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id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civil defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_paramilitary_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_paramilitary_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of paramilitary units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_paramilitary_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paramilitary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوات شبه عسكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوات شبه عسكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="আধাসামরিক বাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আধাসামরিক বাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ваенізаваная арганізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваенізаваная арганізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Паравоенни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паравоенни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_jednotka" title="Paramilitární jednotka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paramilitární jednotka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A6r" title="Paramilitær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paramilitær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A4r" title="Paramilitär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paramilitär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitaarne_%C3%BChendus" title="Paramilitaarne ühendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paramilitaarne ühendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Παραστρατιωτική οργάνωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραστρατιωτική οργάνωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitismo" title="Paramilitismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paramilitismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نظامی‌نما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظامی‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitaire" title="Paramilitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paramilitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="준군사조직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="준군사조직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="अर्धसैनिक बल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्धसैनिक बल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravojna_postrojba" title="Paravojna postrojba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paravojna postrojba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramiliter" title="Paramiliter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paramiliter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_paramilitare" title="Organizzazione paramilitare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organizzazione paramilitare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%94" title="כוח צבאי למחצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוח צבאי למחצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param%C3%AEl%C3%AEter" title="Paramîlîter – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paramîlîter" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiae_paramilitares" title="Copiae paramilitares – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Copiae paramilitares" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarinta_organizacija" title="Sukarinta organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sukarinta organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A1ris_alakulat" title="Paramilitáris alakulat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paramilitáris alakulat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അർദ്ധസൈനികവിഭാഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർദ്ധസൈനികവിഭാഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separa_tentera" title="Separa tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Separa tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့အစည်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့အစည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitair" title="Paramilitair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paramilitair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="準軍事組織 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="準軍事組織" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A6r" title="Paramilitær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paramilitær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A6r" title="Paramilitær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paramilitær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitar" title="Paramilitar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_paramilitarna" title="Organizacja paramilitarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizacja paramilitarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_paramilitar" title="Força paramilitar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força paramilitar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bie_paramilitar%C4%83" title="Organizație paramilitară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizație paramilitară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военизированная организация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военизированная организация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_paraushtarake" title="Organizata paraushtarake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata paraushtarake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitari" title="Paramilitari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paramilitari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="පැරාමිලිටරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැරාමිලිටරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paramilitary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%86%DB%95_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نیمچە سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیمچە سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Паравојна формација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паравојна формација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravojna_formacija" title="Paravojna formacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paravojna formacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolisotilaalliset_joukot" title="Puolisotilaalliset joukot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolisotilaalliset joukot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilit%C3%A4r" title="Paramilitär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paramilitär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="กำลังกึ่งทหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำลังกึ่งทหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_asker%C3%AE" title="Yarı askerî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarı askerî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Напіввійськова організація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напіввійськова організація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Bán quân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán quân sự" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">Paratrooper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Private army</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Paramilitary" title="Special:EditPage/Paramilitary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paramilitary%22">"Paramilitary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paramilitary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paramilitary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paramilitary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paramilitary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paramilitary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg/260px-Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg/390px-Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg/520px-Nd-3-105_LoF_Edmonton_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Frontiersmen" title="Legion of Frontiersmen">Legion of Frontiersmen</a>, Edmonton Command, 1915 – a nationalist paramilitary group not officially affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>paramilitary</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> that is not a part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference-OED-paramilitary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference-OED-paramilitary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though a paramilitary is, by definition, not a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, it is usually equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> in terms of strength, firepower, and organizational structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramilitaries use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_security_vehicle" title="Internal security vehicle">internal security</a>/<a href="/wiki/SWAT_vehicle" title="SWAT vehicle">SWAT vehicles</a>), or even actual military equipment<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a>; usually <a href="/wiki/Military_surplus" title="Military surplus">military surplus</a> resources), skills (such as <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_medicine" title="Battlefield medicine">battlefield medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a>), and tactics (such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarters combat</a>) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guard</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>. A paramilitary may fall under the command of a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">law of war</a>, a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a> or a private volunteer <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>) into