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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Succeeding Sun Ce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succeeding_Sun_Ce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Red_Cliffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle of Red Cliffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Red_Cliffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uneasy_alliance_with_Liu_Bei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uneasy_alliance_with_Liu_Bei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uneasy alliance with Liu Bei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uneasy_alliance_with_Liu_Bei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breaking_of_alliance_with_Liu_Bei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_of_alliance_with_Liu_Bei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breaking of alliance with Liu Bei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_of_alliance_with_Liu_Bei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Middle reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Late reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faith_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faith_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Faith and spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faith_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Consorts and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Era names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Card_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Card_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Card games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Card_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sun Quan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سون تشوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سون تشوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_%C3%87yuan" title="Sun Çyuan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sun Çyuan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Kho%C3%A2n" title="Sun Khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sun Khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སུན་ཆོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུན་ཆོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan_(emperador_Da_de_Wu)" title="Sun Quan (emperador Da de Wu) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sun Quan (emperador Da de Wu)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سون کوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سون کوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBn_Khi%C3%A8n" title="Sûn Khièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sûn Khièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EA%B6%8C" title="손권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="손권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szun_Cs%C3%BCan" title="Szun Csüan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szun Csüan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سون تشوان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سون تشوان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Fng_Gu%C3%B2ng" title="Sŏng Guòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŏng Guòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%A8%A9" title="孫権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孫権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ស៊ុន ឈាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ុន ឈាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сунь Цюань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сунь Цюань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_%C4%8Cuan" title="Sun Čuan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sun Čuan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوون چوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوون چوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="ซุนกวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซุนกวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sun Quan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сунь Цюань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сунь Цюань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunh_Genz" title="Sunh Genz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sunh Genz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Tôn Quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tôn Quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="吳大帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吳大帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%9D%83" title="孙权 – Wu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Taizu of Wu" redirects here. For the tenth-century Prince of Wu, see <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Sun_(surname)" title="Sun (surname)">Sun</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Da of Wu<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吳大帝</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg/220px-Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg/330px-Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg/440px-Sun_Quan_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> portrait of Sun Quan by <a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 229 – 21 May 252</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Wu" title="King of Wu">King of Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 221<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 23 May 229</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Marquis of Nanchang (<span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南昌侯</span></span></span>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">December 219 – 23 September 221</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">182<sup id="cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 21, 252<span style="display:none">(252-05-21)</span> (aged 69–70)<sup id="cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jianye</a>, Eastern Wu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(Nanjing)" title="Purple Mountain (Nanjing)">Purple Mountain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Shu" title="Pan Shu">Empress Pan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xie" title="Lady Xie">Lady Xie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xu_(wife_of_Sun_Quan)" title="Lady Xu (wife of Sun Quan)">Lady Xu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Lianshi" title="Bu Lianshi">Empress Bu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dayi" title="Empress Dayi">Empress Dayi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jinghuai" title="Empress Jinghuai">Empress Jinghuai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shu#Family" title="Yuan Shu">Lady Yuan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu_family_trees#Sun_Quan" title="Eastern Wu family trees">(among others)</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng, Crown Prince Xuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_L%C3%BC" title="Sun Lü">Sun Lü, Marquis of Jianchang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_He_(Zixiao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun He (Zixiao)">Sun He, Prince of Nanyang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ba" title="Sun Ba">Sun Ba</a>, Prince of Lu</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fen" title="Sun Fen">Sun Fen</a>, Marquis of Zhang'an</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiu" title="Sun Xiu">Sun Xiu</a>, Prince of Langya</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a>, Marquis of Houguan</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luban" title="Sun Luban">Grand Princess Quan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luyu" title="Sun Luyu">Princess Zhu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Huangwu (<span lang="zh">黃武</span>; 222–229)</li><li>Huanglong (<span lang="zh">黃龍</span>; 229–231)</li><li>Jiahe (<span lang="zh">嘉禾</span>; 232–238)</li><li>Chiwu (<span lang="zh">赤烏</span>; 238–251)</li><li>Taiyuan (<span lang="zh">太元</span>; 251–252)</li><li>Shenfeng (<span lang="zh">神鳳</span>; 252)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Da (<span lang="zh">大皇帝</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Taizu (<span lang="zh">太祖</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian" title="Sun Jian">Sun Jian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Wu_(wife_of_Sun_Jian)" title="Lady Wu (wife of Sun Jian)">Empress Wulie</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">孫權</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">孙权</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sūn Quán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Suen Chyuan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sun1 Ch'üan2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[swə́n tɕʰɥɛ̌n]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Sen Jyœ́</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Syūn Kyùhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Syun1 Kyun4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[syn˥ kʰyn˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Sun Khoân</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sun Quan</b> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/Sun_Quan.ogg\/Sun_Quan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sun Quan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Sun_Quan.ogg/Sun_Quan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Quan.ogg" title="File:Sun Quan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 182 – 21 May 252),<sup id="cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007772_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007772-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Zhongmou</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仲謀</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumously known as</a> <b>Emperor Da of Wu</b>, was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ce" title="Sun Ce">Sun Ce</a>, in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from November 222 to May 229 as the King of Wu and from May 229 to May 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a>, Sun Quan was much younger and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country. </p><p>Sun Quan was born while his father <a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian" title="Sun Jian">Sun Jian</a> served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangdong</a> region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of <a href="/wiki/Xu_Gong" title="Xu Gong">Xu Gong</a> in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yu" title="Zhou Yu">Zhou Yu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Zhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hong_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Hong (Han dynasty)">Zhang Hong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Pu" title="Cheng Pu">Cheng Pu</a> supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over <a href="/wiki/Huang_Zu" title="Huang Zu">Huang Zu</a>, a military leader under <a href="/wiki/Liu_Biao" title="Liu Biao">Liu Biao</a>, who dominated the middle Yangtze. Huang Zu was killed in battle. </p><p>In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Su" title="Lu Su">Lu Su</a>, opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and <a href="/wiki/Huang_Gai" title="Huang Gai">Huang Gai</a>, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a>. </p><p>In late 220, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a>, King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>, ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son <a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng</a> as a hostage to the Wei capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and he refused. In November 222, he declared himself independent by changing his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">era name</a>. It was not until May 229 that he formally declared himself emperor. </p><p>After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When <a href="/wiki/Sun_He_(Zixiao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun He (Zixiao)">Sun He</a> succeeded Sun Deng as the new crown prince, he was supported by <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)">Lu Xun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Ke" title="Zhuge Ke">Zhuge Ke</a>, while his rival <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ba" title="Sun Ba">Sun Ba</a> was supported by <a href="/wiki/Quan_Cong" title="Quan Cong">Quan Cong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi" title="Bu Zhi">Bu Zhi</a> and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan died in May 252 at the age of 70 (by East Asian reckoning). He enjoyed the longest reign among all the founders of the Three Kingdoms and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> describes Sun Quan as a tall man with bright eyes and oblong face.