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href="#Scientific_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scientific contributions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific contributions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Musical sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_color_of_the_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_color_of_the_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Blue color of the sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_color_of_the_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raman_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raman_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Raman effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raman_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_scattering_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_scattering_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 The scattering experiments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_scattering_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Announcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Announcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Reception and outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Later work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 The Nobel Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Independent discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Krishnan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Krishnan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Role of Krishnan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Krishnan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Raman–Born_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Raman–Born_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Raman–Born controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Raman–Born_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Indian authorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Indian Academy of Sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Institute_of_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Institute_of_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Indian Institute of Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Institute_of_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Royal_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Royal_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 The Royal Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Royal_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honours and awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours and awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition_and_contemporary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition_and_contemporary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Posthumous recognition and contemporary references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition_and_contemporary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">C. V. Raman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन् – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन्" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تشاندراشيكارا رامان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاندراشيكارا رامان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="চি ভি ৰামন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চি ভি ৰামন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन् – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन्" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سی وی رامان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سی وی رامان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="চন্দ্রশেখর ভেঙ্কট রামন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চন্দ্রশেখর ভেঙ্কট রামন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасэкара Вэнката Раман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чандрасэкара Вэнката Раман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="सी. वी. रमन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सी. वी. रमन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Венката Раман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candra%C5%9Bekhara_Ve%E1%B9%87ka%E1%B9%ADa_R%C4%81man" title="Candraśekhara Veṇkaṭa Rāman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Candraśekhara Veṇkaṭa Rāman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Raman" title="C.V. Raman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="C.V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Τσαντρασεκάρα Ράμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντρασεκάρα Ράμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سی وی رامان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی وی رامان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_R%C3%A2man" title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Râman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Râman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80._%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80._%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8" title="સી. વી. રામન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સી. વી. રામન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EB%B2%B5%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%8C" title="찬드라세카라 벵카타 라만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찬드라세카라 벵카타 라만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չանդրասեկհարա Վենկատա Ռաման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չանդրասեկհարա Վենկատա Ռաման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेंकटरमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata_Raman" title="Venkata Raman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="צ'נדרסקהארה ונקאטה ראמאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'נדרסקהארה ונקאטה ראמאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ವೆಂಕಟರಾಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ವೆಂಕಟರಾಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩანდრასეკარა ვენკატა რამანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანდრასეკარა ვენკატა რამანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata_Raman" title="Venkata Raman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekhara_Venkata_R%C4%81mans" title="Čandrasekhara Venkata Rāmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čandrasekhara Venkata Rāmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candra%C5%A1ekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrašekhara Venkata Raman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čandrašekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_R%C3%A2man" title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Râman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chandrashekhara Venkata Râman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ചന്ദ്രശേഖര വെങ്കിട്ടരാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചന്ദ്രശേഖര വെങ്കിട്ടരാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩანდრასეკარა ვენკატა რამანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩანდრასეკარა ვენკატა რამანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تشاندراسيخارا رامان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاندراسيخارا رامان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سی وی رامان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سی وی رامان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="စီဗီရာမန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီဗီရာမန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="チャンドラセカール・ラマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャンドラセカール・ラマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata_Raman" title="Venkata Raman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Raman" title="C.V. Raman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="C.V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata_Raman" title="Venkata Raman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3" title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ଭେଙ୍କଟ ରମଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ଭେଙ୍କଟ ରମଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ ਵੈਂਕਟ ਰਾਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ ਵੈਂਕਟ ਰਾਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="چندرشیکھر وینکٹ رامن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چندرشیکھر وینکٹ رامن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D9%88%D9%8A._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="سي. وي. رامن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سي. وي. رامن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чандрасекхара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कटरामन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कटरामन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D9%88%D9%8A._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="سي. وي. رامن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سي. وي. رامن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candiras%C3%A9chara_Venkata_R%C3%A1man" title="Čandiraséchara Venkata Ráman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čandiraséchara Venkata Ráman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چاندراسێخارا ڕامان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاندراسێخارا ڕامان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chandrasekhara Raman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A._%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86._%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ச. வெ. இராமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ச. வெ. இராமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చంద్రశేఖర వేంకట రామన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చంద్రశేఖర వేంకట రామన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಿ.ವಿ.ರಾಮನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಿ.ವಿ.ರಾಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чандрасекара Венката Раман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="چندرشیکر وینکٹ رامن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چندرشیکر وینکٹ رامن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="C. V. Raman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="拉曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60429#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian physicist (1888–1970)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian name</a>, the name Chandrasekhara is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, and the person should be referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">C. V. Raman</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_CV_Raman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/220px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/330px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/440px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Raman in 1930</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</div> (1888-11-07)7 November 1888 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 November 1970(1970-11-21) (aged 82) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore State</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovering <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lokasundari Ammal</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1907)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Radhakrishnan">Venkatraman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society#Foreign_member" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Audits_and_Accounts_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Audits and Accounts Service">Indian Finance Department</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Rajabazar Science College</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Research_Institute" title="Raman Research Institute">Raman Research Institute</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calamur_Mahadevan" title="Calamur Mahadevan">Calamur Mahadevan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S._Pancharatnam" title="S. Pancharatnam">S. Pancharatnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Ramachandran" title="G. N. Ramachandran">G. N. Ramachandran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S._Ramaseshan" title="S. Ramaseshan">S. Ramaseshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Ambalal_Sarabhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai">Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kariamanickam_Srinivasa_Krishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan">Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan</a> <a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman,_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg/150px-Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg/225px-Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg/300px-Chandrashekhara_Venkata_Raman%2C_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="33" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɑːmən/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970), known simply as C. V. Raman,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> known for his work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Light scattering">light scattering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frs-3">[3]</a> Using a <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrograph</a> that he developed, he and his student <a href="/wiki/K._S._Krishnan" title="K. S. Krishnan">K. S. Krishnan</a> discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a>. In 1930, Raman received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for this discovery and was the first Asian and the first non-White to receive a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in any branch of science.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Born to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Tamil Brahmin</a> parents, Raman was a <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">precocious child</a>, completing his secondary and higher secondary education from <a href="/wiki/St_Aloysius%27_Anglo-Indian_High_School" title="St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School">St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School</a> at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> examination of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> with honours in physics from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a> at age 16. His first research paper, on <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffraction of light">diffraction of light</a>, was published in 1906 while he was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Audit_and_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Audit and Accounts Service">Indian Finance Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. There he became acquainted with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to carry out independent research and where he made his major contributions in <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. In 1917, he was appointed the first <a href="/wiki/Palit_Professor_of_Physics" title="Palit Professor of Physics">Palit Professor of Physics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Rajabazar Science College</a> under the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">blue colour of the sea</a> at the time, namely the reflected <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh-scattered light</a> from the sky, as being incorrect. