy" title="Jay A. Levy">Jay A. Levy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a>. He independently discovered the AIDS virus in 1983 and named it the AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> This virus was very different from the virus reported by the Montagnier and Gallo groups. The ARV strains indicated, for the first time, the heterogeneity of HIV isolates and several of these remain classic examples of the AIDS virus found in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in West-central Africa, and are believed to have transferred to humans (a process known as <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a>) in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Orgin2011-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faria2014-159">[159]</a> HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> through the evolution of SIVcpz, a <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">simian immunodeficiency virus</a> (SIV) that infects wild <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies <a href="/wiki/Central_chimpanzee" title="Central chimpanzee">Pan troglodytes troglodytes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid9989410-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keele-161">[161]</a> The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIVsmm, a virus of the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> (Cercocebus atys atys), an <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkey</a> living in littoral West Africa (from southern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to western <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">owl monkey</a> are resistant to HIV-1 infection, possibly because of a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_gene" title="Fusion gene">genomic fusion</a> of two viral resistance genes.<a href="#cite_note-Goodier-162">[162]</a> HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp2001-163">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIV_primates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/400px-SIV_primates.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/600px-SIV_primates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/800px-SIV_primates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: the <a href="/wiki/African_green_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="African green monkey">African green monkey</a> source of <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">SIV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> source of <a href="/wiki/HIV-2" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-2">HIV-2</a>, and the chimpanzee source of <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a></figcaption></figure> There is evidence that humans who participate in <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV.<a href="#cite_note-Kalish2005-164">[164]</a> However, SIV is a weak virus, and it is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Marx2001-165">[165]</a> Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, it can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa prior to the 20th century. Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Worobey2008-166">[166]</a> Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including different patterns of sexual contact (especially multiple, concurrent partnerships), the spread of <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and the concomitant high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Genital_ulcer" title="Genital ulcer">genital ulcer</a> diseases (such as <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>) in nascent colonial cities.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2010-167">[167]</a> While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are typically low, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted infection</a> resulting in genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers to the degree that as of 1928 as many as 45% of female residents of eastern <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville (currently Kinshasa)</a> were thought to have been prostitutes and as of 1933 around 15% of all residents of the same city were infected by one of the forms of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2010-167">[167]</a> The earliest, well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu-168">[168]</a> The virus may have been present in the United States as early as the mid- to late 1960s, as a sixteen-year-old male named <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rayford" title="Robert Rayford">Robert Rayford</a> presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> An alternative and likely complementary hypothesis points to the widespread use of unsafe medical practices in Africa during years following World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic, and anti-malaria treatment campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Marx2001-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chitnis2000-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNeil-171">[171]</a> Research on the timing of most recent common ancestor for HIV-1 groups M and O, as well as on HIV-2 groups A and B, indicates that SIV has given rise to transmissible HIV lineages throughout the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-172">[172]</a> The dispersed timing of these transmissions to humans implies that no single external factor is needed to explain the cross-species transmission of HIV. This observation is consistent with both of the two prevailing views of the origin of the HIV epidemics, namely SIV transmission to humans during the slaughter or butchering of infected primates, and the colonial expansion of sub-Saharan African cities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/28px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/42px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/56px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_HIV-protease_inhibitors" title="Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors">Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVToolbox" title="HIVToolbox">HIVToolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid8493571-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8493571_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e9936. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.9936S">2010PLoSO...5.9936S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936">10.1371/journal.pone.0009936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848574">2848574</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20376191">20376191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=High+GUD+incidence+in+the+early+20th+century+created+a+particularly+permissive+time+window+for+the+origin+and+initial+spread+of+epidemic+HIV+strains&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e9936&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848574%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20376191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.9936S&rft.aulast=de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+V&rft.au=Lemey%2C+P&rft.au=Vandamme%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuKorberNahmiasHooper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35400">"An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic"</a>. 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AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 16 (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F088922200309548">10.1089/088922200309548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10628811">10628811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17783758">17783758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses&rft.atitle=Origin+of+HIV+type+1+in+colonial+French+Equatorial+Africa%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17783758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10628811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F088922200309548&rft.aulast=Chitnis&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rawls%2C+D&rft.au=Moore%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil-171"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_McNeil,_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald McNeil, Jr (page does not exist)">McNeil D Jr</a> (September 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html">"Precursor to H.I.V. was in monkeys for millennia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2010. <q>Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s. ... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Precursor+to+H.I.V.+was+in+monkeys+for+millennia&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F17%2Fhealth%2F17aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimWorobey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wertheim JO, Worobey M (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669881">"Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2"</a>. PLOS Computational Biology. 