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as a wise and outgoing man who was fond of making jokes and playing tricks. Because of his skill in valuing the strength of his subordinates and avoiding their shortcomings, as well as treating them like his family, Sun Quan was able to delegate authority to capable figures. This primary strength served him well in gaining the support of the common people and surrounding himself with capable generals. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> mentioned that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Wu (better known as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>), a militarist in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> and the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i>. Sun Quan was born in 182, while his father Sun Jian was still a low-ranking official of the Han dynasty. He was the second son of Sun Jian and his wife Lady Wu; he had two younger full brothers, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yi" title="Sun Yi">Sun Yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Kuang" title="Sun Kuang">Sun Kuang</a>, and a younger full sister, whose identity is unrecorded. </p><p>In 184, two years after Sun Quan was born, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a> broke out across the country. Sun Jian joined the general <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Jun_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhu Jun (Han dynasty)">Zhu Jun</a> to quell the rebellion and allocated his family to stay in <a href="/wiki/Shouchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouchun">Shouchun</a>. When Sun Quan's elder brother Sun Ce met <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yu" title="Zhou Yu">Zhou Yu</a> in 189, Sun Ce decided to take his mother <a href="/wiki/Lady_Wu_(wife_of_Sun_Jian)" title="Lady Wu (wife of Sun Jian)">Lady Wu</a> and younger brothers to Shu County, Zhou Yu's hometown. There, the Sun family became acquainted with Zhou Yu. </p><p>After Sun Jian's death in 191, the Sun family moved again to Jiangdu in order to mourn him. Two years later, Sun Ce decided to join <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shu" title="Yuan Shu">Yuan Shu</a>'s army so he ordered <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Fan" title="Lü Fan">Lü Fan</a> to take his family members to his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Wu_Jing_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wu Jing (Han dynasty)">Wu Jing</a>'s home in <a href="/wiki/Dangtu_County" title="Dangtu County">Danyang</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yao_(warlord)" title="Liu Yao (warlord)">Liu Yao</a>, the Governor (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">牧</span></span>) of Yang Province became angry when Sun Ce and Yuan Shu defeated <a href="/wiki/Lu_Kang_(Han_dynasty)" title="Lu Kang (Han dynasty)">Lu Kang</a>, the administrator of Lujiang in 194. He felt worried that they would attack him further so he drove Wu Jing away from Danyang. Since Sun Quan and his mother were still in Liu Yao's territory, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhi" title="Zhu Zhi">Zhu Zhi</a> sent people to rescue them. Sun Quan and his mother moved to Fuling later. </p><p>When Sun Ce defeated Liu Yao in 195, he ordered Chen Bao to bring his family back to Danyang. As Sun Quan grew up, he served his brother during the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ce%27s_conquests_in_Jiangdong" title="Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong">conquests</a> of the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. He was made <a href="/wiki/Yixing" title="Yixing">Yangxian County</a> magistrate in 196, at the age of 14, and continued to rise through the ranks as his brother gave him more and more important tasks. Since he was passionate about gathering the retainers like <a href="/wiki/Pan_Zhang" title="Pan Zhang">Pan Zhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tai" title="Zhou Tai">Zhou Tai</a>, his fame soon approached his father and elder brother. <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ran" title="Zhu Ran">Zhu Ran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Zong" title="Hu Zong">Hu Zong</a>, the men he met during his schooldays, later became ministers of Eastern Wu. He was loved by his brother Sun Ce, who said that he would put his men under Sun Quan's management in the future. In 199, Sun Quan was promoted to the rank of Colonel (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">校尉</span></span>) and followed his brother to conquer Lujiang and Yuzhang. While Cao Cao attempted to further reinforce the alliance with Sun Ce, both Sun Quan and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yi" title="Sun Yi">Sun Yi</a> were invited to be officials in Xuchang, but they refused. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succeeding_Sun_Ce">Succeeding Sun Ce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Succeeding Sun Ce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sun Ce was assassinated in 200 during a hunt. On his deathbed, he knew that his son was still too young to be considered a realistic heir, so he entrusted the 18-year-old Sun Quan to his faithful subordinates. Initially, Sun Quan mourned his brother's death so much that he couldn't stop crying, but at <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Zhao</a>'s behest, he dressed himself in military uniform and set out to visit the commanderies under his brother's control. Many of Sun Ce's subordinates thought that Sun Quan was too young to sustain Sun Ce's domain and wanted to leave. Particularly, Li Shu, the Administrator of Lujiang, defected to Cao Cao. Sun Quan wrote a letter to Cao Cao to state Li Shu's crime then headed his troops to defeat Li Shu and regain Lujiang. </p><p>Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu saw special qualities in the young man and chose to stay to serve Sun Quan. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hong_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Hong (Han dynasty)">Zhang Hong</a>, whom Sun Ce had earlier sent as a liaison to the warlord <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>, also returned from Cao's domain to assist Sun Quan. At Zhang Hong's request, Cao Cao, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Emperor Xian</a> who was controlled by Cao Cao at the time, commissioned Sun Quan as <i>General Who Attacks Barbarians</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">討虜將軍</span></span>), a title under which he would be known for a long time. He listened carefully to his mother Lady Wu's encouraging words, and greatly trusted Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong with regard to civilian affairs and Zhou Yu, <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Pu" title="Cheng Pu">Cheng Pu</a>, and Lü Fan with regard to military matters. Sun Quan also sought out talented young men to serve as his personal advisors, and it was around this time that he befriended <a href="/wiki/Lu_Su" title="Lu Su">Lu Su</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Jin" title="Zhuge Jin">Zhuge Jin</a>, who would later play prominent roles in his administration. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)">Lu Xun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi" title="Bu Zhi">Bu Zhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yong" title="Gu Yong">Gu Yong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Shi Yi (Eastern Wu)">Shi Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Jun" title="Yan Jun">Yan Jun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Sheng" title="Xu Sheng">Xu Sheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Huan" title="Zhu Huan">Zhu Huan</a> also became his men. Throughout this period and decades to come, Sun Quan's leadership would be characterised by his ability to find men of character and entrust important matters to him, and his ability to react swiftly to events. </p><p>For the next several years, Sun Quan was largely interested in expanding against the <a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a>, hill tribes which controlled the most southern part of China and outside the reach of the Han government, in order to ensure his realm. Sun Quan launched numerous campaigns against the Shanyue. In 206, he conquered the fortress of Shanyue in Matun and Baodun and captured more than 10,000 men. Furthermore, he gradually sought to harass and weaken <a href="/wiki/Liu_Biao" title="Liu Biao">Liu Biao</a>'s key subordinate, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Zu" title="Huang Zu">Huang Zu</a> (who controlled the northeastern region of Liu Biao's domain) – particularly because Huang Zu had killed his father in battle. He made war on Huang Zu twice in 203 and 207. In 208, he was finally able to defeat and kill Huang Zu in battle, and as a result, he obtained most of the territory of Jiangxia. Soon after, Liu Biao died while Cao Cao was preparing a major campaign to subjugate both Liu Biao and Sun Quan under his control, precipitating a major confrontation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Red_Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Red Cliffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_Tomb_mural,_cavalry_and_chariots,_Eastern_Han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han.jpg/300px-Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han.jpg/450px-Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>A mural showing <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">chariots and cavalry</a>, from Dahuting Tomb (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">打虎亭漢墓</span></span>) of the late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25-220 AD), located in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of 208. After Liu Biao's death, a succession struggle for his domain came into being, between his sons <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(Liu_Biao%27s_son)" title="Liu Qi (Liu Biao's son)">Liu Qi</a> and