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Physics" title="Indian Journal of Physics">Indian Journal of Physics</a> in 1926. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> in 1933 to become the first Indian director of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a> the same year. He established the <a href="/wiki/Raman_Research_Institute" title="Raman Research Institute">Raman Research Institute</a> in 1948 where he worked to his last days. The <a href="/wiki/Raman_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raman effect">Raman effect</a> was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annually by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> as the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Day" title="National Science Day">National Science Day</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> C. V. Raman was born in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India) to <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Iyer" title="Iyer">Iyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> parents,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He was the second of eight siblings.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2019-8">[8]</a> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989a-9">[9]</a> In 1892, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at <a href="/wiki/Mrs._A._V._N._College" title="Mrs. A. V. N. College">Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2013-10">[10]</a> Raman was educated at the <a href="/wiki/St_Aloysius%27_Anglo-Indian_High_School" title="St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School">St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_of_Arts" title="Intermediate of Arts">First Examination in Arts</a> examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, <a href="/wiki/Pre-university_course" title="Pre-university course">pre-university course</a>) with a scholarship at age 13,<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education">Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education</a>) examination.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> In 1902, Raman joined <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a> in Madras (now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 1904, he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture" in the British journal <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" title="Philosophical Magazine">Philosophical Magazine</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureates-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It was alongside <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>'s paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher <a href="/wiki/Rhishard_Llewellyn_Jones" title="Rhishard Llewellyn Jones">Rhishard Llewellyn Jones</a> insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989e-21">[21]</a> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2013-10">[10]</a> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>… if I were to go to England."<a href="#cite_note-SinghR-2002-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Indian government service, Indian Finance Service (now <a href="/wiki/Indian_Audit_and_Accounts_Service" title="Indian Audit and Accounts Service">Indian Audit and Accounts Service</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989c-23">[23]</a> Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> He was posted in Calcutta (now <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2013-10">[10]</a> He was highly impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-SinghR-2002-22">[22]</a> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder <a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sircar</a>'s son and secretary of IACS), and <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a> (executive member of the IACS and Vice-Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>). With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<a href="#cite_note-Biwas-2010-25">[25]</a> or produced any research paper.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2013-10">[10]</a> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> in 1907 became the first from the institute.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> In 1909, Raman was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), to take up the position of currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness. The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-2016-27">[27]</a> Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, Maharashtra, in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Sciences1988-28">[28]</a> Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-2016-27">[27]</a> From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>), a PhD scholar under <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Prasad" title="Ganesh Prasad">Ganesh Prasad</a>, was his first student.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018a-29">[29]</a> From the next year, other universities followed suit including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon University">Rangoon University</a>, Queen's College Indore, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Science,_Nagpur" title="Institute of Science, Nagpur">Institute of Science, Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishnath_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnath College">Krisnath College</a>, and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Biwas-2010-25">[25]</a> He referred to this period as the "golden era" of his life.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Raman was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/Palit_Professor_of_Physics" title="Palit Professor of Physics">Palit Professor of Physics</a>, a position established after the benefactor <a href="/wiki/Taraknath_Palit" title="Taraknath Palit">Sir Taraknath Palit</a>, in 1913. The university senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his age.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a></blockquote>Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> to take up the position, but Bose declined.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for taking up the position as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Rajabazar Science College</a>, a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"<a href="#cite_note-Biwas-2010-25">[25]</a> since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his joining the university, which stated:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting advanced students in their researches.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018a-29">[29]</a></blockquote>Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary <a href="/wiki/DSc" class="mw-redirect" title="DSc">DSc</a> which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rutherford">Lord Rutherford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-2015-34">[34]</a> Upon his election as <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<a href="#cite_note-Biwas-2010-25">[25]</a> In 1926, he established the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Physics" title="Indian Journal of Physics">Indian Journal of Physics</a> and acted as the first editor.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Raman_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raman Effect">Raman effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raman-1928-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989d-37">[37]</a> Raman was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a> as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his appointment as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a> (IISc) in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, he left Calcutta in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV">Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV</a>, the King of Mysore, <a href="/wiki/Jamsetji_Tata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamsetji Tata">Jamsetji Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan" title="Mir Osman Ali Khan">Mir Osman Ali Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, had contributed the lands and funds for the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Minto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Minto">Lord Minto</a> approved the establishment in 1909, and the British government appointed its first director, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Travers" title="Morris Travers">Morris Travers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Raman became the fourth director and the first Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited <a href="/wiki/G._N._Ramachandran" title="G. N. Ramachandran">G. N. Ramachandran</a>, who later went on to become a distinguished <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallographer" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray crystallographer">X-ray crystallographer</a>. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started publishing the academy's journal Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_-_Mathematical_Sciences" title="Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences">Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Sciences" title="Journal of Chemical Sciences">Journal of Chemical Sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Earth_System_Science" title="Journal of Earth System Science">Journal of Earth System Science</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ACS-2015-34">[34]</a> Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> With his former student <a href="/wiki/Panchapakesa_Krishnamurti" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchapakesa Krishnamurti">Panchapakesa Krishnamurti</a>, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Parameswaran-2011-40">[40]</a> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the <a href="/wiki/Raman_Research_Institute" title="Raman Research Institute">Raman Research Institute</a> in Bangalore a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific contributions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raman_energy_levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raman_energy_levels.svg/300px-Raman_energy_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raman_energy_levels.svg/450px-Raman_energy_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Raman_energy_levels.svg/600px-Raman_energy_levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg/300px-Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg/450px-Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg/600px-Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Raman at the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize Award Ceremony</a> with other winners, from left C. V. Raman (physics), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a> (chemistry), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a> (medicine) and <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (literature)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_sound">Musical sound</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical sound">edit</a>]</div> One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>'s The Sensations of Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> He published his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked out the theory of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transverse" class="extiw" title="wikt:transverse">transverse</a> vibration of <a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">bowed string instruments</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">superposition</a> of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_tone" title="Wolf tone">wolf tone</a> in violins and cellos.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He studied the <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> of various violin and related instruments, including Indian stringed instruments,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and water splashes.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Raman also studied the uniqueness of Indian drums.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> His analyses of the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> nature of the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a> were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He wrote a critical research on vibrations of the <a href="/wiki/Pianoforte" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianoforte">pianoforte</a> string that was known as Kaufmann's theory.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed to study how sound travels in the <a href="/wiki/Whispering_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whispering Gallery">Whispring Gallery</a> of the dome of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London that produces unusual sound effects.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> His work on acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works on optics and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_color_of_the_sea">Blue color of the sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blue color of the sea">edit</a>]</div> Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">blue color of seawater</a>. During a voyage home from England on board the S.S. Narkunda in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">spectroscope</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nicol_prism" title="Nicol prism">Nicol prism</a> in hand, he studied the sea water.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the time,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> the best explanation had been that of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>'s in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the color of water, but is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a phenomenon now known as <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> the scattering of light and refraction by particles in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using a <a href="/wiki/Nicol_prism" title="Nicol prism">Nicol prism</a> to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.<a href="#cite_note-Nature1921-62">[62]</a> As soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Harbour" title="Mumbai Harbour">Mumbai Harbour</a>), Raman finished an article "The colour of the sea" that was published in the November 1921 issue of Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).