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class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_and_low_in_mass_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>High and low in mass culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_and_low_in_mass_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_concept_of_photography_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_concept_of_photography_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>The concept of photography image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_concept_of_photography_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethic_and_the_problem_of_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethic_and_the_problem_of_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Ethic and the problem of norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethic_and_the_problem_of_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography:_reality_and_truth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography:_reality_and_truth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Photography: reality and truth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography:_reality_and_truth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_civilization_as_a_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_civilization_as_a_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>White civilization as a cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_civilization_as_a_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Allegations of plagiarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>On Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_September_11_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_September_11_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>On the September 11 attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_September_11_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_from_other_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_from_other_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Criticism from other writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_from_other_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sexuality and relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonfiction_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Nonfiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collections_of_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections_of_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Collections of essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections_of_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Digital archive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_play,_documentary,_and_biopic_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_play,_documentary,_and_biopic_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Biographical play, documentary, and biopic film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_play,_documentary,_and_biopic_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additional_general_references,_not_in-line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_general_references,_not_in-line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Additional general references, not in-line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_general_references,_not_in-line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="سوزان سونتاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوزان سونتاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82" title="سوزان سانتاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوزان سانتاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сьюзен Зонтаг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сьюзен Зонтаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сьюзан Зонтаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьюзан Зонтаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сюзън Зонтаг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сюзън Зонтаг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сьюзан Зонтаг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сьюзан Зонтаг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontagov%C3%A1" title="Susan Sontagová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Susan Sontagová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σούζαν Σόνταγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούζαν Σόνταγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="سوزان سانتاگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوزان سانتاگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A0%84_%EC%86%90%ED%83%9D" title="수전 손택 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수전 손택" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Սյուզեն Զոնթագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սյուզեն Զոնթագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="सूसन सानटाग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूसन सानटाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92" title="סוזן סונטג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוזן סונטג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სიუზენ ზონტაგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიუზენ ზონტაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сьюзен Зонтаг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сьюзен Зонтаг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Sontag" title="Susanna Sontag – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Susanna Sontag" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABzana_Zont%C4%81ga" title="Sūzana Zontāga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūzana Zontāga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="സൂസൻ സൊൻടാഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂസൻ സൊൻടാഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="سوزان سونتاج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوزان سونتاج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0" title="スーザン・ソンタグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーザン・ソンタグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97" title="ਸੂਜ਼ਨ ਸਾਨਟੈਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਜ਼ਨ ਸਾਨਟੈਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="سوسن سنٹاگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوسن سنٹاگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3,_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зонтаг, Сьюзен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зонтаг, Сьюзен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="سوسن سنٹاگ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سوسن سنٹاگ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontagov%C3%A1" title="Susan Sontagová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Susan Sontagová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="سوزان سۆنتاگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوزان سۆنتاگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сузан Сонтаг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сузан Сонтаг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susan Sontag" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%91" title="Сьюзен Зонтаґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сьюзен Зонтаґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="سوسن سنٹاگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوسن سنٹاگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC" title="苏珊·桑塔格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏珊·桑塔格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC" title="苏珊·桑塔格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏珊·桑塔格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152824#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Susan Sontag</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Sontag_1979_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert_(headshot).