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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters | Chemistry Africa</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Chemistry Africa - Membrane-based technologies used for water treatment can be an excellent alternative to handle wastewater including both conventional and emerging pollutants as they can provide..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="42250"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Chemistry Africa 2024 7:8"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-08-03"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Membrane-based technologies used for water treatment can be an excellent alternative to handle wastewater including both conventional and emerging pollutants as they can provide technological (e.g., high quality of treated water) and economic (e.g., small footprint and low unit cost of production) advantages over other water treatment processes. Recently, low cost ceramic membranes fabricated from natural resources like kaolinitic clay, bentonite clay, phosphate are increasingly used owing to their low-cost starting materials, low sintering temperature and their excellent additional properties. Moreover, the modification of the surface by grafting process provides membranes appropriate for low UF process (dp &lt; 10&nbsp;nm) and suitable for micropollutants removal at relatively high permeate flux value which can be maintained during filtration due to antifouling characteristics of the UF active layer. In this work, the surface of microfiltration membranes made from natural zeolite was chemically modified by grafting with 1&nbsp;H, 1&nbsp;H, 2&nbsp;H, 2&nbsp;H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane molecule named PFAS. Various characterization methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, FTIR, TGA, and contact angle, were used to check the properties of the membranes surface before and after grafting. The grafted membranes pore size and porosity were reduced, as proved by SEM images. The determination of the water permeability shows a reduction from 1218&nbsp;L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 to 204&nbsp;L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 which confirm the surface densification. The application of the grafted membrane to the treatment of Indigo Blue (IB) colored solution and oily wastewater was investigated to evaluate the performances of this membrane in terms of permeate flux and pollutants retention. The filtration results revealed a good retention of color and oil, exceeding 95% for both parameters. Therefore, it is interesting to recommend this new low-cost membrane for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants such as color. The study of the effect of the treated colored solution on plant growth, shows that the presence of some residual nutrients required for crops growth, might make the IB treated water beneficial for irrigation purposes."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2522-5766"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Chemistry Africa"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-08-03"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="8"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="4513"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="4527"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Chemistry Africa"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Chemistry Africa"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer International Publishing"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2522-5766"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/08/03"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="4513"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="4527"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="size" content="192946"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Membrane-based technologies used for water treatment can be an excellent alternative to handle wastewater including both conventional and emerging pollutan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bahrouni, Jamila"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Aloulou, Hajer"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Attia, Afef"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dammak, Lasaad"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Amar, Raja Ben"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Chemistry/Food Science, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Inorganic Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Organometallic Chemistry"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Thomas O, Thomas M-F (2022) Chap. 12 - Industrial wastewater, in: Thomas, O., Burgess, C.), UV-Visible Spectrophotometry of Waters and Soils (Third Edition). 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R (2020) Fabrication of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes from natural zeolite and their application in industrial wastewater treatment.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-0150-9 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Water; citation_title=Membrane processes treatment and possibility of agriculture reuse of textile effluents: study case in Tunisia; citation_author=S Mzahma, J Duplay, D Souguir, R Ben Amar, M Ghazi, M Hachicha; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=1430; citation_doi=10.3390/w15071430; citation_id=CR64"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bahrouni, Jamila"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="jamilabahrouni2020@gmail.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 7182, Thiais, France"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aloulou, Hajer"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="hajer.aloulou89@yahoo.fr"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of chemistry, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Attia, Afef"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="afef.attia@fss.usf.tn"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dammak, Lasaad"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="dammak@u-pec.fr"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 7182, Thiais, France"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Amar, Raja Ben"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="benamar.raja@yahoo.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2024/10/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters - Chemistry Africa"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Membrane-based technologies used for water treatment can be an excellent alternative to handle wastewater including both conventional and emerging pollutants as they can provide technological (e.g., high quality of treated water) and economic (e.g., small footprint and low unit cost of production) advantages over other water treatment processes. Recently, low cost ceramic membranes fabricated from natural resources like kaolinitic clay, bentonite clay, phosphate are increasingly used owing to their low-cost starting materials, low sintering temperature and their excellent additional properties. Moreover, the modification of the surface by grafting process provides membranes appropriate for low UF process (dp < 10 nm) and suitable for micropollutants removal at relatively high permeate flux value which can be maintained during filtration due to antifouling characteristics of the UF active layer. In this work, the surface of microfiltration membranes made from natural zeolite was chemically modified by grafting with 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane molecule named PFAS. Various characterization methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, FTIR, TGA, and contact angle, were used to check the properties of the membranes surface before and after grafting. The grafted membranes pore size and porosity were reduced, as proved by SEM images. The determination of the water permeability shows a reduction from 1218 L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 to 204 L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 which confirm the surface densification. The application of the grafted membrane to the treatment of Indigo Blue (IB) colored solution and oily wastewater was investigated to evaluate the performances of this membrane in terms of permeate flux and pollutants retention. The filtration results revealed a good retention of color and oil, exceeding 95% for both parameters. Therefore, it is interesting to recommend this new low-cost membrane for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants such as color. The study of the effect of the treated colored solution on plant growth, shows that the presence of some residual nutrients required for crops growth, might make the IB treated water beneficial for irrigation purposes."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Recently, low cost ceramic membranes fabricated from natural resources like kaolinitic clay, bentonite clay, phosphate are increasingly used owing to their low-cost starting materials, low sintering temperature and their excellent additional properties. Moreover, the modification of the surface by grafting process provides membranes appropriate for low UF process (dp < 10 nm) and suitable for micropollutants removal at relatively high permeate flux value which can be maintained during filtration due to antifouling characteristics of the UF active layer. In this work, the surface of microfiltration membranes made from natural zeolite was chemically modified by grafting with 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane molecule named PFAS. Various characterization methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, FTIR, TGA, and contact angle, were used to check the properties of the membranes surface before and after grafting. The grafted membranes pore size and porosity were reduced, as proved by SEM images. The determination of the water permeability shows a reduction from 1218 L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 to 204 L.h−1.m−2.bar −1 which confirm the surface densification. The application of the grafted membrane to the treatment of Indigo Blue (IB) colored solution and oily wastewater was investigated to evaluate the performances of this membrane in terms of permeate flux and pollutants retention. The filtration results revealed a good retention of color and oil, exceeding 95% for both parameters. Therefore, it is interesting to recommend this new low-cost membrane for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants such as color. 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cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Department of chemistry, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gabes","address":{"name":"Department of chemistry, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Afef Attia","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sfax","address":{"name":"Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Lasaad Dammak","affiliation":[{"name":"Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 7182","address":{"name":"Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 7182, Thiais, 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class="c-context-bar__title"> Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jamila-Bahrouni-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Jamila-Bahrouni-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Bahrouni, Jamila">Jamila Bahrouni</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hajer-Aloulou-Aff1-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Hajer-Aloulou-Aff1-Aff3" data-author-search="Aloulou, Hajer">Hajer Aloulou</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Afef-Attia-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Afef-Attia-Aff1" data-author-search="Attia, Afef">Afef Attia</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lasaad-Dammak-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Lasaad-Dammak-Aff2" data-author-search="Dammak, Lasaad" data-corresp-id="c1">Lasaad Dammak<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Raja_Ben-Amar-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Raja_Ben-Amar-Aff1" data-author-search="Amar, Raja Ben" data-corresp-id="c2">Raja Ben Amar<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1049 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Membrane-based technologies used for water treatment can be an excellent alternative to handle wastewater including both conventional and emerging pollutants as they can provide technological (e.g., high quality of treated water) and economic (e.g., small footprint and low unit cost of production) advantages over other water treatment processes. Recently, low cost ceramic membranes fabricated from natural resources like kaolinitic clay, bentonite clay, phosphate are increasingly used owing to their low-cost starting materials, low sintering temperature and their excellent additional properties. Moreover, the modification of the surface by grafting process provides membranes appropriate for low UF process (dp < 10 nm) and suitable for micropollutants removal at relatively high permeate flux value which can be maintained during filtration due to antifouling characteristics of the UF active layer. In this work, the surface of microfiltration membranes made from natural zeolite was chemically modified by grafting with 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane molecule named PFAS. Various characterization methods and techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, FTIR, TGA, and contact angle, were used to check the properties of the membranes surface before and after grafting. The grafted membranes pore size and porosity were reduced, as proved by SEM images. The determination of the water permeability shows a reduction from 1218 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup> to 204 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup> which confirm the surface densification. The application of the grafted membrane to the treatment of Indigo Blue (IB) colored solution and oily wastewater was investigated to evaluate the performances of this membrane in terms of permeate flux and pollutants retention. The filtration results revealed a good retention of color and oil, exceeding 95% for both parameters. Therefore, it is interesting to recommend this new low-cost membrane for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants such as color. The study of the effect of the treated colored solution on plant growth, shows that the presence of some residual nutrients required for crops growth, might make the IB treated water beneficial for irrigation purposes.