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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Middle Francia, 843–855</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Francia,_843–855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Lotharingia,_855–900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Lotharingia,_855–900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kingdom of Lotharingia, 855–900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Lotharingia,_855–900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Lotharingia,_900–959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Lotharingia,_900–959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Duchy of Lotharingia, 900–959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Lotharingia,_900–959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_959_and_later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_959_and_later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Partition of 959 and later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_959_and_later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لوثارينجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوثارينجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C" title="لوتارنژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوتارنژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лотарингия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Lotar%C3%ADngia" title="Regne de Lotaríngia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Lotaríngia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingie" title="Lotharingie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lotharingie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λοθαριγγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λοθαριγγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringo" title="Lotaringo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lotaringo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C" title="لوتارنژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوتارنژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingie" title="Lotharingie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lotharingie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loataringen" title="Loataringen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loataringen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotarinxia" title="Lotarinxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lotarinxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%83%80%EB%A7%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="로타링기아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로타링기아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Lotaringija" title="Kraljevina Lotaringija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringia" title="Lotaringia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lotaringia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="לותרינגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לותרינגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringa" title="Lotaringa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lotaringa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Lotaringijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotaringijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лотарингија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лотарингија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A2" title="ロタリンギア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロタリンギア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Lotar%C3%ADngia" title="Reino da Lotaríngia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Lotaríngia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Лотарингия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Лотарингия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringija" title="Lotaringija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лотарингија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лотарингија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotaringija" title="Lotaringija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lotaringija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โลทริงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลทริงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharinya" title="Lotharinya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lotharinya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лотаринзьке королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лотаринзьке королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lotharingia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingen" title="Lotharingen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lotharingen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="洛塔林吉亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洛塔林吉亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6673921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">9th- and 10th-century kingdom in Western Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Lotharingia / Duchy of Lotharingia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Lotharingia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">855–959</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolingian_empire_855.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Lotharingia (purple) and other Carolingian kingdoms following the Treaty of Prüm, 855"><img alt="The Kingdom of Lotharingia (purple) and other Carolingian kingdoms following the Treaty of Prüm, 855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carolingian_empire_855.svg/250px-Carolingian_empire_855.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carolingian_empire_855.svg/375px-Carolingian_empire_855.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carolingian_empire_855.svg/500px-Carolingian_empire_855.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Lotharingia (purple) and other Carolingian kingdoms following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Treaty of Prüm">Treaty of Prüm</a>, 855</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Kingdom (855–923)<br />Duchy in <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (925–959)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish language">Old Franconian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lorraine">King or Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 855–869 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 953–965 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Great" title="Bruno the Great">Bruno the Great</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Treaty of Prüm">Treaty of Prüm</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">855</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Division </div></th><td class="infobox-data">959</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png/20px-Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png/30px-Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png/40px-Premier_%C3%A9tendard_du_duch%C3%A9_de_Lorraine.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="741" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="806" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/25px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/38px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/50px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lorraine" title="Category:Lorraine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/330px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/440px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#History" title="Lorraine">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lotharingia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">German Empire Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">Third Reich Lorraine department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Language_and_culture" title="Lorraine">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Demographics" title="Lorraine">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_lorrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée lorrain (page does not exist)">Musée lorrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Religion" title="Lorraine">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a><br /><small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Exemption_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (canon law)">Immediately subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Verdun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun">Diocese of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_of_France" title="United Protestant Church of France">United Protestant Church of France</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a><small> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a><small> (<i>rest of Lorraine</i>)</small></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">Local law in Alsace-Moselle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat in Alsace-Moselle</a> (1801)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> (<i>54</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> (<i>55</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Lothringen</a>, 57</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> (<i>88</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lorraine in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France#European_Parliament" title="Elections in France">European Parliament elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="France (European Parliament constituency)">Constituency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:History of the Netherlands">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo Belgicus"><img alt="Leo Belgicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/375px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prehistory of the Netherlands">Prehistory of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Roman_era" title="Netherlands in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons#Saxons_in_the_Netherlands" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">painting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">evolution</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">WIC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Guianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="List of wars involving the Dutch Republic">List of wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent country within the kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Netherlands">Economic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Amsterdam Entrepôt">Amsterdam Entrepôt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Whaling in the Netherlands">Whaling in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military history of the Netherlands">Military history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="List of wars involving the Netherlands">List of wars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Colonial history</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Language</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of healthcare in the Netherlands">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_heraldry" title="Dutch heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lotharingia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a medieval successor kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. It comprised present-day <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and Germany west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. It was named after <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">King Lothair II</a>, who received this territory as his share of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> which his father, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, had held.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lotharingia resulted from the tripartite division in 855 of the kingdom of Middle Francia, which itself was formed after the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> of 843. Conflict between East and West Francia over Lotharingia was based on the fact that these were the old <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> homelands of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, so possession of them was a matter of great prestige as true claimant of Frankish imperial legacy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lotharingia was known as <i>regnum quondam Lotharii</i> or <i>regnum Lotharii</i> ("kingdom [once] Lothair's") and its inhabitants <i>Lotharii</i> (from <i>Lotharius</i>), <i>Lotharienses</i> (from <i>Lothariensis</i>), or <i>Lotharingi</i> (which gives the modern Dutch, German, and Luxembourgish names for the province <i>Lotharingen, Lothringen,</i> and <i>Lothringen</i> respectively). The latter term, formed with the Germanic suffix <i>-ing</i>, indicating ancestral or familial relationships, gave rise to the Latin term <i>Lotharingia</i> (from the Latin suffix <i>-ia</i>, indicating a country) in the 10th century. Later French terms such as "Lorraine" and "Lothier" are derived from the Latin term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Francia,_843–855"><span id="Middle_Francia.2C_843.E2.80.93855"></span>Middle Francia, 843–855</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Francia, 843–855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></div> <p>In 817, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> made plans for division of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> among his three sons after his death. Unforeseen in 817 was a further heir besides Louis's three grown sons. A fourth son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, was born to Louis's second wife <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a> in 823. When Louis tried in 833 to re-divide the empire for the benefit of Charles, he met with opposition from his adult sons, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis</a>. A decade of civil war and fluctuating alliances followed, punctuated by brief periods of peace. </p><p>Pepin died in 838, and Louis the Pious in 840. The remaining three brothers made peace and divided the Empire with the 843 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>. Lothair, as the eldest, kept the imperial title and received a long strip of territories stretching from the North Sea to southern Italy. The logic of the division was that Lothair had the crown of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which had been his subkingdom under <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, and that as emperor he should rule in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, the capital of the first Carolingian emperor, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the ancient capital of emperors. Middle Francia (Latin <i>Francia media</i>) thus included all the land between Aachen and Rome, and it has sometimes been called by historians the "Lotharingian axis". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Lotharingia,_855–900"><span id="Kingdom_of_Lotharingia.2C_855.E2.80.93900"></span>Kingdom of Lotharingia, 855–900</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Lotharingia, 855–900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 855, when Lothair I was dying in <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey" title="Prüm Abbey">Prüm Abbey</a>, he divided his kingdom among his three sons with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Treaty of Prüm">Treaty of Prüm</a>. To the eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a>, went Italy, with the imperial title. To the youngest, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Provence" title="Charles of Provence">Charles</a>, still a minor, went <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. To the middle son, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a>, went the remaining territories to the north of Provence, a kingdom which lacked ethnic or linguistic unity. </p><p>Lothair II ruled from <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and did not venture outside his kingdom. When he died in 869, Lothair II left no legitimate children, but one illegitimate son - <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh, Duke of Alsace">Hugh, Duke of Alsace</a>. His uncles, king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (who wanted to rule the whole of Lotharingia) agreed to divide Lotharingia between them with the 870 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a> - the western half went to West Francia