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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Urbanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sokoto (city)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_stad" title="Sokoto stad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sokoto stad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="صكتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صكتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="سوکوتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوکوتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Сакота (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сакота (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(ciutat)" title="Sokoto (ciutat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sokoto (ciutat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Sokoto (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sokoto (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(Nigeria)" title="Sokoto (Nigeria) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sokoto (Nigeria)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(urbo)" title="Sokoto (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sokoto (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="سوکوتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوکوتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(ville)" title="Sokoto (ville) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sokoto (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A0" title="소코토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소코토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(birni)" title="Sokoto (birni) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sokoto (birni)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Սոկոտո (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոկոտո (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="სოკოტო (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოტო (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(Nigeria)" title="Sokoto (Nigeria) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sokoto (Nigeria)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokotas" title="Sokotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sokotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Сокото – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сокото" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(stad)" title="Sokoto (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sokoto (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88" title="ソコト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソコト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(miasto)" title="Sokoto (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sokoto (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socoto_(cidade)" title="Socoto (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Socoto (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Сокото (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сокото (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Сокото (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сокото (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sokoto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3k%C3%B3t%C3%B3" title="Sókótó – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sókótó" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A7%91%E6%89%98" title="索科托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索科托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokoto_(city)&params=13_03_44_N_5_14_02_E_region:NG_type:city(427760)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°03′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°14′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.06222°N 5.23389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.06222; 5.23389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Sokoto State, Nigeria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Sokoto State, Nigeria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sokoto</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultan's Place"><img alt="Sultan's Place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg/330px-Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg/500px-Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg/560px-Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Sultan's Place</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokoto is located in Nigeria"><img alt="Sokoto is located in Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nigeria_location_map.svg/250px-Nigeria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nigeria_location_map.svg/375px-Nigeria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nigeria_location_map.svg/500px-Nigeria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="734" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.378%;left:24.876%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sokoto"><img alt="Sokoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Sokoto</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Nigeria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokoto_(city)&params=13_03_44_N_5_14_02_E_region:NG_type:city(427760)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°03′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°14′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.06222°N 5.23389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.06222; 5.23389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/38px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/50px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto State</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Sultan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sa%27adu_Abubakar" title="Sa'adu Abubakar">Sa'adu Abubakar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Aliyu_Sokoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Aliyu Sokoto (page does not exist)">Ahmad Aliyu Sokoto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2006 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">427,760</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, 2015 int. Dollar)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$3,3 billion<sup id="cite_ref-TelluBase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$4,600</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">BSh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokotorivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/250px-Sokotorivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/330px-Sokotorivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/500px-Sokotorivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Sokoto river basin, showing location of the city</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sokoto</b> is a major city located in extreme north-western <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_River" title="Sokoto River">Sokoto River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rima_River" title="Rima River">Rima River</a>. As of 2006, it had a population of over 427,760. Sokoto is the modern-day capital of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto State</a> and was previously the capital of the north-western states. Modern Sokoto is known for trading sheepskins, cattle hides, leather crafts (a significant export), kola nuts and goatskins.