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<nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Trasmissione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trasmissione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Trasmissione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trasmissione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replicazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replicazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Replicazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replicazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viroidi_e_RNA_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viroidi_e_RNA_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viroidi e RNA interference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viroidi_e_RNA_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viroide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 47 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84" title="فيروسي الشكل - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروسي الشكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroide" title="Viroide - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Viroide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Віроіды - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віроіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Вироид - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вироид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroide" title="Viroide - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viroide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ڤایرۆید - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Ιοειδή - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroide" title="Viroide - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viroide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroidid" title="Viroidid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viroidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biroide" title="Biroide - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biroide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ویروئید - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroidi" title="Viroidi - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viroidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viro%C3%AFde" title="Viroïde - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viroïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firo%C3%AFde" title="Firoïde - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Firoïde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADor%C3%B3id" title="Víoróid - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víoróid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroide" title="Viroide - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viroide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="וירואיד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="वायरोइड - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायरोइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ウイロイド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイロイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вироидтар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вироидтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ವೈರಾಣು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ವೈರಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="바이로이드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이로이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroidas" title="Viroidas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viroidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Вироид - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вироид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈറോയ്ഡ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറോയ്ഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viro%C3%AFde" title="Viroïde - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viroïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiroid" title="Wiroid - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiroid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroide" title="Viroide - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viroide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вироиды - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вироиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Вироид - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вироид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ไวรอยด์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรอยด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Віроїд - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віроїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viroid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="类病毒 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="类病毒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209917#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viroide" title="Vedi la 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-generico"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbozzo microbiologia"><img alt="Abbozzo microbiologia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg/41px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg/62px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg/82px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce  sull'argomento microbiologia è solo un <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Abbozzo" title="Aiuto:Abbozzo">abbozzo</a></b>.<br /> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit">Contribuisci</a> a migliorarla secondo le <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile">convenzioni di Wikipedia</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Microbiologia" title="Progetto:Microbiologia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> <div class="hide-when-compact"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viroid1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Viroid1.png/220px-Viroid1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Viroid1.png/330px-Viroid1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Viroid1.png/440px-Viroid1.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Viroidi della familia <a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viroid2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Viroid2.png/220px-Viroid2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Viroid2.png/330px-Viroid2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Viroid2.png/440px-Viroid2.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="71" /></a><figcaption>Viroidi della familia <a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>viroide</b> è un agente infettivo simile a un <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia)">virus</a>, costituito da una piccola molecola di <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> circolare (alcune centinaia di <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotidi</a>) a singolo filamento, non rivestita da <a href="/wiki/Capside" title="Capside">capside</a>. I viroidi infettano le <a href="/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">piante</a> e possono essere trasmessi mediante semi, pollini e strumenti agricoli.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un esempio di viroide è l'agente dell'affusolamento dei tuberi di patata (<i>Potato spindle tuber viroid</i>, PSTVd), che può causare ingenti perdite di produzione nelle coltivazioni di patata in paesi a clima secco.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il viroide fu scoperto nel <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a> dal fitopatologo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_O._Diener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor O. Diener (la pagina non esiste)">Theodor O. Diener</a>. </p><p>L'RNA dei viroidi non codifica per nessuna proteina, ma presenta il fenomeno dell'<a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>, con cui causa danni alla cellula infettata; si replica mediante l'<a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA polimerasi II">RNA polimerasi II</a> della cellula con un intermedio replicativo a doppio filamento. L'unico virus con struttura simile a quella viroide è l'HDV, il virus dell'<a href="/wiki/Epatite_D" title="Epatite D">epatite D</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trasmissione">Trasmissione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Trasmissione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Trasmissione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le infezioni viroidi possono essere trasmesse dagli <a href="/wiki/Aphidoidea" title="Aphidoidea">afidi</a>, mediante contaminazione incrociata a seguito di danni meccanici alle piante causati da pratiche agricole o da una pianta all'altra tramite contatto fogliare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replicazione">Replicazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Replicazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Replicazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viroids-_how_it_do.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Viroids-_how_it_do.gif/220px-Viroids-_how_it_do.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Viroids-_how_it_do.gif/330px-Viroids-_how_it_do.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Viroids-_how_it_do.gif/440px-Viroids-_how_it_do.gif 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Meccanismo di replicazione di un viroide trasmesso per contatto fogliare. Il viroide penetra in ogni <a href="/wiki/Cellula_vegetale" title="Cellula vegetale">cellula vegetale</a> attraverso i <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">plasmodesmi</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA polimerasi II">RNA polimerasi II</a> catalizza la sintesi di nuovi viroidi mediante un meccanismo di replicazione a cerchio rotante.