younger son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_dynasty)" title="Liu Cong (Han dynasty)">Liu Cong</a>, whom Liu Biao's second wife <a href="/wiki/Liu_Biao#Family" title="Liu Biao">Lady Cai</a> favoured (because he had married her niece). After Huang Zu's death, Liu Qi was therefore given Huang's post as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxia_Commandery" title="Jiangxia Commandery">Jiangxia Commandery</a>. Liu Cong therefore succeeded Liu Biao after his death, and Liu Qi was displeased and considered, but did not carry out, an attack against his brother. Nevertheless, Liu Cong, in fear of having to fight Cao Cao and his brother on two fronts, surrendered to Cao Cao against the advice of Liu Biao's key ally <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a>. Liu Bei, unwilling to submit to Cao Cao, fled south. Cao caught up to him and crushed his forces, but Liu Bei escaped with his life; he fled to <a href="/wiki/Dangyang" title="Dangyang">Dangyang</a>. Cao Cao took over most of <a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing Province</a>, and appeared set on finally unifying the empire. </p><p>Sun Quan was well aware of Cao Cao's intentions, and he quickly entered into an alliance with Liu Bei and Liu Qi to prepare for an attack by Cao. Cao Cao wrote Sun Quan with a letter intending to intimidate, and in face of Cao's overwhelming force (estimated to be about 220,000 men, although Cao claimed 800,000, against Sun's 30,000 and the Lius' combined force of 10,000), many of Sun's subordinates, including Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender. Sun Quan refused, under advice from Zhou Yu and Lu Su that Cao Cao would surely not tolerate him even if he surrendered. </p><p>Sun Quan put Zhou Yu in charge of his 30,000 men, largely stationed on naval ships, and Zhou set up a defensive position in conjunction with Liu Bei, whose army was stationed on land. About this time, there was a plague developing in Cao Cao's forces which significantly weakened it. Zhou Yu set up a trap where he pretended to be punishing his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Huang_Gai" title="Huang Gai">Huang Gai</a>, and Huang pretended to surrender to Cao Cao in fear. Zhou Yu then sent ships under Huang Gai's command to pretend to surrender and, as Huang's ships approached Cao Cao's fleet, they were set aflame to assault Cao's fleet, and Cao's fleet was largely destroyed by fire. Cao Cao led his forces to escape on land, but much of the force was destroyed by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's land forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uneasy_alliance_with_Liu_Bei">Uneasy alliance with Liu Bei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uneasy alliance with Liu Bei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangling_(208)" title="Battle of Jiangling (208)">Battle of Jiangling (208)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Liu_territorial_dispute" title="Sun–Liu territorial dispute">Sun–Liu territorial dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Quan_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sun_Quan_statue.jpg/250px-Sun_Quan_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sun_Quan_statue.jpg/375px-Sun_Quan_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sun_Quan_statue.jpg/500px-Sun_Quan_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sun Quan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after Cao Cao withdrew, Sun Quan took over the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing Province</a>. Liu Bei marched south and took over the southern half. The Sun-Liu alliance was further cemented by a marriage of Sun Quan's younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Sun" title="Lady Sun">Lady Sun</a>, to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu was suspicious of Liu Bei's intentions, however, and suggested to Sun Quan that Liu be seized and put under house arrest (albeit be very well-treated) and his forces be merged into Sun's; Sun Quan, believing that Liu Bei's forces would rebel if he did that, declined. Sun Quan did agree to Zhou Yu's plans to consider attacking <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhang_(warlord)" title="Liu Zhang (warlord)">Liu Zhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)">Zhang Lu</a> (who controlled the modern southern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) to try to take over their territories, but after Zhou Yu died in 210, the plans were abandoned. However, Sun Quan was able to persuade the warlords in <a href="/wiki/Jiao_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiao Province">Jiao Province</a> to submit to him, and they became part of his domain. He then yielded parts of northern Jing Province to Liu Bei as well, agreeing with Liu that the south was insufficient to supply his troops. At the same time, Sun Quan appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刺史</span></span>) of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship. Sun Quan took over the entire Jiao Province. </p><p>In 211, Sun Quan moves his headquarters from Dantu to the city of Moling, and in the next year he rebuilt the walls and renamed the city <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jianye</a>. This new location gave him better control of the Yangtze River and better communications with his various other commanders. He also constructed fortresses at Ruxu, since <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Meng" title="Lü Meng">Lü Meng</a> anticipated an invasion there from Cao Cao. </p><p>The invasion Lü Meng expected came at the start of 213. Sun Quan personally led the army there to resist Cao Cao and relied heavily on the fortresses Lü Meng built to give his soldiers strong positions from which to defend. At one point, Cao Cao tried to send his navy across the river to break Sun Quan's lines, but Sun Quan's own ships surrounded them and destroyed them. Due to the stalemate in the war, Sun Quan drove a big ship to enter the military camp of Cao Cao on the other side of Yangtze River to observe his enemy situation. Cao Cao was very impressed with the military discipline of his opponent so he said that he should have a child like Sun Quan and didn't launch an attack on this occasion. Sun Quan ordered people to play music on the ship and returned to his camp safely. Ultimately, Lü Meng's defences held and Sun Quan wrote a letter to Cao Cao to warn that the spring rains would come a month later, Cao Cao had to take his advice and pull back. </p><p>After Cao Cao's defeat at Ruxu, many people along the Yangtze River fled south to join Sun Quan. With the exception of Wan County and the immediate area, the region became abandoned. In 214, Cao Cao sent a man named Zhu Guang to Wan County with orders to revitalise the region and bring it under Cao Cao's control. Zhu Guang began extensive agricultural projects, and he also stirred up bandits and malcontents into rebellion in Sun Quan's territory. Lü Meng feared that if Zhu Guang's programmes were successful, it would make Cao Cao's hold in the area unbreakable and urged for a campaign against Huan. Sun Quan followed Lü Meng's strategy and used the seasonal flooding to travel to the city by boat, which allowed them to attack unexpectedly. Rather than a lengthy siege, Lü Meng, <a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ling_Tong" title="Ling Tong">Ling Tong</a> led a quick strike and broke Zhu Guang's defences, capturing the city. </p><p>After Liu Bei's conquest of <a href="/wiki/Yi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Province">Yi Province</a>, he was able to supply his troops on his own, so Sun Quan sent <a href="/wiki/Lu_Su" title="Lu Su">Lu Su</a> as an emissary to demand for the return of Jing Province, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Meng" title="Lü Meng">Lü Meng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ling_Tong" title="Ling Tong">Ling Tong</a> to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Lingling</a> commanderies. Meantime, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Su" title="Lu Su">Lu Su</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a> advanced to Yiyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">益陽</span></span>) with 10,000 men (to block <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a>) and took over command of the army at Lukou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陸口</span></span>). Liu Bei personally went to <a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_County" title="Gong'an County">Gong'an County</a> and Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang. When an all-out war was about to break out, the news that Cao Cao planned to attack <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangping" title="Battle of Yangping">Hanzhong</a> was received by Liu Bei, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiaoyao_Ford" title="Battle of Xiaoyao Ford">attacking Hefei</a>; in return, Liu Bei ceded <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a> commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>. Sun Quan's attack on Hefei was disastrous - he was nearly captured on one occasion, if not saved by Ling Tong. </p><p>In 217, Cao Cao brought a massive army to attack Ruxu again. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 men to defend the city, though he left actual command of the battle to Lü Meng. It was a furious campaign, and after several weeks of gruelling battle, Lü Meng's defences held and the spring floods forced Cao Cao to retreat once again. </p><p>Still, this was not a complete victory. Most of Cao Cao's army was still intact and he had a huge force under Xiahou Dun north of Sun Quan's position. This resulted in a stalemate in which as long as Sun Quan kept his army in Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could not hope to invade him; but as soon as Sun Quan pulled out of Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could break through. Also, Xiahou Dun's force was simply too large and too well-entrenched to be driven away. Sun Quan had no military options, so he settled on a diplomatic solution. In 217, Sun Quan allied with Cao Cao, recognising him as the legitimate representative of the Han central government. While officially this was a surrender, Cao Cao knew that Sun Quan would not be content with being treated like a subject, so he confirmed all of the titles Sun Quan had claimed for himself and formalised his control over the lands he held. Sun Quan was permitted to continue to rule independently but was now officially one of Cao Cao's subordinates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breaking_of_alliance_with_Liu_Bei">Breaking of alliance with Liu Bei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breaking of alliance with Liu Bei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 219, <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> advanced north, attacking <a href="/wiki/Fancheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancheng District">Fancheng</a>, scoring a major victory over <a href="/wiki/Cao_Ren" title="Cao Ren">Cao Ren</a>. While Fancheng did not fall at this time, Guan Yu put it under siege, and the situation was severe enough that Cao Cao considered moving the capital away from Xu. However, Sun Quan, resentful of Guan Yu's prior constant instigation of hostilities (including seizing Sun's food supplies to use for his campaign north), took the opportunity to attack Guan from the rear, and Guan's forces collapsed. Guan Yu was