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11696-021-01668-x/MediaObjects/11696_2021_1668_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11696-021-01668-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s11696-021-01668-x">Zeolite–polysulfone-based adsorptive membrane for removal of metal pollutants </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">06 May 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-16-9632-9?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-16-9632-9_10?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/978-981-16-9632-9_10">Development of Polyamide–Polysulfone Thin Film Composites with Copper–treated Zeolites as Additives for Enhanced Hydrophilicity </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-018-2074-3/MediaObjects/11356_2018_2074_Fig1_HTML.gif" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-018-2074-3?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s11356-018-2074-3">Removal of nickel from aqueous solution using supported zeolite-Y hollow fiber membranes </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">02 May 2018</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732678263, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=42250" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Industrial wastewater coming from discharge of manufacturing processes such as petrochemical, textile, electroplating, pharmaceutical and food industries [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Thomas O, Thomas M-F (2022) Chap. 12 - Industrial wastewater, in: Thomas, O., Burgess, C.), UV-Visible Spectrophotometry of Waters and Soils (Third Edition). Elsevier, pp. 385–416 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90994-5.00013-7
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e526">1</a>] contains in general, both organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as toxic and dangerous compounds such as dye, metal ions, etc. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Baig. N WA, Ullah N, Falath W (2021) Removal of hazardous dyes, toxic metal ions and organic pollutants from wastewater by using porous hyper-cross-linked polymeric materials: a review of recent advances. J Environ Manage 287. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.112360
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e529">2</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, Jiao H, Fu Y, Sun J (2022) A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.113160
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e532">3</a>]. Furthermore, the composition of industrial effluents can include high quantities of lipids, cleaning chemicals, volatile compounds and oil, which pose risks to human health and the environment. These contaminants have been linked to disorders of the neurological system, visceral malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, persistent asthma, skin symptoms, liver and kidney damage and dermatitis [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, Jiao H, Fu Y, Sun J (2022) A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.113160
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e535">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Fávaro-Polonio LB, Pamphile CZ, Polonio JA. J.C (2019) Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnol Res Innov 3:275–290. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.09.001
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e538">4</a>]. Aqueous industrial discharges differ greatly in composition and quantity, therefore innovative treatment technologies are required to produce final effluents that meet national and international standards requirements. Furthermore, rigorous requirements for handling, treating, and reusing this heavily polluted wastewater are recommended [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Abuhasel K, Kchaou M, Alquraish M, Munusamy Y, Jeng YT (2021) Oily Wastewater treatment: overview of Conventional and Modern methods, challenges, and Future opportunities. Water 13. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070980
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e542">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Medeiros ADM, da Silva Junior CJG, Amorim JDP, Durval IJB, Costa AFS, Sarubbo LA (2022) Oily Wastewater treatment: methods, challenges, and Trends. Processes 10. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040743
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e545">6</a>]. In addition, industrial applications might require specific standards, so a rigorous wastewater treatment technology would be critical for such applications.</p><p>Nowadays, membrane technology is one of the wastewater treatment technologies that has seen significant growth. This technology has grown greatly in the last several decades as a result of the advantages it provides in water and wastewater treatment [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Shehata N, Egirani D, Olabi AG, Inayat A, Abdelkareem MA, Chae K-J, Sayed ET (2023) Membrane-based water and wastewater treatment technologies: issues, current trends, challenges, and role in achieving sustainable development goals, and circular economy. Chemosphere 320. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.137993
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e551">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Issaoui M, Jellali S, Zorpas AA, Dutournie P (2022) Membrane technology for sustainable water resources management: challenges and future projections. Sustain Chem Pharm 25:100590. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp100590
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e554">8</a>]. According to Singh and Hankins [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Singh R, Hankins N (2016) Emerging Membrane Technology for sustainable Water treatment. Netherlands Elsevier science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 480" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e557">9</a>], membrane technology has the potential to bridge the economic and sustainability separations, with low or no chemical usage, environmental friendliness, and ease of use [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Obotey Ezugbe, Elorm, Rathilal S (2020) Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Membranes vol. 10,5 89. 30 Apr. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10050089
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e560">10</a>]. In other words, membrane technology has recently proven to be an advantageous option in wastewater treatment operations [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Wasewar KL (2022) Chapter 18 - process intensification and green engineering in process industry. In: Singh P, Bassin JP, Rajkhowa S, Hussain CM, Oraon R (eds) Environmental sustainability and industries. Elsevier, pp 433–459. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90034-8.00019-1
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e563">11</a>]. In this context, El-Kordy et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="El-Kordy A, Abdelaziz E, Ayman A, Abdel-Nasser K, Najib T, et, El Mokhtar L (2024) Manufacturing of novel zeolite-clay composite membrane from natural clay and diatomite, an electrochemical study of the surface and application towards heavy metals removal ». J Environ Chem Eng 112143. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112143
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e567">12</a>] showed higher heavy metal ion retention, using the LTA zeolite composite membrane, indicating high ion adsorption and filtration efficiency.</p><p>Ceramic membranes provide a number of advantages over polymeric ones, including more effective mechanical strength, high temperature resistance, prolonged experimental stability, and ease of cleaning after fouling without affecting the membranes’ capacity to transport molecules [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Cong S, Liu X, Guo F (2018) Membrane distillation using surface modified multi-layer porous ceramics. Int J Heat Mass Transf 129:764. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.10.011
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e573">13</a>].Ceramic membranes fabricated from metal oxides (TiO<sub>2</sub>, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) or natural non-expensive materials (clay, zeolite, apatite, etc.) present a hydrophilic nature due to the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the surface [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Linquan S, Ziyi W, Baoyu G (2020) Ceramic membranes originated from cost-effective and abundant natural minerals and industrial wastes for broad applications – a review, desalination and Water Treatment https// 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25910
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e587">14</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Danial N, Seyyed AM (2024) A critical review on the efect of silanization on the ceramic membrane distillation (CMD): performance, operational factors, and characterization. Appl Water Sci 14:114. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02178-3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e590">15</a>].</p><p>In order to modify the hydrophilic character into a hydrophobic one, surface modification can be accomplished by chemical grafting and/or a physical process [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Friedrich M, Seiler M, Waechter S, Bliedtner J, Bergmann J (2018) Precision structuring and functionalization of ceramics with ultra-short laser pulses. J Laser Appl 30. 
 https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5040628
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e596">16</a>]. Chemical grafting modification leads to a monomolecular layer of organosilane compound on the membrane surface by silanization due to compounds containing hydrophobic fluorocarbon chains. Indeed, the grafting process is accomplished through a reaction between the hydroxyl groups (-OH) present on the surface of the ceramic membrane and the reactive groups of the organosilane compounds. For example, Larbot et al. reported the grafting process on the surface of alumina, titania, zirconia, and silica membranes that were used for different applications [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Linquan S, Ziyi W, Baoyu G (2020) Ceramic membranes originated from cost-effective and abundant natural minerals and industrial wastes for broad applications – a review, desalination and Water Treatment https// 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25910
 
 " href="#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e599">14</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Danial N, Seyyed AM (2024) A critical review on the efect of silanization on the ceramic membrane distillation (CMD): performance, operational factors, and characterization. Appl Water Sci 14:114. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02178-3
 
 " href="#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e599_1">15</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Friedrich M, Seiler M, Waechter S, Bliedtner J, Bergmann J (2018) Precision structuring and functionalization of ceramics with ultra-short laser pulses. J Laser Appl 30. 