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Susan_Sontag_1979_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert_%28headshot%29.jpg/220px-Susan_Sontag_1979_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert_%28headshot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Susan_Sontag_1979_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert_%28headshot%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="233" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sontag in 1979</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Susan Lee Rosenblatt</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-01-16</span>)</span>January 16, 1933<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 28, 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-12-28)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a>, Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essayist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">filmmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1959–2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Interpretation" title="Against Interpretation">Against Interpretation</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Philip Rieff</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a> (1989–2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susansontag.com">www<wbr />.susansontag<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152824#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Susan Lee Sontag</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on 'Camp'</a> ", in 1964. Her best-known works include the critical works <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Interpretation" title="Against Interpretation">Against Interpretation</a></i> (1966), <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a></i> (2003), the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Way_We_Live_Now_(short_story)" title="The Way We Live Now (short story)">The Way We Live Now</a>" (1986) and the novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_Lover" title="The Volcano Lover">The Volcano Lover</a></i> (1992) and <i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> (1999). </p><p>Sontag was active in writing and speaking about, or traveling to, areas of conflict, including during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>. She wrote extensively about literature, cinema, photography and media, illness, war, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>. Her essays and speeches drew backlash and controversy,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she has been called "one of the most influential critics of her generation".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Sontag was born <b>Susan Rosenblatt</b> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish</a> descent. Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1939, when Susan was five years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later, Sontag's mother married US Army Captain Nathan Sontag. Susan and her sister, Judith, took their stepfather's surname, although he did not adopt them formally.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontag did not have a religious upbringing and said she had not entered a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> until her mid-20s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remembering an unhappy childhood, with a cold, alcoholic, distant mother who was "always away", Sontag lived on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, New York,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a>, where she took refuge in books and graduated from <a href="/wiki/North_Hollywood_High_School" title="North Hollywood High School">North Hollywood High School</a> at the age of 15. She began her undergraduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> but transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in admiration of its prominent <a href="/wiki/Core_curriculum#Core_curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Core curriculum">core curriculum</a>. At Chicago, she undertook studies in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, ancient history, and literature alongside her other requirements. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, Joseph Schwab, Christian Mackauer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_McKeon" title="Richard McKeon">Richard McKeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Blanckenhagen" title="Peter von Blanckenhagen">Peter von Blanckenhagen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Kenneth Burke</a> were among her lecturers. She graduated at age 18 with an <a href="/wiki/A.B." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B.">A.B.</a> and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Chicago, she became best friends with fellow student <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turow_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, her work appeared in print for the first time in the winter issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review" title="Chicago Review">Chicago Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 17, Sontag married writer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Philip Rieff</a>, a sociology instructor at the University of Chicago, after a 10-day courtship; their marriage lasted eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying at Chicago, Sontag attended a summer school taught by the sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Heinrich_Gerth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Heinrich Gerth (page does not exist)">Hans Heinrich Gerth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Gerth" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Heinrich Gerth">de</a>]</span> who became a friend and subsequently influenced her study of German thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completing her Chicago degree, Sontag taught freshman English at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a> for the 1952–53 academic year. She attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> for graduate school, initially studying literature with <a href="/wiki/Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Levin" title="Harry Levin">Harry Levin</a> before moving into philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> under <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Taubes" title="Jacob Taubes">Jacob Taubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Demos" title="Raphael Demos">Raphael Demos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> in philosophy, Sontag began doctoral research in metaphysics, ethics, Greek philosophy, Continental philosophy, and theology at Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> lived with Sontag and Rieff for a year while working on his 1955 book <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> Sontag researched for Rieff's 1959 study <i><a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Mind_of_the_Moralist" title="Freud: The Mind of the Moralist">Freud: The Mind of the Moralist</a></i> before their divorce in 1958, and contributed to the book to such an extent that she has been considered an unofficial co-author.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had a son, <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>, who went on to be his mother's editor at <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>, as well as a writer in his own right. According to Sontag's <a href="/wiki/Sontag:_Her_Life_and_Work" title="Sontag: Her Life and Work">biographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moser" title="Benjamin Moser">Benjamin Moser</a>, Sontag was the true author of the text on Freud, which she wrote after David's birth, and in the separation the latter was the subject of an exchange: she handed over the authorship of the book to Rieff, he gave her their son.<sup id="cite_ref-Freud1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freud1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontag was awarded an <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a>'s fellowship for the 1957–58 academic year to <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Anne's College, Oxford">St Anne's College, Oxford</a>, where she traveled without her husband and son.<sup id="cite_ref-Sante_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sante-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, she had classes with <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hampshire" title="Stuart Hampshire">Stuart Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">H. L. A. Hart</a> while also attending the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy" title="Bachelor of Philosophy">B. Phil</a> seminars of <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a> and the lectures of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>. But Oxford did not appeal to her, and she transferred after <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> term of 1957 to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Sontag socialized with expatriate artists and academics including <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Wahl" title="Jean Wahl">Jean Wahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Chester" title="Alfred Chester">Alfred Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Sohmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Sohmers">Harriet Sohmers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Irene_Forn%C3%A9s" title="María Irene Fornés">María Irene Fornés</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She remarked that her time in Paris was perhaps the most important period of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–52">: 51–52 </span></sup> It certainly provided the basis of her long intellectual and artistic association with the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">culture of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She moved to New York in 1959 to live with Fornés for the next seven years,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regaining custody of her son<sup id="cite_ref-Sante_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sante-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and teaching at several universities, including the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>, while her literary reputation grew.