captured by forces under Lü Meng and <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qin" title="Jiang Qin">Jiang Qin</a>; Guan Yu was executed, <a href="/wiki/Jing_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing Province">Jing Province</a> came under Sun's control, and the Sun-Liu alliance ended. </p><p>After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to yield the throne to him, ending the Han dynasty and establishing the state of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>. Sun Quan did not immediately submit to Wei or declare independence after Cao Pi's enthronement, but took a wait-and-see attitude; by contrast, in early 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor, establishing the state of <a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a>. Immediately, Liu Bei planned a campaign against Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu. After attempting to negotiate peace and receiving no positive response from Liu Bei, fearing attack on both sides, Sun Quan became a vassal of Wei. Cao Pi's strategist <a href="/wiki/Liu_Ye_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Liu Ye (Three Kingdoms)">Liu Ye</a> suggested that Cao Pi decline—and in fact attack Sun Quan on a second front, effectively partitioning Sun's domain with Shu, and then eventually seek to destroy Shu as well. Cao Pi declined, in a fateful choice that most historians believe doomed his empire to ruling only the northern and central China—and this chance would not come again. Indeed, against Liu Ye's advice, on 23 September 221 he appointed Sun Quan the King of Wu and granted him the <a href="/wiki/Nine_bestowments" title="Nine bestowments">nine bestowments</a>. </p><p>In 222, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiaoting" title="Battle of Xiaoting">Battle of Xiaoting</a>, Sun Quan's general <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)">Lu Xun</a> dealt Liu Bei a major defeat, stopping the Shu offensive. Shu would not again pose a threat to Sun Quan from that point on. Later that year, when Cao Pi demanded that Sun Quan send his <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng</a> to the Wei capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> as a hostage (to guarantee his loyalty), Sun Quan refused and declared independence (by changing <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">era name</a>), thus establishing Eastern Wu as an independent state. Cao Pi <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi%27s_invasions_of_Eastern_Wu" title="Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu">launched a major attack on Wu</a>, but after Wei defeats in early 223, it became clear that Wu was secure. After Liu Bei's death later that year, Zhuge Jin's brother <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a>, the regent for Liu Bei's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan" title="Liu Shan">Liu Shan</a>, reestablished the alliance with Sun Quan, and the two states would remain allies until Shu's eventual destruction in 263. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Quan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sun_Quan2.jpg/179px-Sun_Quan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sun_Quan2.jpg/269px-Sun_Quan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sun_Quan2.jpg/359px-Sun_Quan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sun Quan from <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai_Tuhui" title="Sancai Tuhui">Sancai Tuhui</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Early in Sun Quan's reign, the Wu administration was known for its efficiency, as Sun showed a knack for listening to correct advice and for delegating authorities to the proper individuals. For example, he correctly trusted the faithful <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)">Lu Xun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Jin" title="Zhuge Jin">Zhuge Jin</a>, so much so that he made a duplicate imperial seal and left it with Lu Xun; whenever he would correspond with Shu's emperor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan" title="Liu Shan">Liu Shan</a> or regent <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a>, he would deliver the letter to Lu Xun first (as Lu's post was near the Shu border), and then if, in Lu's opinion, changes were needed, he would revise the letter and then restamp it with Sun's imperial seal. Further, Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin were authorised to coordinate their actions with Shu without prior imperial approval. Sun Quan treated his high-level officials as friends and addressed them accordingly (with <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesy names">courtesy names</a>), and in accordance they dedicated all effort to Wu's preservation. He also knew what were the proper roles for officials that he trusted; for example, in 225, when selecting a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">chancellor</a>, while the key officials all respected <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Zhao</a> greatly and wanted him to be chancellor, Sun Quan declined, reasoning that while he respected Zhang greatly, a chancellor needed to handle all affairs of state, and Zhang, while capable, had such strong opinions that he would surely be in conflict with Sun Quan and other officials at all times. He also repeatedly promoted his official <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Fan" title="Lü Fan">Lü Fan</a> even though, while Sun Quan was young, Lü Fan had informed Sun Ce about his improper spending habits. Sun Quan understood that Lü did so only out of loyalty to Sun Ce. </p><p>In 224 and 225, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a> again made attacks on Wu, but each time the Wu forces were able to repel Wei's with fair ease—so easily that Cao Pi made the comment, "Heaven created the Yangtze to divide the north and south." However, Sun Quan was himself equally unsuccessful in efforts to make major attacks on Wei. After Cao Pi's death in 226, for example, Sun Quan launched an attack on Wei's <a href="/wiki/Jiangxia_Commandery" title="Jiangxia Commandery">Jiangxia Commandery</a>, but was forced to withdraw as soon as Wei reinforcements arrived. However, later that year, he was able to increase his effective control over <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou (province)">Jiao Province</a> when his general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dai" title="Lü Dai">Lü Dai</a> was able to defeat the warlord Shi Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">士徽</span></span>) and end the effective independence that the Shi clan had. In addition, the several independent kingdoms in modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> all became Wu vassals as well. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png/160px-%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png/240px-%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png/320px-%E9%87%8D%E5%88%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%85%BD%E9%95%9C.png 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>Mirror with Immortals and Mythical Beast. Cast in 229, the year Sun Quan declared himself emperor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i> records <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">the arrival in 226 of a merchant</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> (Chinese-controlled northern Vietnam).<sup id="cite_ref-young_2001_p_29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young_2001_p_29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prefect of Jiaozhou sent him to the court of Sun Quan in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-young_2001_p_29_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young_2001_p_29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Quan requested that he provide him with a report on his native country and its people.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expedition was mounted to return the merchant along with 10 female and 10 male "blackish coloured dwarfs" he had requested as a curiosity and a Chinese officer who, unfortunately, died en route.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The one major victory that Wu would have over Wei during this period came in 228, when, with Sun Quan's approval, his general <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Fang (Three Kingdoms)">Zhou Fang</a> pretended to be surrendering to Wei after pretending to have been punished repeatedly by Sun Quan. This tricked the Wei general <a href="/wiki/Cao_Xiu" title="Cao Xiu">Cao Xiu</a>, who led a large army south to support Zhou Fang. He walked into the trap set by Zhou Fang and Lu Xun and suffered major losses, but was saved from total annihilation by <a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(general)" title="Jia Kui (general)">Jia Kui</a>. </p><p>In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor, which almost damaged the alliance with Shu, as many Shu officials saw this as a sign of betrayal of the Han dynasty—to which Shu claimed to be the legitimate successor. However, Zhuge Liang opposed ending the alliance and in fact confirmed it with a formal treaty later that year, in which the two states pledged to support each other and divide Wei equally if they could conquer it. Later that year, Sun Quan moved his capital from <a href="/wiki/Ezhou#History" title="Ezhou">Wuchang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jianye</a>, leaving his crown prince Sun Deng, assisted by Lu Xun, in charge of the western parts of Eastern Wu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_reign">Middle reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg/440px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Sun_Quan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>As depicted in the album <i> Portraits of Famous Men</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900, housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>In 230, however, the first sign of the deterioration of Sun Quan's reign occurred. That year, he sent his generals Wei Wen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衛溫</span></span>) and Zhuge Zhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">諸葛直</span></span>) with a navy of 10,000 into the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> to seek the legendary islands of <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_(island)" title="Yizhou (island)">Yizhou</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夷洲</span></span>) and Danzhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">亶洲</span></span>), to seek to conquer them, despite strenuous opposition of Lu Xun and <a href="/wiki/Quan_Cong" title="Quan Cong">Quan Cong</a>. The navy was not able to locate Danzhou but located Yizhou, and returned in 231 after capturing several thousand men—but only after 80–90% of the navy had died from illness. Instead of seeing his own fault in this venture, Sun Quan simply executed Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi. Perhaps concerned about this deterioration in Sun Quan's judgment, Sun Deng left the western empire in Lu Xun's hands in 232 and returned to Jianye, and would remain at Jianye until his own death in 241. </p><p>In 232, Sun Quan had another misadventure involving his navy—as he sent his generals Zhou He (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周賀</span></span>) and Pei Qian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裴濳</span></span>) to the nominal