<a href="#cite_note-Nature1921-62">[62]</a> As he thought:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Looking down into the water with a Nicol in front of the eye to cut off surface reflections, the track of the sun's rays could be seen entering the water and appearing by virtue of perspective to converge to a point at a considerable depth inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes its passage visible? An interesting possibility that should be considered in this connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raman-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page to Raman's Molecular Diffraction of Light (1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raman-2.jpg/140px-Raman-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raman-2.jpg/210px-Raman-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raman-2.jpg/280px-Raman-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="3858" /></a><figcaption>Title page to Raman's Molecular Diffraction of Light (1922)</figcaption></figure> When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University of Rangoon, to conduct further research at IACS.<a href="#cite_note-Mallik-2000-63">[63]</a> By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London">Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></blockquote>True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> His subsequent study of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in 1924 provided the full evidence.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It is now known that the intrinsic color of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption of longer wavelengths of light in the red and orange regions of the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>, owing to overtones of the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.<a href="#cite_note-Braun-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raman_effect">Raman effect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Raman effect">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Raman's second important discovery on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, an eponymous phenomenon called the Raman effect.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2018-68">[68]</a> After discovering the nature of light scattering that caused blue colour of water, he focused on the principle behind the phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other light rays formed in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Incident_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident ray">incident ray</a> when sunlight was filtered through a violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that this was a case of a "trace of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">[13]</a> In 1925, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Krishnan" title="K. S. Krishnan">K. S. Krishnan</a>, a new Research Associate, noted the theoretical background for the existence of an additional scattering line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> But the theoretical attempts to justify the phenomenon were quite futile for the next two years.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The major impetus was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton effect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> had found evidence in 1923 that <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> can also be described as particles.<a href="#cite_note-Compton_effect-72">[72]</a> By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As the news of Compton's <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Excellent news... very nice indeed. But look here Krishnan. If this is true of X-Rays, it must be true of Light too. I have always thought so. There must be an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue it and we are on the right lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Prize must be won."<a href="#cite_note-Ramdas-1973-74">[74]</a> </blockquote>But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which <a href="/wiki/William_Duane_(physicist)" title="William Duane (physicist)">William Duane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_scattering_experiments">The scattering experiments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The scattering experiments">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png/240px-1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png/360px-1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png/480px-1928_Benzene_Raman_Spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>An early Raman spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> published by Raman and Krishnan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> Krishnan started the experiment in the beginning of January 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Mallik-2000-63">[63]</a> On 7 January, he discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised fluorescence within the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.<a href="#cite_note-Mallik-2000-63">[63]</a> That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering. On 16 February, they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering separate from the <a href="/wiki/Incident_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident light">incident light</a>. Due to difficulty in measuring the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type of <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrograph</a> for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-2015-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly 200 <a href="/wiki/Rupees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupees">rupees</a> on my equipment,"<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> although it was obvious that his total expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> From that moment they could employ the instrument using <a href="/wiki/Monochromator" title="Monochromator">monochromatic light</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_arc_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury arc lamp">mercury arc lamp</a> which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and photographed.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-b1-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Announcement">Announcement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Announcement">edit</a>]</div> The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press of India">Associated Press of India</a> reported it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It ran the story as:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a discovery which promises to be of fundamental significance to physics... The new phenomenon exhibits features even more startling than those discovered by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed is that when matter is excited by light of one colour, the atoms contained in it emit light of two colours, one of which is different from the exciting colour and is lower down the spectrum. The astonishing thing is that the altered colour is quite independent of the nature of the substance used.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2018-68">[68]</a></blockquote>The news was reproduced by <a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a> on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The actual data was sent to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Raman presented the formal and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Physics" title="Indian Journal of Physics">Indian Journal of Physics</a> on 31 March.<a href="#cite_note-Raman-1928-36">[36]</a> A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989d-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_outcome">Reception and outcome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception and outcome">edit</a>]</div> Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of the discovery. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Joos" title="Georg Joos">Georg Joos</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University of Jena">Friedrich Schiller University of Jena</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce the experiment, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2008-87">[87]</a> On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published the following months.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Use of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghR-2002-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brand-1989-91">[91]</a> In addition to being a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the <a href="/wiki/Light#Quantum_theory" title="Light">quantum nature of light</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> was the first American to confirm the Raman effect in early 1929.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> He made a series of experimental verification, after which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The field of <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> came to be based on this phenomenon, and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, referred to it in his presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".<a href="#cite_note-Ramdas-1973-74">[74]</a> Raman was confident that he would win the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to <a href="/wiki/Owen_Richardson" title="Owen Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> in 1928 and to <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman-1995-95">[95]</a> He did eventually win that year.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2014-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_work">Later work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later work">edit</a>]</div> Raman had association with the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. He attended the foundation ceremony of BHU<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> He also held the position of permanent visiting professor.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Suri_Bhagavantam" title="Suri Bhagavantam">Suri Bhagavantam</a>, he determined the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a> in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brand-1989-91">[91]</a> With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Acousto-optics" title="Acousto-optics">acousto-optic effect</a> (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a> frequencies,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1948, through studying the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond from 1944 to 1968,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> the structure and optical behaviour of numerous <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> substances including <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> pearly <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Among his other interests were the optics of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>, and electrical and magnetic <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">physiology of human vision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989c-23">[23]</a> The wedding day is popularly recorded as on 6 May,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-124">[124]</a> but Raman's great-niece and biographer, <a href="/wiki/Uma_Parameswaran" title="Uma Parameswaran">Uma Parameswaran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> revealed a factual date of 2 June 1907.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> (Sources are contradicting on her age as her birth year is specified as 1892,<a href="#cite_note-SinghR-2002-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-124">[124]</a> which would make her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> corroborated by her obituary in <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a> that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 May 1980.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a> when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989c-23">[23]</a> Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church, Kolkata</a> as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and Raman with the acoustics.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Radhakrishnan">Venkatraman Radhakrishnan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio astronomer">radio astronomer</a>. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal collection of stones, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, and materials with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world travels and as gifts.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He often carried a small, handheld <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrometer" title="Optical spectrometer">spectroscope</a> to study specimens.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> These, along with his spectrograph, are on display at IISc.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in life. He nominated Raman for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as President of the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for the position of Director at IISc in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-2013-10">[10]</a> Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years."<a href="#cite_note-Satyan-2003-136">[136]</a> He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach Sweden by sea route.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the whole of it."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013b-140">[140]</a> but objected to being labelled atheist.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989e-21">[21]</a> His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> He resented <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Hindu traditional rituals</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1988-142">[142]</a> but did not give them up in family circles.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> He was also influenced by the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">pagri</a> (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">upanayana</a> (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> He even attributed his turban for the recognition he received on his first visit to England, particular from J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> In a public speech, he once said,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no Heaven, no <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Swarga</a>, no Hell, no rebirth, no <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and no immortality. The only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his life properly.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></blockquote>In a friendly meeting with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation turned to religion. Raman spoke,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a God we must look for him in the Universe. If he is not there, he is not worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of astronomy and physics seem to be further and further revelations of God.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989e-21">[21]</a></blockquote>On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1988-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> At the end of October 1970, Raman had a <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive for another four hours.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-2015-147">[147]</a> He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded by his followers and fans.