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(PDF) Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles
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The surface facial area over the masseter and" /> <title>(PDF) Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/29097862/Thermographic_and_clinical_correlation_of_myofascial_trigger_points_in_the_masticatory_muscles" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 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[{"id":49545819,"identifier":"Attachment_49545819","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":29097862,"created_at":"2016-10-12T05:44:30.802-07:00","from_world_paper_id":158192855,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T13:19:40.282-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Thermography \u0026 Pain Correlation in MTPs","grobid_abstract":"Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify and correlate myofascial trigger points (MTPs) in the masticatory muscles, using thermography and algometry. Methods: 26 female volunteers were recruited. The surface facial area over the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was divided into 15 subareas on each side (n 5 780). This investigation consisted of three steps. The first step involved thermographic facial examination, using lateral views. The second step involved the pressure pain threshold (PPT), marking the MTP pattern areas for referred pain (n 5 131) and local pain (n 5 282) with a coloured pencil, and a photograph of the lateral face with the head in the same position as the infrared imaging. The last step was the fusion of these two images, using dedicated software (ReporterH 8.5-SP3 Professional Edition and QuickReportH 1.2, FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, OR); and the calculation of the temperature of each point. Results: PPT levels measured at the points of referred pain in MTPs (1.28 ¡ 0.45 kgf) were significantly lower than the points of local pain in MTPs (1.73 ¡ 0.59 kgf; p , 0.05). Infrared imaging indicated differences between referred and local pain in MTPs of 0.5 u C (p , 0.05). Analysis of the correlation between the PPT and infrared imaging was done using the Spearman non-parametric method, in which the correlations were positive and moderate (0.4 # r , 0.7). The sensitivity and specificity in MTPs were 62.5% and 71.3%, respectively, for referred pain, and 43.6% and 60.6%, respectively, for local pain. Conclusion: Infrared imaging measurements can provide a useful, non-invasive and nonionizing examination for diagnosis of MTPs in masticatory muscles.","publication_date":"2012,,","publication_name":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49545819"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [54896964]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49545819,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49545819/mini_magick20190131-26274-1fnhebl.png?1548941142" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Thermographic and clinical correlation of myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54896964" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeniseHaddad1"><img alt="Profile image of Denise Haddad" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Denise Haddad</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012, Dentomaxillofacial Radiology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 29097862; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify and correlate myofascial trigger points (MTPs) in the masticatory muscles, using thermography and algometry. Methods: 26 female volunteers were recruited. The surface facial area over the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was divided into 15 subareas on each side (n 5 780). This investigation consisted of three steps. The first step involved thermographic facial examination, using lateral views. The second step involved the pressure pain threshold (PPT), marking the MTP pattern areas for referred pain (n 5 131) and local pain (n 5 282) with a coloured pencil, and a photograph of the lateral face with the head in the same position as the infrared imaging. The last step was the fusion of these two images, using dedicated software (ReporterH 8.5-SP3 Professional Edition and QuickReportH 1.2, FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, OR); and the calculation of the temperature of each point. Results: PPT levels measured at the points of referred pain in MTPs (1.28 ¡ 0.45 kgf) were significantly lower than the points of local pain in MTPs (1.73 ¡ 0.59 kgf; p , 0.05). Infrared imaging indicated differences between referred and local pain in MTPs of 0.5 u C (p , 0.05). Analysis of the correlation between the PPT and infrared imaging was done using the Spearman non-parametric method, in which the correlations were positive and moderate (0.4 # r , 0.7). The sensitivity and specificity in MTPs were 62.5% and 71.3%, respectively, for referred pain, and 43.6% and 60.6%, respectively, for local pain. Conclusion: Infrared imaging measurements can provide a useful, non-invasive and nonionizing examination for diagnosis of MTPs in masticatory muscles.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49545819,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29097862/Thermographic_and_clinical_correlation_of_myofascial_trigger_points_in_the_masticatory_muscles"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49545819,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29097862/Thermographic_and_clinical_correlation_of_myofascial_trigger_points_in_the_masticatory_muscles"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="29097862" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This chapter intends to study two masticatory muscles, masseter and anterior temporalis, in measurement of the cutaneous temperature of volunteers with and without myogenous TMD and MTP. Results: The temperature levels measured at both muscles regions in myogenous TMD volunteers were significantly lower than those measured in controls. Infrared imaging indicated differences between referred and local pain in MTPs of 0.5ºC. Conclusions: Infrared imaging measurements seem to indicate that it can be used as an aid in complimentary diagnosing of TMDs and MTPs in masticatory muscles.