</figcaption></figure> <p>I viroidi si replicano nel <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_cellulare" title="Nucleo cellulare">nucleo</a> o nei <a href="/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto">cloroplasti</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Cellula_vegetale" title="Cellula vegetale">cellule vegetali</a> in tre fasi attraverso un meccanismo basato sull'RNA. Richiedono per la replicazione l'<a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA polimerasi II">RNA polimerasi II</a>, un enzima della cellula ospite normalmente associato alla sintesi dell'mRNA dal DNA, il quale sintetizza il nuovo RNA mediante un meccanismo di replicazione a cerchio rotante, usando il viroide come stampo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viroidi_e_RNA_interference">Viroidi e RNA interference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Viroidi e RNA interference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Viroidi e RNA interference"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C'è stata una grande confusione riguardo a come i viroidi siano in grado di indurre sintomi nelle piante senza codificare alcun prodotto delle proteine all'interno della loro sequenza. Gli indizi ora suggeriscono che l'<a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> sia coinvolto nel processo. In primo luogo, cambiamenti al genoma viroide possono drammaticamente alterarne la virulenza; questo rispecchia il fatto che qualsiasi <a href="/wiki/Short_interfering_RNA" title="Short interfering RNA">siRNA</a> prodotto avrebbe meno basi complementari che si appaiano con l'mRNA bersaglio<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}</style><span class="chiarimento" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili."></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili.">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">senza fonte</a></i>]</sup>. In secondo luogo, i siRNA corrispondenti alle sequenze dei genomi viroidi sono stati isolati dalle piante infette<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140554517"><span class="chiarimento" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili."></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili.">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">senza fonte</a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Questo risultato indica che quando i viroidi si replicano mediante dsRNA, essi sono bersagliati dall'enzima <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleasi_III" title="Ribonucleasi III">Ribonucleasi III</a> e divisi in più siRNA che sono caricati in cima al complesso di silenziamento RNA-indotto<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140554517"><span class="chiarimento" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili."></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili.">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">senza fonte</a></i>]</sup>. I siRNA viroidi contengono effettivamente sequenze in grado di appaiare basi complementari con gli mRNA della pianta stessa, e l'induzione della degradazione o inibizione della traduzione è ciò che causa i classici sintomi viroidi<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140554517"><span class="chiarimento" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili."></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="Queste informazioni non sono comprovate da fonti attendibili.">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">senza fonte</a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnr.it/it/focus/107-3/i-viroidi-fossili-molecolari-dalle-caratteristiche-moderne"><span style="font-style:italic;">I viroidi: fossili molecolari dalle caratteristiche moderne | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www.cnr.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 18 giugno 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.vda.it/gestione/riviweb/templates/aspx/informatorenew.aspx?pkArt=1260"><span style="font-style:italic;">Organismi da quarantena della patata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">regione.vda.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viralzone.expasy.org/6896"><span style="font-style:italic;">Circular single strand RNA viruses</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">viralzone.expasy.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Viroids"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viroids?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="wikispecies:Viroids"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Viroids?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viroids?uselang=it">viroide</a></span></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikispecies"><img alt="Collabora a Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/18px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/27px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/36px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="129" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span> contiene informazioni su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Viroids?uselang=it">viroide</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/viroid"><span style="font-style:italic;">viroid</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209917#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Virus"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:violet;"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virus" title="Template:Virus"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Virus" title="Discussioni template:Virus"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Virus&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Classificazione_di_Baltimore" title="Classificazione di Baltimore">Classificazione di Baltimore</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Tipo di virus</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">Gruppi</th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;">Ordini</th><td colspan="1"><b>Famiglie</b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Virus_a_DNA" title="Virus a DNA">DNA</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">I: <a href="/wiki/Virus_a_DNA" title="Virus a DNA">virus a dsDNA</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Caudovirales" title="Caudovirales">Caudovirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Myoviridae" title="Myoviridae">Myoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Podoviridae" title="Podoviridae">Podoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Siphoviridae" title="Siphoviridae">Siphoviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales">Herpesvirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alloherpesviridae" title="Alloherpesviridae">Alloherpesviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malacoherpesviridae" title="Malacoherpesviridae">Malacoherpesviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ascoviridae" title="Ascoviridae">Ascoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampullaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampullaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Ampullaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virus_della_peste_suina_africana" title="Virus della peste suina africana">Asfarviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Baculoviridae" title="Baculoviridae">Baculoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicaudaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicaudaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Bicaudaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coccolithovirus" title="Coccolithovirus">Coccolithovirus</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Corticoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuselloviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuselloviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Fuselloviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globuloviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globuloviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Globuloviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guttaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guttaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Guttaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iridoviridae" title="Iridoviridae">Iridoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipothrixviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipothrixviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Lipothrixviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mimiviridae" title="Mimiviridae">Mimiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Nimaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pandoravirus" title="Pandoravirus">Pandoravirus</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papillomaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papillomaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Papillomaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Phycodnaviridae" title="Phycodnaviridae">Phycodnaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polydnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polydnaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Polydnaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyomaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyomaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Polyomaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Rudiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectivirus (la pagina non