its <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatant</a> armed forces. Some countries' constitutions <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_paramilitary_organizations_outside_government_armed_forces" title="List of countries that prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government armed forces">prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government use</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg/250px-Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg/330px-Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg/500px-Metsavendade_salk_Kesk-Eestis_kohtumisel_Saksa_v%C3%A4eosaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>A group of the "<a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a>" in central <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> meeting with a German unit in 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_organizations">Military organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliary forces</a> of a state's military or government, <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military reserve forces">military reserve forces</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/National_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="National guard">national guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Presidential Guard (disambiguation)">presidential guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_guard" title="Republican guard">republican guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_guard" title="Home guard">home guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil guard">civil guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_guard" title="Imperial guard">imperial guard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">royal guard</a> forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractors">Private military contractors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular military</a> forces, such as <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance movements">resistance movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebel_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebel groups">rebel groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation armies">liberation armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militants" class="mw-redirect" title="Militants">militants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist groups">terrorist groups</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Semi-militarized law enforcement units within civilian police, such as <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical units</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Service_Unit" title="Emergency Service Unit">Emergency Service Units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incident_response_team" title="Incident response team">incident response teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmeries</a>, such as the French <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">Royal Marechaussee</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Forces" title="Central Security Forces">Central Security Forces</a>, European <a href="/wiki/European_Gendarmerie_Force" title="European Gendarmerie Force">EUROGENDFOR</a>, Turkic <a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a>, and Chilean <a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros de Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guards</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Border_Force" title="Australian Border Force">Australian Border Force</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Bangladesh" title="Border Guard Bangladesh">Border Guard Bangladesh</a>, and Turkish <a href="/wiki/Village_guard_system" title="Village guard system">village guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a> of ambiguous military status, such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">internal troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Guards_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Railroad Guards (disambiguation)">railroad guard corps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railway_troops" title="Railway troops">railway troops</a></li> <li>Branches of <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a> tasked with law enforcement, tactical support, or security operations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">Special Activities Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism_Mission_Center" title="Counterterrorism Mission Center">Global Response Staff</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Forces" title="Federal Protective Forces">Federal Protective Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_defense">Civil defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Riflemen%27s_Union" title="Lithuanian Riflemen's Union">Lithuanian Riflemen's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Chinese Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSB_(militia)" title="SSB (militia)">SSB</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Armed, semi-militarized wings of <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> and similar political organizations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_paramilitary_units">Examples of paramilitary units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of paramilitary units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_paramilitary_organizations" title="List of paramilitary organizations">List of paramilitary organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_paramilitary_organizations" title="List of defunct paramilitary organizations">List of defunct paramilitary organizations</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebel_militia_groups" title="Category:Rebel militia groups">Category:Rebel militia groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Gendarmeries_and_Police_Forces_with_Military_Status" title="International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status">International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_paramilitary_formations" title="List of Serbian paramilitary formations">List of Serbian paramilitary formations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">Militarization of police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">Police tactical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Private army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Fascist paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paramilitary_organizations" title="List of paramilitary organizations">List of paramilitary organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Bangladesh Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reference-OED-paramilitary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reference-OED-paramilitary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=paramilitary">"paramilitary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. June 2011 [online edition; original published in June 2005]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-13</span></span>. <q>Designating, of, or relating to a force or unit whose function and organization are analogous or ancillary to those of a professional military force, but which is not regarded as having professional or legitimate status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=paramilitary&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3Dparamilitary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_paramilitary" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=paramilitary">"paramilitary"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=paramilitary&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dparamilitary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/wider-conflict-feared-as-sudans-army-and-rival-paramilitary-force-clash-in-capital">"Wider conflict feared as Sudan's army and rival paramilitary force clash in capital"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 2023-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Wider+conflict+feared+as+Sudan%27s+army+and+rival+paramilitary+force+clash+in+capital&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fwider-conflict-feared-as-sudans-army-and-rival-paramilitary-force-clash-in-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBöhmeltClayton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Böhmelt, Tobias; Clayton, Govinda (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414017699204">"Auxiliary Force Structure: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias"</a>. <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414017699204">10.1177/0010414017699204</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F38817">10654/38817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Auxiliary+Force+Structure%3A+Paramilitary+Forces+and+Progovernment+Militias&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F38817&rft.issn=0010-4140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414017699204&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hmelt&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Govinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414017699204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Golkar, Saeid. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/625.abstract">Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a>, Vol. 38, No. 4</li> <li>Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2020). <i>Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882524-1"><bdi>978-0-19-882524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paramilitarism%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Shadow+of+the+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882524-1&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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