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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education and early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professor_in_Amsterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professor_in_Amsterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professor in Amsterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professor_in_Amsterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pieter Zeeman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeyeman" title="Piter Zeyeman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piter Zeyeman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পিটার জেমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার জেমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зееман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Зееман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зээман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітэр Зээман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%96%CE%AD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C" title="피터르 제이만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터르 제이만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պիտեր Զեեման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Զեեման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर ज़ीमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर ज़ीमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פיטר זימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר זימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Zeeman" title="Petrus Zeeman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABters_Z%C4%93manis" title="Pīters Zēmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīters Zēmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर झीमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर झीमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पिएटर जीम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पिएटर जीम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ピーター・ゼーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ゼーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="پیٹر زیمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر زیمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Зееман, Питер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зееман, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="पीटर् जीमन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीटर् जीमन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="پیتەر زێمەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر زێمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட்டர் சீமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் சீமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeeman" title="Piter Zeeman – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Piter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పీటర్ జీమన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పీటర్ జీమన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітер Зееман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%91_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیڑ زیمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیڑ زیمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="塞曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79000#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pieter Zeeman</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/220px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/330px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/440px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2974" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zeeman, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1865-05-25</span>)</span>25 May 1865<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1943<span style="display:none">(1943-10-09)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Johanna Elisabeth Lebret</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1902)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1912)</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">ForMemRS (1921)</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1925)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pieter Zeeman</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ZAY</span>-mən</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈpitər<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzeːmɑn]</a></span>; 25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who shared the 1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_youth">Childhood and youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pieter Zeeman was born in <a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a>, a small town on the island of <a href="/wiki/Schouwen-Duiveland" title="Schouwen-Duiveland">Schouwen-Duiveland</a>, the Netherlands, the son of Rev Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman, a minister of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, and his wife, Willemina Worst. </p><p>Pieter became interested in physics at an early age. In 1883, the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora borealis</a> happened to be visible in the Netherlands. Zeeman, then a student at the high school in <a href="/wiki/Zierikzee" title="Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a>, made a drawing and description of the phenomenon and submitted it to <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, where it was published. The editor praised "the careful observations of Professor Zeeman from his observatory in Zonnemaire". </p><p>After finishing high school in 1883, Zeeman went to <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> for supplementary education in <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a>, then a requirement for admission to University. He stayed at the home of Dr J.W. Lely, co-principal of the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Lely" title="Cornelis Lely">Cornelis Lely</a>, who was responsible for the concept and realization of the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a>. While in Delft, he first met <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, who was to become his thesis adviser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeeman,_Pieter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg/220px-Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg/330px-Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg/440px-Zeeman%2C_Pieter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Pieter Zeeman by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Veth" title="Jan Veth">Jan Veth</a>, 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Zeeman passed the qualification exams in 1885, he studied physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> under Kamerlingh Onnes and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>. In 1890, even before finishing his thesis, he became Lorentz's assistant. This allowed him to participate in a research programme on the <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect" title="Magneto-optic Kerr effect">Kerr effect</a>. In 1893 he submitted his doctoral thesis on the Kerr effect,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reflection of <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a> on a magnetized surface. After obtaining his doctorate he went for half a year to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)" title="Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist)">Friedrich Kohlrausch's</a> institute in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>. In 1895, after returning from Strasbourg, Zeeman became <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> in mathematics and physics in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>. The same year he married Johanna Elisabeth Lebret (1873–1962); they had three daughters and one son.