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–54">: 53–54 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Sontag_(1966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg/250px-Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg/330px-Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg/500px-Susan_Sontag_%281966_author_photo_-_Against_Interpretation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Photo portrait of Sontag, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>While working on her stories, Sontag taught philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> and the philosophy of religion with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Taubes" title="Jacob Taubes">Jacob Taubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Taubes" title="Susan Taubes">Susan Taubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Gaster" title="Theodor Gaster">Theodor Gaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>, in the religion department at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> from 1960 to 1964. She held a writing fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in 1964–65 before ending her relationship with academia in favor of full-time freelance writing.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> </p><p>At age 30, Sontag published an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental novel">experimental novel</a> called <i>The Benefactor</i> (1963), following it four years later with <i>Death Kit</i> (1967). Despite a relatively small output, Sontag thought of herself principally as a <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and writer of fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Her short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Way_We_Live_Now_(short_story)" title="The Way We Live Now (short story)">The Way We Live Now</a>" was published to great acclaim on November 24, 1986, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Written in an experimental narrative style, it remains a significant text on the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a>. She achieved late popular success as a best-selling novelist with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_Lover" title="The Volcano Lover">The Volcano Lover</a></i> (1992). At age 67, Sontag published her final novel, <i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> (2000). The last two novels were set in the past, which Sontag said gave her greater freedom to write in the <a href="/wiki/Polyphony_(literature)" title="Polyphony (literature)">polyphonic</a> voice: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a print shop near the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, in London, I discovered the volcano prints from the book that <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">Sir William Hamilton</a> did. My very first thought—I don't think I have ever said this publicly—was that I would propose to <a href="/wiki/Franco_Maria_Ricci" title="Franco Maria Ricci">FMR</a> (a wonderful art magazine published in Italy which has beautiful art reproductions) that they reproduce the volcano prints and I write some text to accompany them. But then I started to adhere to the real story of Lord Hamilton and his wife, and I realized that if I would locate stories in the past, all sorts of inhibitions would drop away, and I could do epic, polyphonic things. I wouldn't just be inside somebody's head. So there was that novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_Lover" title="The Volcano Lover">The Volcano Lover</a></i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sontag, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> (April 13, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>She wrote and directed four films and also wrote several plays, the most successful of which were <i>Alice in Bed</i> and <i>Lady from the Sea</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Against_Interpretation_(1966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/250px-Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/330px-Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/500px-Against_Interpretation_%281966_1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>The cover of <i>Against Interpretation</i> (1966), which contains some of Sontag's best-known essays</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_and_low_in_mass_culture">High and low in mass culture</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on "Camp"</a></div> <p>It was through her essays that Sontag gained early fame and notoriety. She frequently wrote about the intersection of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low</a> art and expanded the dichotomy concept of form and art in every medium. She elevated <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a> to the status of recognition with her widely read 1964 essay "<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on 'Camp'</a> ", which accepted art as including common, absurd, and <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> themes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_concept_of_photography_image">The concept of photography image</h4></div> <p>In 1977, Sontag published the series of essays <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i>. These essays are an exploration of photographs as a collection of the world, mainly by travelers or tourists, and the way we experience it. In the essays, she outlined her theory of taking pictures as you travel: </p> <blockquote> <p>The method especially appeals to people handicapped by a ruthless work ethic—Germans, Japanese and Americans. Using a camera appeases the anxiety which the work driven feel about not working when they are on vacation and supposed to be having fun. They have something to do that is like a friendly imitation of work: they can take pictures. (p. 10) </p> </blockquote> <p>Sontag writes that the convenience of modern photography has created an overabundance of visual material, and "just about everything has been photographed".<sup id="cite_ref-on-photography_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on-photography-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> This has altered our expectations of what we have the right to view, want to view, or should view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethic_and_the_problem_of_norms">Ethic and the problem of norms</h4></div> <p>Ethical intentions are key points for Sontag. In her book <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she writes of the connection of the photography with the idea of norm.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussing photographs of <a href="/wiki/Diane_Arbus" title="Diane Arbus">Diane Arbus</a>, Sontag writes on borders and landmarks of the photo program of beauty. Beauty is the ground of the photography program and at the same time one of the biggest conceptual questions of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of identification of <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unattractiveness" title="Unattractiveness">ugliness</a> forms one more question—the idea of norm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notion of what is worth looking at and what we have the right to observe" and has changed our "viewing ethics".<sup id="cite_ref-on-photography_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on-photography-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography:_reality_and_truth">Photography: reality and truth</h4></div> <p>According to Sontag, photographs have increased our access to knowledge and experiences of history and faraway places, but the images may replace direct experience and limit reality;<sup id="cite_ref-on-photography_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on-photography-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–24">: 10–24 </span></sup> photography desensitizes its audience to horrific human experiences, and children are exposed to experiences before they are ready for them.<sup id="cite_ref-on-photography_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on-photography-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>Sontag continued to theorize about the role of photography in life in her essay "Looking at War: Photography's View of Devastation and Death", which appeared in the December 9, 2002, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. There she concludes that the problem of our reliance on images and especially photographic images is not that "people remember through photographs but that they remember only the photographs ... that the photographic image eclipses other forms of understanding—and remembering. ... To remember is, more and more, not to recall a story but to be able to call up a picture" (p. 94). </p><p>She became a role model for many feminists and aspiring female writers during the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_civilization_as_a_cancer">White civilization as a cancer</h3></div> <p>Sontag drew acclaim and criticism for writing in 1967 in <i><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If America <i>is</i> the culmination of Western white civilization, as everyone from the Left to the Right declares, then there must be something terribly wrong with Western white civilization. This is a painful truth; few of us want to go that far.... The truth is that Mozart, Pascal, Boolean algebra, Shakespeare, parliamentary government, Baroque churches, Newton, the emancipation of women, Kant, Marx, Balanchine ballets, <i>et al</i>, don't redeem what this particular civilization has wrought upon the world. The white race <i>is</i> the cancer of human history; it is the white race and it alone—its ideologies and inventions—which eradicates autonomous civilizations wherever it spreads, which has upset the ecological balance of the planet, which now threatens the very existence of life itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_1967_57–8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag_1967_57–8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Goldblatt" title="Mark M. Goldblatt">Mark M. Goldblatt</a>, Sontag later made a "sarcastic retraction, saying the line slanders cancer patients".