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aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bagobo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagobo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bagobo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bagobo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Blaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukidnon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukidnon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bukidnon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukidnon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higaonon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higaonon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Higaonon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higaonon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kalagan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamigin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamigin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kamigin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamigin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamanwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamanwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mamanwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamanwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mandaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manobo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manobo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Manobo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manobo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mansaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mansaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Mansaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mansaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matigsalug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matigsalug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Matigsalug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matigsalug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sangil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Sangil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Subanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagabawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagabawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Tagabawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagabawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagakaulo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagakaulo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Tagakaulo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagakaulo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talaandig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talaandig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Talaandig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talaandig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasaday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasaday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Tasaday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasaday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teduray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teduray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Teduray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teduray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tboli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tboli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Tboli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tboli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tigwahonon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tigwahonon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Tigwahonon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tigwahonon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umayamnon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayamnon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Umayamnon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayamnon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musical heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestral_land_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_land_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancestral land rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_land_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumad_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumad_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lumad killings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumad_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumad_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumad_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lumad schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumad_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakwit_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakwit_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Bakwit schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakwit_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lumad_26" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumad_26"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>Lumad 26</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumad_26-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_lumades" title="Pueblos lumades – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos lumades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C%EC%A1%B1" title="루마드족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마드족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumadi" title="Lumadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lumadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lumad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Austronesian indigenous people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Lumad peoples</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_(Kaamulan_Festival_2017,_Bukidnon,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/220px-Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/330px-Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/440px-Women_in_traditional_Manobo_dress_%28Kaamulan_Festival_2017%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Women in traditional <a href="/wiki/Manobo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo people">Manobo</a> attire during the <a href="/wiki/Kaamulan_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaamulan Festival">Kaamulan Festival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestant</a>) <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">Animist</a> & <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religions</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_population_by_country_of_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine population by country of citizenship">Country of citizenship</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino mestizo">Mestizos</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Demographics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Demographics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagobos,_Davao,_Mindanao_(1913).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png/220px-Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png/330px-Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png/440px-Bagobos%2C_Davao%2C_Mindanao_%281913%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>The Bagobo people in their traditional attire (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1913</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lumad</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for <b>Katawhang Lumad</b> (Literally: "indigenous people"), the <a href="/wiki/Autonym_(semantics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonym (semantics)">autonym</a> officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog, <a href="/wiki/Kidapawan" title="Kidapawan">Kidapawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of the term was accepted in Philippine jurisprudence when <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> signed into law <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Republic Act 6734</a>, where the word was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish Lumad ethnic communities from the islands of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mindanao is home to a substantial part of the country's indigenous population, comprising around 15% of the Philippine population.