<a href="#cite_note-IndianAcadSci-1988-148">[148]</a> Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, "Do not allow the journals of the Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whether science is taking root in it or not."<a href="#cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">[42]</a> That evening, Raman met with the Board of Management of his institute in his bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.<a href="#cite_note-IndianAcadSci-1988-148">[148]</a> He also willed his wife to perform a simple <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> without any rituals upon his death. He died from natural causes early the next morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-2015-147">[147]</a> With the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> publicly announced, saying,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nobel_Prize">The Nobel Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Nobel Prize">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_discovery">Independent discovery</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Independent discovery">edit</a>]</div> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Landsberg" title="Grigory Landsberg">Grigory Landsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Mandelstam" title="Leonid Mandelstam">Leonid Mandelstam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> independently discovered the Raman effect. They published their findings in July issue of <a href="/wiki/Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturwissenschaften">Naturwissenschaften</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-1928-150">[150]</a> and presented their findings at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Association of Physicists held at <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> between 5 and 16 August.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come to an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied with great success in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry properties of molecules, and thus the problems concerning nuclear spin in atomic physics.<a href="#cite_note-Riess-2001-152">[152]</a> The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's name to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> for the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-Riess-2001-152">[152]</a> Evidence later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> According to Mandelstam's letter (to <a href="/wiki/Orest_Khvolson" title="Orest Khvolson">Orest Khvolson</a>), the Russian had observed the spectral line on 21 February 1928.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_Krishnan">Role of Krishnan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Role of Krishnan">edit</a>]</div> Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in discovering the Raman effect.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2008-87">[87]</a> He alone first noted the new scattering.<a href="#cite_note-Mallik-2000-63">[63]</a> Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1998-158">[158]</a> But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2008-87">[87]</a> He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1998-158">[158]</a> After Krishnan's death, Raman said to a correspondent from <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Raman–Born_controversy">The Raman–Born controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Raman–Born controversy">edit</a>]</div> From October 1933 to March 1934, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> Born at the time was a refugee from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and temporarily employed at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Since the beginning of the 20th century Born had developed a theory on <a href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattice" title="Coupled map lattice">lattice dynamics</a> based on thermal properties.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> He presented his theory in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory and claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> Their debate lasted for decades.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In this dispute, Born received support from most physicists,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> as his view was proven to be a better explanation.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> Raman's theory was generally regarded as having partial relevance.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Beyond the intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him as an "enemy."<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> Despite the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the editor of Current Science he rejected articles that supported Born's theory.<a href="#cite_note-Earunan-2018-167">[167]</a> Born was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize specifically for his contributions to lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_authorities">Indian authorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indian authorities">edit</a>]</div> Raman had an aversion to the then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and Nehru's policies on science. In one instance he smashed the bust of Nehru on the floor. In another, he shattered his <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> medallion to pieces with a hammer, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malhotra-2014-170">[170]</a> He publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of gold and copper against an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On the same occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another government laboratory."<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-2015-147">[147]</a> Raman was particularly against the control of research programmes by the government such as in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a> (BARC), <a href="/wiki/Defense_Research_and_Development_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Research and Development Organization">Defense Research and Development Organization</a> (DRDO), and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR).<a href="#cite_note-Earunan-2018-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Srikanth-2017-172">[172]</a> He remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including <a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.S._Bhatnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S. Bhatnagar">S.S. Bhatnagar</a>, and his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another research institute in Madras. The Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds from the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a>, then the Minister for Finance Education in Madras, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.<a href="#cite_note-Srikanth-2017-172">[172]</a> Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just kept on discussing issues without action. As to problems of food resources in India, his advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding like pigs and the matter will solve itself."<a href="#cite_note-Satyan-2003-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Academy_of_Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indian Academy of Sciences">edit</a>]</div> The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of the proposal for a national scientific organization in line with the Royal Society.<a href="#cite_note-Balaram-2009-176">[176]</a> In 1933, the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organization, planned to establish a national science body, which would be authorized to advise the government on scientific matters.<a href="#cite_note-Parameswaran-1999-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Gregory,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Gregory</a>, then editor of Nature, on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of Current Science, to establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should be an exclusively Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He resolved "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of the South Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.<a href="#cite_note-Govil-2010-178">[178]</a> Raman registered the new organization as the Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar of Societies.<a href="#cite_note-Parameswaran-1999-177">[177]</a> It was a provisional name to be changed to the Royal Society of India after approval from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a>. The Government of India did not recognize it as an official national scientific body, as such the ICSA created a separate organization named the National Institute of Sciences of India on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a> in 1970).<a href="#cite_note-Govil-2010-178">[178]</a> INSA had been led by the foremost rivals of Raman including <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.<a href="#cite_note-Balaram-2009-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Institute_of_Science">Indian Institute of Science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indian Institute of Science">edit</a>]</div> Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> He lacked diplomatic personality with other colleagues, which <a href="/wiki/S._Ramaseshan" title="S. Ramaseshan">S. Ramaseshan</a>, his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop."<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1988-142">[142]</a> He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> observed, "Raman found a sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well–paid people."<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-1988-142">[142]</a> At the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving the full position of professor to Born.<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-2014-24">[24]</a> Aston even made a personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty, much less to be the head of the department of physics."<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Council of IISc constituted a review committee to oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The committee, chaired by <a href="/wiki/James_Irvine_(chemist)" title="James Irvine (chemist)">James Irvine</a>, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, reported in March that Raman had misused the funds and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the proposal of Born as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-2019-160">[160]</a> The Council offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the institute with effect from 1 April or resign as the Director and continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make the choice, he was to be fired. Raman was inclined to take up the second choice.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Royal_Society">The Royal Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Royal Society">edit</a>]</div> Raman never seemed to have thought highly of the Fellowship of the Royal Society.<a href="#cite_note-Satyan-2003-136">[136]</a> He tendered his resignation as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact reason was not documented.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2002-181">[181]</a> One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Independence of India</a>, the Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, <a href="/wiki/The_London_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Times">The London Times</a> had once made a list of the Fellows, in which Raman was omitted. Raman wrote to and demanded an explanation from <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, the then President of the society. He was dejected by Blackett's response that the society had no role in the newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> According to Krishnan, another cause was a disapproving review Raman received on a manuscript he had submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society</a>. It could have been these cumulative factors as Raman wrote in his resignation letter, and said, "I have taken this decision after careful consideration of all the circumstances of the case. I would request that my resignation be accepted and my name removed from the list of the Fellows of the Society."<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2002-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG/220px-CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG/330px-CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG/440px-CV_Raman_bust_BITM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in the garden of Birla Industrial & Technological Museum.</figcaption></figure> Raman was honored with many honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. Within India, apart from being the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc),<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> he was a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a> of Bengal (FASB),<a href="#cite_note-INSA-185">[185]</a> and from 1943, a Foundation Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSA-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[n 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[n 2]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie" title="Deutsche Akademie">Deutsche Akademie</a> of Munich, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Physical_Society" title="Swiss Physical Society">Swiss Physical Society</a> of Zürich, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philosophical_Society_of_Glasgow" title="Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow">Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the USSR">Academy of Sciences of the USSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a> (Honorary Member), the <a href="/wiki/Mineralogical_Society_of_America" title="Mineralogical Society of America">Mineralogical Society of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Romanian Academy of Sciences">Romanian Academy of Sciences</a>, the Catgut Acoustical Society of America and the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences">Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">[189]</a> In 1924, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frs-3">[3]</a> However, he resigned from the fellowship in 1968 for unrecorded reasons, the only Indian FRS ever to do so.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> He was the President of the 16th session of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Association#Indian_Science_Congress_sessions" title="Indian Science Congress Association">Indian Science Congress</a> in 1929. He was the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1933 until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman-1995-95">[95]</a> He was member of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1912, Raman received the Curzon Research Award, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-2016b-193">[191]</a></li> <li>In 1913, he received the Woodburn Research Medal, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-2016b-193">[191]</a></li> <li>In 1928, he received the <a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_delle_Scienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze">Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">[189]</a></li> <li>In 1930, he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a>. An approval for his inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/1929_Birthday_Honours" title="1929 Birthday Honours">1929 Birthday Honours</a> was delayed, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Irwin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's House (now <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a>) in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-Knighthood-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></li> <li>In 1930, he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2014-96">[96]</a> He was the first Asian and the first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.