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZeemanEffect.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ZeemanEffect.GIF/220px-ZeemanEffect.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/ZeemanEffect.GIF 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>A photo Zeeman took of the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896, shortly before moving from Leiden to Amsterdam,<sup id="cite_ref-DvD_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DvD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he measured the splitting of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> by a strong magnetic field, a discovery now known as the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a>, for which he won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. This research involved an investigation of the effect of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> source. He discovered that a spectral line is split into several components in the presence of a magnetic field. Lorentz first heard about Zeeman's observations on Saturday 31 October 1896 at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where these results were communicated by Kamerlingh Onnes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next Monday, Lorentz called Zeeman into his office and presented him with an explanation of his observations, based on Lorentz's theory of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. </p><p>The importance of Zeeman's discovery soon became apparent. It confirmed Lorentz's prediction about the polarization of light emitted in the presence of a magnetic field. Thanks to Zeeman's work it became clear that the oscillating particles that according to Lorentz were the source of light emission were negatively charged, and were a thousandfold lighter than the hydrogen atom. This conclusion was reached well before <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>'s discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>. The Zeeman effect thus became an important tool for elucidating the structure of the atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professor_in_Amsterdam">Professor in Amsterdam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Professor in Amsterdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/280px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/420px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/560px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a> (circa 1920).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/220px-1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/330px-1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/440px-1929_Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>1929 <a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> by Georges Chevalier</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after his discovery, Zeeman was offered a position as <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where he started to work in the autumn of 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-DvD_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DvD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, this was followed by his promotion to professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>. In 1902, together with his former mentor Lorentz, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the Zeeman effect. Five years later, in 1908, he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a> as full professor and Director of the Physics Institute in Amsterdam. </p><p>In 1918 he published "Some experiments on gravitation: The ratio of mass to weight for crystals and radioactive substances" in the <i>Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen,</i> experimentally confirming the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a> with regard to gravitational and inertial mass. </p><p>A new laboratory built in Amsterdam in 1923 was renamed the Zeeman Laboratory in 1940. This new facility allowed Zeeman to pursue a refined investigation of the Zeeman effect. For the remainder of his career he remained interested in research in <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_effect" title="Magneto-optic effect">magneto-optic effects</a>. He also investigated the propagation of light in moving media. This subject became the focus of a renewed interest because of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, and enjoyed a keen interest from Lorentz and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Later in his career he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898 Zeeman was elected to membership of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Amsterdam, and he served as its secretary from 1912 to 1920. He won the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> in 1921, and several other awards and <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degrees</a>. Zeeman was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">Foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired as a professor in 1935. </p><p>Zeeman died on 9 October 1943 in Amsterdam, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeeman received the following awards for his contributions. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1912)</li> <li>Elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frs2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1921)<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1925)</li></ul> <p>The crater <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_(crater)" title="Zeeman (crater)">Zeeman</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_and_Atomic_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom and Atomic Theory">Atom and Atomic Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Sommerfeld_model" title="Bohr–Sommerfeld model">Bohr–Sommerfeld model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_drag_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel drag coefficient">Fresnel drag coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-dragging_effects" title="Light-dragging effects">Light-dragging effects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">the original</a> on 2015-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayleigh1944" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1944). "Pieter Zeeman. 1865-1943". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>4</b> (13): 591–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1944.0010">10.1098/rsbm.1944.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125808317">125808317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Pieter+Zeeman.+1865-1943&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=591-595&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1944.0010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125808317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rayleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1897" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F055347a0">"The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>55</b> (1424): 347. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1897Natur..55..347Z">1897Natur..55..347Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F055347a0">10.1038/055347a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Magnetisation+on+the+Nature+of+Light+Emitted+by+a+Substance&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1424&rft.pages=347&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F055347a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1897Natur..55..347Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F055347a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>60</b> (359–367): 513–514. 