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title="Zhang Hong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhang Hong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EA%B5%89" title="장굉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장굉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="تشانج هونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشانج هونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%B4%98" title="張紘 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="張紘" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Hong_(153%E2%80%93212)" title="Zhang Hong (153–212) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zhang Hong (153–212)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Hong" title="Zhang Hong – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zhang Hong" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Politician serving warlords Sun Ce and Sun Quan (153-212)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Zhang Hong</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;">張紘</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief Clerk (長史)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(under Sun Quan)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />208<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">208</span>)</span>–212<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">212</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commandant of the East District of Kuaiji (會稽東部都尉)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><strong class="error">not a number value</strong>  – 208<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">208</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Attendant Imperial Secretary (侍御史)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />199<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">199</span>)</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200s<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200s</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Emperor Xian of Han</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">153<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">212 (aged 59)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 229?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhang Xuan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician, scholar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zigang (子綱)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_(surname)" title="Zhang (surname)">Zhang</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Zhang Hong</b> (153–212<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Zigang</b>, was a Chinese politician serving under the warlords <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ce" title="Sun Ce">Sun Ce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan">Sun Quan</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally from <a href="/wiki/Guangling_Commandery" title="Guangling Commandery">Guangling Commandery</a> (廣陵郡; around present-day <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), Zhang Hong and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Zhao</a> were known as the "Two Zhangs" and they were recruited by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian" title="Sun Jian">Sun Jian</a> to be his advisers. He was a close friend of the Sun family, and when Sun Jian was involved in his campaigns, Zhang Hong served him as a privy adviser. In the days of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ce" title="Sun Ce">Sun Ce</a>, Zhang Hong was often responsible for writing <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">official memorials</a> and essays to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Emperor Xian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>. After Sun Ce's death, he was sent to serve Cao Cao, and then was later sent by Cao Cao to monitor Sun Quan's activities. Zhang Hong, however, remained loyal to Sun Quan, and on his deathbed, petitioned Sun Quan to develop the city of Moling (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, Jiangsu), which ultimately became the imperial capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hong_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms">Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hong_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071051_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Crespigny2007">de Crespigny (2007)</a>, p. 1051.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Hong's birth and death dates here were based on his biography in <i>Sanguozhi</i>, which indicated that he died at the age of 60 (by East Asian reckoning) and that he was made <i>maocai</i> during the reign of Emperor Ling of Han. In <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i> and <i>Jiankang Shilu</i>, Zhang Hong was recorded to have died in 229 (3rd year of the <i>Taihe</i> era of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Cao Rui</a>'s reign in <i>Tongjian</i> and 11th month of the 8th year of the <i>Huang'wu</i> era of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan">Sun Quan</a>'s reign in <i>Shilu</i>). There is a possibility that either <i>Sanguozhi</i> wrongly recorded his age when he died, or both <i>Tongjian</i> and <i>Shilu</i> wrongly recorded the year of his death.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hong_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen, Shou</a> (3rd century). <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<i>Sanguozhi</i>).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">de Crespigny, Rafe</a> (2007). <i>A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+%2823%E2%80%93220+AD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15605-0&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hong+%28Han+dynasty%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" title="Pei Songzhi">Pei, Songzhi</a> (5th century). <i><a href="/wiki/Annotations_to_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<i>Sanguozhi zhu</i>).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg/30px-Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg/45px-Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg/60px-Guangwudi-Ming-Image1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This Chinese biographical article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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