</li> <li>In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.<a href="#cite_note-Ramdas-1973-74">[74]</a></li> <li>In 1941, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">[189]</a></li> <li>In 1954, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> (along with politician and former <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> and philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></li> <li>In 1957, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_recognition_and_contemporary_references">Posthumous recognition and contemporary references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition and contemporary references">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Walk_24(1)_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg/220px-Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg/330px-Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg/440px-Science_Walk_24%281%29_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Science walk participants to commemorate <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Day" title="National Science Day">National Science Day</a> 2024 at <a href="/wiki/University_College_of_Science,_Technology_and_Agriculture" title="University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture">Rajabazar Science College</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>India celebrates <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Day" title="National Science Day">National Science Day</a> on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></li> <li>Postal stamps featuring Raman were issued in 1971 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></li> <li>A road in India's capital, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, is named C. V. Raman Marg.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li> <li>An area in eastern <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> is called <a href="/wiki/CV_Raman_Nagar" title="CV Raman Nagar">CV Raman Nagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></li> <li>The road running north of the national seminar complex in Bangalore is named C. V. Raman Road.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></li> <li>A building at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a> in Bangalore is named the Raman Building.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></li> <li>A hospital in eastern Bangalore on 80 Ft. Rd. is named the Sir C. V. Raman Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></li> <li>There is also <a href="/wiki/CV_Raman_Nagar" title="CV Raman Nagar">CV Raman Nagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichy">Trichy</a>, his birthplace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_(crater)" title="Raman (crater)">Raman</a>, a lunar crater is named after C. V. Raman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman_Global_University" title="C. V. Raman Global University">C. V. Raman Global University</a> was established in 1997.</li> <li>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> recognized Raman's discovery as an <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks" title="National Historic Chemical Landmarks">International Historic Chemical Landmark</a> at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The inscription on the commemoration plaque reads:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At this institute, Sir C. V. Raman discovered in 1928 that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of a different color. Raman showed that the nature of this scattered light was dependent on the type of sample present. Other scientists quickly understood the significance of this phenomenon as an analytical and research tool and called it the Raman Effect. This method became even more valuable with the advent of modern computers and lasers. Its current uses range from the non-destructive identification of minerals to the early detection of life-threatening diseases. For his discovery, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-2015-34">[34]</a></blockquote></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._C.V._Raman_University" title="Dr. C.V. Raman University">Dr. C.V. Raman University</a> was established in Chhattisgarh in 2006.</li> <li>On 7 November 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> honoured Raman on the 125th anniversary of his birthday.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Science_Centre" title="Raman Science Centre">Raman Science Centre</a> in Nagpur is named after Sir C. V. Raman.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._C.V._Raman_University,_Bihar" title="Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar">Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar</a> was established in 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._C.V._Raman_University,_Khandwa" title="Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa">Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa</a> was established in 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy, a biopic about Raman directed by Nandan Kudhyadi released in 1989. It won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Biographical_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Biographical Film">National Film Award for Best Biographical Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></li> <li>Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman, a documentary film on the physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, the Indian national public broadcaster, in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Boys_(web_series)" title="Rocket Boys (web series)">Rocket Boys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> an Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a> series on <a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a>. The character of <a href="/wiki/C.V.Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="C.V.Raman">C.V. Raman</a> was played by <a href="/wiki/T._M._Karthik" title="T. M. Karthik">T.M. Karthik</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_Raman_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse Raman effect">Inverse Raman effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Raman_Spectroscopy" title="Journal of Raman Spectroscopy">Journal of Raman Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_amplification" title="Raman amplification">Raman amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_microscope" title="Raman microscope">Raman microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_optical_activity" title="Raman optical activity">Raman optical activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Resonance Raman spectroscopy">Resonance Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating-polarization_coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_Habitable_Environments_with_Raman_and_Luminescence_for_Organics_and_Chemicals" title="Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals">SHERLOC</a>, a UV Raman spectrometer designed for Mars exploration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatially_offset_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy">Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulated_Raman_adiabatic_passage" title="Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage">Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Transmission Raman spectroscopy">Transmission Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_Raman_scattering" title="X-ray Raman scattering">X-ray Raman scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_family" title="Chandrasekhar family">Chandrasekhar family</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Prior to 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a> was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Although elected a fellow in 1935, Raman failed to complete the formal steps required to be considered an active fellow and his fellowship thereby lapsed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The Academy, however, continues to list him as a "deceased fellow."<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect">"Raman effect"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192402/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect">Archived</a> 24 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html#c-v-raman">"C.V. 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The Analyst. 138 (3): 729–734. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Ana...138..729C">2013Ana...138..729C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC2AN90124B">10.1039/C2AN90124B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23236600">23236600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Analyst&rft.atitle=Rayleigh%2C+Ramsay%2C+Rutherford+and+Raman+%E2%80%93+their+connections+with%2C+and+contributions+to%2C+the+discovery+of+the+Raman+effect&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23236600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC2AN90124B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Ana...138..729C&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Robin+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html">"CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence"</a>. Hindustan Times. 8 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=CV+RAMAN%3A+A+Creative+Mind+Par+Excellence&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fht-school%2Fcv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence%2Fstory-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary">"Remembering CV Raman on his death anniversary"</a>. Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101616/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Udayavani+%E2%80%93+%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF&rft.atitle=Remembering+CV+Raman+on+his+death+anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udayavani.com%2Fenglish-news%2Fremembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherji-2018b-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji-2018b_13-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjiMukhopadhyay2018" class="citation cs2">Mukherji, Purabi; Mukhopadhyay, Atri (2018), "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)", History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 21–76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-0295-4_2">10.1007/978-981-13-0295-4_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-0294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-0294-7"><bdi>978-981-13-0294-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Calcutta+School+of+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sir+Chandrasekhara+Venkata+Raman+%281888%E2%80%931970%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-0295-4_2&rft.isbn=978-981-13-0294-7&rft.aulast=Mukherji&rft.aufirst=Purabi&rft.au=Mukhopadhyay%2C+Atri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm">This Month in Physics History February 1928: Raman scattering discovered</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523005826/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm">Archived</a> 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> APS News Archives February 2009 vol.18 no.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1906" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1666418">"LV. Unsymmetrical diffraction-bands due to a rectangular aperture"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 12 (71): 494–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440609463564">10.1080/14786440609463564</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065550/https://zenodo.org/record/1666418">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=LV.+Unsymmetrical+diffraction-bands+due+to+a+rectangular+aperture&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440609463564&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1666418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Laureates-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Laureates_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030614/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/">Archived</a> 27 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/">"About C V Raman Life, Achievements and Paper Publications"</a>. Indore [M.P.] India. 13 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104203/https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+C+V+Raman+Life%2C+Achievements+and+Paper+Publications.&rft.place=Indore+%5BM.P.%5D+India.&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherealgems.com%2Fwho-is-cv-raman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1907" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2066143">"LVIII. The curvature method of determining the surface-tension of liquids"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 14 (83): 591–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440709463720">10.1080/14786440709463720</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080939/https://zenodo.org/record/2066143">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=LVIII.+The+curvature+method+of+determining+the+surface-tension+of+liquids&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E591-%3C%2Fspan%3E596&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440709463720&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2066143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayleigh1907" class="citation journal cs1">Rayleigh, Lord (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2340435">"LLX. On the relation of the sensitiveness of the ear to pitch, investigated by a new method"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 14 (83): 596–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440709463721">10.1080/14786440709463721</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082843/https://zenodo.org/record/2340435">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. 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"The Nobel Laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS and His Contacts with the British Scientific Community in a Social and Political Context". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (1): 47–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2003.0224">10.1098/rsnr.2003.0224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4142032">4142032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144713213">144713213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Laureate+Sir+Chandrasekhara+Venkata+Raman+FRS+and+His+Contacts+with+the+British+Scientific+Community+in+a+Social+and+Political+Context&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144713213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4142032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2003.0224&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajinder&rft.au=Riess%2C+Falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayaraman-1989e-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989e_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989e_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989e_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaraman1989" class="citation book cs1">Jayaraman, Aiyasami (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21675106">Op. cit</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21675106">21675106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op.+cit.&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21675106&rft.aulast=Jayaraman&rft.aufirst=Aiyasami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F21675106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghR-2002-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghR-2002_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghR-2002_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghR-2002_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghR-2002_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Rajinder2002" class="citation journal cs1">Singh Rajinder (2002). 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Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Indian+Institute+of+Science&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Venkatarama&rft.au=Guttal%2C+Vishwesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Finstitutions%2Findian-institute-of-science-1595%2Fauthors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parameswaran-2011-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Parameswaran-2011_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, Uma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl">C.V. Raman: A Biography</a>. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306689-7"><bdi>978-0-14-306689-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772714846">772714846</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC">the original</a> on 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.V.+Raman%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772714846&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306689-7&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbgXRdnHkiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155908/http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp">"About us"</a>. TCM Limited – Official website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp">the original</a> on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=TCM+Limited+%E2%80%93+Official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcmlimited.in%2Ftcmlimited%2Fgeneralinfo%2FContact.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013a-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013a_42-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mascarenhas, K. Smiles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946">"Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science"</a>. Science Reporter. 50 (11): 21–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Reporter&rft.atitle=Sir+C.V.+Raman+%E2%80%93+Icon+of+Indian+Science&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mascarenhas&rft.aufirst=K.+Smiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F23946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1916" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1916). "XLIII. On the "wolf-note" in bowed stringed instruments". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 32 (190): 391–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441608635584">10.1080/14786441608635584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=XLIII.+On+the+%22wolf-note%22+in+bowed+stringed+instruments&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=190&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441608635584&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1916" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1950214">"On the "Wolf-note" of the Violin and 'Cello"</a>. Nature. 97 (2435): 362–363. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916Natur..97..362R">1916Natur..97..362R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F097362a0">10.1038/097362a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3966106">3966106</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081442/https://zenodo.org/record/1950214">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=On+the+%22Wolf-note%22+of+the+Violin+and+%27Cello&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2435&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3966106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F097362a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916Natur..97..362R&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1950214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1918" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf">"On the mechanical theory of the vibrations of bowed strings and of musical instruments of the violin family, with experimental verification of the results-Part I"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 15: 1–158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090928/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+mechanical+theory+of+the+vibrations+of+bowed+strings+and+of+musical+instruments+of+the+violin+family%2C+with+experimental+verification+of+the+results-Part+I&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ias.ac.in%2F69871%2F1%2F69871.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1921" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf">"On some Indian stringed instruments"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 7: 29–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200140/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+some+Indian+stringed+instruments&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ias.ac.in%2F69870%2F1%2F69870.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanDey1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V.; Dey, Ashutosh (1920). "X. On the sounds of splashes". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 39 (229): 145–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440108636021">10.1080/14786440108636021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=X.+On+the+sounds+of+splashes&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=229&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440108636021&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft.au=Dey%2C+Ashutosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf">"Experiments with mechanically-played violins"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. 6: 19–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092236/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&rft.atitle=Experiments+with+mechanically-played+violins&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ias.ac.in%2F69866%2F1%2F69866.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanKumar1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Kumar, Sivakali (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429634">"Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones"</a>. Nature. 104 (2620): 500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Natur.104..500R">1920Natur.104..500R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F104500a0">10.1038/104500a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4159476">4159476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Musical+Drums+with+Harmonic+Overtones&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2620&rft.pages=500&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4159476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F104500a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Natur.104..500R&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sivakali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman,_C.V.Sivakali_Kumar1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V.; Sivakali Kumar (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429634">"Musical drums with harmonic overtones"</a>. Nature. 104 (2620): 500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Natur.104..500R">1920Natur.104..500R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F104500a0">10.1038/104500a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4159476">4159476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Musical+drums+with+harmonic+overtones&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2620&rft.pages=500&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4159476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F104500a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Natur.104..500R&rft.au=Raman%2C+C.V.&rft.au=Sivakali+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanBanerji1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C.V.; Banerji, B. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1920.0016">"On Kaufmann's theory of the impact of the pianoforte hammer"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Madan+Mohan+Malaviya+and+Banaras+Hindu+University&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1091-%3C%2Fspan%3E1095&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=B.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FVolumes%2F101%2F08%2F1091.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2014" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Satya (20 May 2014). Vision for Science Education. 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Nature. 129 (3244): 22–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129...22R">1932Natur.129...22R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129022a0">10.1038/129022a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10821%2F664">10821/664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4064852">4064852</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316035934/https://www.nature.com/articles/129022a0">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020. 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Part I"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022033/http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/2045">Archived</a> 13 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1935 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengBahadoriGlickRumley2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Qixiang; Bahadori, Meisam; Glick, Madeleine; Rumley, Sébastien; Bergman, Keren (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-5-11-1354">"Recent advances in optical technologies for data centers: a review"</a>. Optica. 5 (11): 1354–1370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Optic...5.1354C">2018Optic...5.1354C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOPTICA.5.001354">10.1364/OPTICA.5.001354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101641/https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-5-11-1354&id=399361">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optica&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+optical+technologies+for+data+centers%3A+a+review&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1354-%3C%2Fspan%3E1370&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOPTICA.5.001354&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Optic...5.1354C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Qixiang&rft.au=Bahadori%2C+Meisam&rft.au=Glick%2C+Madeleine&rft.au=Rumley%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Bergman%2C+Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osapublishing.org%2Fabstract.cfm%3FURI%3Doptica-5-11-1354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanNagendra_Nathe1935" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Nagendra Nathe, N. S. 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Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+diffraction+of+light+by+high+frequency+sound+waves%3A+Part+I.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03035840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198141323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Nagendra+Nathe%2C+N.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03035840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1942" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. 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Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+liquid+state&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24213500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24213500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1941" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052526">"Crystals and photons"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 13 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03052526">10.1007/BF03052526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198142013">198142013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052526">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=Crystals+and+photons&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03052526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198142013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03052526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1942" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0">"Reflexion of X-Rays with Change of Frequency"</a>. Nature. 150 (3804): 366–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942Natur.150..366R">1942Natur.150..366R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F150366a0">10.1038/150366a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222373">222373</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124745/https://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Reflexion+of+X-Rays+with+Change+of+Frequency&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=3804&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F150366a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942Natur.150..366R&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F150366a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1948" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. 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Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Dynamic+X-ray+reflections+in+crystals&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.rri.res.in%2Fbitstream%2F2289%2F1780%2F1%2F1948%2520CS%2520V17%2520p65-75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1948" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0">"X-Rays and the Eigen-Vibrations of Crystal Structures"</a>. Nature. 