1896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0079">10.1098/rspl.1896.0079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+a+Magnetic+Field+on+Radiation+Frequency&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=359%E2%80%93367&rft.pages=513-514&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>60</b> (359–367): 514–515. 1896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0080">10.1098/rspl.1896.0080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+a+Magnetic+Field+on+Radiation+Frequency&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=359%E2%80%93367&rft.pages=514-515&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1914" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003222/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1">"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)"</a>. <i>Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings</i>. <b>17</b> (I): 445–451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1914KNAB...17..445Z">1914KNAB...17..445Z</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1">the original</a> on 2009-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Art+and+Sciences%2C+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Fresnel%27s+coefficient+for+light+of+different+colours.+%28First+part%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=445-451&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1914KNAB...17..445Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofscience.nl%2Fsearch%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fpubid%3D1708%26view%3Dimage%26startrow%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1915" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003227/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1">"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)"</a>. <i>Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings</i>. <b>18</b> (I): 398–408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1915KNAB...18..398Z">1915KNAB...18..398Z</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1">the original</a> on 2009-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Art+and+Sciences%2C+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Fresnel%27s+coefficient+for+light+of+different+colours.+%28Second+part%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=398-408&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1915KNAB...18..398Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofscience.nl%2Fsearch%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fpubid%3D1847%26view%3Dimage%26startrow%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_Zeeman1893" class="citation web cs1">Pieter Zeeman (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Zeeman_1893.pdf">"Metingen over het verschijnsel van Kerr bij polaire terugkaatsing op ijzer, kobalt en nikkel, in 't bijzonder over Sissingh's magneto-optisch phaseverschil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metingen+over+het+verschijnsel+van+Kerr+bij+polaire+terugkaatsing+op+ijzer%2C+kobalt+en+nikkel%2C+in+%27t+bijzonder+over+Sissingh%27s+magneto-optisch+phaseverschil&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Pieter+Zeeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filorentz.org%2Fhistory%2Fproefschriften%2Fsources%2FZeeman_1893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Forman, "<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Land%C3%A9" title="Alfred Landé">Alfred Landé</a> and the anomalous Zeeman Effect, 1919-1921", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1970, 153-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKox1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kox, A. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3655500/2775_26336y.pdf">"The discovery of the electron: II. The Zeeman effect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 139–144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EJPh...18..139K">1997EJPh...18..139K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F18%2F3%2F003">10.1088/0143-0807/18/3/003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250826469">250826469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+electron%3A+II.+The+Zeeman+effect&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-144&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250826469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F18%2F3%2F003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EJPh...18..139K&rft.aulast=Kox&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F3655500%2F2775_26336y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1970" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, J. B. (1970). "On the Varieties of Nineteenth-Century Magneto-Optical Discovery". <i>Isis</i>. <b>61</b>: 34–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350577">10.1086/350577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139903">145139903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=On+the+Varieties+of+Nineteenth-Century+Magneto-Optical+Discovery&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=34-51&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/biographical/">"Pieter Zeeman - Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Nobel Media AB 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Pieter+Zeeman+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1902%2Fzeeman%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Zeeman-effect.html">"Although not included in the published paper, you may be interested in a picture of Pieter Zeeman, as well as a photo he took of the effect named for him."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DvD-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DvD_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DvD_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_van_Delft2007" class="citation web cs1">Dirk van Delft (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-10-Van%20Delft-Freezing%20Physics.pdf">"Freezing physics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freezing+physics&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dirk+van+Delft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fwp-content%2FHSSN%2F2007-10-Van%2520Delft-Freezing%2520Physics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1896" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zeeman, P. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109543402;view=1up;seq=201">"Over de invloed eener magnetisatie op den aard van het door een stof uitgezonden licht"</a> [On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance]. <i>Verslagen van de Gewone Vergaderingen der Wis- en Natuurkundige Afdeeling (Koninklijk Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam) [Reports of the Ordinary Sessions of the Mathematical and Physical Section (Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam)]</i> (in Dutch). <b>5</b>: 181–184 and 242–248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896VMKAN...5..181Z">1896VMKAN...5..181Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen+van+de+Gewone+Vergaderingen+der+Wis-+en+Natuurkundige+Afdeeling+%28Koninklijk+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen+te+Amsterdam%29+%5BReports+of+the+Ordinary+Sessions+of+the+Mathematical+and+Physical+Section+%28Royal+Academy+of+Sciences+in+Amsterdam%29%5D&rft.atitle=Over+de+invloed+eener+magnetisatie+op+den+aard+van+het+door+een+stof+uitgezonden+licht&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=181-184+and+242-248&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896VMKAN...5..181Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112109543402%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1897" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=238">"On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 