 https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5040628
 
 " href="#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e599_2">16</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Joanna K, Sophie C, Wojciech K, Katarzyna K (2017) Hydrophobic Ceramic Membranes for Water Desalination Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 402; 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/app7040402
 
 " href="#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e599_3">17</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Joanna k (2013) Wojciech k, Stanislaw k, Anna k, Efficiency of grafting of Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 powders by perfluoroalkylsilanes 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.12.021
 
 " href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e599_4">18</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Stylianos S, Ioannis K, Manassis M, Anastasios Z (2018). Application of a ceramic membrane contacting process for ozone and peroxone treatment of micropollutant contaminated surface water Epub 129–135 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.060
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e602">19</a>]. In addition, in our laboratory, the 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, designated by C<sub>8</sub>F<sub>17</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Si(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3,</sub> named PFAS, was successfully used for the surface modification of low-cost ceramic membranes [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e620">20</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Aloulou H, Aloulou W, Daramola MO, Amar RB (2021) Silane-grafted sand membrane for the treatment of oily wastewater via air gap membrane distillation: study of the efficiency in comparison with microfiltration and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes. Mater Chem Phys 261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.124186
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e620_1">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Khemakhem KM, Amar S (2014). R.B., Surface modification of microfiltration ceramic membrane by fluoroalkylsilane. Desalination Water Treat. 52, 1786–1791. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.807023
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e624">22</a>]. The grafted ceramic membranes were then applied for organic and inorganic pollutant retention during the treatment of wastewater by air gap membrane distillation (AGMD).</p><p>Nowadays, oily and colored wastewaters are produced by different industry sectors like petrochemical and metallurgical, electroplating, textile, agri-food, etc. resulting in environmental pollution and negative effects on human health [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Xu YQ, Wu R, He P, Liu J, Jiang CW (2021) Three-step treatment of real complex, variable high‐COD rolling wastewater by rational adjustment of acidification, adsorption, and photocatalysis using big data analysis. Sep Purif Technol 270118865. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118865
 
 " href="#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e631">23</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Han YL (2017) M.;He.F,A review of treating oily wastewater. Arab. J. Chem. 10, S1913–S1922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.020
 
 " href="#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e631_1">24</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Zsirai T, Qiblawey H, Buzatu P, Al-Marri M, Judd SJ (2018) Cleaning of ceramic membranes for produced water filtration. J Pet Sci Eng 166:283–289. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.03.036
 
 " href="#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e631_2">25</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Yang C, Xu W, Nan. Y,Wang. Y,Hu. Y,Gao. C, Chen X (2020) Fabrication and characterization of a high-performance polyimide ultrafiltration membrane for dye removal, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 562 589–597 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.075
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e634">26</a>]. Oil is very dangerous due to the carcinogenic and mutagenic risks that it can produce [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Aloulou AH, Duplay W, Baklouti J, Dammak L, Ben Amar L. R (2022) Development of Ultrafiltration Kaolin Membranes over sand and Zeolite supports for the Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater. Membranes 12:1066. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111066
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e637">27</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Ras HS, Tian RHA. X (2018) Antifouling membranes for oily wastewater treatment: interplay between wetting and membrane fouling. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 36:90–109. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2018.02.002
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e640">28</a>]. In addition, synthetic dyes are largely non-degradable [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title=",Sudhakar SDV, Prasad B, Jeremiah Sunadh K, Krishna P (2020). M, Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto Antigonon leptopus leaf powder: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling, Materials Today: Proceedings 26 3197–3206. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.715
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e643">29</a>], due to their stable and complex chemical components [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Mondal DP. N.K (2020) Effective removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions using biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environ Nanatechnol Monit &Management. 14 100320 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100320
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e647">30</a>]. Usually, oily and colored wastewater treatment systems, including several techniques such as air flotation, gravity separation, coagulation and flocculation, adsorption, and precipitation, are plagued with high operation costs, corrosion, low efficiency, and recontamination problems [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Ali A, Taqui S, Usman; B, Thomas S, Quist -J, Cejna A (2022) Membrane emulsification a novel solution for Treatment and Reuse of Produced Water from Oil https//
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100971
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e650">31</a>]. The majority of these techniques cannot remove micron or submicron sized oil droplets and residual dyes and salts [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 32" title="Xu YC, Nan W, Wang Y, ,Hu Y, Gao Y C, Chen. X, (2020)fabrication and characterization of a high-performance polyimide ultrafiltration membrane for dye removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 562 589–597 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.075
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e653">32</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="Gary FB, Nazih S (2010) Separation of oil from Wastewater by Air Flotation 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-133-2_3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e656">33</a>]. Hence, membrane technology, involving Microfiltration (MF) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Sun XK, Mo J, ,Fang Y, ,Liang Z, Huang P, Ma X, Ma J. B (2014) Effect of membrane pore morphology on microfiltration organic fouling: PTFE/PVDF blend membranes compared with PVDF membranes. Desalination 343:217–225. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.09.026
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e659">34</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Aloulou KYAA, Baklouti HDL. L, and, Ben Amar R (2023) Preparation and characterization of New and low-cost ceramic flat membranes based on Zeolite-Clay for the removal of Indigo Blue Dye molecules ». Membranes 13865. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13110865
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e662">35</a>], Ultrafiltration (UF) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Liang OY, Razmjou F, Li F, Reza S, Liu M, Guan Q K, Liu. Z, Jin. W, (2017) excellent biofouling alleviation of thermos exfoliated vermiculite blended polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1–22. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10453/168487
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e666">36</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Uzal SS. N (2018) Preparation and characterization of PSF/PEI/CaCO3 nanocomposite membranes for oil/water separation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:25315–25326. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2615-9
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e669">37</a>], Nanofiltration (NF) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="Nikooe N, Saljoughi E (2017) Preparation and characterization of novel PVDF nanofiltration membranes with hydrophilic property for filtration of dye aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 413:41–49. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.029
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e672">38</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Su ZD, Liu C, Zhu G, Gu Y (2019). Z, Performance and autopsy of nanofiltration membranes at an oil-field wastewater desalination plant, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26 2681–2690 https// dio: 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3797
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e675">39</a>], and reverse osmosis (RO) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Guha CS, ,Krishnan N, ,Singh S, Mathur AN, Rai P (2020) D.K., Selective and recyclable congo red dye adsorption by spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized with 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid, Scientific Reports 10 111. 
 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57017-2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e678">40</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="Meihong La, Qingyuan H, Kaifei Z, Sanchuan Y (2021) b, Zhongwei G b, Kaifei Z, Sanchuan Y b, Congjie G Composite reverse osmosis membrane with a selective separation layer of double-layer structure for enhanced desalination, anti-fouling and durability properties 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114838
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e681">41</a>], has gained attention due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, high separation efficiency, accessible operating conditions, and environmental compatibility [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="Nithya SU, Keerthi M (2020) Fabrication and characterization of fine-tuned Polyetherimide (PEI)/WO3 composite ultrafiltration membranes for antifouling studies, Chemical Physics Letters 744 137201. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137201
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e685">42</a>]. Based on the literature review, hydrophobic membranes can eliminate 80% of color using the MF carbon membrane [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="Jedidi TN, Cerneaux I, Cretin S, Amar M, R.B (2013) Development of an asymmetric carbon microfiltration membrane: application to the treatment of industrial textile wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 118:179–187. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.06.042
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e688">43</a>] and almost total color retention using the UF carbon membrane [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 44" title="Saljoughi NN. E (2017) Preparation and characterization of novel PVDF nanofiltration membranes with hydrophilic property for filtration of dye aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 413:41–49. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.029
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e691">44</a>]. Also, oil can be totally removed by the hydrophobic membrane using MF, UF and MD (AGMD) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e694">20</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Aloulou H, Aloulou W, Daramola MO, Amar RB (2021) Silane-grafted sand membrane for the treatment of oily wastewater via air gap membrane distillation: study of the efficiency in comparison with microfiltration and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes. Mater Chem Phys 261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.124186
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e694_1">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Khemakhem KM, Amar S (2014). R.B., Surface modification of microfiltration ceramic membrane by fluoroalkylsilane. Desalination Water Treat. 52, 1786–1791. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.807023
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e697">22</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 45" title="Derbel I, Cerneaux KM, Cretin S, Amar M. R (2017) Grafting of low-cost ultrafiltration ceramic membrane by Tunisian olive oil molecules and application to air gap membrane distillation. Desalin Water Treat 81:20–25. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20960
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e700">45</a>].</p><p>Against this background, surface modification of a zeolite microfiltration membrane with 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (97%) is investigated in this paper. Generally, zeolite membranes are hydrophilic [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e706">46</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="Zewdie T-M, Indah P, Abhishek D, Nigus G-H, Bart Van D (2021) Characterization and beneficiation of Ethiopian kaolin for use in fabrication of ceramic membrane. Mater Res Express 8(11):115201. 