Wei vassal <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Yuan" title="Gongsun Yuan">Gongsun Yuan</a>, in control of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Commandery" title="Liaodong Commandery">Liaodong Commandery</a>, to purchase horses, against the advice of <a href="/wiki/Yu_Fan" title="Yu Fan">Yu Fan</a>—and indeed, he exiled Yu Fan to the desolate <a href="/wiki/Cangwu_Commandery" title="Cangwu Commandery">Cangwu Commandery</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>) as punishment. Just as Yu Fan predicted, however, the venture would end in failure—as Zhou He and Pei Qian, on their way back, were intercepted by Wei forces and killed. Regretting his actions, Sun Quan tried to recall Yu Fan back to Jianye, only to learn that Yu had died in exile. </p><p>The next year, however, Sun Quan would have yet another misadventure in his dealings with Gongsun Yuan, as Gongsun sent messengers to him, offering to be his subject. Sun Quan was ecstatic, and appointed Gongsun Yuan the Prince of Yan and granted him the <a href="/wiki/Nine_bestowments" title="Nine bestowments">nine bestowments</a>, and further sent a detachment of 10,000 men by sea north to assist Gongsun Yuan in his campaign against Wei, against the advice of nearly every single one of his high-level officials, particularly Zhang Zhao. Once the army arrived, however, Gongsun Yuan betrayed them, killing Sun Quan's officials Zhang Mi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張彌</span></span>) and Xu Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">許晏</span></span>), whom Sun had sent to grant the bestowments and seized their troops. Once that happened, the enraged Sun Quan wanted to personally head north with a fleet to attack Gongsun Yuan, and initially, not even Lu Xun's opposition was able to stop him, although he eventually calmed down and did not follow through. To his credit, he also personally went to Zhang Zhao's house and apologised to him. Further, despite the deterioration in his previous clear thinking, he was still capable of making proper decisions at times. For example, in 235, when, as a sign of contempt, Wei's emperor <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Cao Rui</a> offered horses to him in exchange for pearls, jade, and tortoise shells, Sun Quan ignored the implicit insult and made the exchange, reasoning that his empire needed horses much more than pearls, jade or tortoise shells. </p><p>In 234, in coordination with Zhuge Liang's final <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions">northern expedition</a> against Wei, Sun Quan personally led a major attack against Wei's border city <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, while having Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin attack <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangyang District, Xiangfan">Xiangyang</a>, with the strategy of trying to attract Wei relief forces and then attacking them. However, Wei generals correctly saw the situation and simply let Sun Quan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hefei_(234)" title="Battle of Hefei (234)">siege Hefei</a>. Only after Sun Quan's food supplies ran low did <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Cao Rui</a> personally arrive with reinforcements, and Sun withdrew, as did Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin. </p><p>In 238, when Gongsun Yuan was <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi%27s_Liaodong_campaign" title="Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign">under attack</a> by Wei's general <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi" title="Sima Yi">Sima Yi</a>, Sun Quan, despite his prior rage against Gongsun, correctly judged the situation as one where he might be able to take advantage if Sima Yi were initially unsuccessful, so he did not immediately refuse Gongsun's request for help. However, as Sima Yi was able to conquer Gongsun Yuan quickly, Sun Quan never launched the major attack that he considered if Sima got stuck in a stalemate with Gongsun. That year, he also recognised how <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Yi_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lü Yi (Eastern Wu)">Lü Yi</a>, the supervisor of the audit bureau, had been abusing his powers, and had Lü Yi executed; he then further confirmed his trust in the high-level officials by personally writing an emotional letter to Zhuge Jin, <a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi" title="Bu Zhi">Bu Zhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ran" title="Zhu Ran">Zhu Ran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dai" title="Lü Dai">Lü Dai</a>, blaming himself for the recent problems with his administration while urging them to speak out honestly whenever they saw faults in him. </p><p>In 241, Sun Quan would launch the last major assault against Wei of his reign, in light of Cao Rui's death in 239, but he rejected a strategy offered by Yin Zha (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷札</span></span>) to attack Wei in coordinated effort with Shu on four different fronts, and the campaign ended in failure as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_reign">Late reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in 241, the crown prince <a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng</a> died—an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Sun_He_(Zixiao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun He (Zixiao)">Sun He</a>, born to Consort Wang, <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. However, he also favoured another son by Consort Wang, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ba" title="Sun Ba">Sun Ba</a>, and permitted Sun Ba to have the same staffing level as the crown prince—a move that a number of officials objected to as encouraging Sun Ba to compete with Sun He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Sun He and Sun Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship deteriorated further, and Sun Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Sun He. Fanned by gossip from his daughter <a href="/wiki/Sun_Luban" title="Sun Luban">Sun Luban</a>, Sun Quan blamed Sun He's mother Consort Wang for this—and she died in fear. He also cut off Sun He and Sun Ba's access to the officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favours, but this could not stop Sun Ba's machinations. Indeed, when <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)">Lu Xun</a> tried to intervene to protect Sun He, Sun Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu Xun, causing him to die in frustration. </p><p>In 250, fed up with Sun Ba's constant attacks against Sun He, Sun Quan carried out an inexplicable combination of actions. He forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, while deposing Sun He (who had not been shown to have committed any crimes), and instead creating his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a>, crown prince to replace Sun He. This move was opposed by his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ju" title="Zhu Ju">Zhu Ju</a> (the husband of Sun Quan's daughter <a href="/wiki/Sun_Luyu" title="Sun Luyu">Sun Luyu</a>), but Zhu Ju's pleas not only did not help Sun He, but also resulted in his own death, as Sun Quan forced him to commit suicide. Many other officials who also opposed the move, as well as officials who had supported Sun Ba, were executed. </p><p>Around this time, Sun Quan also had his generals destroy a number of levees near the border with Wei, creating large areas of flooding, in order to obstruct potential attacks from Wei. </p><p>In 251, Sun Quan created the first empress of his reign—Sun Liang's mother <a href="/wiki/Empress_Pan_(Da)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Pan (Da)">Consort Pan</a> (previously, he had a succession of wives, but never made any of them empress, except for his favourite, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Bu">Lady Bu</a>, who was created empress posthumously after her death in 238). Later that year, however, he realised that Sun He was blameless and wanted to recall him from his exile, but was persuaded not to do so by his daughter Sun Luban and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Jun_(Three_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Jun (Three Kingdoms)">Sun Jun</a>, who had supported Sun Liang's ascension. He realised that he was getting very old (69 by this point) and, at Sun Jun's recommendation, commissioned Zhuge Jin's son <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Ke" title="Zhuge Ke">Zhuge Ke</a> as the future regent for Sun Liang, even though he correctly had misgivings about how Zhuge Ke was arrogant and had overly high opinions of his own abilities. At that time virtually the entire empire, awed by Zhuge's prior military victories, was convinced that Zhuge would be the correct choice for regent. </p><p>In 252, as Sun Quan neared death, Empress Pan was murdered, but how she was murdered remains a controversy. Wu officials claimed that her servants, unable to stand her temper, strangled her while she was asleep, while a number of historians, including <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sanxing" title="Hu Sanxing">Hu Sanxing</a>, the commentator to <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, believed that top Wu officials were complicit, as they feared that she would seize power as <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a> after Sun Quan's death. On 252,<sup id="cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Quan died at the age of 70 (by <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">East Asian age reckoning</a>), and Sun Liang succeeded him. Sun Quan was buried in August or September 252<sup id="cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a mausoleum at the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(Nanjing)" title="Purple Mountain (Nanjing)">Purple Mountain</a> in Jianye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faith_and_spirituality">Faith and spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Faith and spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sun Quan initially believed in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and communicated frequently with Taoist priests such as <a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a>, Yao Guang, and Jie Xiang. However, in 247, when <a href="/wiki/Kang_Senghui" title="Kang Senghui">Kang Senghui</a>, a Buddhist monk from <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> (modern-day northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), arrived in the state of Wu, Sun Quan had a conversation with him and ultimately chose to convert to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. With the support of Sun Quan, the Buddhist temple named <i>Jianchusi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">建初寺</span></span>) was established in the Jiangnan region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong2007192_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2007192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu_family_trees" title="Eastern Wu family trees">Eastern Wu family trees</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts_and_issue">Consorts and issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consorts and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Pan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Pan">Empress Pan</a>, of the Pan clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潘氏</span></span>, d. 