5 (5): e1000377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLSCB...5E0377W">2009PLSCB...5E0377W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000377">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669881">2669881</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19412344">19412344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=Dating+the+age+of+the+SIV+lineages+that+gave+rise+to+HIV-1+and+HIV-2&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1000377&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19412344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLSCB...5E0377W&rft.aulast=Wertheim&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Worobey%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlierBourletLawrenceHamzeh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Berlier W, Bourlet T, Lawrence P, Hamzeh H, Lambert C, Genin C, Verrier B, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Pozzetto B, Delézay O (2005). "Selective sequestration of X4 isolates by human genital epithelial cells: Implication for virus tropism selection process during sexual transmission of HIV". Journal of Medical Virology. 77 (4): 465–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmv.20478">10.1002/jmv.20478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16254974">16254974</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25762969">25762969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=Selective+sequestration+of+X4+isolates+by+human+genital+epithelial+cells%3A+Implication+for+virus+tropism+selection+process+during+sexual+transmission+of+HIV&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-74&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25762969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16254974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmv.20478&rft.aulast=Berlier&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Bourlet%2C+T&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+P&rft.au=Hamzeh%2C+H&rft.au=Lambert%2C+C&rft.au=Genin%2C+C&rft.au=Verrier%2C+B&rft.au=Dieu-Nosjean%2C+MC&rft.au=Pozzetto%2C+B&rft.au=Del%C3%A9zay%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS_(UNAIDS)2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS</a> (UNAIDS) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf">Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access</a> (PDF). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+HIV%2FAIDS+Response%2C+Epidemic+update+and+health+sector+progress+towards+universal+access&rft.pub=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS+%28UNAIDS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdocuments%2Funaidspublication%2F2011%2F20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuciacciaPadulaViciniGandini2005" class="citation journal cs1">Muciaccia B, Padula F, Vicini E, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Stefanini M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.05-3962fje">"Beta-chemokine receptors 5 and 3 are expressed on the head region of human spermatozoon"</a>. The FASEB Journal. 19 (14): 2048–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.05-3962fje">10.1096/fj.05-3962fje</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F361629">11573/361629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16174786">16174786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7928126">7928126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Beta-chemokine+receptors+5+and+3+are+expressed+on+the+head+region+of+human+spermatozoon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2048-50&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F361629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7928126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16174786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.05-3962fje&rft.aulast=Muciaccia&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Padula%2C+F&rft.au=Vicini%2C+E&rft.au=Gandini%2C+L&rft.au=Lenzi%2C+A&rft.au=Stefanini%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.05-3962fje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> HIV at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/HIV" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/HIV">Definitions</a> from 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template talk:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:STD_and_STI" title="Template talk:STD and STI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> (STI)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">Haemophilus ducreyi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">lymphogranuloma venereum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Donovanosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">Mycoplasma hominis infection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis" title="Mycoplasma hominis">Mycoplasma hominis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">Trichomoniasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_louse" title="Crab louse">Crab louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV-1/HIV-2</a>)</li> <li>Cancer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">vulvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">anal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus (HPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">Genital warts (condyloma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B virus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV-1 & HSV-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum_virus" title="Molluscum contagiosum virus">MCV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>female</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cervicitis" title="Cervicitis">Cervicitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>male</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>either</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">Urethritis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Non-gonococcal_urethritis" title="Non-gonococcal urethritis">Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virus:_Reverse_transcribing_viruses_(Revtraviricetes)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Retroviruses" title="Template:Retroviruses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Retroviruses" title="Template talk:Retroviruses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Retroviruses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Retroviruses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virus:_Reverse_transcribing_viruses_(Revtraviricetes)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">Reverse transcribing</a> viruses (<a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes">Revtraviricetes</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blubervirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Blubervirales">Blubervirales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hepadnaviridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae">Hepadnaviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avihepadnavirus" title="Avihepadnavirus">Avihepadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_hepatitis_B_virus" title="Duck hepatitis B virus">Duck hepatitis B virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_hepatitis_B_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heron hepatitis B virus">Heron hepatitis B virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpetohepadnavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpetohepadnavirus (page does not exist)">Herpetohepadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metahepadnavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metahepadnavirus (page does not exist)">Metahepadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orthohepadnavirus" title="Orthohepadnavirus">Orthohepadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel_hepatitis_virus" title="Ground squirrel hepatitis virus">Ground squirrel hepatitis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchuck_hepatitis_virus" title="Woodchuck hepatitis virus">Woodchuck hepatitis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus" title="Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus">Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parahepadnavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parahepadnavirus (page does not exist)">Parahepadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ortervirales" title="Ortervirales">Ortervirales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="SsRNA-RT virus">ssRNA-RT viruses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belpaoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Belpaoviridae">Belpaoviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Semotivirus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semotivirus" title="Semotivirus">Semotivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans_Cer13_virus" title="Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus">Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaviridae" title="Metaviridae">Metaviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errantivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errantivirus (page does not exist)">Errantivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metavirus" title="Metavirus">Metavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans_Cer1_virus" title="Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus">Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoviridae" title="Pseudoviridae">Pseudoviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemivirus (page does not exist)">Hemivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudovirus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudovirus (genus)">Pseudovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirevirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirevirus (page does not exist)">Sirevirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retroviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orthoretrovirinae" title="Orthoretrovirinae">Orthoretrovirinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpharetrovirus" title="Alpharetrovirus">Alpharetrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avian_sarcoma_leukosis_virus" title="Avian