 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2f75
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e709">47</a>]. Thus, surface modification by grafting polar groups is required to obtain hydrophobic properties. According to our previous study, MF zeolite membrane was prepared from natural Turkish zeolite by extrusion [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e712">46</a>]. It has shown excellent physio-chemical properties. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of the grafted zeolite-based membrane for the treatment of industrial oily wastewater and the IB dye solution by the MF process which is characterized by low energy consumption and high permeate flux compared to other membrane processes such as Nanofiltration [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Su ZD, Liu C, Zhu G, Gu Y (2019). Z, Performance and autopsy of nanofiltration membranes at an oil-field wastewater desalination plant, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26 2681–2690 https// dio: 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3797
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e715">39</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Guha CS, ,Krishnan N, ,Singh S, Mathur AN, Rai P (2020) D.K., Selective and recyclable congo red dye adsorption by spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized with 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid, Scientific Reports 10 111. 
 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57017-2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e718">40</a>] and membrane distillation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e722">20</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="Zewdie T-M, Indah P, Abhishek D, Nigus G-H, Bart Van D (2021) Characterization and beneficiation of Ethiopian kaolin for use in fabrication of ceramic membrane. Mater Res Express 8(11):115201. 
 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2f75
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e725">47</a>]. The reuse of treated water in irrigation by this new membrane is still an issue for membrane process treatment. In this context, the toxicity of the treated water was estimated using a germination test on flaxseed and fenugreek. An evaluation of the cost of the developed membrane revealed that this membrane shows a competitive price in comparison with the existing low-cost ceramic membranes, and thus can be recommended for industrial scale development.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Materials and methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Materials and methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.1 </span>Materials</h3><p>PFAS (97%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (France). Acetone (99.9%), ethanol (99.1%), and sodium hydroxyde (NaOH) (99.3%) were supplied from Chemi-Pharma (Tunisia) for the grafting operation. A tubular zeolite microfiltration membrane (15 cm-long, with an internal/external diameter of 5/8 mm), previously prepared by an extrusion process using natural zeolite as the starting material, was used for grafting. A sintering temperature of 900 °C was found to be the best temperature for zeolite membrane preparation, exhibiting excellent chemical and mechanical resistances with a high porosity of 43.7% and an average pore size of 0.55 μm. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e740">46</a>]. A planar zeolite membrane, having the same properties as the tubular one and a diameter of 20 mm, was prepared for the membrane characterization.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--divider" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.2 </span>Preparation of the Modified Ceramic Membrane</h3><p>Zeolite flat and tubular membranes prepared at sintering temperatures of 900 °C were used as a basic membrane [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e751">46</a>]. At first, samples were cleaned using ethanol, acetone, and distilled water for 10 min, respectively. Then, the membranes were dried in an oven at 105 °C for approximately 12 h and were immersed in an alkaline solution of pH 10 for 8 h. Thus, as we explained in a previous work [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="Zewdie T-M, Indah P, Abhishek D, Nigus G-H, Bart Van D (2021) Characterization and beneficiation of Ethiopian kaolin for use in fabrication of ceramic membrane. Mater Res Express 8(11):115201. 
 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2f75
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e754">47</a>], the grafting process can be performed by a reaction on the ceramic membrane surface between OH<sup>−</sup> groups and Si-O-alkyl groups of the silane. After that, the treated samples completely immersed and soaked into 1 wt% of PFAS in an ethanol solution for different grafting times (45, 60, and 120 min) to allow for the coupling reaction to occur. The grafting time range was chosen based on previous studies in our laboratory, which revealed that 60 min is the best grafting time [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e759">20</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Aloulou H, Aloulou W, Daramola MO, Amar RB (2021) Silane-grafted sand membrane for the treatment of oily wastewater via air gap membrane distillation: study of the efficiency in comparison with microfiltration and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes. Mater Chem Phys 261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.124186
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e759_1">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Khemakhem KM, Amar S (2014). R.B., Surface modification of microfiltration ceramic membrane by fluoroalkylsilane. Desalination Water Treat. 52, 1786–1791. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.807023
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e762">22</a>]. Then, the grafted membranes were rinsed with ethanol, acetone, and distilled water successively, and dried at 105 °C for 12 h in an oven (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig1">1</a>).</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="311"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Tubular membrane grafting protocol</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--divider" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.3 </span>Characterization of the Grafted Membranes</h3><p>The ungrafted and grafted membranes at different grafting times (45, 60, and 120 min) were characterized using different methods. The best grafting time was chosen based on contact angle measurement using the water-drop method on a KRUSS apparatus (Kruss DSA 10Mk2, Germany), the grafting degree (GD), the membrane porosity, and the mechanical tests. The grafting degree (GD) was calculated by Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ1">1</a> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Alberto AH, Núñez-Pineda O, Tapia A, María M, Espinosa R. G (2016) Surface modification of polypropylene membrane using biopolymers with potential applications for metal ion removal. Édité par João Paulo Leal. J Chem 2742013. 
 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2742013
 
 " href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e800">48</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Mamlouk RE, Scott M. K (2016) Study on the effect of the degree of grafting on the performance of polyethylene-based anion exchange membrane for fuel cell application. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(2):1120–1133. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.108
 
 " href="#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e800_1">49</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 50" title="Seung Joo L In Hwan Shin. (2020). Graft copolymerization of GMA and EDMA on PVDF to hydrophilic surface modification by electron beam irradiation. Nuclear Eng Technol 52 (2): 373–380. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.07.018
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e803">50</a>] according to:</p><div id="Equ1" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:GD=\frac{W_f-W_b}{W_b}\times\:100$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (1) </div></div><p>Whereby W<sub>b</sub> (g) and W<sub>f</sub> (g) are the masses of the zeolite membrane before and after modification.</p><p>Archimedes’ principle was used for the determination of membrane porosity. For this purpose, firstly, the membrane was dried at 105 °C for 12 h and weighed to obtain its dry weight. This was followed by weighing after immersion in distilled water for about 24 h and then removing extra water on the membrane surface using a tissue paper to measure its wet weight. The porosity of the modified membrane was calculated by Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ2">2</a> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 51" title="Abd Aziz MH, Dzarfan Othman MH, Hashim NA, Adam MR, Mustafa A (2019) Fabrication and characterization of mullite ceramic hollow fiber membrane from natural occurring ball clay. Appl Clay Sci 177:51–62. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.05.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e882">51</a>] as follows:</p><div id="Equ2" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:P=\frac{w_w-w_d}{w_d}\times\:100$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (2) </div></div><p>With W<sub>w</sub> (g), the mass of the membrane was immersed in distilled water for 24 h, and with W<sub>d</sub> (g), the mass of the dried membrane was immersed for 12 h at 105 °C.</p><p>Then, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100, USA), Thermal gravimetric analysis TGA (ATG Labsys evo1150 de SETARAM), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) (JEOL, JS 6010LV, Tokyo, Japan), mercury porosimetry (Porosimètre AutoPore IV 9500 (Micromeritics)) in the pressure range (689 Pa to 413.685 MPa), and contact angle determination (Kruss DSA 10Mk2, Germany) were performed for optimal grafted membrane characterization. The contact angle of the grafted and ungrafted membranes was measured by the sessile drop method using distilled water at room temperature. All contact angle readings were taken 10 min after a 0.5 mL water droplet was placed on the membrane surface.</p><p>For the chemical resistance analysis, HCl 0.2 M and NaOH 0.5 M were used at ambient temperature (25 °C). Water permeability was determined to confirm the hydrophobic character of the modified membranes. The tests on the ungrafted and grafted microfiltration Zeolite membranes were realized at room temperature with a transmembrane pressure (TMP) between 0 and 1 bar. The membrane permeability (Lp) was calculated following Darcy’s law (Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ3">3</a>):</p><div id="Equ3" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:Jw=Lp\times\:\varDelta\:p$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (3) </div></div><div id="Equ4" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:\triangle P=\left(\frac{P_{inlet}+P_{OUTLET}}2-P_f\right)$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (4) </div></div><p>Whereby J<sub>w</sub> (L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>) is the permeate water flux, ΔP (Pa) the transmembrane pressure, and P<sub>inlet</sub>, P<sub>outlet</sub> and P<sub>f</sub> (Pa) are inlet, outlet and filtrate pressure, respectively.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--divider" id="Sec6"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.4 </span>Filtration Tests</h3><p>The optimized modified membrane was applied to treat two different aqueous solutions, a colored IB dye solution and oily wastewater. This organic blue (IB) dye (C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is always used in the textile industry, especially in the production of jeans. In the current study, different synthetic dye solutions were prepared containing 0.1 g.L<sup>−1</sup> of IB and salt concentrations varying from 0 to 10 g.L<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>The oily wastewater was collected from an electroplating industry located in Sfax, Tunisia. Before filtration, the emulsion was pre-filtered using a porous filter paper of 60 μm to remove solid particles that could clog the membrane.