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historic seat of the former <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>, the city is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">predominantly Muslim</a> and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sokoto" title="List of sultans of Sokoto">Sultan</a> who heads the caliphate is effectively the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sokoto_(city)" title="Special:EditPage/Sokoto (city)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The name Sokoto (which is the modern/anglicised version of the local name, <i>Sakkwato</i>) is of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> origin, representing <i>sooq</i>, 'market' in English. It is also known as <i>Sakkwato, Birnin <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Shaihu</a> da <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Bello</a></i> or "Sokoto, City of <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Shaihu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Bello</a>" (Shaihu referring to Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, and Bello his son/successor, Sultan Muhammad Bello). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sokoto_(city)" title="Special:EditPage/Sokoto (city)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sokoto%22+city">"Sokoto" city</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sokoto%22+city+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sokoto%22+city&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sokoto%22+city+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sokoto%22+city">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sokoto%22+city&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sokoto has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BSh</i>). It is located in the dry <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, surrounded by sandy <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> and isolated hills. </p><p>With an annual average temperature of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), Sokoto is one of the hottest cities in Nigeria. However the maximum daytime temperatures are generally under 40 °C (104.0 °F) most of the year, and the dryness makes the heat bearable.<sup id="cite_ref-sokoto-description_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokoto-description-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warmest months are February to April, where daytime temperatures can exceed 40 °C. The highest recorded temperature is 45 °C. The rainy season is from June to October, during which showers are a daily occurrence. The showers rarely last long and are a far cry from the regular torrential showers known in many tropical regions. From late October to February, during the 'cold season', the climate is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a> wind blowing Sahara dust over the land. The dust dims the sunlight, thereby reducing temperatures significantly. </p><p>The region's lifeline for growing crops is the floodplains of the Sokoto-Rima river system, which are covered with rich <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soil">alluvial soil</a>. For the rest, the crops cultivated in Sokoto includes <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea corn">guinea corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> perhaps being the most abundant, followed by <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, other cereals and vegetables such as: onions, tomatoes, pepper, garden egg, lettuce, and cabbage.<sup id="cite_ref-sokoto-description_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokoto-description-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from millet, Sokoto is the major onion producer in Nigeria. In terms of vegetation, Sokoto falls within the savannah zone. This is an open <a href="/wiki/Tse-tse_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tse-tse fly">tse-tse fly</a>-free grassland suitable for cultivation of grain crops and animal husbandry. Rain starts late and ends early with mean annual rainfall ranging between 500 mm and 1,300 mm. There are two major seasons in Sokoto, namely wet and dry. The dry season starts from October, and lasts up to April in some parts and may extend to May or June in other parts. The wet season on the other hand begins in most parts of the state in May and lasts up to September, or October. The harmattan, a dry, cold, and fairly dusty wind is experienced in the state between November and February. Heat is more severe in the state in March and April. But the weather in the state is always cold in the morning and hot in the afternoons, save in peak harmattan period. </p><p>The topography of the state is dominated by the Hausa plain of northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The vast irrigable land of the Sokoto-Rima River systems dissects the plain and provides the rich alluvial soil fit for a variety of crop cultivation in the state. There are also isolated hills and mountains scattered all over the state. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Sokoto (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(109.8) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2<br />(111.6) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(111.9) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(112.6) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9<br />(109.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.8<br />(112.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(0.35) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #00EF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.5<br />(7.15) </td> <td style="background: #00C300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">211.3<br />(8.32) </td> <td style="background: #3FFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.4<br />(4.90) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">685.1<br />(26.97) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 </td> <td style="background: #2B2BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.1 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.4 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,196.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun, 1952–1961)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sokoto_(city)" title="Special:EditPage/Sokoto (city)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.%27s_government,_in_the_years_1849-1855_(1859)_(14781116835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.%27s_government%2C_in_the_years_1849-1855_%281859%29_%2814781116835%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.%27s_government%2C_in_the_years_1849-1855_%281859%29_%2814781116835%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Travels_and_discoveries_in_North_and_Central_Africa._From_the_journal_of_an_expedition_undertaken_under_the_auspices_of_H.B.M.