252), personal name Shu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">淑</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a>, Prince of Kuaiji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">會稽王孫亮</span></span>, 245–260), seventh son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Lianshi" title="Bu Lianshi">Empress Bu</a>, of the Bu clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">步氏</span></span>), personal name Lianshi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">練師</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luban" title="Sun Luban">Princess Quan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">全公主</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">全主</span></span>, 229–258), personal name Luban (魯班), first daughter <ul><li>Married Zhou Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周循</span></span>), a son of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yu" title="Zhou Yu">Zhou Yu</a></li> <li>Married Quan Cong, Marquis of Qiantang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢塘侯</span></span>), in 229, a son of Quan Rou and had issue (two sons)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luyu" title="Sun Luyu">Princess Zhu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱公主</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱主</span></span>), personal name Luyu (魯育), third daughter <ul><li>Married Zhu Ju, Marquis of Yunyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱據雲陽侯</span></span>) in 229</li> <li>Married Liu Zuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劉纂</span></span>) in 250 and had issues (a <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhu_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Empress Zhu (Eastern Wu)">daughter</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dayi" title="Empress Dayi">Empress Dayi</a>, of the Wang clan (大懿皇后王氏) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_He" title="Sun He">Sun He</a>, Prince of Nanyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南陽王</span></span> 孫和, 224–253), third son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jinghuai" title="Empress Jinghuai">Empress Jianghui</a>, of the Wang clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敬懷皇后</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王氏</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiu" title="Sun Xiu">Sun Xiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jing of Wu">Emperor Jing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吳景帝</span></span> 孫休, 235–264), sixth son</li></ul></li> <li>Consort Zhong, of the Zhong clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仲姬</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仲氏</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fen" title="Sun Fen">Sun Fen</a>, Prince of Qi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齊王</span></span> 孫奮, d. 270), fifth son</li></ul></li> <li>Consort Xie, of the Xie clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">谢姬</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">谢氏</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ba" title="Sun Ba">Sun Ba</a>, Prince of Lu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魯王</span></span>; d. 250), fourth son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xie" title="Lady Xie"><i>Furen Xie</i></a>, of the Xie clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">謝夫人</span></span> 谢氏)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xu_(wife_of_Sun_Quan)" title="Lady Xu (wife of Sun Quan)"><i>Furen Xu</i></a>, of the Xu clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐夫人</span></span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐氏</span></span>)</li> <li><i>Furen</i>, of the Yuan clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁夫人</span></span> 袁氏)</li> <li><i>Furen</i>, of the Zhao clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙夫人</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙氏</span></span>)</li> <li>Unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng</a>, Crown Prince Xuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宣太子</span></span> 孫登, 209–241), first son</li> <li>Second Princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_L%C3%BC" title="Sun Lü">Sun Lü</a>, Marquis of Jianchang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">建昌侯</span></span> 孫慮, 213–232), second son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Era_names">Era names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Era names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Huangwu</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">黄武</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">黃武</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huángwǔ</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-wu</span></i>) 222–229</li> <li><i>Huanglong</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">黄龙</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">黃龍</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huánglóng</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Huang-lung</span></i>) 229–231</li> <li><i>Jiahe</i> (<span lang="zh">嘉禾</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiāhé</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chia-ho</span></i>) 232–238</li> <li><i>Chiwu</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">赤乌</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">赤烏</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chìwū</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chih-wu</span></i>) 238–251</li> <li><i>Taiyuan</i> (<span lang="zh">太元</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Taìyuán</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tai-yuan</span></i>) 251–252</li> <li><i>Shenfeng</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">神凤</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">神鳳</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shénfèng</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Shen-feng</span></i>) 252</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a song named after Sun Quan in <a href="/wiki/Luo_Tianyi" title="Luo Tianyi">Luo Tianyi</a>'s <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">權御天下</span></span> (Sun Quan The Emperor) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sun Quan appears as a playable character in <a href="/wiki/Koei" title="Koei">Koei</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors" title="Dynasty Warriors">Dynasty Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Warriors_Orochi" title="Warriors Orochi">Warriors Orochi</a></i> video game series. </p><p>Sun Quan also appears in the mobile video game <i><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_%26_Dragons" title="Puzzle & Dragons">Puzzle & Dragons</a></i> as part of the <i>Three Kingdoms Gods</i> series. </p><p>Sun Quan is also a playable character in <i><a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Three_Kingdoms" title="Total War: Three Kingdoms">Total War: Three Kingdoms</a></i> as part of the Sun family faction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Card_games">Card games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Card games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the collectible card game <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i> there is a card named "Sun Quan, Lord of Wu", in the <i><a href="/wiki/Portal_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal Three Kingdoms">Portal Three Kingdoms</a></i> set. </p><p>In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game <i><a href="/wiki/San_Guo_Sha" class="mw-redirect" title="San Guo Sha">San Guo Sha</a></i>, there is also a Sun Quan hero that players can select at the beginning of the game. </p><p>In the collectible card game <i><a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!" title="Yu-Gi-Oh!">Yu-Gi-Oh!</a></i> there is a card based on Sun Quan named “Ancient Warriors- Masterful Sun Mou.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bo_(actor)" title="Zhang Bo (actor)">Zhang Bo</a>, in the 2010 Chinese television series <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Wei" title="Zheng Wei">Zheng Wei</a> as a child, in the 2010 Chinese television series <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></i>. </p><p>Taiwanese actor <a href="/wiki/Chang_Chen" title="Chang Chen">Chang Chen</a> portrayed Sun Quan in <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>'s 2008 two-part epic war film <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_(film)" title="Red Cliff (film)">Red Cliff</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Haifeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deng Haifeng (page does not exist)">Deng Haifeng</a>, in the 2017 Chinese television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advisors_Alliance" title="The Advisors Alliance">The Advisors Alliance</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms">Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List of Chinese monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until November 222 as a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth_and_death_dates-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_and_death_dates_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Jiankang Shilu</i> recorded that Sun Quan died on the <i>yiwei</i> day of the 4th month of the 2nd year of the Taiyuan era of his reign; this corresponds to 21 May 252 on the Julian calendar. The <i>Shilu</i> also recorded that he was buried in the 7th month of the same year. He became King of Wu when he was 40 and ruled for 7 years, became Emperor of Wu when he was 47 and ruled for 24 years, and died when he was 70. (His ages are in terms of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">East Asian age reckoning</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death date corresponds to 252, while the 7th month of the 2nd year of Taiyuan corresponds to 22 August to 20 September 252 in the Gregorian calendar. As he was 69 when he died in 252, by calculation his year of birth was 182. However, his biography in <i>Sanguozhi</i> indicated that he was 71 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died in the 4th month of the 2nd year of the Taiyuan era.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">[太元二年]夏四月乙未，帝崩於內殿， ... 秋七月，葬蔣陵， ... 案，帝四十即吳王位，七年；四十七即帝位，二十四年，年七十崩。</span></span>) <i>Jiankang Shilu</i> vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007772-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007772_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Crespigny2007">de Crespigny (2007)</a>, p. 772.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(权生，方颐大口，目有精光...) <i>Jiang Biao Zhuan</i> annotation in <i>Sanguozhi</i>, vol 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young_2001_p_29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-young_2001_p_29_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-young_2001_p_29_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary K. Young (2001), <i>Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3">0-415-24219-3</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halsall_2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Halsall2000" class="citation web cs1">Paul Halsall (2000) [1998]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."</a> <i>Fordham.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fordham.edu&rft.atitle=East+Asian+History+Sourcebook%3A+Chinese+Accounts+of+Rome%2C+Byzantium+and+the+Middle+East%2C+c.