162 (4105): 23–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.162...23R">1948Natur.162...23R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162023b0">10.1038/162023b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18939227">18939227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4073206">4073206</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727145135/https://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=X-Rays+and+the+Eigen-Vibrations+of+Crystal+Structures&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F162023b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4073206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18939227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.162...23R&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F162023b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1943" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf">"The structure and properties of diamond"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 12 (1): 33–42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24208172">24208172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124226/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+properties+of+diamond&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24208172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ias.ac.in%2F69822%2F1%2F69822.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1968" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03049362">"The diamond: Its structure and properties"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 67 (5): 231–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03049362">10.1007/BF03049362</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91751475">91751475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+diamond%3A+Its+structure+and+properties&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03049362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91751475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03049362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanJayaraman1950" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Jayaraman, A. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03172469">"The structure of labradorite and the origin of its iridescence"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 32 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03172469">10.1007/BF03172469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128235557">128235557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+labradorite+and+the+origin+of+its+iridescence&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03172469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128235557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03172469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanJayaraman1953" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Jayaraman, A. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052851">"The diffusion haloes of the iridescent feldspars"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 37 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03052851">10.1007/BF03052851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128924627">128924627</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052851">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+diffusion+haloes+of+the+iridescent+feldspars&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03052851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128924627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03052851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanJayaraman1953" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Jayaraman, A. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045221">"The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent agate"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 38 (3): 199–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03045221">10.1007/BF03045221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198139210">198139210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+optical+behaviour+of+iridescent+agate&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03045221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198139210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03045221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanJayaraman1954" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Jayaraman, A. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047162">"X-ray study of fibrous quartz"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 40 (3): 107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03047162">10.1007/BF03047162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135143703">135143703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101628/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047162">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=X-ray+study+of+fibrous+quartz&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03047162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135143703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03047162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanJayaraman1953" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Jayaraman, A. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045242">"The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent opal"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 38 (5): 343–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03045242">10.1007/BF03045242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198141813">198141813</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03045242">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+optical+behaviour+of+iridescent+opal&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03045242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198141813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03045242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanKrishnamurti1954" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Krishnamurti, D. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047140">"The structure and optical behaviour of pearls"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 39 (5): 215–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03047140">10.1007/BF03047140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91310831">91310831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047140">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+optical+behaviour+of+pearls&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03047140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91310831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Krishnamurti%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF03047140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan1948" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnan, R. S. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03170788">"Sir C. V. Raman and crystal physics"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 28 (5): 258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03170788">10.1007/BF03170788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172445086">172445086</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101633/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03170788">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=Sir+C.+V.+Raman+and+crystal+physics&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=258&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03170788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172445086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF03170788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanViswanathan1955" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Viswanathan, K. S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03047170">"The theory of the propagation of light in polycrystalline media"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 41 (2): 37–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03047170">10.1007/BF03047170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59436273">59436273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047170">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+A&rft.atitle=The+theory+of+the+propagation+of+light+in+polycrystalline+media&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03047170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59436273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Viswanathan%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF03047170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1960" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1960). "The perception of light and colour and the physiology of vision". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 52 (6): 253–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03047051">10.1007/BF03047051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170662624">170662624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Section+B&rft.atitle=The+perception+of+light+and+colour+and+the+physiology+of+vision&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03047051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170662624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman1962" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087">"The role of the retina in vision"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 56 (2): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03051587">10.1007/BF03051587</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2289%2F1702">2289/1702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24059723">24059723</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83159946">83159946</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125853/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. 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Penguin Books India. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143066897" title="Special:BookSources/9780143066897"><bdi>9780143066897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op.+cit.&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780143066897&rft.aulast=Jayaraman&rft.aufirst=Aiyasami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbgXRdnHkiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mascarenhas-2013b-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Mascarenhas-2013b_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mascarenhas, K. Smiles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946">"Sir C.V. 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Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailyo.in&rft.atitle=Why+it%27s+important+to+keep+the+memories+of+CV+Raman+alive&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Mukharji&rft.aufirst=Shantanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyo.in%2Fvariety%2Fnobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect%2Fstory%2F1%2F20470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, Uma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC">Op. cit</a>. Penguin Books India. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143066897" title="Special:BookSources/9780143066897"><bdi>9780143066897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op.+cit.&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143066897&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbgXRdnHkiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, Uma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC">Op. cit</a>. 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Science and Culture. 76 (7–8): 206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712042500/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2020. 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Citizen Matters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219211923/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. 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Current Science. 96 (1): 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Anniversaries+at+the+Academies&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Balaram&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2Fphp%2Fshow_article.php%3Fvolume%3D096%26issue%3D01%26titleid%3Did_096_01_0005_0006_0%26page%3D0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Parameswaran-1999-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parameswaran-1999_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parameswaran-1999_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran1999" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, Uma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC">Op. cit</a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 145–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2818-5"><bdi>978-81-317-2818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op.+cit.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2818-5&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlrx3wLz4itkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Govil-2010-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Govil-2010_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Govil-2010_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovil2010" class="citation book cs1">Govil, Girjesh (2010). Dasgupta, Uma (ed.). Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947. 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S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F32231">"Insult thwarted 1934 bid to raise profile of Indian science"</a>. Nature. 392 (6672): 112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.392..112J">1998Natur.392..112J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F32231">10.1038/32231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Insult+thwarted+1934+bid+to+raise+profile+of+Indian+science&rft.volume=392&rft.issue=6672&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F32231&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.392..112J&rft.aulast=Jayaraman&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F32231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataraman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Venkataraman, G. 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Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Institute+of+Science&rft.atitle=Some+reflections+on+the+life+and+science+of+Sir+C.+V.+Raman&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=11%2612&rft.pages=449&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.aulast=Venkataraman&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.library.iisc.ernet.in%2Findex.php%2Fiisc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-2002-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2002_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2002_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rajinder (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666">"The story of C. V. Raman's resignation from the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London"</a>. Current Science. 83 (9): 1157–1158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3891">0011-3891</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080415/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=The+story+of+C.+V.+Raman%27s+resignation+from+the+Fellowship+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1157-%3C%2Fspan%3E1158&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0011-3891&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.rri.res.in%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F2289%2F5666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2016" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Peter (2016). The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02926-2"><bdi>978-1-107-02926-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912704183">912704183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Society+and+the+Promotion+of+Science+since+1960&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912704183&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02926-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali1991" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). 