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick J. Buchanan">Patrick J. Buchanan</a> said: "Rewrite that sentence with 'Jewish race' in place of 'white race' and the passage would fit nicely into <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Weinberger" title="Eliot Weinberger">Eliot Weinberger</a>, "She came to regret that last phrase, and wrote a whole book against the use of illness as metaphor". But, he wrote, this did not lead to any "public curiosity about those who are not cancerously white", and "She may well have been the last unashamed Eurocentrist".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_plagiarism">Allegations of plagiarism</h3></div> <p>Ellen Lee accused Sontag of plagiarism after discovering at least 12 passages in <i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> that were similar to or copied from passages in four other books about <a href="/wiki/Helena_Modjeska" title="Helena Modjeska">Helena Modjeska</a> without attribution.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh_2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kort_2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kort_2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontag said of the passages, "All of us who deal with real characters in history transcribe and adopt original sources in the original domain. I've used these sources and I've completely transformed them. There's a larger argument to be made that all of literature is a series of references and allusions."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2007 letter to the editor of the <i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, John Lavagnino identified an unattributed citation from <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>'s 1970 essay "S/Z" in Sontag's 2004 speech "At the Same Time: The Novelist and Moral Reasoning", delivered as the <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> Lecture in March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research led Lavagnino to identify several passages that appeared to have been taken without attribution from an essay on hypertext fiction by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Miller_(writer)" title="Laura Miller (writer)">Laura Miller</a> published in the <i>New York Times Book Review</i> six years earlier<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for the <i>Observer</i>, Michael Calderone interviewed Sontag's publisher, who said, "This was a speech, not a formal essay", and that "Susan herself never prepared it for publication".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Communism">On Communism</h3></div> <p>At a New York pro-<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> rally in 1982, Sontag said that "people on the left", like herself, "have willingly or unwillingly told a lot of lies".<sup id="cite_ref-times19820227_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times19820227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She added that they: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>believed in, or at least applied, a double standard to the angelic language of Communism ... Communism is Fascism—successful Fascism, if you will. What we have called Fascism is, rather, the form of tyranny that can be overthrown—that has, largely, failed. I repeat: not only is Fascism (and overt military rule) the probable destiny of all Communist societies—especially when their populations are moved to revolt—but Communism is in itself a variant, the most successful variant, of Fascism. Fascism with a human face... Imagine, if you will, someone who read only the <i>Reader's Digest</i> between 1950 and 1970, and someone in the same period who read only <i>The Nation</i> or [t]he <i>New Statesman</i>. Which reader would have been better informed about the realities of Communism? The answer, I think, should give us pause. Can it be that our enemies were right?<sup id="cite_ref-times19820227_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times19820227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sontag's speech reportedly "drew boos and shouts from the audience". <i>The Nation</i> published her speech, excluding the passage contrasting the magazine with <i>Reader's Digest</i>. Responses to her statement were varied. Some said that Sontag's sentiments had been held by many on the left for years, while others accused her of betraying "radical ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-times19820227_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times19820227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_September_11_attacks">On the September 11 attacks</h3></div> <p>Sontag was angrily criticized for what she wrote in the September 24, 2001, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> about the immediate aftermath of <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She called the attacks a "monstrous dose of reality" and criticized U.S. public officials and media commentators for trying to convince the American public that "everything is O.K." Specifically, she opposed the idea that the perpetrators were "cowards", a comment <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had made. Rather, she argued the country should see the terrorists' actions not as "a 'cowardly' attack on 'civilization' or 'liberty' or 'humanity' or 'the free world' but an attack on the world's self-proclaimed superpower, undertaken as a consequence of specific American alliances and actions."<sup id="cite_ref-nyorker_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyorker-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_from_other_writers">Criticism from other writers</h3></div> <p>In a 2000 article for <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>'</i>s that was later included in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Hooking_Up" title="Hooking Up">Hooking Up</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> called Sontag "just another scribbler who spent her life signing up for protest meetings and lumbering to the podium encumbered by her prose style, which had a handicapped parking sticker valid at <i><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Sontag, Bloody Sontag", an essay in her 1994 book <i>Vamps & Tramps</i>, critic <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> describes her initial admiration of and subsequent disillusionment with Sontag.<sup id="cite_ref-Paglia#_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paglia#-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She makes several criticisms, including <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>'s comment "Mere Sontagisme!" on Paglia's doctoral dissertation, and says that Sontag "had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paglia also recounts a visit by Sontag to <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a>, in which she arrived hours late and ignored the agreed-upon topic of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sontag's cool self-exile was a disaster for the American women's movement. Only a woman of her prestige could have performed the necessary critique and debunking of the first instant-canon feminist screeds, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gilbert" title="Sandra Gilbert">Sandra Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a>, whose middlebrow mediocrity crippled women's studies from the start ... No patriarchal villains held Sontag back; her failures are her own.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Camille Paglia<sup id="cite_ref-Paglia#_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paglia#-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Seemingly unaware of Sontag's choice to live in Sarajevo during the siege, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Skin_in_the_Game_(book)" title="Skin in the Game (book)">Skin in the Game</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> criticizes Sontag and other people with extravagant lifestyles who nevertheless declare themselves "against the market system". Taleb assesses Sontag's shared New York mansion at $28 million, and writes that "it is immoral to be in opposition to the market system and not live (somewhere in Vermont or Northwestern Afghanistan) in a hut or cave isolated from it" and that it is even worse to "claim virtue without fully living with its direct consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2></div> <p>Sontag became politically active in the 1960s, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128–129">: 128–129 </span></sup> In January 1968, she signed the "<a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers and Editors War Tax Protest">Writers and Editors War Tax Protest</a>" pledge, vowing to refuse to pay a proposed 10% Vietnam War surtax.