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thermal Evaluation of Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders and Myofascial Trigger Points in the Masticatory Muscles","attachmentId":86854969,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80491135/Thermal_Evaluation_of_Myogenous_Temporomandibular_Disorders_and_Myofascial_Trigger_Points_in_the_Masticatory_Muscles","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80491135/Thermal_Evaluation_of_Myogenous_Temporomandibular_Disorders_and_Myofascial_Trigger_Points_in_the_Masticatory_Muscles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="79855035" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79855035/Masticatory_muscle_pain_diagnostic_considerations_pathophysiologic_theories_and_future_directions">Masticatory muscle pain: diagnostic considerations, pathophysiologic theories and future directions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216983546" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LalimaTiwari">Lalima Tiwari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The importance of developing a correct and accurate diagnosis cannot be overemphasized. This principle applies to all areas of medicine and dentistry, but even more specifically to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) for which the proper diagnosis can be enigmatic and elusive. Since muscle related pain is the most common TMD diagnosis, misdiagnosis may result in the patient undergoing inappropriate invasive and irreversible interventions resulting in potential negative outcomes. This will only lead to practitioner frustration and patient dissatisfaction. Hence, an understanding of the muscle pain theories, appreciating the various diagnostic classification systems, and being knowledgeable of the various pathophysiologic theories of muscle related pain will assist the well-intentioned practitioner in avoiding the consequences of misdirected treatment. Ultimately this approach will result in prudent and properly targeted patient care. Discussion of future directions for both diagnosis and management of muscle related TMD pain will afford the reader the opportunity to enhance and objectify the diagnostic process related to masticatory muscle pain. Finally, this presentation is intended to stimulate further investigation resulting in an enrichment of our abilities to provide TMD patients with the best available evidence-based scientific management options for improvement of their condition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Masticatory muscle pain: diagnostic considerations, pathophysiologic theories and future directions","attachmentId":86429560,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79855035/Masticatory_muscle_pain_diagnostic_considerations_pathophysiologic_theories_and_future_directions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79855035/Masticatory_muscle_pain_diagnostic_considerations_pathophysiologic_theories_and_future_directions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="61635325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61635325/Masticatory_Muscle_Pain">Masticatory Muscle Pain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68031104" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PallaSandro">Sandro Palla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Muscle Pain: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Masticatory Muscle Pain","attachmentId":74611013,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61635325/Masticatory_Muscle_Pain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61635325/Masticatory_Muscle_Pain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="74716708" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74716708/Thermographic_characterization_of_masticatory_muscle_regions_in_volunteers_with_and_without_myogenous_temporomandibular_disorder_preliminary_results">Thermographic characterization of masticatory muscle regions in volunteers with and without myogenous temporomandibular disorder: preliminary results</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54896964" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeniseHaddad1">Denise Haddad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives: This study aims to conduct a non-invasive measurement of the cutaneous temperature of selected masticatory muscle regions of volunteers with and without myogenous temporomandibular disorder (TMD), using infrared thermography. Methods: 23 females (10 myogenous TMD volunteers and 13 controls) were recruited and studied. The temperature at the surface of the facial area over the anterior temporalis and masseter muscles was assessed by medical thermography, using regional lateral views and clinical examination. Results: The temperature levels measured at the masseter and anterior temporalis muscle regions in myogenous TMD volunteers (32.85 ± 0.85 and 34.37 ± 0.64 ºC, respectively) were significantly lower (p , 0.05) than those measured in controls (33.49 ± 0.92 and 34.78 ± 0.44 ºC, respectively). Medical infrared imaging indicated a mean difference of 1.4 ºC between the masseter and anterior temporalis regions. Analysis of the comparison between the absolute and normalized mean temperatures was performed using the pairwise comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves, and no statistically significant difference was observed (p. 