%27s_government%2C_in_the_years_1849-1855_%281859%29_%2814781116835%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Market at Sokoto, early 1850s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Africa_in_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/West_Africa_in_1897.jpg/220px-West_Africa_in_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/West_Africa_in_1897.jpg/330px-West_Africa_in_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/West_Africa_in_1897.jpg/440px-West_Africa_in_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>The Sokoto area, crudely shown on an 1897 map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoto_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sokoto_Sultanate.png/220px-Sokoto_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sokoto_Sultanate.png/330px-Sokoto_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sokoto_Sultanate.png/440px-Sokoto_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="4818" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of sultan Ahmadu Rufai</figcaption></figure> <p>Sokoto had been used as early as October 1804 by the <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo</a> as the venue for the meeting with Galadima, Yunfa's Vizier. Subsequently, it was used by his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bello">Muhammad Bello</a> as a staging post for an attack on Dufua in the spring of 1806. Bovil suggested that the area/district may have been known as Sokoto as early as the seventeenth century. In a historical perspective, Sokoto was founded as a ribat (military camp or frontier) in 1809, when Shehu Usmanu was at Sifawa. It later became the capital of the caliphate after Shehu's death. </p><p>In the 1820s, Sokoto was at its peak of prosperity coinciding with the peak of its 'rulers' powers at the center of the caliphate, receiving annual tribute from all the fiefs before a long period of decline. The explorer <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton" title="Hugh Clapperton">Hugh Clapperton</a> (1827) was highly impressed by this prosperity and its effects on the city. </p><p>Clapperton noted the importance of Sokoto's closely settled surroundings: The rivers, rather than long-distance trade in the city's economy. But trading activities in Sokoto is presently inconsiderable, owing to the disturbed state of the surrounding country. </p><p>By the time the explorer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> arrived in 1853, Sokoto was thinly inhabited and greatly dilapidated. Barth in 1857 estimated the population at only 20,000–22,000, but the market was still supplied and attended, and a thriving suburb outside the wall was more animated than Sokoto itself. </p><p>Bovil aptly described Sokoto as a strong position, with steep escarpments from the east to the north-west and a small valley on the west and the south west protecting it against surprise cavalry attacks. The town dominates the broad lowland where the two rivers, Rima and Sokoto meet, being the junction of roads from Gobir in the north, Kebbi in the south and Burmi Zamfara in the east. </p><p>In the early 19th century, the town (Sokoto) was divided into wards. Such wards include Magajin Gari ward, Waziri ward, Sarkin Musulmi ward, Sarkin Adar ward, Magajin Rafi ward, and Sarkin Zamfara Ward. At this time the wards were small and surrounded with a wall, which included the mosques of Sultan Bello and Shehu, Sultan Palace and other buildings as well as the compound of Shehu. </p><p>In 1818, the wall was extended up to the extent that it has gates that come in and out of the Birni wall. Such gates are Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, and Kofar-Marke. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Sokoto_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/250px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/330px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg/500px-View_of_Sokoto_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2861" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>View of the city's outskirts (1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>The area of the present Sokoto was the home of many empires and kingdoms of the pre-colonial western Sudan. These include the <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebbi Kingdom">Kebbi</a> kingdoms as well as the world-renowned caliphate whose spiritual and political capital is the headquarters of the state. </p><p>Following the conquest of the caliphate by the British in 1903, its various components were made autonomous and joined into the government of Northern Nigeria. The northern region was thus made up of mainly parts of the Sokoto caliphate and <a href="/wiki/Kanem-Bornu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem-Bornu">Kanem-Bornu</a> Empire. This continued up to January 1967 when states were created to replace regional governments by General <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a>. Sokoto became the headquarters of the north-western state created in 1967. In 1976 following the creation of Niger state out of North Western state, Sokoto state emerged with its headquarters. Yet in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara states were carved out of Sokoto, in 1991 and 1996 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sokoto metropolis has thus been the capital of various governments since its establishment by Caliph Muhammad Bello in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_culture">People and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sokoto state has a projected population of 3.7 million<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people based on a 2006 census made up of two ethnic groups namely, <a href="/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fulani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>. Sokoto town, the capital of Sokoto state, has a population of approximately 2.5 million. Apart from Fulani and Hausa, there are the <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zabarmawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> minorities in the local government border areas. All these groups speak <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> as a common language. <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a> is spoken by the Fulani. </p><p>Hausa people in the state are made up of Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa and Arawa. The Fulani's on the other hand are of two main groups; the town Fulani (<a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: <i lang="ha">Fulanin Gida</i>; <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Fulɓe Wuro</i>) and the Nomads. The former includes the Torankawa, the clan of <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sullubawa" title="Sullubawa">Sullubawa</a> and Zoramawa. The Torankawa are the aristocratic class since 1804. </p><p>Culturally the state is homogeneous. The people of the state are predominantly Muslim. Their mode of dress is also of Islamic origin. Two major festivals namely, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid-el-Fitri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid-el-Kabir</a> are celebrated in the state every year. The former marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">fast</a>, while the latter features the slaughtering of rams in commemoration of an act of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">prophet Ibrahim</a> (the Jewish patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>). </p><p>Traditional wrestling (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Traditionnelle" title="Lutte Traditionnelle">Kokawa</a>) and boxing (<a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a>) are the two sports enjoyed by the Hausa while the Fulani and the Sullubawa entertain themselves with Sharo and Doro<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> respectively. Important