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory of the Philippines</a></div> <p>The name <i>Lumad</i> grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">martial law</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations that formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao's main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had the express goal in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the three major groups of the <a href="/wiki/T%27boli" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli">T'boli</a>, the Teduray. The choice of a <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a> except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of other Mindanao native groups: the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro peoples</a> of southwestern Mindanao; and the sea-faring <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> of coastal areas in northern and eastern Mindanao (<a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Kagay-anon</a>, collectively known as the "Dumagat" or "Sea People" by the Lumad). All of which, in turn are distinct from the (mostly Visayan) migrant majority of modern Mindanao. </p><p>On 2 March 2021, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a> issued a resolution denouncing the use of the term <i>lumad</i> when referring to Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) and Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The resolution stated that elders, leaders, and members of different ICCs and IPs in Mindanao requested that they not be called "lumad", and instead want to be referred to by their respective ethnolinguistic group names.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, anthropologists and historians pointed out errors in the commission's resolution, particularly with regard to the origin and usage of the term Lumad.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars and Lumad leaders stated that the resolution stems from a lack of historical awareness and the commission's ignorance of Lumad struggles in Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of the Philippines">Ethnic groups of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg/220px-A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg/330px-A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg/440px-A_Bagobo_Chief_of_Mindanao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>A Bagobo chief (<i>matanum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png/220px-Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png/330px-Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png/440px-Map_of_Lumad_in_Mindanao_Islands.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>Map of Lumad in Mindanao Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lumad include groups such as the Erumanen ne Menuvu', Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo, Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Bukidnon, Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan, <a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a>, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterlands</a>, forests, lowlands, and coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>lumad</i> excludes the <a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonons</a>, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan ethnicity</a> and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a>, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing since the word <i>lumad</i> literally means "native" in <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bagobo">Bagobo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bagobo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo peoples. They comprise three subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu (also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples. The Bagobo were formerly nomadic and farmed through <i>kaingin</i> "<a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a>" methods. Their territory extends from <a href="/wiki/Davao_Gulf" title="Davao Gulf">Davao Gulf</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Apo" title="Mount Apo">Mount Apo</a>. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains (<i>matanum</i>), a council of elders (<i>magani</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Filipino_shamans" title="Filipino shamans">mabalian</a></i> or female shamans. The supreme spirit in their indigenous <i><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a></i> religions is Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama.<sup id="cite_ref-Mangune_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangune-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Jong_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Jong-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carillo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carillo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blaan">Blaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blaan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a> is an indigenous group that is concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bukidnon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bukidnon people" redirects here. For the Panay Bukidnon, see <a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg/250px-Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg/330px-Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg/500px-Kaamulan_Festival_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The colorful <a href="/wiki/Kaamulan" title="Kaamulan">Kaamulan Festival</a> celebrated annually in <a href="/wiki/Malaybalay" title="Malaybalay">Malaybalay City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. <i>Bukidnon</i> means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands. </p><p>The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a> in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">collective name of the permanent residents</a> in the province regardless of ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a <i>baylan</i> whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are celebrated annually in <a href="/wiki/Malaybalay" title="Malaybalay">Malaybalay city's</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaamulan" title="Kaamulan">Kaamulan Festival</a>, with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, the Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and the Tigwahanon).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct from and should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a> and a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively referred to as "Bukidnon" (also meaning "highland people"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higaonon">Higaonon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Higaonon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lumad" title="Special:EditPage/Lumad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Higaonon are mainly located in the entire province of <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Oriental" title="Misamis Oriental">Misamis Oriental</a> as well as northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, western parts of <a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte" title="Agusan del Norte">Agusan del Norte</a>, western parts of <a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur" title="Agusan del Sur">Agusan del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a> (used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in <a href="/wiki/Iligan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iligan City">Iligan City</a>, and eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a>. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is their most important economic activity. </p><p>The word Higaonon is derived from the word "higa" in the Higaonon dialect, which means coastal plains, and "gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains. Taken together, Higaonon, means the people of the coastal plains that ascended to the mountains. Higaonons were formerly coastal people of the provinces, as mentioned, who resisted the Spanish occupation and later avoided contact with southward migrants from Luzon and Visayas during the late Spanish colonial period and since American colonial and postwar eras seeking better economics opportunities awaiting them in Higaonon homelands. Driven to the hills and mountains, these people continued to exist and fought for the preservation of their people, heritage, and culture. </p><p>The Higaonon people believe in a variety of deities, namely: </p> <ul><li>Magbabayà (The Ruler of All) – The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west.</li> <li>Domalondong – The god of the north.</li> <li>Ongli – The god of the south.</li> <li>Tagolambong – The god of the east.</li> <li>Ibabasok – He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field.</li> <li>Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons.</li> <li>Bulalakaw – The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch.</li> <li>Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol – Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles.</li> <li>Tagabugtà – The spirit who watches the farm or the forest</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalagan">Kalagan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kalagan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan people</a></div> <p>The Kalagan, also spelled K'lagan or (by the Spanish) Caragan, are a subgroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the <a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan language</a>. They comprise three subgroups which are usually treated as different tribes: the Tagakaulo, the Kagan, and the Kallao people of <a href="/wiki/Samal_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samal Island">Samal</a>. They are native to areas within <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compostela_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Compostela Valley">Compostela Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a> (including Samal Island), <a href="/wiki/Davao_Oriental" title="Davao Oriental">Davao Oriental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Cotabato" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cotabato">North Cotabato</a>; between the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan people</a> and the coastline. The <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a> region is named after them. Their name means "spirited people" or "brave people", from <i><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">kalag</a></i>, ("spirit" or "soul"). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamigin">Kamigin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kamigin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subgroup of the <a href="#Manobo">Manobo</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a>. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin language</a> and are closely related to the Manobo groups from <a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte" title="Surigao del Norte">Surigao del Norte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mamanwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png/250px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png/330px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png/500px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_21.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors in full war regalia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mamanwa are a <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte" title="Agusan del Norte">Agusan del Norte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surigao_(province)" title="Surigao (province)">Surigao</a> provinces in Mindanao; primarily in <a href="/wiki/Kitcharao,_Agusan_del_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte">Kitcharao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Agusan_del_Norte" title="Santiago, Agusan del Norte">Santiago</a>, Agusan del Norte,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones. </p><p>They are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Omoto_K_1989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omoto_K_1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito" <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>: dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature.<sup id="cite_ref-Omoto_K_1989_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omoto_K_1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of this phenotype (found in the <a href="/wiki/Agta" class="mw-redirect" title="Agta">Agta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeta">Aeta</a> tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsc.academia.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsc.academia.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies in each Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use, such as cell phones, televisions, radio, and processed foods.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsc.academia.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsc.academia.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a <i>Tambayon</i>, usually takes on the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe in a collection of spirits, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">supreme deity</a> <i>Magbabaya</i>, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities and populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produces winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers. </p><p><i>Mamanwa</i> (also spelled <i>Mamanoa</i>) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words <i>man</i> (first) and <i>banwa</i> (forest).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak the <a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa language</a> (or Minamanwa).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are genetically related to the <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reichdenadse_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichdenadse-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaya">Mandaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mandaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat,_Mindanao,_Mandaya,_palm,_bamboo,_feathers,_cotton,_fiber_and_beads,_Honolulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg/250px-Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg/330px-Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>A hat from the Mandaya people made up of palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber, and beads, housed at the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Honolulu Museum of Art">Honolulu Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first", and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river", and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in <a href="/wiki/Compostela_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Compostela Valley">Compostela Valley</a> (formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manobo">Manobo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Manobo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagobo_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bagobo_woman.jpg/250px-Bagobo_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bagobo_woman.jpg/330px-Bagobo_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bagobo_woman.jpg/500px-Bagobo_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2804" /></a><figcaption>A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the <a href="/wiki/Matigsalug" title="Matigsalug">Matigsalug</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Datto_Manib,_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos,_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_(c._1900,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/250px-The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/330px-The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/500px-The_Datto_Manib%2C_principal_Bagani_of_the_Bagobos%2C_with_some_wives_and_followers_and_two_missionaries_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Datu Manib, a <i>bagani</i> of the Bagobo, with family, followers, and two missionaries (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Manobo is the <a href="/wiki/Hispanicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanicized">hispanicized</a> spelling of the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form, it means "person" or "people". It is believed that it is derived from the root word <i>tuvu,</i> which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus <i>Man[t]uvu</i> would be "[native]-grown" or "aboriginal").<sup id="cite_ref-Sevilla_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevilla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manobo are considered the most diverse among the many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples of the Philippines</a>, with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCAprofile_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCAprofile-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCAprofile_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCAprofile-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification divides the Manobo into several major groups: (1) The Ata subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaingod, and Tagauanum; (2) The Bagobo subgroup: Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan (Kaylawan), Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug), Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (3) The Higaonon subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa; (6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulangiyen; (7) Agusan del Sur; (8) Banwaon; and (9) Bukidnon and others.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCAprofile_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCAprofile-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total current Manobo population is not known, although they occupy core areas from <a href="/wiki/Sarangani,_Davao_Occidental" title="Sarangani, Davao Occidental">Sarangani</a> island into the Mindanao mainland in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Agusan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Agusan province">Agusan</a>, Davao, Bukidnon, Surigao, Misamis, and <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>. A study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_the_Philippines" title="National Council of Churches in the Philippines">NCCP-PACT</a> put their population in 1988 at around 250,000. </p><p>The geographical distribution of the subgroups is so great that some of the local groups have been noted to "assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping," as in the case of the Bagobo or the Higaonon.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCAprofile_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCAprofile-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of what makes the classification more difficult is that a dialectical subgroup's membership within a supergroup can shift depending on specific points of view regarding linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-iccaregistry_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccaregistry-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felix_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felix-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manobo possess <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovan</a> admixture, much like the Mamanwa.<sup id="cite_ref-reichdenadse_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichdenadse-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manobos also hold <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Larena_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larena-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mansaka">Mansaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mansaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg/250px-Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg/330px-Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg/500px-Mansaka_Tribeswomen_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A group of Mansaka tribeswomen in their formal attire</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Mansaka" derives from "man" with literal meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend", and means "the first people to ascend mountains/upstream". The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davao_de_Oro" title="Davao de Oro">Davao de Oro</a> and some parts of Davao Oriental, specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan, <a href="/wiki/Maragusan,_Compostela_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Maragusan, Compostela Valley">Maragusan</a>, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matigsalug">Matigsalug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Matigsalug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matigsalug" title="Matigsalug">Matigsalug</a></div> <p>Bukidnon groups are found in the Valley in Kitaotao in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the <a href="/wiki/Davao_River" title="Davao River">Davao River</a>)". Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangil">Sangil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sangil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese people</a></div> <p>The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_Islands" title="Sangihe Islands">Sangihe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talaud_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaud Islands">Talaud Islands</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and parts of <a href="/wiki/Davao_Occidental" title="Davao Occidental">Davao Occidental</a> (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Sarangani_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangani Islands">Sarangani Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Cotabato" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cotabato">North Cotabato</a>. Their populations (much like the <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">colonial era</a>. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant Christianity</a> due to proximity and contact with the Christian <a href="/wiki/Minahasa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasa people">Minahasa people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> due to the influence of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a>. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese language</a>. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subanon">Subanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg/220px-Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg/330px-Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg/440px-Subanen_-_Mount_Malindang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>The Subanon people of <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a> living in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Malindang" title="Mount Malindang">Mount Malindang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters. </p><p>History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tagabawa">Tagabawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tagabawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a> is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are an indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of <a href="/wiki/Mt._Apo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Apo">Mt. Apo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tagakaulo">Tagakaulo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tagakaulo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Their traditional territories is in <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarangani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangani Province">Sarangani Province</a> particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means "from the head(waters)". The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Mt._Apo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Apo">Mt. Apo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a long time ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talaandig">Talaandig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Talaandig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talaandig are originally from the foothills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kitanglad" title="Mount Kitanglad">Mount Kitanglad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, specifically in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Talakag" title="Talakag">Talakag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lantapan" title="Lantapan">Lantapan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tasaday">Tasaday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tasaday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></div> <p>The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teduray">Teduray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Teduray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray people</a> live in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Datu_Blah_T._Sinsuat,_Maguindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Datu Blah T. Sinsuat, Maguindanao">Datu Blah T. Sinsuat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upi,_Maguindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Upi, Maguindanao">Upi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Upi,_Maguindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="South Upi, Maguindanao">South Upi</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguindanao Province">Maguindanao Province</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Lebak,_Sultan_Kudarat" title="Lebak, Sultan Kudarat">Lebak</a> municipality, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Kudarat Province">Sultan Kudarat Province</a>. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Teduray_language" title="Teduray language">Teduray language</a>, which is related to <a href="/wiki/Giangan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Giangan language">Bagobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">B'laan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a>. Coastal Tedurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tedurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tboli">Tboli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tboli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg/250px-T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg/330px-T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg/500px-T%27nalak_Festival_T%27boli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A Tboli dance performed during colorful street dancing competition on the Tnalak Festival in <a href="/wiki/Koronadal" title="Koronadal">Koronadal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a> are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They self-identify as T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the literature; some publications present the Teboli and the Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The T'boli, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Allah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim, and Kiamba. In former times, the T'boli also inhabited the upper Allah Valley floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tigwahonon">Tigwahonon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tigwahonon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tigwahonon are a subgroup of Manobo originally from the <a href="/wiki/Tigwa_River" title="Tigwa River">Tigwa River</a> basin near <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Bukidnon" title="San Fernando, Bukidnon">San Fernando, Bukidnon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayamnon">Umayamnon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Umayamnon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Umayamnon are originally from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umayam_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umayam River (page does not exist)">Umayam River</a> watershed and the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Pulangi_River" title="Pulangi River">Pulangi River</a>. They are a subgroup of the Manobo.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lumad peoples speak <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> belonging to various branches. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_languages" title="Mindanao languages">Mindanao languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Subanon language">Subanon language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_heritage">Musical heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Musical heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agung" title="Agung">Agung</a></div> <p>Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of <a href="/wiki/Agung#In_agung_ensembles" title="Agung">agung ensembles</a> – ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a> which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumad groups also have traditional stringed instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">hegalong</a>, and various forms of wind and percussive instruments. Traditional vocal music include love songs, lullabies, funeral songs, narrative songs, and songs about nature. Music may be used to accompany dances in rituals and celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Capuyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Norma_Capuyan.jpg/220px-Norma_Capuyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Norma_Capuyan.jpg/330px-Norma_Capuyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Norma_Capuyan.jpg/440px-Norma_Capuyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad</figcaption></figure> <p>Lumad peoples confront a variety of social issues. Identical with other Indigenous peoples (IPs) across the globe, the IPs in the Philippines represent the country's poorest sector who endure disproportionate access to healthcare, education, and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are claims that Lumad social issues arise from ethnic grievances that develop into an issue of economic greed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They face loss of ancestral lands due to <a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a> or militarization,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and threats to their traditional culture and identity. Lumad groups contend with displacement, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearances_in_the_Philippines" title="Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines">extrajudicial killings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> harassment of Lumad rights defenders,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced closure of Lumad schools.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_land_rights">Ancestral land rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ancestral land rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bai_Bibyaon_Ligkayan_Bigkay" title="Bai Bibyaon Ligkayan Bigkay">Bai Bibyaon Ligkayan Bigkay</a></div> <p>Lumads face loss of ancestral lands due to land grabbing or militarization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities have been forced out of their lands for resisting encroachment by mining, logging, and energy companies.