+91+B.C.E.+%E2%80%93+1643+C.E.&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Paul+Halsall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Feastasia%2Fromchin1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Quan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2007192-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong2007192_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong2007">Strong 2007</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a> (3rd century). <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<i>Sanguozhi</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">de Crespigny, Rafe</a> (2004) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210632/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_index.html"><i>Generals of the South</i></a> (internet ed.). Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_index.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+of+the+South&rft.edition=internet&rft.pub=Rafe+de+Crespigny+Publications%2C+Australian+National+University+Faculty+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fasianstudies%2Fdecrespigny%2Fgos_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Quan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">de Crespigny, Rafe</a> (2007). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004156050" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004156050"><bdi>978-9004156050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+23%E2%80%93220+AD&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004156050&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Quan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a> (14th century). <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<i>Sanguo Yanyi</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" title="Pei Songzhi">Pei Songzhi</a> (5th century). <i><a href="/wiki/Annotated_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<i>Sanguozhi zhu</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> (1084). <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>.</li> <li>Xu Song (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th century). <i>Jiankang Shilu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">建康實錄</span></span>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC"><i>Relics of the Buddha</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11764-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11764-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KLAxmR8PZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+Quan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%9D%83" class="extiw" title="commons:孙权"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">孙权</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Da of Eastern Wu</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">House of Sun</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 182</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 252</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Marquis of <a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wu" title="King of Wu">King of Wu</a> </b><br />222–229 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Emperor of Eastern Wu</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wu" title="King of Wu">King of Wu</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Emperor of Eastern Wu</a> </b><br />229–252 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Chinese nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Marquis of Nanchang </b><br />219–222 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wu" title="King of Wu">King of Wu</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Emperor Xian of Han</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a 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Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_people_of_Eastern_Wu163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_Eastern_Wu" title="Template:People of Eastern Wu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_Eastern_Wu" title="Template talk:People of Eastern Wu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_Eastern_Wu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of Eastern Wu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_people_of_Eastern_Wu163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent people of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sun Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiu" title="Sun Xiu">Sun Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hao" title="Sun Hao">Sun Hao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empresses and noblewomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xie" title="Lady Xie">Lady Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xu_(wife_of_Sun_Quan)" title="Lady Xu (wife of Sun Quan)">Lady Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Shu" title="Pan Shu">Pan Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Lianshi" title="Bu Lianshi">Bu Lianshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dayi" title="Empress Dayi">Empress Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jinghuai" title="Empress Jinghuai">Empress Jinghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_Huijie" title="Quan Huijie">Quan Huijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhu_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Empress Zhu (Eastern Wu)">Empress Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_He_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Empress Dowager He (Eastern Wu)">Empress Dowager He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Fanglan" title="Teng Fanglan">Teng Fanglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Zhang_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lady Zhang (Eastern Wu)">Lady Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Zhou_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lady Zhou (Eastern Wu)">Lady Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princes, princesses and royal figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_L%C3%BC" title="Sun Lü">Sun Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_He_(Zixiao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun He (Zixiao)">Sun He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ba" title="Sun Ba">Sun Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fen" title="Sun Fen">Sun Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luban" title="Sun Luban">Sun Luban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Luyu" title="Sun Luyu">Sun Luyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Huan_(Shuwu)" title="Sun Huan (Shuwu)">Sun Huan (Shuwu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Shao_(general)" title="Sun Shao (general)">Sun Shao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chancellors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Shao_(Changxu)" title="Sun Shao (Changxu)">Sun Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yong" title="Gu Yong">Gu Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lu Xun (Eastern Wu)">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi" title="Bu Zhi">Bu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ju" title="Zhu Ju">Zhu Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jun_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Jun (Eastern Wu)">Sun Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Chen" title="Sun Chen">Sun Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang_Xing" title="Puyang Xing">Puyang Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Kai" title="Lu Kai">Lu Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Yu" title="Wan Yu">Wan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ti" title="Zhang Ti">Zhang Ti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Kuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cai Kuan (page does not exist)">Cai Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Hun" title="Cen Hun">Cen Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Bing" title="Cheng Bing">Cheng Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Gu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Gu (page does not exist)">Ding Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feng_Xi_(Zirou)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feng Xi (Zirou) (page does not exist)">Feng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Cheng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Gu Cheng (Eastern Wu)">Gu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Tan" title="Gu Tan">Gu Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Ti" title="Gu Ti">Gu Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Shao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Shao (page does not exist)">He Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhi" title="He Zhi">He Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zong" title="Hu Zong">Hu Zong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_He" title="Hua He">Hua He</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Xiang_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Xiang (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Huang Xiang </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yan_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Ji Yan (Eastern Wu)">Ji Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Zhi_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Zhi (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Ji Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_Ze" title="Kan Ze">Kan Ze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Heng_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Heng (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Li Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Su_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Su (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Li Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Dun" title="Liu Dun">Liu Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Liu Ji (Eastern Wu)">Liu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Xuan" title="Lou Xuan">Lou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Mao" title="Lu Mao">Lu Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Yi_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lü Yi (Eastern Wu)">Lü Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Zong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meng Zong (page does not exist)">Meng Zong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Jun" title="Pan Jun">Pan Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Zhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan Zhu (page does not exist)">Pan Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quan_Shang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quan Shang (page does not exist)">Quan Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Si_Dun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Si Dun (page does not exist)">Si Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Heng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Heng (page does not exist)">Shen Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Wei_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Wei (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Shi Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Xie" title="Shi Xie">Shi Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Shi Yi (Eastern Wu)">Shi Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Hong (page does not