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the thermographic assessment for the masseter region was of 70% and 73%, respectively and for the anterior temporalis region was of 80% and 62%, respectively. Conclusions: This method of evaluating masticatory muscle regions of this preliminary study seems to indicate that it can be used as an aid in complimentary diagnosing of TMDs.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thermographic characterization of masticatory muscle regions in volunteers with and without myogenous temporomandibular disorder: preliminary results","attachmentId":82766482,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74716708/Thermographic_characterization_of_masticatory_muscle_regions_in_volunteers_with_and_without_myogenous_temporomandibular_disorder_preliminary_results","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74716708/Thermographic_characterization_of_masticatory_muscle_regions_in_volunteers_with_and_without_myogenous_temporomandibular_disorder_preliminary_results"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="44549182" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44549182/Intra_and_inter_rater_reliability_of_infrared_image_analysis_of_masticatory_and_upper_trapezius_muscles_in_women_with_and_without_temporomandibular_disorder">Intra and inter-rater reliability of infrared image analysis of masticatory and upper trapezius muscles in women with and without temporomandibular disorder</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10822877" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaCosta39">Ana Costa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Intra and inter-rater reliability of infrared image analysis of masticatory and upper trapezius muscles in women with and without temporomandibular disorder","attachmentId":64998845,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44549182/Intra_and_inter_rater_reliability_of_infrared_image_analysis_of_masticatory_and_upper_trapezius_muscles_in_women_with_and_without_temporomandibular_disorder","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44549182/Intra_and_inter_rater_reliability_of_infrared_image_analysis_of_masticatory_and_upper_trapezius_muscles_in_women_with_and_without_temporomandibular_disorder"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="65171334" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65171334/Masticatory_muscle_disorders_diagnostic_criteria_the_American_Academy_of_Orofacial_Pain_versus_the_research_diagnostic_criteria_temporomandibular_disorders_RDC_TMD_">Masticatory muscle disorders diagnostic criteria: the American Academy of Orofacial Pain versus the research diagnostic criteria/temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47468970" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PessiaRubin">Pessia Rubin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this study, relevant cases were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who were diagnosed as suffering from myofascial pain only according to the research diagnostic criteria ⁄ temporomandibular disorders (RDC ⁄ TMD) criteria, in order to examine whether or not they could fulfil the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) diagnostic criteria for TMD-related masticatory muscle disorders. One hundred and twenty-seven patients, diagnosed according to the RDC ⁄ TMD criteria as having myofascial pain with or without limited jaw opening only, were allocated to two groups according to their answers to the RDC ⁄ TMD 'jaw disability checklist'. The two groups were compared for Axis I and II data taken from the RDC ⁄ TMD questionnaire. Thirty-eight of the patients (29AE9%) did not associate their symptoms with jaw functions (e.g. chewing and yawning). This group was characterised by increased range of motion (ROM) and older average age. The AAOP diagnostic criteria for TMD require pain on function in all subtypes of TMD-related muscle disorders. An association between pain and jaw function is common and research is needed to determine whether this should be categorised differently to muscle pain unrelated to jaw function. There may well be different pathophysiological mechanisms and consequently different management strategies for these two pain conditions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Masticatory muscle disorders diagnostic criteria: the American Academy of Orofacial Pain versus the research diagnostic criteria/temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD)","attachmentId":76883975,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65171334/Masticatory_muscle_disorders_diagnostic_criteria_the_American_Academy_of_Orofacial_Pain_versus_the_research_diagnostic_criteria_temporomandibular_disorders_RDC_TMD_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65171334/Masticatory_muscle_disorders_diagnostic_criteria_the_American_Academy_of_Orofacial_Pain_versus_the_research_diagnostic_criteria_temporomandibular_disorders_RDC_TMD_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="90225487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90225487/Clinical_presentations_and_co_morbid_factors_of_patients_with_myofascial_pain_or_myalgia_of_masticatory_muscles">Clinical presentations and co-morbid factors of patients with myofascial pain or myalgia of masticatory muscles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124582940" href="https://independent.academia.edu/maryamrad13">maryam rad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study was aimed to investigate the clinical presentations and frequencies of co-morbid factors in patients with myofascial pain or myalgia of masticatory muscles. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the data were obtained from the documents of the patients with myalgia or myofascial pain of the masticatory muscleswho were conceded toKerman Orofacial Pain Clinic, Kerman, Iran. Their clinical presentations and frequencies of possible related comorbid factors were evaluated. The chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and t-test were used for comparing the distribution of variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey&#39;s honestly significant difference (HSD) test were also used for comparisons between groups. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients with masticatory muscle myalgia or myofascial painconsisted of 296 individuals, 258 women (87.7%) and 38 men (12.3%) with an average age of 34.00 ± 11.75 years (range: 15-75...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical presentations and co-morbid factors of patients with myofascial pain or myalgia of masticatory muscles","attachmentId":93846325,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90225487/Clinical_presentations_and_co_morbid_factors_of_patients_with_myofascial_pain_or_myalgia_of_masticatory_muscles","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90225487/Clinical_presentations_and_co_morbid_factors_of_patients_with_myofascial_pain_or_myalgia_of_masticatory_muscles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="73531650" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73531650/Cervical_Myofascial_Pain_Is_Associated_with_an_Imbalance_of_Masticatory_Muscle_Activity">Cervical Myofascial Pain Is Associated with an Imbalance of Masticatory Muscle Activity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16434401" href="https://umlub.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Ginszt">Michał Ginszt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aimed to assess the relationship between the occurrence of cervical myofascial pain with active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) within the upper trapezius muscle and the electromyographic asymmetry index (AsI) of masticatory muscles: temporalis anterior (TA), superficial part of the masseter muscle (MM), and anterior belly of the digastric muscle (DA). The study group comprised 100 subjects (80 women and 20 men) aged 18 to 30 years (mean 23 ± 2.6 years) reporting pain in the neck muscles, diagnosed with myofascial pain with active MTrPs only within the upper trapezius muscle. The control group comprised 60 healthy, pain-free subjects (42 women and 18 men) aged 20 to 30 years (mean 22.8 ± 2.6 years) without MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. The palpation measurement, based on the diagnostic criteria of Travell and Simons, was used to diagnose active MTrPs. The masticatory muscle activity was recorded using an 8-channel device for surface electromyography—BioEMG IIITM....</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cervical Myofascial Pain Is Associated with an Imbalance of Masticatory Muscle Activity","attachmentId":82018645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73531650/Cervical_Myofascial_Pain_Is_Associated_with_an_Imbalance_of_Masticatory_Muscle_Activity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73531650/Cervical_Myofascial_Pain_Is_Associated_with_an_Imbalance_of_Masticatory_Muscle_Activity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="114476152" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114476152/Comparison_of_masticatory_muscle_myofascial_pain_in_patients_with_and_without_a_chief_complaint_of_headache">Comparison of masticatory muscle myofascial pain in patients with and without a chief complaint of headache</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="265965044" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HiroyukiKaribe">Hiroyuki Karibe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">CRANIO®, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives: Headaches are a common complaint in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. However, few studies have compared the symptom characteristics between TMD patients with and without a complaint of headache. The aim of this study was to compare subjective symptoms and treatment outcomes between myofascial TMD patients who had a chief complaint of headache and those who did not. Methods: One hundred sixty one patients underwent comprehensive examinations and scored their preand post-treatment symptoms on a form (4 items assessing pain intensity and 1 assessing sleeping difficulty). On the basis of the primary diagnosis, patients were divided into two groups: myofascial pain with and without a chief complaint of headache (MPH and MP). Results: Before treatment, patients in the MPH group scored significantly higher with respect to pain intensity and level of sleeping difficulty than did patients in the MP group (jaw/face pain, P 5 0.015; headache, P , 0.001; neck pain, P , 0.001, and difficulty in sleeping, P 5 0.005; Mann-Whitney U-test). Patients in the two groups demonstrated similar treatment outcomes, except for neck pain. Conclusion: Significant differences in symptom characteristics and outcomes were observed between primarily myofascial TMD patients with and without a chief complaint of headache.