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1968, she visited Hanoi; afterward, she wrote favorably about North Vietnamese society in her essay <i>Trip to Hanoi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130–132">: 130–132 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SarajevoSiege2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SarajevoSiege2.JPG/200px-SarajevoSiege2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SarajevoSiege2.JPG/300px-SarajevoSiege2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SarajevoSiege2.JPG/400px-SarajevoSiege2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The former Sarajevo newspaper building during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>, when Sontag lived in the city</figcaption></figure> <p>During 1989 Sontag was the President of <a href="/wiki/PEN_American_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PEN American Center">PEN American Center</a>, the main U.S. branch of the <a href="/wiki/International_PEN" class="mw-redirect" title="International PEN">International PEN</a> writers' organization. After Iranian leader <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a></i> death sentence against writer <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> for blasphemy after the publication of his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i> that year, Sontag's uncompromising support of Rushdie was crucial in rallying American writers to his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="Waiting"></span>A few years later, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>, Sontag gained attention for directing a production of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> in a candlelit theater in the Bosnian capital, cut off from its electricity supply for three and a half years. The reaction of Sarajevo's besieged residents was noted:</p><blockquote><p>To the people of Sarajevo, Ms. Sontag has become a symbol, interviewed frequently by the local newspapers and television, invited to speak at gatherings everywhere, asked for autographs on the street. After the opening performance of the play, the city's Mayor, <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87" title="Muhamed Kreševljaković">Muhamed Kreševljaković</a>, came onstage to declare her an honorary citizen, the only foreigner other than the recently departed United Nations commander, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Morillon" title="Philippe Morillon">Lieut. Gen. Phillippe Morillon</a>, to be so named. "It is for your bravery, in coming here, living here, and working with us," he said.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>Sontag's mother died of <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontag died in New York City on December 28, 2004, aged 71, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">myelodysplastic syndrome</a> which had evolved into <a href="/wiki/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myelogenous leukemia">acute myelogenous leukemia</a>. She is buried in Paris at <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Cimetière du Montparnasse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her final illness has been chronicled by her son, <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_relationships">Sexuality and relationships</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG/250px-Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG/330px-Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG/500px-Susan_Sontag_by_Juan_Bastos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Susan Sontag in 1994, painted by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fernando_Bastos" title="Juan Fernando Bastos">Juan Fernando Bastos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sontag became aware of her <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a> during her early teens. At 15, she wrote in her diary, "I feel I have lesbian tendencies (how reluctantly I write this)." At 16, she had a sexual encounter with a woman: "Perhaps I was drunk, after all, because it was so beautiful when H began making love to me... It had been 4:00 before we had gotten to bed... I became fully conscious that I desired her, she knew it, too."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontag lived with 'H', the writer and model <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Sohmers_Zwerling" title="Harriet Sohmers Zwerling">Harriet Sohmers Zwerling</a>, whom she first met at <a href="/wiki/U._C._Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="U. C. Berkeley">U. C. Berkeley</a> from 1958 to 1959. Later, Sontag was the partner of <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Irene_Forn%C3%A9s" title="María Irene Fornés">María Irene Fornés</a>, a Cuban-American <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a> playwright and director. Upon splitting with Fornés, she was involved with an Italian aristocrat, Carlotta Del Pezzo, and the German academic <a href="/wiki/Eva_Kollisch" title="Eva Kollisch">Eva Kollisch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontag was romantically involved with the American artists <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thek" title="Paul Thek">Paul Thek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1970s, she lived with <a href="/wiki/Nicole_St%C3%A9phane" title="Nicole Stéphane">Nicole Stéphane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a> banking heiress turned movie actress,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, later, the choreographer <a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Childs" title="Lucinda Childs">Lucinda Childs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytm_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytm-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontag also had a relationship with the writer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a>, who deepened her appreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> of the writers persecuted by the Soviet regime, whom she had read and in some cases even known, without really understanding them.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With photographer <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a>, Sontag maintained a close romantic relationship stretching from the later 1980s until her final years.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuigan_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuigan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sontag and Leibovitz met in 1989, when both had already established notability in their careers. Leibovitz has suggested that Sontag mentored her and constructively criticized her work. During Sontag's lifetime, neither woman publicly disclosed whether the relationship was a friendship or romantic. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> in 2006 made reference to Leibovitz's decade-plus relationship with Sontag: "The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When interviewed for her 2006 book <i>A Photographer's Life: 1990–2005</i>, Leibovitz said the book told a number of stories, and that "with Susan, it was a love story."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>The New York Times</i> in 2009 referred to Sontag as Leibovitz's "companion",<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-july2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-july2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leibovitz wrote in <i>A Photographer's Life</i>, "Words like 'companion' and 'partner' were not in our vocabulary. We were two people who helped each other through our lives. The closest word is still 'friend.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Leibovitz said the descriptor "lover" was accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later reiterated, "Call us 'lovers.' I like 'lovers.' You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic. I mean, I want to be perfectly clear. I love Susan."<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2000, Sontag was open about bisexuality: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Shall I tell you about getting older?', she says, and she is laughing. 'When you get older, 45 plus, men stop fancying you. Or put it another way, the men I fancy don't fancy me. I want a young man. I love beauty. So what's new?' She says she has been in love seven times in her life. 'No, hang on,' she says. 'Actually, it's nine. Five women, four men.'<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many of Sontag's obituaries failed to mention her significant same-sex relationships, most notably that with Leibovitz. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Daniel Okrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_editor" title="Public editor">public editor</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,</i> defended the newspaper's obituary, saying that at the time of Sontag's death, a reporter could make no independent verification of her romantic relationship with Leibovitz (despite attempts to do so).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sontag's death, <i>Newsweek</i> published an article about Leibovitz that made clear references to her relationship with Sontag.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuigan_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuigan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sontag was quoted by editor-in-chief Brendan Lemon of <i><a href="/wiki/Out_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Out Magazine">Out</a></i> magazine as saying "I grew up in a time when the modus operandi was the 'open secret.' I'm used to that, and quite OK with it. Intellectually, I know why I haven't spoken more about my sexuality, but I do wonder if I haven't repressed something there to my detriment. Maybe I could have given comfort to some people if I had dealt with the subject of my private sexuality more, but it's never been my prime mission to give comfort, unless somebody's in drastic need. I'd rather give pleasure, or shake things up."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Following Sontag's death, Steve Wasserman of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> called her "one of America's most influential intellectuals, internationally renowned for the passionate engagement and breadth of her critical intelligence and her ardent activism in the cause of human rights."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Homberger of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> called Sontag "the 'Dark Lady' of American cultural life for over four decades."<sup id="cite_ref-guard_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He observed that "despite a brimming and tartly phrased political sensibility, she was fundamentally an aesthete [who] offered a reorientation of American cultural horizons."<sup id="cite_ref-guard_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Interpretation" title="Against Interpretation">Against Interpretation</a></i>, Brandon Robshaw of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> later wrote that "Sontag was remarkably prescient; her project of analysing popular culture as well as high culture, the Doors as well as Dostoevsky, is now common practice throughout the educated world."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Critique and Postcritique</i> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Rita_Felski" title="Rita Felski">Rita Felski</a> and Elizabeth S. Anker argue that the title essay from the aforementioned collection played an important role in the field of <a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">postcritique</a>, a movement within <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> that attempts to find new forms of reading and interpretation that go beyond the methods of <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">ideological criticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing Sontag's <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i> in 1998, Michael Starenko wrote that it "has become so deeply absorbed into this discourse that Sontag's claims about photography, as well as her mode of argument, have become part of the rhetorical 'tool kit' that photography theorists and critics carry around in their heads."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">Arts and Letters Award in Literature</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a> for <i>On Photography</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979: Became member of the American Arts</li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellowship</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fellows90_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows90-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Premio_Malaparte" title="Premio Malaparte">Malaparte Prize</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-Rollyson2016_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollyson2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Commandeur_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres">Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-Rollyson2016_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollyson2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> for <i>In America</i><sup id="cite_ref-nba2000_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba2000-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, awarded every two years to a writer whose work explores the freedom of the individual in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollyson2016_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollyson2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Award</a> for Cultural Criticism for "Looking at War", in <i>The New Yorker</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rollyson2016_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollyson2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: Honorary Doctorate of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübingen University">Tübingen University</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award on Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: Two days after her death, Muhidin Hamamdzic, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> announced the city would name a street after her, calling her an "author and a humanist who actively participated in the creation of the history of <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>." Theatre Square outside the National Theatre was promptly proposed to be renamed Susan Sontag Theatre Square.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took five years, however, for that tribute to become official.<sup id="cite_ref-sarajevo.co.ba_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarajevo.co.ba-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 13, 2010, the city of Sarajevo posted a plate with a new street name for Theater Square: Theater Square of Susan Sontag.<sup id="cite_ref-sarajevo.co.ba_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarajevo.co.ba-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024: A <a href="/wiki/Sontag_(crater)" title="Sontag (crater)">crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> was named in her honor in November 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction_2">Fiction</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSontag1963" class="citation book cs1">Sontag, Susan (1963). <i>The Benefactor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385267106" title="Special:BookSources/9780385267106"><bdi>9780385267106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Benefactor&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780385267106&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1967" class="citation book cs1">—— (1967). <i>DeathKit</i>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312420116" title="Special:BookSources/9780312420116"><bdi>9780312420116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DeathKit&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780312420116&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1977" class="citation book cs1">—— (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/I,_etcetera" title="I, etcetera">I, etcetera</a></i>. Collection of short stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374174026" title="Special:BookSources/9780374174026"><bdi>9780374174026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%2C+etcetera&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780374174026&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_We_Live_Now_(short_story)" title="The Way We Live Now (short story)">The Way We Live Now</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Noonday Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374523053" title="Special:BookSources/9780374523053"><bdi>9780374523053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+We+Live+Now&rft.pub=Noonday+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780374523053&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1992" class="citation book cs1">—— (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_Lover" title="The Volcano Lover">The Volcano Lover</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558008182" title="Special:BookSources/9781558008182"><bdi>9781558008182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volcano+Lover&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781558008182&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Trade Paperbacks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568958989" title="Special:BookSources/9781568958989"><bdi>9781568958989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+America&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781568958989&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991). <i>A Parsifal</i>. A deconstruction inspired by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a>'s 1991 staging of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> opera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Parsifal&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1993" class="citation book cs1">—— (1993). <i>Alice in Bed</i>. About 19th-century intellectual <a href="/wiki/Alice_James" title="Alice James">Alice James</a>, who was confined to bed by illness. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374102739" title="Special:BookSources/9780374102739"><bdi>9780374102739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+in+Bed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780374102739&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1998" class="citation book cs1">—— (1998). <i>Lady from the Sea</i>. An adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_the_Sea" title="The Lady from the Sea">1888 play of the same name</a>, premiered in Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+from+the+Sea&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction_2">Nonfiction</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collections_of_essays">Collections of essays</h4></div> <p>Sontag published numerous essays and reviews in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Art_in_America" title="Art in America">Art in America</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>. Many of these were included in her collections. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1966" class="citation book cs1">—— (1966). <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Interpretation" title="Against Interpretation">Against Interpretation</a></i>. Includes "<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on "Camp"</a>". Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385267083" title="Special:BookSources/9780385267083"><bdi>9780385267083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Interpretation&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780385267083&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1969" class="citation book cs1">—— (1969). <i><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Radical_Will" title="Styles of Radical Will">Styles of Radical Will</a></i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312420215" title="Special:BookSources/9780312420215"><bdi>9780312420215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Styles+of+Radical+Will&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780312420215&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1977" class="citation book cs1">—— (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374226268" title="Special:BookSources/9780374226268"><bdi>9780374226268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Photography&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780374226268&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1980" class="citation book cs1">—— (1980). <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sign_of_Saturn" title="Under the Sign of Saturn">Under the Sign of Saturn</a></i>. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374280765" title="Special:BookSources/9780374280765"><bdi>9780374280765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sign+of+Saturn&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780374280765&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Stress_Falls" title="Where the Stress Falls">Where the Stress Falls</a></i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374289171" title="Special:BookSources/9780374289171"><bdi>9780374289171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Stress+Falls&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780374289171&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Same_Time" title="At the Same Time">At the Same Time: Essays and Speeches</a></i>. Edited by Paolo Dilonardo and Anne Jump, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374100728" title="Special:BookSources/9780374100728"><bdi>9780374100728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Same+Time%3A+Essays+and+Speeches&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780374100728&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2023" class="citation book cs1">—— (2023). <i><a href="/wiki/On_Women" title="On Women">On Women</a></i>. Edited by David Rieff, with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Merve_Emre" title="Merve Emre">Merve Emre</a>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250876867" title="Special:BookSources/9781250876867"><bdi>9781250876867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Women&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781250876867&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monographs">Monographs</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1959" class="citation book cs1">—— (1959). <i><a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Mind_of_the_Moralist" title="Freud: The Mind of the Moralist">Freud: The Mind of the Moralist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+The+Mind+of+the+Moralist&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span> (Authorship disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-Freud1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freud1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1978" class="citation book cs1">—— (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a></i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394728445" title="Special:BookSources/9780394728445"><bdi>9780394728445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illness+as+Metaphor&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780394728445&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1988" class="citation book cs1">—— (1988). <i><a href="/wiki/AIDS_and_Its_Metaphors" title="AIDS and Its Metaphors">AIDS and Its Metaphors</a></i>. A continuation of <i>Illness as Metaphor</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374102579" title="Special:BookSources/9780374102579"><bdi>9780374102579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+and+Its+Metaphors&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780374102579&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2003" class="citation book cs1">—— (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a></i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374248581" title="Special:BookSources/9780374248581"><bdi>9780374248581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regarding+the+Pain+of+Others&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780374248581&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <ul><li>(1969) <i><a href="/wiki/Duet_for_Cannibals" title="Duet for Cannibals">Duet for Cannibals</a></i> (<i>Duett för kannibaler</i>)</li> <li>(1971) <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Carl" title="Brother Carl">Brother Carl</a></i> (<i>Bröder Carl</i>)</li> <li>(1974) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promised_Lands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promised Lands (page does not exist)">Promised Lands</a></i></li> <li>(1983) <i>Unguided Tour AKA Letter from Venice</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discography">Discography</h3></div> <ul><li>(1979) <i>Debriefing</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Land_(1975%E2%80%932002)" title="Land (1975–2002)">Land (1975–2002)</a></i>. Liner notes by Susan Sontag. Columbia Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+%281975%E2%80%932002%29&rft.pub=Columbia+Records&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerspooner2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Fischerspooner_album)" title="Odyssey (Fischerspooner album)">Odyssey</a></i>. Contribution of phrases by Susan Sontag. EMI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.pub=EMI&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Fischerspooner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2008" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <i>Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312428501" title="Special:BookSources/9780312428501"><bdi>9780312428501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reborn%3A+Journals+and+Notebooks+1947%E2%80%931963&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780312428501&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2012" class="citation book cs1">—— (2012). <i>As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964–1980</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374100766" title="Special:BookSources/9780374100766"><bdi>9780374100766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Consciousness+Is+Harnessed+to+Flesh%3A+Journals+and+Notebooks%2C+1964%E2%80%931980&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780374100766&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_archive">Digital archive</h2></div> <p>A digital archive of 17,198 of Sontag's emails is kept by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> Department of Special Collections at the <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Young_Research_Library" title="Charles E. Young Research Library">Charles E. Young Research Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her archive—and the efforts to make it publicly available while protecting it from <a href="/wiki/Data_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Data rot">bit rot</a>—are the subject of the article <i>On Excess: Susan Sontag's Born-Digital Archive</i>, by Jeremy Schmidt and Jacquelyn Ardam.