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad controlled an area that now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Province">Sulu</a>. Significant migration to Mindanao of <a href="/wiki/Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayans</a>, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the Lumad into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%. </p><p>Lumad have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that "a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of unoccupied land within the communal territory." Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land, and the mineral resources below the land. River systems indicate the Lumad people's generations of civilization. Water is used as a "hermeneutic" for how Lumads orient themselves in relation to other ethnic groups, the state, modern Filipino culture, and their own cultural customs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a>, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a> against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests. </p><p>For the Lumad, securing their rights to their ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros' quest for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies, and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a <a href="/wiki/T%27boli" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli">T'boli</a> leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">MNLF</a>, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice... we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumad_killings">Lumad killings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lumad killings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines#Threats_to_environmentalists" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues in the Philippines § Threats to environmentalists</a></div> <p>Lumad communities contend with extrajudicial killings<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Red-tagging_in_the_Philippines" title="Red-tagging in the Philippines">red-tagging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defenders of Indigenous land rights, environmentalists, and human rights activists have also been harassed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lumad are people from various ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> island. Residing in their ancestral lands,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are often evicted and displaced because of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a>'s claim on the same territory.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lumad have lost parts of their ancestral land because of a failure to understand the modern land tenure system.<sup id="cite_ref-fianza2015_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fianza2015-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some NGOs have established schools that teach Indigenous communities how to protect their rights, property, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Lumad communities are located in mountains that are distant from urban areas. These areas are also the sites of <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">armed conflict</a> between the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a> (NPA) and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> (AFP). Caught in the conflict, the Lumad people's education, property, and security are endangered by the increasing amount of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">violent confrontations</a> between the armed parties.<sup id="cite_ref-fianza2015_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fianza2015-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur" title="Surigao del Sur">Surigao del Sur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> was evacuated to shelter sites in <a href="/wiki/Tandag_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandag City">Tandag City</a> because of increasing military and NPA activity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are claims that Lumads account for about 70 percent of the fighting force of the NPA, with the communists collecting <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tax" title="Revolutionary tax">revolutionary tax</a> of P1.2 billion per year in <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a> alone according to NCIP chief and former army colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-MB-Lumad_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB-Lumad-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human rights watchdogs, Indigenous peoples groups, and environmentalists claim that Lumad territories were being militarized by the AFP and that community leaders and teachers were being detained by the military on suspicion of being rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also say that alternative schools within the communities (aided by NGOs and universities) face closure or demolition, with some buildings converted for military use.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have staged demonstrations to gain the public's attention, calling for a halt to the alleged militarization of Lumad communities.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizers of the <a href="/wiki/Lakbayan_ng_Pambansang_Minorya" title="Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya">Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya</a> support the Lumad by raising awareness on the plight of Indigenous peoples through protest marches, concerts, cultural festivals, and commemoration of Lumad leaders that have been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Philippines <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a> (CHR) has been investigating the 2015 murder of Lumad leaders and a school official by <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group Magahat-Bagani<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in line with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Armed_Force_Geographical_Unit" title="Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit">CAFGU</a>) created by the AFP to hunt for NPA members. The AFP denied the allegation and attributed the killings to tribal conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the AFP has admitted that CAFGU has Lumad recruits within its ranks while asserting that the NPA has also recruited Lumad for the group.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CHR postponed the presentation of their initial report to December 2015 to include reports of subsequent killings and displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous women leaders organized the Sabokahan Unity of Lumad Women.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being located in the mountains, community evacuations have become the highest form of protest for the Lumad. Communities pack up and move en masse to urban areas to set up camp in evacuation centers. Through this, the Lumad people emphasize to the public, "We are here, and we are not going back until our land is free from troops and corporations, so that we can take back our ancestral land."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relocating to urban centers allowed Lumad leaders to broadcast their plight to local and international audiences. Shortly after, Lumad people themselves realized they needed to have an umbrella organization through which advocates from around the world could work together, leading to the creation of the Liyang Network. The organization Liyang Network works alongside Lumad communities to amplify the voices of their environmental defenders and highlight Lumad social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liyang Network organizes forums, webinars, and educational discussions on current sociopolitical issues and their root causes—mainly the needs of Lumad and rural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the President Benigno Aquino III administration (2010–2015), a total of 71 Indigenous leaders were killed. Ninety-five cases of attacks against the 87 Indigenous schooling for children were also recorded. More than 40,000 Indigenous peoples—whole communities whose social, political, and economic life had been obstructed—had no choice but to evacuate because their schools were attacked or their leaders had been murdered or incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December 2017, human rights group Karapatan asked the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to probe Lumad killings, including the killing of eight <a href="/wiki/T%27boli" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli">T'boli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manobo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo people">Dulangan Manobo</a> farmers, allegedly by members of the Philippine Army.