</p><p>The characterization of raw and treated solutions was determined by measuring the pH (pH-meter (pH-220 L, Istek, Inc.), the conductivity (conductimeter (EC-400 L, Istek, Inc.)), the turbidity (turbidimeter (model 2100 A, Hach)), the COD (colorimetric technique (COD 10,119, Fisher Bioblock Scientific). The Color intensity and oil concentration in the feed and permeate solutions were determined from absorbance values in an UV/visible spectrophotometer (Aquanova Jenway) at wavelengths of 620 nm and 363 nm, respectively.</p><p>The retention values were determined according to the following equation (Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ5">5</a>):</p><div id="Equ5" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$R\left(\%\right)=\frac{C_f-C_p}{C_f}\times\:100$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (5) </div></div><p>Whereby C<sub>P</sub> (mg.L<sup>−1</sup>) is the pollutant concentration in permeate, and C<sub>f</sub> (mg.L<sup>−1</sup>) the pollutant concentration in the feed solution.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--divider" id="Sec7"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.5 </span>Modeling of Membrane Fouling and Membrane Regeneration</h3><p>The efficiency of MF membranes is limited by an irreversible fouling phenomenon that causes a decrease in permeation fluxes and represents a serious obstacle to membrane separation performance. Several models have been developed to describe the fouling mechanism in the membrane process, such as the resistance-in-series model (Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ6">6</a>):</p><div id="Equ6" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:{R}_{T}={R}_{m}+{R}_{irrev}+{R}_{rev}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (6) </div></div><p>R<sub>T</sub> (m<sup>−1</sup>) is the total resistance obtained during the filtration tests in the presence of the effluent:</p><div id="Equ7" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$R_T=\frac{\triangle p}{J_c\times\eta_e}\left[m^{-1}\right]$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (7) </div></div><p>R<sub>m</sub> (m<sup>−1</sup>) is the inherent hydraulic resistance due to the membrane and obtained from the water permeability test:</p><div id="Equ8" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$R_m=\frac{\triangle p}{J_w\times\eta_w}\left[m^{-1}\right]$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (8) </div></div><p>The reversible resistance R<sub>rev</sub> (m<sup>−1</sup>) was determined by re-measuring the water flux of the used membrane after the filtration followed by an intensive rinsing with distilled water:</p><div id="Equ9" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$R_{rev}=\frac{\triangle p}{J_{wa}\times\eta_w}\left[m^{-1}\right]$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (9) </div></div><p>Where Δp is the transmembrane pressure (Pa), J<sub>w</sub> is the water flux of the clean membrane (m<sup>3</sup>.m<sup>−1</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup>), J<sub>wa</sub> is the water flux after the water cleaning (m<sup>3</sup>.m<sup>−1</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup>), J<sub>c</sub> is the flux at the end of the wastewater filtration (m<sup>3</sup>.m<sup>−1</sup>.s<sup>−1</sup>), η<sub>w</sub> is the viscosity of the water (Pa.s), and η<sub>e</sub> is the viscosity of the colored solution (Pa.s).</p><p>R <sub>irrev</sub> (m<sup>−1</sup>) is the resistance from irreversible fouling and can be calculated as follows:</p><div id="Equ10" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$R_{irrev}=R_T-\left(R_m+R_{rev}\right)$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (10) </div></div><p>Following the filtration run, the membrane was regenerated via a backflushing process for 15 min followed by acidic treatment (Nitric acid 2% at 60 °C) or alkaline treatment (NaOH 2% at 80 °C) for 20 min. After that, the membrane was rinsed with distilled water until a neutral pH was obtained. The efficiency of the cleaning protocol was determined by measuring the pure water flux after the acid-base cleaning, which must be close to that of the new membrane [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1630">20</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Aloulou H, Aloulou W, Daramola MO, Amar RB (2021) Silane-grafted sand membrane for the treatment of oily wastewater via air gap membrane distillation: study of the efficiency in comparison with microfiltration and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes. Mater Chem Phys 261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.124186
 
 " href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1630_1">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Khemakhem KM, Amar S (2014). R.B., Surface modification of microfiltration ceramic membrane by fluoroalkylsilane. Desalination Water Treat. 52, 1786–1791. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.807023
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1633">22</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Aloulou AH, Duplay W, Baklouti J, Dammak L, Ben Amar L. R (2022) Development of Ultrafiltration Kaolin Membranes over sand and Zeolite supports for the Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater. Membranes 12:1066. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111066
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1636">27</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 45" title="Derbel I, Cerneaux KM, Cretin S, Amar M. R (2017) Grafting of low-cost ultrafiltration ceramic membrane by Tunisian olive oil molecules and application to air gap membrane distillation. Desalin Water Treat 81:20–25. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20960
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1639">45</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1642">46</a>].</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--divider" id="Sec8"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.6 </span>Germination Test</h3><p>In order to examine the toxicity of the treated solution using the grafted zeolite membrane, a germination test was performed on fenugreek and Flaxseed seeds using glass Petri dishes with a cover and a layer of filter paper. After keeping in the petri dishes in the dark for 10 days at a temperature of 20 °C, the germination rate was calculated using the following equation (Eq. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Equ11">11</a>):</p><div id="Equ11" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\:GR\left(\%\right)=\frac{NGS}{NTS}\times\:100$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (11) </div></div><p>Whereby GR is the Germination rate, NGS is the number of germinated seeds, and NTS is the total number of seeds.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results and Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec9-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec9"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Results and Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec9-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1 </span>Characterization of the Modified Zeolite Membrane</h3><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec11"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.1 </span>Contact Angle Measurement</h4><p>Results obtained on the planar membrane are illustrated in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig2">2</a>. The contact angle of the ungrafted membrane was equal to 0°. The drop of water deposited on the membrane surface was totally absorbed. This is due to both the porosity and the very high hydrophilic nature of the membrane surface covered by a high hydroxyl group density. After chemical modification, the value of the contact angle increased until it reached 100° for the grafted membrane for 60 min. The increase in the contact angle could be related to the disappearance of OH groups linked to hydrolyzed PFAS by the condensation reaction on the zeolite membrane surface [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Aloulou H, Aloulou W, Daramola MO, Amar RB (2021) Silane-grafted sand membrane for the treatment of oily wastewater via air gap membrane distillation: study of the efficiency in comparison with microfiltration and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes. Mater Chem Phys 261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.124186
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1733">21</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Chun-Yung H, Ko C, Chen LH, Huang CT, Tung KL, Liao YC (2016) A simple Coating Method to prepare Superhydrophobic Layers on Ceramic Alumina for Vacuum membrane distillation separation and purification technology 198 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.12.037
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1736">52</a>]. As shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig2">2</a>, the contact angle value decreased when the grafting time exceeded 60 min. In addition, we obtained a non-wetting material surface as we observed that there was no capillary suction of a drop of water deposited on the grafted planar membrane. The surface modification process can decrease the surface free energy and increase the membrane contact angle [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Liu YJY, Wang Q, Ding H, Jin F, Li G. C, and, Meng H (2017) Superhydrophobic modification of ceramic membranes for vacuum membrane distillation,Chinese J. Chem. Eng., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1395–1401, 2017 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.05.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1742">53</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 54" title="Rabiee SSM, Seyedi H, Mokhtare SM. A, and, Brant JA (2017) Superhydrophobic dual layer functionalized titanium dioxide/polyvinylidene fluoride-co- hexafluoropropylene (TiO2/PH) nanofibrous membrane for high flux membrane distillation, Memb. J. Sci., vol. 537, no. May, pp. 140–150 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.039
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1746">54</a>] during the sintering process at temperatures between 400 °C and 800 °C. Hydroxyl groups (OH<sup>−</sup>) can be removed from the membrane surface. Therefore, alkaline pre-treatment is necessary to restore the hydroxyl groups (OH) on the membrane surface, and to allow more coupling reactions with PFAS.</p><p>The difference in the contact angle between the fresh grafted membrane and the modified membrane after one year of grafting was identified to be almost 10% (from 99.8° to 88°) even after several runs (more than 10), ensuring the stability of the grafted membrane with time.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="152"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Contact angle of the membrane as a function of grafting time (<b>a</b>) 0 min, 45 min (<b>b</b>), 60 min (<b>c</b>) and 120 min (<b>d</b>) and (<b>e</b>) 60 min after 1 year</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec12"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.2 </span>Grafting Degree (GD<i>)</i> </h4><p>The grafting degrees of the zeolite membranes grafted at 45, 60, and 120 min are 1.82%, 2.70%, and 1.07%, respectively. The grafting degree values determined for zeolite-based membranes increase with grafting time from 45 min to 60 min. The membrane also has a high contact angle due to a higher concentration of PFAS grafting agent and coverage of all active sites on the membrane surface [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 55" title="Li B, Yun Y, Wang M, Li C, Yang W, Li J, Liu G (2020) Superhydrophobic polymer membrane coated by mineralized β-FeOOH nanorods for direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, vol. 500, p. 114889, https// 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.114889
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1802">55</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 56" title="Cerneaux KS, Kujawski S, Bryjak W. M, and, Kujawski J (2016) How to functionalize ceramics by Perfluoroalkylsilanes for membrane separation process Properties and Application of Hydrophobized ceramic membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(11):7564–7577. 