exist)">Sun Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Gu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Gu (page does not exist)">Tang Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fan" title="Wang Fan">Wang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Wei Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Wei Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Can" title="Wu Can">Wu Can</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Fan_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Fan (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Wu Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Jing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Jing (page does not exist)">Wei Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Teng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Teng (page does not exist)">Wei Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Ci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Ci (page does not exist)">Xie Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Jing_(Shufa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Jing (Shufa) (page does not exist)">Xie Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Zong" title="Xue Zong">Xue Zong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jun" title="Yan Jun">Yan Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Li_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Yin Li (Eastern Wu)">Yin Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Fan" title="Yu Fan">Yu Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Si" title="Yu Si">Yu Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhong_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Yu Zhong (Eastern Wu)">Yu Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Ye_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Ye (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Yuan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Dun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Dun (page does not exist)">Zhang Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wen_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Wen (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Yan_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Yan (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Zhang Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhao_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Zhao (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Da (page does not exist)">Zhao Da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Zi_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Zi (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Zhao Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Quan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheng Quan (page does not exist)">Zheng Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhi_Chong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhi Chong (page does not exist)">Zhi Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Zhao (page does not exist)">Zhou Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Biao" title="Chen Biao">Chen Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Chi_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Chi (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Chen Chi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Pu" title="Cheng Pu">Cheng Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Feng_(general)" title="Ding Feng (general)">Ding Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Shen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Shen (page does not exist)">Fan Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Yu_(Jize)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Yu (Jize) (page does not exist)">Gu Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Ma" title="Guo Ma">Guo Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dang" title="Han Dang">Han Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hao_Pu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hao Pu (page does not exist)">Hao Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Qi" title="He Qi">He Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hua_Rong_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hua Rong (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Hua Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Yu_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Yu (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Liang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Tong" title="Ling Tong">Ling Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lue" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Lue">Liu Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zan" title="Liu Zan">Liu Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jing" title="Lu Jing">Lu Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Kang_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lu Kang (Eastern Wu)">Lu Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yin_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lu Yin (Eastern Wu)">Lu Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dai" title="Lü Dai">Lü Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Ju" title="Lü Ju">Lü Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Fan" title="Lü Fan">Lü Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Tong" title="Luo Tong">Luo Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Fang" title="Mi Fang">Mi Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nie_You&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nie You (page does not exist)">Nie You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Zhang" title="Pan Zhang">Pan Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_Cong" title="Quan Cong">Quan Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shao_Chou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shao Chou (page does not exist)">Shao Chou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Ji_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Shi Ji (Eastern Wu)">Shi Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Qian_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Song Qian (Eastern Wu)">Song Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zi" title="Tang Zi">Tang Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Huang_(Jin_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tao Huang (Jin dynasty)">Tao Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tao_Jun_(Eastern_Wu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tao Jun (Eastern Wu) (page does not exist)">Tao Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Xiu" title="Teng Xiu">Teng Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Yin" title="Teng Yin">Teng Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Qin" title="Wen Qin">Wen Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Yang_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Wen Yang (Three Kingdoms)">Wen Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yan_(Shize)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Yan (Shize)">Wu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Yuan (page does not exist)">Xie Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Biao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Biao (page does not exist)">Xu Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ling" title="Xu Ling">Xu Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Sheng" title="Xu Sheng">Xu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Xu" title="Xue Xu">Xue Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiang" title="Xu Xiang">Xu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Ying" title="Xue Ying">Xue Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_You&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin You (page does not exist)">Yin You</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Kan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Kan (page does not exist)">Yuan Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bu_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Bu (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Cheng_(Eastern_Wu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Cheng (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fen (page does not exist)">Zhang Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiu_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhang Xiu (Eastern Wu)">Zhang Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongli_Mu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongli Mu (page does not exist)">Zhongli Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Chu" title="Zhou Chu">Zhou Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhou Fang (Eastern Wu)">Zhou Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tai" title="Zhou Tai">Zhou Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Cai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Cai (page does not exist)">Zhu Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Huan" title="Zhu Huan">Zhu Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ran" title="Zhu Ran">Zhu Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yi_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Zhu Yi (Eastern Wu)">Zhu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhi" title="Zhu Zhi">Zhu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Jin" title="Zhuge Jin">Zhuge Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Jing" title="Zhuge Jing">Zhuge Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Ke" title="Zhuge Ke">Zhuge Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Rong" title="Zhuge Rong">Zhuge Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Sun_(Sun_Jian%27s_sister)" title="Lady Sun (Sun Jian's sister)">Lady Sun (Sun Jian's sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hanhua" title="Sun Hanhua">Sun Hanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Zhao_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Lady Zhao (Three Kingdoms)">Lady Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Sun_(Yu_clan)" title="Lady Sun (Yu clan)">Lady Sun (Yu clan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yusheng" title="Lu Yusheng">Lu Yusheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xu_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lady Xu (Eastern Wu)">Lady Xu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Buxing" title="Cao Buxing">Cao Buxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhuo" title="Chen Zhuo">Chen Zhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Tai" title="Kang Tai">Kang Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ji_(Shiheng)" title="Lu Ji (Shiheng)">Lu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Bing_(Zhongjie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Bing (Zhongjie) (page does not exist)">Zhang Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Chang_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Chang (Three Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Zhang Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Qian" title="Zhi Qian">Zhi Qian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000006366282X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/58099796">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/181012/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4jJqhY7rdYW3JW8b8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86088091">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00666737">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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