sarcoma leukosis virus">Avian sarcoma leukosis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus" title="Rous sarcoma virus">Rous sarcoma virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaretrovirus" title="Betaretrovirus">Betaretrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_mammary_tumor_virus" title="Mouse mammary tumor virus">Mouse mammary tumor virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaagsiekte_sheep_retrovirus" title="Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus">Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deltaretrovirus" title="Deltaretrovirus">Deltaretrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus">Human T-lymphotropic virus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 2">HTLV-2</a>, 3, 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simian-T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simian-T-lymphotropic virus">Simian-T-lymphotropic virus</a> (types 1-4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_leukemia_virus" title="Bovine leukemia virus">Bovine leukemia virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epsilonretrovirus" title="Epsilonretrovirus">Epsilonretrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walleye_epidermal_hyperplasia_virus" title="Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus">Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaretrovirus" title="Gammaretrovirus">Gammaretrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virus" title="Murine leukemia virus">Murine leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelson_murine_leukemia_virus" title="Abelson murine leukemia virus">Abelson murine leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_virus" title="Friend virus">Friend virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virus" title="Feline leukemia virus">Feline leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koala_retrovirus" title="Koala retrovirus">Koala retrovirus</a> (KoRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotropic_murine_leukemia_virus-related_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus">Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV</a> (human immunodeficiency viruses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">Simian immunodeficiency viruses</a> (SIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Feline immunodeficiency virus</a> (FIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_lentivirus" title="Puma lentivirus">Puma lentivirus</a> (PLV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia" title="Equine infectious anemia">Equine infectious anemia virus</a> (EIAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Bovine immunodeficiency virus">Bovine immunodeficiency virus</a> (BIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprine_arthritis_encephalitis_virus" title="Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus">Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visna-maedi_virus" title="Visna-maedi virus">Visna-maedi virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spumaretrovirinae" title="Spumaretrovirinae">Spumaretrovirinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovispumavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovispumavirus (page does not exist)">Bovispumavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equispumavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equispumavirus (page does not exist)">Equispumavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felispumavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felispumavirus (page does not exist)">Felispumavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_foamy_virus" title="Feline foamy virus">Feline foamy virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosimiispumavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosimiispumavirus (page does not exist)">Prosimiispumavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simiispumavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simiispumavirus (page does not exist)">Simiispumavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simian_foamy_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simian foamy virus">Simian foamy virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_foamy_virus" title="Human foamy virus">Human foamy virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT viruses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caulimoviridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caulimoviridae" title="Caulimoviridae">Caulimoviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Badnavirus" title="Badnavirus">Badnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_streak_MY_virus" title="Banana streak MY virus">Banana streak MY virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacao_swollen_shoot_virus" title="Cacao swollen shoot virus">Cacao swollen shoot virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanchoe_top-spotting_virus" title="Kalanchoe top-spotting virus">Kalanchoe top-spotting virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_yellow_net_virus" title="Rubus yellow net virus">Rubus yellow net virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caulimovirus" title="Caulimovirus">Caulimovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_etched_ring_virus" title="Carnation etched ring virus">Carnation etched ring virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_mosaic_virus" title="Cauliflower mosaic virus">Cauliflower mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_vein_banding_virus" title="Strawberry vein banding virus">Strawberry vein banding virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cavemovirus" title="Cavemovirus">Cavemovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassava_vein_mosaic_virus" title="Cassava vein mosaic virus">Cassava vein mosaic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscovirus (page does not exist)">Dioscovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petuvirus" title="Petuvirus">Petuvirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosadnavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosadnavirus (page does not exist)">Rosadnavirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruflodivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruflodivirus (page does not exist)">Ruflodivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solendovirus" title="Solendovirus">Solendovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soymovirus" title="Soymovirus">Soymovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_chlorotic_mottle_virus" title="Soybean chlorotic mottle virus">Soybean chlorotic mottle virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungrovirus" title="Tungrovirus">Tungrovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaccinivirus (page does not exist)">Vaccinivirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ERV-Fc" title="ERV-Fc">ERV-Fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncytin-1" title="Syncytin-1">ERVWE1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCP5" title="HCP5">HCP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_teratocarcinoma-derived_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus">Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Endogenous_Retrovirus-W" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W">Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Breakthrough of the Year">Science Breakthroughs of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> journal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV</a> understanding</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerating universe</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Nanocircuitry" title="Nanocircuitry">Nanocircuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular circuit</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> in action</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> proof</li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Human genetic variation</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">Cellular reprogramming</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></li> <li>2010: First <a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">quantum machine</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/HPTN_052" title="HPTN 052">HPTN 052</a> clinical trial</li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> discovery</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">Cancer immunotherapy</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta comet mission</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR genome-editing method</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Single-cell_sequencing" title="Single-cell sequencing">Single-cell sequencing</a></li> <li>2019: A <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">made visible</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> developed at record speed</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AI</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">protein structures</a> to all</li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> debut</li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15787">Q15787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Human immunodeficiency virus">Human immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=12721">12721</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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