 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00140
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1805">56</a>].</p><p>For a grafting time greater than 60 min., the value of the grafting degree was slightly lower due to a long-lasting interaction between the hydroxyl group of the zeolite-based ceramic membrane surface and the Si-O-alkyl groups of the PFAS grafting agent. This behavior is associated with the fact that the contact angle increases with increasing grafting time from 45 min to 60 min, whereas it decreases with increasing grafting time beyond 60 min [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 60" title="Ruoyu W, and Shihong L (2021) Pore model for nanofiltration: history, theoretical framework, key predictions, limitations, and prospects 
 https://doi.org/10.2016/j.mrmsci2020.118809
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1811">60</a>]. In our case, the grafted membrane for 60 min exhibits the highest grafting degree of 2.70%.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec13"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.3 </span>Determination of Porosity</h4><p>The membrane porosity decreases from 43.7 to 25.5% after surface grafting at 60 min. A slight decrease with the increase of the grafting time was observed. This behavior can be explained by the fact that when PFAS is attached to pores, the texture in ceramic membrane becomes denser, and pores are reduced, resulting in a decrease in porosity after modification.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec14"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.4 </span>Mechanical Strength</h4><p>Flexural tests have shown that the mechanical strength of ceramic membranes varies slightly in the range of 24.56 to 25.08 MPa, depending on the grafting process. Indeed, the mechanical strength reaches a maximum value of 25.08 MPa for the sample grafted for 60 min.</p><p>On the basis of the results related to the contact angle, degree of grafting, porosity, and mechanical strength, the optimum grafting time for the preparation of the modified zeolite microfiltration membrane can be estimated at 60 min.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec15"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.5 </span>FTIR Analysis</h4><p>Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig3">3</a> presents the FTIR spectra of silane, ungrafted, and grafted zeolite membranes. The comparison between the different spectra proves the presence of silanes in the grafted samples. From the infrared spectra of the grafted zeolite membrane (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig3">3</a>), a new band at 2915 cm<sup>−1</sup>, attributed to the anti-symmetric stretching of the –CH<sub>2</sub> group present in the PFAS, was detected, indicating successful incorporation of silane in the grafted membrane obtained at 60 min grafting time (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig3">3</a>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Khemakhem S, Amar RB (2011) Modification of Tunisian clay membrane surface by silane grafting: application for desalination with Air Gap Membrane Distillation process. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 387:79–85. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.07.033
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1856">20</a>]. In addition, after grafting, the absorption band at 1077 cm<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to Si-O-Si, became more intense and wider compared to the ungrafted spectrum [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1861">46</a>].</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="547"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>FTIR spectra of ungrafted (UMZ), grafted (GMZ) zeolite membranes, and PFAS (silane)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec16"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.6 </span>Thermal Analysis</h4><p>The thermal stability of GMZ and UMZ was studied via TGA (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig4">4</a>). From the results it can be depicted that the Ungrafted membrane is thermally stable over a long period. On the other hand the grafting of the membrane reduced the thermal stability. The GMZ curve illustrated a single degradation step showing a weight loss of 2% between 60 °C and 300 °C. due to the hydrolysis of silane molecules close to the membrane surface [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1895">46</a>]. Further exposure to higher temperature, no degradation was observed implying that the GMZ is stable in that range of temperature.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="561"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Thermogravimetric analysis of ungrafted (UMZ) and grafted (GMZ) zeolite membranes</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec17"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.7 </span>Membrane Morphology</h4><p>The morphology and surface quality of the ungrafted and grafted membranes (at 60 min grafting time) were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig5">5</a>). The ungrafted zeolite membrane presents a smooth surface with a uniformly large pore distribution (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig5">5</a>a). It can be noticed that the modified surface is homogenous without cracks and is enclosed with grafting of fluoro-alkylsilane (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig5">5</a>b). As a result, the surface becomes denser and the pores more closed due to the condensation of silane groups and further densification of the membrane surface.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy" width="685" height="277"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>SEM micrographs of membrane surface: ungrafted (<b>a</b>) and grafted (<b>b</b>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec18"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.8 </span>Pore Size Distribution (PSD)</h4><p>The pore size distribution of the grafted zeolite membrane determined by mercury porosimetry was 0.0176 μm (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig6">6</a>). After modification, the reduction of the main pore size from 0.55 μm [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e1973">46</a>] to 0.0176 μm confirms the densification of the membrane surface, as shown by the SEM images.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy" width="685" height="541"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Pore size distribution of GMZ membrane</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec19"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.9 </span>Chemical Stability test</h4><p>Chemical resistance tests of the unmodified zeolite ceramic membrane in an acidic (hydrochloric acid, pH = 1) and basic (sodium hydroxide, pH = 14) environment were reported by Aloulou et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Benhamad AH, Ben Amar H.R, and, Khemakhem S (2017) « desalination and Water Treatment New ceramic microfiltration membrane from Tunisian natural sand: application for tangential wastewater treatment ». Desalination Water Treat 78:41–48. 