visitors to the state are usually treated to the grand or mini <a href="/wiki/Durbar_festival" title="Durbar festival">durbar</a>, an event involving the parade of heavily decorated horses and camels mounted by men in full traditional military and cultural attire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The public in Sokoto is at serious risk for serious health problems as a result of the airborne dust, which can cause lung conditions and increase mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_activities">Economic activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokoto_market_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sokoto_market_2006.jpg/250px-Sokoto_market_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sokoto_market_2006.jpg/330px-Sokoto_market_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sokoto_market_2006.jpg/500px-Sokoto_market_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Sokoto Market</figcaption></figure> <p>Over eighty percent (80%) of the inhabitants of Sokoto practice one form of agriculture or another. They produce crops like millet, guinea corn, maize, rice, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, beans etc.for subsistence and produce wheat, cotton and vegetables for cash. Local crafts such as blacksmithing, weaving, dyeing, carving and leather works also play an important role in the economic life of the people of Sokoto; as a result, different areas like Makera, Marina, Takalmawa and Majema became important. Sokoto is also one of the fish producing areas of the country. Thus a large number of people along the river basin engage in fishing. </p><p>Sokoto is equally endowed with natural and mineral resources. Agro allied industries using cotton, groundnut, sorghum, gum, maize, rice, wheat, sugar cane, cassava, gum Arabic and tobacco as raw materials can be established in the area. Large scale farming can also be practice in the state using irrigation water from Goronyo Dam, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko and Kwakwazo lakes among others. </p><p>Mineral resources such as kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, red mills, phosphate both yellow and green, shade clay, sand etc., are available in commercial quantities. Mineral based industries using these raw materials could be established in the state. </p><p>The absence of the tse-tse fly on the open grassland benefits both wild and domestic animals. Sokoto ranks second in livestock production in the country's animal population of well over eight million. </p><p>The availability of these economic potentials provides good investment opportunities, particularly in agro-allied industries such as flour mills, tomatoes processing, sugar refining, textiles, glue, tanning, fish canning, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sokoto lacks a public transport system. Transport within the city (when not by foot) is mainly by mopeds which operate as one-person taxis and sometimes tricycles transport persons from one place to the other; this allows for carriage of more than one person at a time (still at a cheap price as mopeds). Buses and taxis are infrequent and are generally used only for transport between cities. </p><p>Remarkably for an area where fewer than 2% of girls finish secondary school, an all-female garage has been established in Sokoto city to train young women on vehicle maintenance. Founded by the Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative, the garage trains 25 female apprentices with the support of the local Islamic leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>10 km south of Sokoto there is an <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Abubakar_III_International_Airport" title="Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport">international airport</a> with regular connections to <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In August 2008, an agreement was signed for the construction of a cement works in Sokoto, and the plant was opened in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urbanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sokoto_(city)" title="Special:EditPage/Sokoto (city)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Urbanization has a very long history in Hausaland. The process started when certain strategic areas of Hausaland developed from Kauyuka to Birane. Yet one of the major consequences of the jihadist was the speeding of this phenomenon not only in Hausaland but also in all areas affected by the caliphate administration. New towns sprang up and the older birane entered into a period of unprecedented growth, some as new areas of commercial activities, others as both Emirate capitals and centers of administration and commerce. </p><p>One of the aspects of urbanization in the history of the Sokoto caliphate started with the establishment of Sokoto city (the headquarters of the caliphate). In the prejihad period, the area between the Gobir Kingdom and Kebbi was the area commonly referred to as "nomad land". But with the success of the jihad led by the Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804–1808) and subsequent victory of the jihadists over the rulers of Hausaland, Sokoto city (headquarters of the caliphate) was built by Muhammad Bello. Moreover, as observed by Abdul-Razaq Shehu in his book <i>Sakkwato Birnin Shehu</i>), Sokoto city was designed on paper by Muhammad Bello even before it was built. Bello, son of the Sheikh, was among his father's lieutenants and war commanders. He fought the hardest and longest wars and was the architect of the caliphate Sokoto Birnin Shehu. </p><p>Sokoto city as designed by the architect Muhammad Bello consisted of all the characteristic features of any modern city including roads, bridges, market, ganuwa (fortification round centers of town) and as well as administrative and commercial centers. Among the administrative centers designed by Muhammad Bello are Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa and so on. However, apart from the central market popularly known as Yardole, other commercial areas designed by Muhammad Bello include Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji and Jirgawa. In addition, among other things no town in either pre-jihad or 19th century Hausaland could develop into an urban center without effective fortification (ganuwa). This was built with many strongpoints like Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, and Kofar Taramniya, and this paramount development attracted many people to migrate from their locality into Sokoto city for survival. </p><p>From the above observation on how caliph Muhammad Bello designed the city of Sokoto we will see that Sokoto witnessed more immigrants with interest in blacksmithing leather works, pottery etc. For example, some of these people either engage in the business of blacksmithing or in other related business as in Makera Assada. There are people who used to travel to different parts of present Nigeria and even in neighbouring countries to buy damaged iron materials like damaged vehicles, cars, lorries, aircraft etc. iron pipes, and oil tanks in order to break them into pieces and sell them for anybody who wants to put them into use or modify them into another product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Sokoto and the urban area around it is already located near a semi-arid zone experiencing