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Indian Academy of Sciences. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305211754/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934069">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Chandrasekhara+Venkata+Raman&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffellows.ias.ac.in%2Fprofile%2Fv%2FFL1934069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INSA-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INSA_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSA_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf">"National Institute of Sciences of India: List of Foundation Fellows"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>. 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194609/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft.atitle=National+Institute+of+Sciences+of+India%3A+List+of+Foundation+Fellows&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsa.nic.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FUpLoadedFiles%2FPINSA%2FVol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943. 1943. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science%3A+Annual+Report+for+the+Year+1943&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf">"National Institute of Sciences of India: Annual Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>. 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074726/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft.atitle=National+Institute+of+Sciences+of+India%3A+Annual+Report&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsa.nic.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FUpLoadedFiles%2FPINSA%2FVol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606">"Deceased Fellow: Professor CV Raman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212802/https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft.atitle=Deceased+Fellow%3A+Professor+CV+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsaindia.res.in%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3DF00-0606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayaraman-1989b-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989b_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989b_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989b_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989b_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayaraman-1989b_191-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaraman1989" class="citation book cs1">Jayaraman, Aiyasami (1989). 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Current Science. 83 (9): 1157–1158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184409/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102002/1157.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+C.V.+Raman%27s+resignation+from+the+Fellowship+of+the+Royal+Society+London&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1157-%3C%2Fspan%3E1158&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Singh%2C+Rajinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisc.ernet.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fnov102002%2F1157.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu-2016b-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basu-2016b_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basu-2016b_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2016" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Tejan Kumar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ">Op. cit</a>. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-362-9"><bdi>978-81-8430-362-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101631/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op.+cit.&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-362-9&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Tejan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKOaDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knighthood-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Knighthood_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667">"Page 3667 | Supplement 33501, 31 May 1929 | London Gazette | The Gazette"</a>. www.thegazette.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010222222/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thegazette.co.uk&rft.atitle=Page+3667+%7C+Supplement+33501%2C+31+May+1929+%7C+London+Gazette+%7C+The+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33501%2Fsupplement%2F3667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rajinder (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf">"University of Calcutta and Knighthood for Chandra Sekhara Raman"</a> (PDF). Science and Culture. 83 (9–10): 293–296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090858/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Culture&rft.atitle=University+of+Calcutta+and+Knighthood+for+Chandra+Sekhara+Raman&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandculture-isna.org%2Fsept-oct-17%2Fabs%2FSeptember-October%2520abstract%25202017-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">"Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padma+Awards+Directory+%281954%E2%80%932007%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.nic.in%2Fpdfs%2FPadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/C-V-Raman">"C.V. Raman (Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)"</a>. 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India. 27 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112113541/http://zeenews.india.com/sci-tech/miscellaneous/2009-02-27/511267news.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Science+Day%3A+Remembering+Raman&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fmiscellaneous%2F2009-02-27%2F511267news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:CV_Raman_1971_stamp_of_India.jpg" title="File:CV Raman 1971 stamp of India.jpg">File:CV Raman 1971 stamp of India.jpg</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:CV_Raman_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg" title="File:CV Raman 2009 stamp of India.jpg">File:CV Raman 2009 stamp of India.jpg</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/street/875502/CV-Raman-Marg">"C.V.Raman Marg"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.V.Raman+nagar&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.co.in%2Fmaps%2Fms%3Fgl%3Din%26oe%3DUTF8%26msa%3D0%26msid%3D111635580913567329015.00047fb1cd5ad7ba033c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&authuser=0&q=CV+Raman+Rd&aq=&vps=1&jsv=468d&sll=12.987856,77.67025&sspn=0.004129,0.006899&vpsrc=0&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1&geocode=FRiWxgAdZqOfBA&split=0">"C.V.Raman road- Bangalore"</a>. 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The Hindu. 5 May 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022941/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sir-cv-raman-hospital-starts-integrated-health-unit/article18393185.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. 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The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=%27Rocket+Boys%27+Begins+Well%2C+Then+Turns+Into+Hagiography+With+a+Blatantly+Communal+Touch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fculture%2Frocket-boys-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RamanCentennial">"CV Raman centennial issue"</a>. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 68 (11–12). 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Institute+of+Science&rft.atitle=CV+Raman+centennial+issue&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRamanCentennial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee,_Somaditya2014" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Somaditya (2014). "C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum". Physics in Perspective. 16 (2): 146–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhP....16..146B">2014PhP....16..146B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00016-014-0134-8">10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121952683">121952683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Perspective&rft.atitle=C.+V.+Raman+and+Colonial+Physics%3A+Acoustics+and+the+Quantum&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121952683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00016-014-0134-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhP....16..146B&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Somaditya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holloway, Roger (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKcCrgEACAAJ">C. V. Raman: 51 Success Facts - Everything You Need to Know About C. V. Raman</a>. Lightning Source. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4888-7585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4888-7585-4">978-1-4888-7585-4</a></li> <li>Koningstein, J.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JzuCAAAQBAJ">Introduction to the Theory of the Raman Effect</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-2901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-2901-8">978-94-010-2901-8</a></li> <li>Long, Derek A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1TVe5BdK_UC">The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules</a>. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49028-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49028-9">978-0-471-49028-9</a></li> <li>Malti, Bansal (2012). C.V. Raman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI2XJA5FjzwC">The Making of the Nobel Laureates</a>. Mind Melodies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-200-0">978-93-5018-200-0</a></li> <li>Raman, C. V. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qDvAAAAMAAJ">Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Volume I–V</a>. Indian Academy of Sciences.</li> <li>Raman, C. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOC3vbnTgHYC">Why the Sky is Blue: Dr. C.V. Raman Talks about Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8146-846-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8146-846-8">978-81-8146-846-8</a></li> <li>Salwi, D. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDUuPQAACAAJ">C.V. Raman: The Scientist Extraordinary</a>. Rupa & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-785-6">978-81-7167-785-6</a></li> <li>Singh R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGbTAQAACAAJ">Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman's Work on Light Scattering – Historical Contribution to a Scientific Biography</a>. Logos Publisher, Berlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-0567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-0567-7">978-3-8325-0567-7</a></li> <li>Sri Kantha S. (1988). The discovery of the Raman effect and its impact in biological sciences. European Spectroscopy News. 80, 20–26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri_Kantha1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sri Kantha, S (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340672b0">"Raman's prize"</a>. Nature. 340 (6236): 672. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.340..672T">1989Natur.340..672T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340672b0">10.1038/340672b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2770873">2770873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33415561">33415561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Raman%27s+prize&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=6236&rft.pages=672&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F340672b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33415561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2770873&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.340..672T&rft.aulast=Sri+Kantha&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F340672b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+V.+Raman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C._V._Raman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/C._V._Raman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/C. 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V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/37">C. V. Raman</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60429#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> and his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1930</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://path-creators.blogspot.com/">Path creator – C.V. Raman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/1466">Archive of all scientific papers of C.V. Raman</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0001rama">Scientific Papers of C. V. Raman, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama">Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_x8l1">Volume 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_r1r0">Volume 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers05rama">Volume 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0006rama">Volume 6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/swaminathan-s-a-aiyar/Raman-Effect-fingerprinting-the-universe/articleshow/5908907.cms">Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z9NUV_YrOo">The Quantum Indians: film on Raman, Bose and Saha</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Choudhury" title="Raja Choudhury">Raja Choudhury</a> and produced by PSBT and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Public_Diplomacy" title="Indian Public Diplomacy">Indian Public Diplomacy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1930_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1930 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1930_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1930 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. V. Raman</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd>1930 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template talk:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahagiri Venkata Giri">Varahagiri Venkata Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1801446/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdh7fMXqM4D6mVrPRYwYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118787780">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054438">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129370934">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129370934">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525398">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:raman.c-v">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1037248">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118787780.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118787780">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031603483">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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