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pro-AFP and pro-mining datu<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Langilan Manobo people in Davao del Norte, during an AFP-sponsored press conference, claimed that the NPA were responsible for the killings and that none of the alleged "militarization" was actually happening.<sup id="cite_ref-Romero2019_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romero2019-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another datu accused protesters in Manila of pretending to be Lumad by wearing Lumad clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Caliwan2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caliwan2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also held anti-NPA rallies in Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military has attributed to the NPA the assassination of a Lumad leader sympathetic to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of which are acknowledged by NPA members.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> threatened to shut down or destroy NGO-funded community schools because of suspicions that they radicalize Lumad students into joining the NPA communist rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duterte_and_Lumad_schools_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duterte_and_Lumad_schools-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumad leaders working with the military supported the closure, saying that they were being infiltrated by the NPA and their children being exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-Colina2018_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colina2018-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gagalac2018_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagalac2018-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Bayan Muna Representative <a href="/wiki/Eufemia_Cullamat" title="Eufemia Cullamat">Eufemia Cullamat</a> and convener of the Save Our Schools Network refuted the allegations, adding that ALCADEV students in fact perform well when they enter other schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, after spending time in refugee camps, Lumad evacuees in Surigao del Sur formally returned to their home after army soldiers left their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, the Philippines under Duterte became the deadliest for farmers and Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumad_schools">Lumad schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lumad schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#Indigenous_peoples'_schools" title="Education in the Philippines">Education in the Philippines § Indigenous peoples' schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines#Community_schools" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples of the Philippines § Community schools</a></div> <p>Many Lumad youths live in indigent, hard-to-reach communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) began a functional literacy program for Indigenous children in these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TRIFPSS established 10 schools in 10 Indigenous people's communities in three municipalities of Surigao del Sur in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alternative Learning Center for Agriculture Livelihood Development (Alcadev), formed in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-:02_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with support from TRIFPSS,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established community schools for Lumad communities using lessons tailored to suit Indigenous culture and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> (DepEd) recognized community schools and the Alcadev system through the Indigenous framework of education now observed by alternative tribal schools nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy framework was signed in 2012 by then-Secretary <a href="/wiki/Armin_Luistro" title="Armin Luistro">Armin Luistro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Education also accredited and authorized Salugpongan Schools to run 54 community schools in the Davao region.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SOS Network convenor and former Representative Eufemia Cullamat stated that the schools enable IP youths to teach Indigenous traditions needed to defend ancestral lands and preserve Indigenous culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bakwit_schools">Bakwit schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bakwit schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakbayan_ng_Pambansang_Minorya" title="Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya">Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad_Booc" title="Chad Booc">Chad Booc</a></div> <p>Lumad schools faced closure after the schools were alleged to be radicalizing youth into joining the communist insurgent New People's Army, according to National Security Adviser and National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict vice chair Hermogenes Esperon Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since President Rodrigo Duterte declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Mindanao">martial law in Mindanao</a> in 2017, 200 Lumad schools had been closed as of 2024, displacing an estimated 10,000 students, according to the Save Our Schools (SOS) network, which campaigns for Lumad students' right to education.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students whose schools were shut down moved to Lumad "bakwit schools" for refugees, organized by parents, teachers, and community elders. "Bakwit" is the local term for "evacuate".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students are from different Lumad communities, such as Mandaya, Manobo, Blaan, and Matigsalo; the teachers come from Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley, North Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students have taken part in protest rallies and caravans to express their plight to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, Senator <a href="/wiki/Leila_de_Lima" title="Leila de Lima">Leila de Lima</a> filed a resolution calling for a Senate probe on the closure of Lumad schools.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2024, ACT Teachers Party-list Representative <a href="/wiki/France_Castro" title="France Castro">France Castro</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Makabayan" title="Makabayan">Makabayan bloc</a> filed a resolution in the House of Representatives to investigate the closure of Lumad schools and look into reports of human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lumad_26">Lumad 26</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lumad 26"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Mandacawan#Salugpongan_school_closure" title="Lorena Mandacawan">Lorena Mandacawan § Salugpongan school closure</a></div> <p>On February 15, 2021, 22 students (who had evacuated from Davao del Norte), 2 teachers and 2 tribe elders were arrested in a Bakwit school in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> without a warrant on 15 February 2021, in what was labeled as a "rescue operation". Philippine media dubbed this raid as "Lumad 26", as they were taken into custody by members of the Philippine National Police's (PNP) Central Visayas office (PRO-7) and charged with illegal detention and kidnapping.