5th series. <b>43</b>: 226–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+influence+of+magnetism+on+the+nature+of+the+light+emitted+by+a+substance&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=226-239&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015024088695%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00004018">"Pieter Zeeman (1865 - 1943)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pieter+Zeeman+%281865+-+1943%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00004018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draper_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html">"Henry Draper Medal"</a>. National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Draper+Medal&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fawards%2Fhenry-draper-medal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pieter_Zeeman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrand1943b" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bertrand" title="Gabriel Bertrand">Bertrand, Gabriel</a> (20 December 1943b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31698/f629.image">"Allocution"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences</a></i> (in French), <b>217</b>, Paris: 625–640</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Allocution&rft.volume=217&rft.pages=625-640&rft.date=1943-12-20&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k31698%2Ff629.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span>, available at <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>. The "Address" of Gabriel Bertrand of December 20, 1943 at the French Academy: he gives biographical sketches of the lives of recently deceased members, including Pieter Zeeman, <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Giraud" title="Georges Giraud">Georges Giraud</a>.</li> <li>Albert van Helden <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/author.cfm?RecordId=39"><i>Pieter Zeeman 1865 – 1943</i></a> In: K. van Berkel, A. van Helden and L. Palm ed., A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 606 - 608.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/biographical/">Biography</a> at the Nobel e-museum and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/">Nobel Lecture</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/3">Pieter Zeeman</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79000#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>P.F.A. Klinkenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/zeeman"><i>Zeeman, Pieter (1865-1943)</i></a>, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.</li> <li>Biography of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205024954/http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/zeeman/zeeman.html"><i>Pieter Zeeman (1865 – 1943)</i></a> at the National library of the Netherlands.</li> <li>Anne J. Kox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522125032/http://staff.science.uva.nl/~kox/oratie.html"><i>Wetenschappelijke feiten en postmoderne fictie in de wetenschapsgeschiedenis</i></a>, Inaugural lecture (1999).</li> <li>Pim de Bie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505024427/http://www.dodenakkers.nl/beroemd/wetenschap/158-zeeman.html"><i>prof.dr. P. Zeeman Zonnemaire 25 mei 1865 - Amsterdam 9 oktober 1943</i></a> Gravesite of Pieter Zeeman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044852/http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/lorentz_zeeman/object3.htm#P"><i>Pieter Zeeman</i></a>, Bijzondere collecties Leiden.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316093221/http://physics.nobel.brainparad.com/pieter_zeeman.html">photo & short info</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1902_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1902 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1902_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Hermann Emil Fischer</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (Germany)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Zeeman</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><b>1902 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> (1911)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1921" title="Template:FRS 1921"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1921" title="Template talk:FRS 1921"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1921" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1921"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">in 1921</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Eade_Agar" title="Wilfred Eade Agar">Wilfred Eade Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Calman" title="William Thomas Calman">William Thomas Calman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harry_Church" title="Arthur Harry Church">Arthur Harry Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dreyer" title="Georges Dreyer">Georges Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eccles_(physicist)" title="William Eccles (physicist)">William Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Grant_Ledingham" title="John Charles Grant Ledingham">John Charles Grant Ledingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_J._P._Orton" title="Kennedy J. P. Orton">Kennedy Joseph Previte Orton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_Parsons" title="John Herbert Parsons">John Herbert Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15633439" class="extiw" title="d:Q15633439">James Charles Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Robb" title="Alfred Robb">Alfred Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Tennyson_d%27Eyncourt" title="Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt">Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">Udny Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Calmette" title="Albert Calmette">Albert Calmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albin_Haller" title="Albin Haller">Albin Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beecher_Wilson" title="Edmund Beecher Wilson">Edmund Beecher Wilson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Zeeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79000#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79000#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79000#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081714339">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103215195">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/204630/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMjFQxwVmjvBrgYfFh73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116968141">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87116964">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb107361779">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb107361779">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zeeman, Pieter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20201069542&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070058296">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98011114">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz1tg30fjfr0s">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272134205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517797406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05893173?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=110929">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:zeeman.pieter">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/659470">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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