and the eastern half to East Francia. Thus, Lotharingia, as a united kingdom, ceased to exist for some years. In 876, Charles the Bald invaded eastern Lotharingia with the intent to capture it, but was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andernach_(876)" title="Battle of Andernach (876)">Andernach</a> by Louis's son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a>. </p><p>In 879, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a> was invited by a faction of the West Frankish nobility to succeed king <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a>, Charles's son, on the throne of West Francia. After a brief war, Louis the Stammerer's young sons, <a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a>, ceded western Lotharingia to Louis. The border between the two kingdoms was established at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a> in 880 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribemont" title="Treaty of Ribemont">Treaty of Ribemont</a>. </p><p>In November 887, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> called a council of East Frankish nobility to depose emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a>, who by 884 had succeeded to the thrones of all the kingdoms of the Empire. The Lotharingian aristocracy, in an attempt to assert its right to elect a sovereign, joined the other East Frankish nobles in deposing <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> in 887 and elected Arnulf as their king. The rule of Arnulf in East Francia was initially opposed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy III of Spoleto</a>, who became king of Italy, and by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph I of Burgundy">Rudolph I of Burgundy</a>, who was elected king in the southern half of former Middle Francia - <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a>. Rudolph had intended to make himself king over the whole of Lothair II's former kingdom, but had to be content with Burgundia. </p><p>Arnulf defeated the Vikings in 891 and dislodged them from their settlements at Louvain. In 895, he appointed his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a> as the king of Lotharingia who ruled semi-independently until he was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Reginar,_Duke_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginar, Duke of Lorraine">Reginar</a> on August 13, 900. The kingdom then ceased to exist and became a duchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duchy_of_Lotharingia,_900–959"><span id="Duchy_of_Lotharingia.2C_900.E2.80.93959"></span>Duchy of Lotharingia, 900–959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Duchy of Lotharingia, 900–959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_900_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_in_900_AD.png/240px-Europe_in_900_AD.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_in_900_AD.png/360px-Europe_in_900_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_in_900_AD.png/480px-Europe_in_900_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 900, showing Lotharingia and its neighbours</figcaption></figure> <p>The young king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Gebhard,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Gebhard, Duke of Lorraine">Gebhard</a> to be the duke of Lotharingia in 903. His title was recorded in contemporary Latin as <i>dux regni quod a multis Hlotharii dicitur</i>: "duke of the kingdom that many call Lothair's". He died in 910 fighting <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invaders</a>. </p><p>When non-Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a> was elected king of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> in 911, Lotharingian nobles under the new duke <a href="/wiki/Reginar,_Duke_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginar, Duke of Lorraine">Reginar</a> voted to attach their duchy to West Francia, still ruled by the Carolingian dynasty. In 915, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> rewarded him by granting him the title of <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a>. Reginar was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine">Gilbert</a> who used the title <i>dux Lotharingiae</i>: "duke of Lotharingia". </p><p>When the West Franks deposed Charles in 922, he remained king in Lotharingia, from where he attempted to reconquer his kingdom in 923. He was captured and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_II,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Herbert II, Count of Vermandois">Heribert II of Vermandois</a> until his death in 929. In 923, king <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> used this opportunity and invaded Lotharingia (including <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>). In 925, Lotharingians under Gilbert elected Henry the Fowler to be their king. In 930, Gilbert's loyalty was rewarded and he received the prestigious hand of Henry's daughter <a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga</a> in marriage. </p><p>On Henry's death in 936, Gilbert rebelled and tried to swap Lotharingian allegiance to the West Franks, since their king <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a> was weak and would interfere less in local affairs. In 939, Henry's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, invaded Lotharingia, and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andernach" title="Battle of Andernach">Battle of Andernach</a> defeated Gilbert who drowned trying to flee across the Rhine. </p><p>The dukes of Lotharingia were thereafter royal appointees. <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I, Duke of Bavaria</a> was duke for two years, followed in 941 by duke <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Otto, Duke of Lorraine">Otto</a>, who, in 944, was followed by <a href="/wiki/Conrad,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Conrad, Duke of Lorraine">Conrad</a>. Lotharingia was turned into a junior <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchy</a> whose dukes had a vote in royal elections. While the other stem duchies had tribal or historic identities, Lotharingia's identity was solely political. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a> of West Francia tried to maintain a claim to Lotharingia by marrying Gilbert's widow and Otto's sister Gerberga. In his turn, Otto I accepted homage from West Francia's <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_II,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Herbert II, Count of Vermandois">Herbert II, Count of Vermandois</a> at <a href="/wiki/Attigny,_Ardennes" title="Attigny, Ardennes">Attigny</a> in 942. The weak Louis IV had no choice but to agree to Otto's continued suzerainty over Lotharingia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 944, West Francia invaded Lotharingia, but retreated after Otto I responded with mobilization of a large army under <a href="/wiki/Herman_I,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Herman I, Duke of Swabia">Herman I, Duke of Swabia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partition_of_959_and_later_history">Partition of 959 and later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partition of 959 and later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg/220px-Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg/330px-Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg/440px-Lotharingia-959_with_current_borders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Lotharingia's division in 959<br />Blue: <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, ceded to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> in 925<br />Orange: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Upper Lorraine</a> after 928<br />Green: <a href="/wiki/Lower_(Northern)_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower (Northern) Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a> after 977<br />Purple: Current state borders</figcaption></figure> <p>In 953, Duke Conrad rebelled against Otto I, and was removed from power and replaced by Otto's brother <a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Great" title="Bruno the Great">Bruno the Great</a>, who finally pacified Lotharingia in 959 by dividing it into <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine"><i>Lotharingia superior</i></a> (Upper Lorraine or Southern Lorraine) under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Upper_Lorraine" title="Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine">Frederick I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine"><i>Lotharingia inferior</i></a> (Lower Lotharingia, Lower Lorraine or Northern Lotharingia) under <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_I,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Godfrey I</a>. </p><p>In 978, king <a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a> of West Francia <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_war_of_978%E2%80%93980" title="Franco-German war of 978–980">invaded the region and captured Aachen</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, counterattacked and reached the walls of Paris. In 980, Lothair renounced his rights to Lotharingia. </p><p>Except for one brief period (1033–44, under <a href="/wiki/Gothelo_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine">Gothelo I</a>), the division was never reversed and the margraves soon raised their separate fiefs into duchies. In the twelfth century the ducal authority in Lower Lotharingia (or Lower Lorraine) fragmented, causing the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, whose rulers retained the title <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Duke of Lothier</a> (derived from "Lotharingia"). With the disappearance of a "lower" Lorraine, the duchy of Upper Lorraine became the primary referent for "Lorraine" within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>After centuries of French invasions and occupations, Lorraine was finally ceded to France at the close of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1737). In 1766, the duchy was inherited by the French crown and became <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>. In 1871, after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the northern portions of Lorraine were merged with <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> to become the province of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, which became French territory again after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Today the greater part of the French side of the Franco-German border belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region of France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lorraine">List of rulers of Lotharingia (Lorraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Upper Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_(Northern)_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower (Northern) Lotharingia">Duchy of Lower Lorraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Lotharii<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">,</span> Regnum Lothariense<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">,</span> Lotharingia</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Lotharingie</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reich des Lothar<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">,</span> Lotharingien<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">,</span> Mittelreich</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Lotharingen</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBullough1975" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, D.A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tenthcenturystud0000unse/page/22">"The Continental Background of the Reform"</a>. In Parsons, David (ed.). <i>Tenth-Century Studies</i>. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tenthcenturystud0000unse/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-179-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-179-X"><bdi>0-85033-179-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Continental+Background+of+the+Reform&rft.btitle=Tenth-Century+Studies&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-85033-179-X&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftenthcenturystud0000unse%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALotharingia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C&dq=lotharingia&pg=PA274">The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annales_vedastini" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales vedastini">Annales vedastini</a></i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html">The Latin Library</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annales_xantenses_qui_dicuntur" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales xantenses qui dicuntur">Annales xantenses qui dicuntur</a></i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/xanten.html">The Latin Library</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartholomew, John, and Wakelyn Nightingale. <i> Monasteries and Patrons in the Gorze Reform: Lotharingia c. 850–1000</i> (2001)</li> <li>Clark, Samuel. <i>State and Status: The Rise of the State and Aristocratic Power in Western Europe</i> (1995) pp. 53–79 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0773512497">excerpt</a></li> <li>MacLean, Simon. (2013). "Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c. 850–c. 1050". <i>History Compass</i>, <b>11</b>: 443–457.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Timothy Reuter</a>, ed. <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&dq=Lotharingia&pg=PA388">excerpts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Ascherson, Neal</a>, "A Mess of Tiny Principalities" (review of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winder" title="Simon Winder">Simon Winder</a>, <i>Lotharingia: A Personal History of Europe's Lost Country</i>, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019, 504 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 20 (19 December 2019), pp. 66–68.</li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/100px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/150px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/200px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Language_and_culture" title="Lorraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Demographics" title="Lorraine">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Religion" title="Lorraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz" title="FC Metz">FC Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz_(women)" title="FC Metz (women)">FC Metz (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Nancy">AS Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_%C3%89pinal" title="SAS Épinal">SAS Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Raon-l%27%C3%89tape" title="US Raon-l'Étape">US Raon-l'Étape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUC_Nancy_Basket" title="SLUC Nancy Basket">SLUC Nancy Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz_Handball" title="Metz Handball">Metz Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPTT_Nancy_(water_polo)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASPTT Nancy (water polo)">ASPTT Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamyo_d%27%C3%89pinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamyo d'Épinal">Gamyo d'Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_Alsace-Vosges" title="Rallye Alsace-Vosges">Rallye Alsace-Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Open" title="Lorraine Open">Lorraine Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#History" title="Lorraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>) (22 BC–5th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> (5th-century–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (511–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> (843–855)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lotharingia</a> (855–959)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> (959–1766)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a> (circa 950-1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> (1552-1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a> (1766–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&oldid=1252493347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotharingia&oldid=1252493347</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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