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local officials claimed the operation aimed to reunite the children with their parents<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while human rights groups condemned the raid as part of a pattern of harassment of Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video footage of the incident showed police pinning down, cuffing, and dragging Lumad students.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raid was conducted after six parents reported their children missing. The parents stated that their children were initially taken by a group to continue their studies in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> after Lumad schools were shut down by the DepEd, but that they did not consent for their children to go to Cebu City. They said that contrary to statements by the SOS Network that they remained in contact through video calls, they did not know how to use cellphones and their areas were outside of cellphone coverage, and alleged that they have been unable to contact their children since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-sunex_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunex-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a> director, Marlon Bosantog justified the operation by alleging the absence of parental consent and the kidnapping of minors. Bosantog also alleged that the students were being used to join rallies and to scam international charity organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-sunex_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunex-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the House of Representatives, Deputy Speaker <a href="/wiki/Mikee_Romero" title="Mikee Romero">Mikee Romero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives Eufemia Cullamat, Carlos Zarate, Ferdinand Gaite, <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Brosas" title="Arlene Brosas">Arlene Brosas</a>, France Castro, and Sarah Jane Elago called for an investigation of the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deputy Speaker Benny Abante opined that the raid was unconstitutional and that the arrests were illegal, and called to dismiss the police officers involved.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Risa_Hontiveros" title="Risa Hontiveros">Risa Hontiveros</a> sought to investigate the raid and related issues of violent police operations and the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Terrorism_Act_of_2020" title="Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020">Anti-Terrorism Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House of Representatives Committee on Human Rights held an inquiry on the raid on May 26, 2021. During the hearing, the Commission on Human Rights said that they were able to obtain the parents' consent forms for the students. One of the students who was able to take a cellphone video of the raid also testified that she was at the bakwit school with her parents' consent.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorena Mandacawan, one of the parents and a member of the Parents and Teachers Association of the Salugpongan Community Learning Center, said at a press conference that she and other parents gave consent to send their children to study in Cebu.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 14, 2021, the Davao del Norte court dismissed charges of kidnapping, detention, and human trafficking against seven of those arrested during the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change in the Philippines</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_indigenous_peoples" title="Climate change and indigenous peoples">Climate change and indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>The Philippines is vulnerable to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and was ranked third globally among countries most at-risk to disasters, according to a 2012 report.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is threatening <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">food security</a> among Lumads whose farmlands are affected by stronger typhoons and more intense droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is also giving rise to various <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">health issues</a>, with Lumad communities reporting health problems brought about by rising temperatures and diseases that spread with changing rainfall patterns, such as dengue.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Lumad youth and urban poor children joined the <a href="/wiki/School_strike_for_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School strike for climate">global climate strike</a> to demand protection for environmental activists, protest destructive mining operations within ancestral lands, and promote <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRodil" class="citation web cs1">Rodil, Rudy B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040805041220/http://mindanao.com/kalinaw/dev/tri-people.htm">"The Tri-People Relationship and the Peace Process in Mindanao"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mindanao.com/kalinaw/dev/tri-people.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tri-People+Relationship+and+the+Peace+Process+in+Mindanao&rft.aulast=Rodil&rft.aufirst=Rudy+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmindanao.com%2Fkalinaw%2Fdev%2Ftri-people.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlindang" class="citation web cs1">Ulindang, Faina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507184615/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/lumad-in-mindanao/">"Lumad in Mindanao"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/lumad-in-mindanao/">the original</a> on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Lumad+in+Mindanao&rft.aulast=Ulindang&rft.aufirst=Faina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-ncca-3%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch%2Fhistorical-research%2Flumad-in-mindanao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Statistics_Office_2008,_p._119_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Statistics Office. "Statistics on Filipino Children." Journal of Philippine Statistics, vol. 59, no. 4, 2008, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoaje2021" class="citation news cs1">Moaje, Marita (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305032539/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132620">"Drop 'lumad', use ethnic group names instead: NCIP"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132620">the original</a> on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulatlat&rft.atitle=%23ClimateStrike+%7C+Lumad+youth+demand+halt+to+environment+plunder&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Macaraeg&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulatlat.com%2F2019%2F09%2F24%2Fclimatestrike-lumad-youth-demand-halt-to-environment-plunder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRita2019" class="citation web cs1">Rita, Joviland (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/716146/indigenous-urban-poor-kids-form-human-tree-to-promote-climate-justice/story/">"Indigenous, urban poor kids form 'human tree' to promote climate justice"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Indigenous%2C+urban+poor+kids+form+%27human+tree%27+to+promote+climate+justice&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Rita&rft.aufirst=Joviland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fscitech%2Fscience%2F716146%2Findigenous-urban-poor-kids-form-human-tree-to-promote-climate-justice%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaya">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Philippine Flag"><img alt="The Philippine Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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