 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20921
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2004">46</a>]. It was found that the sample sintered at 900 °C presents a total chemical resistance in an acid medium (for 72 h) and a very negligible weight loss (less than 0.6 wt%) in NaOH solution (for 72 h). Therefore, the grafted ceramic membrane offers good chemical stability in acidic media (< 3% mass loss in acid solution) and excellent chemical stability in basic media (< 3% mass loss in alkali solution).</p><p>In this study, the optimized grafted zeolite membrane was immersed in hexane for 120 h at room temperature. After treating the sample with hexane, the water contact angle of the membrane surface was found to be 99.8 ± 0.3°. Thus, the modified membrane demonstrates good chemical stability when treated with a harsh solvent. Besides, insignificant changes in its surface hydrophobicity and wetting properties after being in contact with hexane for 120 h were observed. The stability of the modified membranes in a harsh solvent is due to the strong structure and morphology of the ceramic material.</p><p>According to the literature, the 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane molecules were covalently attached to the surface as well as inside the porous structure of the zeolite-based membrane and were stable in hexane [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 57" title="Kujawa J, Cerneaux.S, and, Kujawski W (2014) Investigation of the stability of metal oxide powders and ceramic membranes grafted by perfluoroalkylsilanes. Colloids Surf a 443:109–117. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.10.059
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2013">57</a>]. The stability test has shown that the modified zeolite-based membrane shows good stability in hexane for the PFAS grafting agent.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec20"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1.10 </span>Crossflow Filtration Experiments</h4><p>The ungrafted zeolite membrane shows a permeability of 1218 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup>. After chemical modification, the permeability decreases to 204 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig7">7</a>). The length of PFAS molecules favors a higher hydrophobicity level and subsequently limits the transport of water across the ceramic material [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 58" title="Dumee KJKWCA, Al-Gharablic LF. S (2019) Upgrading of zirconia membrane performance in removal of hazardous VOCs from water by surface functionalization. Chem Eng J 374:155–169. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.160
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2040">58</a>]. Consequently, it is evident that water permeability decreases after the grafting process.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy" width="685" height="515"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Water permeate flux of ungrafted and grafted zeolite membranes as a function of pressure</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec21"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.2 </span>Application to the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater</h3><p>The MF zeolite membranes before and after grafting were applied to the treatment of the Indigo Blue dye solution (Feed 1) and industrial oily wastewater (Feed 2). The characteristics of both feed solutions are summarized in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab1">1</a>.</p> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Characteristics of Indigo Blue dye solution (feed 1) and industrial oily wastewater (feed 2) treated with both ungrafted and grafted membranes</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The microfiltration of the IB dye solution was carried out in batch filtration mode at a pressure of 1 bar and ambient temperature for 60 min. The variation of the permeate flux as a function of time is shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig8">8</a>. For the ungrafted membrane, a flux reduction was observed during the first 15 min from 350 to 282 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> and, then a stabilized permeate flux of 251 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> was obtained after 20 min. However, for the grafted membrane, a lower flux reduction was observed from 170 to 145 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> during the first 10 min, and then the permeate flux was stabilized at 120 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> after only 15 min. The decrease in the permeate flux after grafting confirms the effectiveness of the grafting protocol.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8" data-title="Fig. 8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/8" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig8" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="figure 8" loading="lazy" width="685" height="537"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-8-desc"><p>Permeate flux with ungrafted and grafted zeolite membranes as a function of time using the IB dye solution and oily wastewater</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/8" data-track-dest="link:Figure8 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 8" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab1">1</a> reveals a significant improvement in the dye retention from 74 to 98.2% after chemical modification by PFAS, which can be explained by the decrease in the mean pore size of the membrane after the grafting process.</p><p>To study the effect of salt concentration on the filtration performances, different synthetic IB dye solutions were prepared containing 0.1 g.L<sup>−1</sup> of IB and NaCl salt concentration varying from 0 to 10 g.L<sup>−1</sup> to be close to the real textile effluent salt composition. Then they were treated using the grafted zeolite membrane (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab2">2</a>).</p> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Characteristics of the different IB solutions differing by salt concentration</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>It is clear that the increase in salt concentration leads to a decrease in colored solution retention. The retention values decrease from 98.2% for a solution without salt to 60.8% for a solution containing 10 g.L<sup>−1</sup> of salt. The addition of NaCl causes the passage of organic molecules (IB) through the membrane and then decreases the performance of the grafted zeolite membrane for IB retention [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Shekh K, Hassan, Schӧenberger H (2022) Recovery of dyes and salts from highly concentrated (dye and salt) mixed water using nano-filtration 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.e11543
 
 " href="#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2656">59</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Ruoyu W, and Shihong L (2021) Pore model for nanofiltration: history, theoretical framework, key predictions, limitations, and prospects 
 https://doi.org/10.2016/j.mrmsci2020.118809
 
 " href="#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2656_1">60</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Renaud M, Marie-Alix P-Z, Nr A, Louis W (2020) Hybrid ceramic membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration: State-of-the-art and challenges 
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 " href="#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2656_2">61</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="Anissa S, Hamzaoui,Pontie AH (2013) M, Study on lithium separation from salt lake brines by nanofiltration (NF) and low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.03.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2659">62</a>].</p><p>On the other hand, the treatment of the oily wastewater (Feed 2) carried out during 60 min at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 60 °C [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Aloulou AH, Duplay W, Baklouti J, Dammak L, Ben Amar L. R (2022) Development of Ultrafiltration Kaolin Membranes over sand and Zeolite supports for the Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater. Membranes 12:1066. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111066
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2665">27</a>] using the ungrafted membrane (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig8">8</a>) shows a flux reduction during the first 15 min from 353 to 288 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>, then a stabilized permeate flux of 248 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> obtained after 20 min. Whereas, for the grafted membrane, a lower flux reduction was observed from 170 to 130 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> during the first 20 min, then the permeate flux was stabilized at 122 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> after 25 min. The decrease in the permeate flux and the longer time for permeate stabilization after chemical modification reflect the very important effect of grafting with PFSA, causing a decrease in the pore size distribution and membrane productivity. The efficiency of the grafted membrane has been proven for the treatment of oily water. Almost total retention of turbidity was observed. Besides, the oil retention was enhanced by the grafting process from 75.22 to 97.15%, mainly due to the decrease in pore size. This result is in agreement with other findings listed in the literature [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="Zewdie T-M, Indah P, Abhishek D, Nigus G-H, Bart Van D (2021) Characterization and beneficiation of Ethiopian kaolin for use in fabrication of ceramic membrane. Mater Res Express 8(11):115201. 
 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2f75
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2688">47</a>].</p><p>The grafting process affects the hydrophilic nature of the membrane and also its morphology resulting in membrane low porous structure. This structure shows a narrow pores having 17 nm as mean pore size, leading to an increase of the dye and oil retention from the wastewaters. In addition, the hydrophobic property of the grafted membrane contributes to the increase of the removal efficiency of these contaminants by adsorption on the membrane surface. Thus, this finding shows the synergistic capabilities of grafting membrane for adsorption and separation avoiding the use of the NF membrane whose fine pores ranging from 1 to 10 nm can effectively separate oil and dye but requires higher pressures. From these results of filtration related to both types of industrial wastewaters, it can be concluded that the grafted zeolite membrane seems to be effective for several types of industrial applications.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec22"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.3 </span>Fouling Mechanism and Membrane Regeneration</h3><p>Reversible or irreversible fouling, caused by the deposition of organic and inorganic compounds (bacteria, colloids, etc.) on the membrane surface, decreases the permeate flux and influences the rejection of pollutants Reversible fouling, resulting in a flux loss of up to 18%, can be removed by rinsing the fouled membranes with water or changing some process parameters. Whereas irreversible fouling, resulting in a flux loss of 26–46%, can be overcome by chemical cleaning [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="Bouhamed AH, Daramola H, Khemakhem O, Ben Amar S. R (2020) Fabrication of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes from natural zeolite and their application in industrial wastewater treatment. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-0150-9
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2702">63</a>]. The resistance values for the grafted zeolite membrane used for microfiltration treatment are illustrated in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab3">3</a>. As the reversible resistance was less than the irreversible resistance (R<sub>rev</sub> < R<sub>irrev</sub>), the decline in the permeate flux can be attributed to irreversible fouling. Thus, a chemical cleaning method is required to recover the initial permeate flux.</p> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Resistance values of the grafted zeolite microfiltration membrane</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The efficiency of membrane regeneration was checked by measuring water permeability after chemical rinsing. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig9">9</a> reveals that the water permeability of unused and regenerated grafted zeolite membranes was very close, confirming the success of the cleaning protocol.</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9" data-title="Fig. 9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/9" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig9" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="figure 9" loading="lazy" width="685" height="561"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-9-desc"><p>Permeate flux versus pressure for the unused and regenerated grafted zeolite membranes</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/9" data-track-dest="link:Figure9 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 9" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec23"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.4 </span>Membrane cost Estimation</h3><p>The membrane cost was estimated from the cost of the raw materials and energy consumption. Compared to polymeric membranes, ceramic membranes made from metallic oxides such as alumina, zirconia, etc. are well known for their high cost. These membranes are more expensive than those using natural raw materials such as sand, clay, zeolite, etc. due to the costly synthetic materials used and the high temperatures needed for sintering, leading to high energy consumption. The cost of the commercial membrane made of α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is reported to be 989–1,220 ($.m<sup>−2</sup>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Aloulou AH, Duplay W, Baklouti J, Dammak L, Ben Amar L. R (2022) Development of Ultrafiltration Kaolin Membranes over sand and Zeolite supports for the Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater. Membranes 12:1066. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111066