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparison of masticatory muscle myofascial pain in patients with and without a chief complaint of headache","attachmentId":111164790,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114476152/Comparison_of_masticatory_muscle_myofascial_pain_in_patients_with_and_without_a_chief_complaint_of_headache","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114476152/Comparison_of_masticatory_muscle_myofascial_pain_in_patients_with_and_without_a_chief_complaint_of_headache"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="107270644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107270644/Pain_threshold_in_the_masticatory_and_cervical_muscles_in_different_types_of_temporomandibular_disorders">Pain threshold in the masticatory and cervical muscles in different types of temporomandibular disorders</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="280493656" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricaAlmeidaSousa">Erica Almeida Sousa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction: Given the intimate connection of the temporomandibular joint in the cervical region and its functions of chewing, speech and swallowing, patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have most painful condition in stomathognatic muscles. Objective: Check for differences in pressure pain threshold of the masseter (MS), temporalis (TM), upper trapezius (UT) and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles in different types of TMD. Method: Participated in the research 97 subjects, classified according to “The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD)”: myofascial pain (TMD IA), myofascial pain with limited opening (TMD IB), disc displacement with reduction (TMD IIA), disc displacement without reduction and with limited opening (TMD IIB), disc displacement without reduction and without limited opening (TMD IIC). For measurement of the pressure pain threshold (PPT) was used the pressure algometry program (Kratos®) of the TM, MS, UT and SCM muscles. For ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pain threshold in the masticatory and cervical muscles in different types of temporomandibular disorders","attachmentId":105985512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107270644/Pain_threshold_in_the_masticatory_and_cervical_muscles_in_different_types_of_temporomandibular_disorders","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107270644/Pain_threshold_in_the_masticatory_and_cervical_muscles_in_different_types_of_temporomandibular_disorders"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49545819,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49545819,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49545819" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="67757660" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67757660/Electromyographic_Patterns_of_Masticatory_Muscles_in_Relation_to_Active_Myofascial_Trigger_Points_of_the_Upper_Trapezius_and_Temporomandibular_Disorders">Electromyographic Patterns of Masticatory Muscles in Relation to Active Myofascial Trigger Points of the Upper Trapezius and Temporomandibular Disorders</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16434401" href="https://umlub.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Ginszt">Michał Ginszt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Diagnostics, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electromyographic Patterns of Masticatory Muscles in Relation to Active Myofascial Trigger Points of the Upper Trapezius and Temporomandibular Disorders","attachmentId":78468531,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67757660/Electromyographic_Patterns_of_Masticatory_Muscles_in_Relation_to_Active_Myofascial_Trigger_Points_of_the_Upper_Trapezius_and_Temporomandibular_Disorders","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67757660/Electromyographic_Patterns_of_Masticatory_Muscles_in_Relation_to_Active_Myofascial_Trigger_Points_of_the_Upper_Trapezius_and_Temporomandibular_Disorders"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="81830742" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81830742/The_role_of_electrophysiological_investigations_of_masticatory_muscles_in_patients_with_persistent_idiopathic_facial_pain">The role of electrophysiological investigations of masticatory muscles in patients with persistent idiopathic facial pain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45234553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VincenzoTullo">Vincenzo Tullo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neurological Sciences, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of electrophysiological investigations of masticatory muscles in patients with persistent idiopathic facial pain","attachmentId":87738455,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81830742/The_role_of_electrophysiological_investigations_of_masticatory_muscles_in_patients_with_persistent_idiopathic_facial_pain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81830742/The_role_of_electrophysiological_investigations_of_masticatory_muscles_in_patients_with_persistent_idiopathic_facial_pain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="49389206" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49389206/The_influence_of_the_sensitivity_of_the_trapezius_muscle_on_the_changes_within_the_bioelectric_tensions_of_the_masticatory_muscles">The influence of the sensitivity of the trapezius muscle on the changes within the bioelectric tensions of the masticatory muscles</a><div 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="102586548" href="https://mindbodystudio.academia.edu/ArthurNitz">Arthur Nitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pain, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Psychological and physiological parameters of masticatory muscle pain","attachmentId":91357407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87033973/Psychological_and_physiological_parameters_of_masticatory_muscle_pain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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