desertification, the city already experiences the effects of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 analysis of the city's potential impacts predicted decreased agricultural output and plant growth, and increased <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> in the region around the city, interfering with food security and creating income security challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attahiru_Bafarawa" title="Attahiru Bafarawa">Attahiru Bafarawa</a> (Former Governor of Sokoto State)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a> (Sardauna of Sokoto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Maigari_Dingyadi" title="Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi">Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi</a> (Former Minister of Police Affairs Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shehu Shagari</a> (Former President of Federal Republic of Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminu_Tambuwal" title="Aminu Tambuwal">Aminu Tambuwal</a> (Former Speaker House of Representatives and Former Governor of Sokoto State)</li> <li>Senator <a href="/wiki/Aliyu_Magatakarda_Wamakko" title="Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko">Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko</a> (Former Governor of Sokoto State)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Aliyu" title="Ahmad Aliyu">Ahmad Aliyu</a>, (Governor of Sokoto as of 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27adu_Abubakar" title="Sa'adu Abubakar">Sa'adu Abubakar</a> (Sultan of Sokoto)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sokoto#Q336350" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sokoto">Sokoto</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cement in Africa">Cement in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makera_Assada" title="Makera Assada">Makera Assada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summing the 2 LGAs Sokoto North/South as per:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Buhari+inaugurates+BUA%27s+new+cement+plant+in+Sokoto&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Release&rft.aufirst=Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-news%2F508229-buhari-inaugurates-buas-new-cement-plant-in-sokoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196236813.pdf">"Climate Change Manifestations and Impacts in The Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Northwestern Nigeria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Akademika</i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>34. July 2018 – via Core UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akademika&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Manifestations+and+Impacts+in+The+Sokoto+Close-Settled+Zone%2C+Northwestern+Nigeria&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F196236813.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Abubakar, S. <i>Aspect of Urban Phenomenon, Sokoto and its hinterland</i>, 1950.</li> <li>Crowder, M. <i>The Story of Nigeria</i>, London, 1962.</li> <li>Bovil, E.W. <i>The Golden Trade of the Moors</i>, London,1963.</li> <li>Johston, H.A.S. <i>The Fulani Empire of Sokoto</i>, London, 1968.</li> <li>Balogun, I.A.B. <i>Life and Works of Uthman Danfodiyo</i>, Ibadan 1981.</li> <li>Sokoto State Government Dairy 2002, Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture, Sokoto.</li> <li>Jibril, Y.H. <i>Philosophy among the Sokoto Scholars</i>, Benchmark Publishers, Kano Nigeria, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_C._Edmund2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. Edmund</a>, ed. (2007). "Sokoto". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sokoto&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokoto+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mary Wren Bivins. <i>Telling Stories, Making Histories: Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate</i> (Portsmouth, NH, Heinemann, 2007) (Social History of Africa).</li> <li>Tsoho U.H. Growth and History of the establishment of Makera Assada in Sokoto Metropolis to the year 2007/2008 B.A. project, History Department, <a href="/wiki/Usmanu_Danfodiyo_University" title="Usmanu Danfodiyo University">Usmanu Danfodiyo University</a> Sokoto.</li> <li>Boyi, U.M. <i>Tanziynul Waraqat</i>, Hausa Translation of Abdullahi ibn Fodiyo work.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokoto_(city)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/nigeria/sokoto.html">http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/nigeria/sokoto.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006001057/http://www.tourismroi.com/InteriorInvest.aspx?id=31008">https://web.archive.org/web/20111006001057/http://www.tourismroi.com/InteriorInvest.aspx?id=31008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20130209070503/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/local/NIXX0018">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_(city)" title="Bauchi (city)">Bauchi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bida" title="Bida">Bida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birnin_Kebbi" title="Birnin Kebbi">Birnin Kebbi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutse" title="Dutse">Dutse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enugu_(city)" title="Enugu (city)">Enugu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombe,_Gombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gombe, Gombe">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusau" title="Gusau">Gusau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeja" title="Ikeja">Ikeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikot-Abasi" title="Ikot-Abasi">Ikot-Abasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikot_Ekpene" title="Ikot Ekpene">Ikot Ekpene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikoyi" title="Ikoyi">Ikoyi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseyin" title="Iseyin">Iseyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Osun" title="Iwo, Osun">Iwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalingo" title="Jalingo">Jalingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeta" title="Jimeta">Jimeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaduna (city)">Kaduna</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsina_(city)" title="Katsina (city)">Katsina</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kontagora" title="Kontagora">Kontagora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafia" title="Lafia">Lafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavun" title="Lavun">Lavun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoja" title="Lokoja">Lokoja</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurdi" title="Makurdi">Makurdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna" title="Minna">Minna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokwa" title="Mokwa">Mokwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbomosho" title="Ogbomosho">Ogbomosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okene" title="Okene">Okene</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron,_Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron, Akwa Ibom">Oron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Owo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Oyo</a></li> <li><b><a 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