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2872">27</a>]. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab4">4</a> illustrates details related to the cost estimation of the grafted zeolite microfiltration membrane, including the price of raw materials utilized for membrane fabrication and modification as well as the energy necessary for shaping and sintering. The fabrication cost of our modified ceramic membrane was estimated at 20.11 $.m<sup>−2</sup>. This value remains relatively lower than that reported by some researchers for low-cost, developed ceramic membranes. It is worth noticing that the cost of the grafted zeolite membrane is lower than the cost of numerous ceramic membranes reported in the literature and estimated in the range of 55–130 $.m<sup>−2</sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Aloulou AH, Duplay W, Baklouti J, Dammak L, Ben Amar L. R (2022) Development of Ultrafiltration Kaolin Membranes over sand and Zeolite supports for the Treatment of Electroplating Wastewater. Membranes 12:1066. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111066
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2883">27</a>]. Despite the high cost of the grafting method, it is worth mentioning that the new grafted zeolite membrane presents approximately a similar cost compared to the Kaolin membrane over the same zeolite support prepared in our laboratory [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Yang C, Xu W, Nan. Y,Wang. Y,Hu. Y,Gao. C, Chen X (2020) Fabrication and characterization of a high-performance polyimide ultrafiltration membrane for dye removal, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 562 589–597 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.075
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e2886">26</a>] and estimated at 20.92 $.m<sup>−2</sup>.</p> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Details of cost estimation for the fabrication of the grafted zeolite membrane</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec24"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.5 </span>Germination test Results</h3><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec25"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.5.1 </span>Germination Index of Flaxseed and Fenugreek</h4><p>The effect of the raw and permeate IB dye solutions obtained by the grafted zeolite membrane on the germination of Fenugreek and Flaxseed seeds was examined by observation after 10 days of germination (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig10">10</a>a and b). Distilled water was used as a reference solution. Based on the results, the raw solution samples, showed very low growth compared to the treated IB solution and distilled water samples which grew rapidly after 10 days.</p><p>The germination in the petri dish containing the distilled water and the raw IB solution was expected to be normal after 10 days, reaching 90% for fenugreek grains and 70% for flaxeed grains. In addition, the germination in the treated IB solution using the grafted membrane demonstrates the great effectiveness of the synthesized membranes for the removal of solution toxicity after the treatment using the modified membrane, as the removal reached 100% and 90%, for fenugreek and flaxeed, respectively (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Tab5">5</a>).</p> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 Germination index of flaxeed and fenugreek</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10" data-title="Fig. 10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/10" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig10_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig10" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig10_HTML.png" alt="figure 10" loading="lazy" width="685" height="838"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-10-desc"><p><b>a</b> Results of germination tests for Fenugreek grains. <b>b</b> Results of germination for flaxseed grains</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/10" data-track-dest="link:Figure10 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 10" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec26"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.5.2 </span>Radical Elongation</h4><p>For flaxseed grains, the best radical elongation of 11.15 cm corresponds to the samples irrigated with permeate of the IB dye solution using the grafted zeolite membrane, which is better than the reference samples (with distilled water) having radical elongation of 10.30 cm. On the other hand, with the raw IB dye solution, the value was much lower than that with the treated solution, which corresponds to 7.04 cm (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig11">11</a>-a).</p><p>For Fenugreek grains, the samples using the permeate IB dye solution and distilled water present radical elongation up to 12.00 cm. However, with the raw IB dye solution, the radical elongation has a value much lower of 9.64 cm (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#Fig11">11</a>-b).</p> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11" data-title="Fig. 11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/11" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig11" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42250-024-01035-9/MediaObjects/42250_2024_1035_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="figure 11" loading="lazy" width="685" height="1142"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-11-desc"><p>Radical elongation of (<b>a</b>) flaxseed and (<b>b</b>) Fenugreek as a function of days irrigated with the different types of water</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9/figures/11" data-track-dest="link:Figure11 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 11" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The decrease in quality when distilled water was used for irrigation compared to the case when treated water with the grafted membrane was used can be attributed to the lack of the appropriate quantity of salt and nutrients needed for germination. This result was also observed by Mzahma et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="Mzahma S, Duplay J, Souguir D, Ben Amar R, Ghazi M, Hachicha M (2023) Membrane processes treatment and possibility of agriculture reuse of textile effluents: study case in Tunisia. Water 15(7):1430. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071430
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d56716457e3515">64</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec27-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec27"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4 </span>Conclusion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec27-content"><p>In the present study, chemical surface modification of the ceramic MF zeolite membrane by silanization (PAFS) was performed. The grafting by PAFS leads to a densification of the membrane surface and the change of the hydrophilic character of the membrane into a hydrophobic one. This behavior was revealed through the increase of the contact angle from 0° to 99.8° and the decrease of water permeability from 1218 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup> to 204 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup>.bar <sup>−1</sup> after modification and the decrease of the mean pore size of the membrane from 550 nm to 17 nm.</p><p>The grafted zeolite membrane was applied to the treatment of the IB dye solution, and oily wastewater from the electroplating industry. The permeate flux at 1 bar, was in the range of 120 L.h<sup>−1</sup>.m<sup>−2</sup> for the colored solution at T = 25 °C and for oily effluent at 60 °C. Comparing the performance between grafted and ungrafted membrane, the elimination of dye and oil did not exceed 75% before grafting and was higher than 97% after grafting. Overall, the modified zeolite membrane appears suitable for the treatment of several types of industrial wastewater.</p><p>From economical point of view, the cost of the grafted zeolite membrane was estimated at 20.11 $.m<sup>−2</sup>, which is rather cost-effective, compared to conventional ceramic membranes fabricated from pure metallic oxides. Finally, the germination tests confirm the low toxicity of the treated IB solution, and its efficiency compared to the distilled water and raw colored feed for reuse in irrigation.</p><p>Due to their high stability, ceramic membranes are recommanded for water treatment processes. Additionnaly, the membrane surface functionalization represents significant advantages to improve the efficiency of the low-cost ceramic membranes in terms of the limitation of fouling and enhancement of the pollutants removal.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Thomas O, Thomas M-F (2022) Chap. 12 - Industrial wastewater, in: Thomas, O., Burgess, C.), UV-Visible Spectrophotometry of Waters and Soils (Third Edition). 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We would also like to express our gratitude to Mr. Mohamed Guerrouache and Ms. Sena Hamadi of the ICMPE for their analytical support.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>Open access funding provided by Université Paris-Est Créteil. Not applicable.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Research unit “Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart cities”, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jamila Bahrouni, Hajer Aloulou, Afef Attia & Raja Ben Amar</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 7182, CNRS. 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, 94320, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jamila Bahrouni & Lasaad Dammak</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of chemistry, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gabes, Gabes, 6029, Tunisia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hajer Aloulou</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Jamila-Bahrouni-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jamila Bahrouni</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Jamila%20Bahrouni" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Ben A.; methodology, J.B. and A.A.; validation, A.A., H.A., L.D. and R. Ben A.; formal analysis, L.D. and R. Ben A. ; investigation, J.B., A.A., H. A., L.D. and R. Ben A. resources, L.D. and R. Ben A.; data curation, J.B., A.A. and H.A. writing—original draft preparation J. B., A.A. and H. A.; writing— review and editing, L.D. and R. Ben A.; supervision, L. D. and R. Ben A.; project administration, L.D. and R. Ben A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:dammak@u-pec.fr">Lasaad Dammak</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:benamar.raja@yahoo.com">Raja Ben Amar</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Ethical Approval</h3> <p>Not applicable.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Informed Consent</h3> <p>Not applicable.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher’s Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary Information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec28-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec28">Supplementary Information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec28-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 1. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Bahrouni, J., Aloulou, H., Attia, A. <i>et al.</i> Surface Modification of a Zeolite Microfiltration Membrane: Characterization and Application to the Treatment of Colored and oily Wastewaters. <i>Chemistry Africa</i> <b>7</b>, 4513–4527 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s42250-024-01035-9?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" 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data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Microfiltration</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Grafting%20Process&facet-discipline="Chemistry"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Grafting Process</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=IB%20dye%20Solution&facet-discipline="Chemistry"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">IB dye Solution</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Oily%20Wastewater&facet-discipline="Chemistry"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Oily Wastewater</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" 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