esiste)">Tectiviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">II: <a href="/wiki/Virus_a_DNA" title="Virus a DNA">virus a ssDNA</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anelloviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anelloviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Anelloviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Circoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geminiviridae" title="Geminiviridae">Geminiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Inoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Microviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Nanoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parvoviridae" title="Parvoviridae">Parvoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virgaviridae" title="Virgaviridae">Virgaviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Virus_a_RNA" title="Virus a RNA">RNA</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">III: <a href="/wiki/Virus_a_RNA" title="Virus a RNA">virus a dsRNA</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Birnaviridae" title="Birnaviridae">Birnaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Chrysoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cystoviridae" title="Cystoviridae">Cystoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endornaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endornaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Endornaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Hypoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partitiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partitiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Partitiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Picobirnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picobirnaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Picobirnaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Totiviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">IV: <a href="/wiki/Virus_a_RNA" title="Virus a RNA">virus a ssRNA+</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales">Nidovirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abyssoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abyssoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Abyssoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arteriviridae" title="Arteriviridae">Arteriviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medioniviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medioniviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Medioniviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoniviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesoniviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Mesoniviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mononiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mononiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Mononiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roniviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roniviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Roniviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euroniviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euroniviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Euroniviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobaniviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobaniviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Tobaniviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Picornavirales" title="Picornavirales">Picornavirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicistroviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicistroviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Dicistroviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iflaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iflaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Iflaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marnaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Marnaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Picornaviridae" title="Picornaviridae">Picornaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Secoviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Tymovirales" title="Tymovirales">Tymovirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphaflexiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphaflexiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Alphaflexiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Betaflexiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betaflexiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Betaflexiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammaflexiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammaflexiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Gammaflexiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tymoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tymoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Tymoviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Astroviridae" title="Astroviridae">Astroviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Barnaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Bromoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Caliciviridae" title="Caliciviridae">Caliciviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Closteroviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Closteroviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Closteroviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Comoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepeviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepeviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Hepeviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Leviviricetes" title="Leviviricetes">Leviviricetes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Luteoviridae" title="Luteoviridae">Luteoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narnaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narnaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Narnaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Nodaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potyviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potyviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Potyviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Sequiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Tetraviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alphavirus" title="Alphavirus">Alphavirus</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tombusviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tombusviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Tombusviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">V: <a href="/wiki/Virus_a_RNA" title="Virus a RNA">virus a ssRNA-</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Mononegavirales" title="Mononegavirales">Mononegavirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bornaviridae" title="Bornaviridae">Bornaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruliviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cruliviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Cruliviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Fimoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hantaviridae" title="Hantaviridae">Hantaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leishbunyaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leishbunyaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Leishbunyaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mypoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mypoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Mypoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairoviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Nairoviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peribunyaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peribunyaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Peribunyaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phasmaviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phasmaviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Phasmaviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenuiviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenuiviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Phenuiviridae</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wupedeviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wupedeviridae (la pagina non esiste)">Wupedeviridae</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Arenaviridae" title="Arenaviridae">Arenaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ophioviridae" title="Ophioviridae">Ophioviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">RT</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">VI: <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus a ssRNA</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Metaviridae" title="Metaviridae">Metaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pseudoviridae" title="Pseudoviridae">Pseudoviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retroviridae" title="Retroviridae">Retroviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;">VII: <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus a dsDNA</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae">Hepadnaviridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Caulimoviridae" title="Caulimoviridae">Caulimoviridae</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viroidi</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:12em;"><small><i>Gruppo non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:10em;"><small><i>Ordine non assegnato</i></small></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a> · <a 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