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_play,_documentary,_and_biopic_film"><span id="Biographical_play.2C_documentary.2C_and_biopic_film"></span>Biographical play, documentary, and biopic film</h2></div> <p><i>Sontag: Reborn</i> is a play dramatizing Sontag's life as recorded in her early journals (which were later edited and published as the book <i>Reborn</i>). Described as "a spellbinding X-ray of a writer’s psyche",<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sontag: Reborn</i> traces Sontag's private life from age 14 to her emergence as a renowned author and activist. The young Sontag wrestles with her emerging sexuality and precocious intelligence. The refuge of her diary became integral to her development as a writer.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was adapted from Sontag's journals by theatre artist <a href="/wiki/Moe_Angelos" title="Moe Angelos">Moe Angelos</a>, who also plays Sontag in the production, directed by <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weems" title="Marianne Weems">Marianne Weems</a>, and produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Builders_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Builders Association">The Builders Association</a>. <i>Sontag: Reborn</i> was first staged at the Under the Radar Festival in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved to off-Broadway at New York Theatre Workshop in 2013, and was staged into 2014. </p><p>A documentary about Sontag directed by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kates" title="Nancy Kates">Nancy Kates</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_Susan_Sontag" title="Regarding Susan Sontag">Regarding Susan Sontag</a></i>, was released in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received the Special Jury Mention for Best Documentary Feature at the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Festival" title="Tribeca Festival">Tribeca Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_International" title="Screen International">Screen</a></i> reported that <a href="/wiki/Brouhaha_Entertainment" title="Brouhaha Entertainment">Brouhaha Entertainment</a> was producing a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Johnson" title="Kirsten Johnson">Kirsten Johnson</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Stewart" title="Kristen Stewart">Kristen Stewart</a> as Sontag. It is based on <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moser" title="Benjamin Moser">Benjamin Moser</a>'s biography <i><a href="/wiki/Sontag:_Her_Life_and_Work" title="Sontag: Her Life and Work">Sontag: Her Life and Work</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">LGBTQ culture in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_people_from_New_York_City" title="List of LGBTQ people from New York City">List of LGBTQ people from New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontag wrote an essay about it in <i>Theatre</i> in 1999, titled "Rewriting <i>Lady from the Sea</i>."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_fiction-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_fiction_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie2000" class="citation news cs1">Mackenzie, Suzie (May 27, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/may/27/fiction.features">"Finding fact from fiction"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Finding+fact+from+fiction&rft.date=2000-05-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Suzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2000%2Fmay%2F27%2Ffiction.features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2000" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Tom (October 31, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc63EF-mVukC&q=%22hooking+up%22+Tom+Wolfe"><i>Hooking Up</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374103828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374103828"><bdi>978-0374103828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooking+Up&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0374103828&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc63EF-mVukC%26q%3D%2522hooking%2Bup%2522%2BTom%2BWolfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/susan-sontag/">"Susan Sontag"</a>, <i>The New York Review of Books</i>, accessed December 19, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/susan-sontag-receives-german-peace-prize-criticizes-us/a-994715">"Susan Sontag Receives German Peace Prize, Criticizes U.S."</a> <i>DW.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag+Receives+German+Peace+Prize%2C+Criticizes+U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fsusan-sontag-receives-german-peace-prize-criticizes-us%2Fa-994715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sontag-susan">"Susan Sontag"</a>. <i>JWA.org</i>. Jewish Women's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JWA.org&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fsontag-susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Gluttonous Reader", Interview with M. McQuade in <i>Poague</i>, pp. 271–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turow-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turow_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurow2013" class="citation news cs1">Turow, Scott (May 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/books/the-third-coast-a-history-of-chicago-by-thomas-dyja.html?_r=0">"A Time When Things Started in Chicago"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Time+When+Things+Started+in+Chicago&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Turow&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F17%2Fbooks%2Fthe-third-coast-a-history-of-chicago-by-thomas-dyja.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1951" class="citation journal cs1">Sontag, Susan (1951). "Review of The Plenipotentiaries". <i>Chicago Review</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25292888">10.2307/25292888</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25292888">25292888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Plenipotentiaries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25292888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25292888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontag, Susan. <i>Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963</i>, ed. D. Rieff, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXJe3EcPo1g"><i>Susan Sontag: Public Intellectual, Polymath, Provocatrice</i></a>. July 7, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/zXJe3EcPo1g">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susan+Sontag%3A+Public+Intellectual%2C+Polymath%2C+Provocatrice&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzXJe3EcPo1g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVidich2009" class="citation book cs1">Vidich, Arthur J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225121907/https://newfoundpress.utk.edu/pubs/vidich/chp10.pdf">"First Years at The New School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>With a Critical Eye: An Intellectual and His Times</i>. Knoxville, Tennessee: Newfound Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979729249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979729249"><bdi>978-0979729249</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newfoundpress.utk.edu/pubs/vidich/chp10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Years+at+The+New+School&rft.btitle=With+a+Critical+Eye%3A+An+Intellectual+and+His+Times&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Newfound+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0979729249&rft.aulast=Vidich&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewfoundpress.utk.edu%2Fpubs%2Fvidich%2Fchp10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Susan Sontag, 'Literature is Freedom' in <i>At the Same Time</i>, ed. P. Dilonardo and A. Jump, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007, p.206 and Morton White, <i>A Philosopher's Story</i>, Pennsylvania University Press, 1999, p. 148. See also Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 39–40 and Daniel Horowitz "Consuming Pleasures: Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Postwar World", University of Pennsylvania, 2012, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Putting+her+body+on+the+line%3A+the+critical+acts+of+Susan+Sontag%2C+Part...-a0172833464">"Putting her body on the line: the critical acts of Susan Sontag, Part I."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putting+her+body+on+the+line%3A+the+critical+acts+of+Susan+Sontag%2C+Part+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FPutting%2Bher%2Bbody%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bline%253A%2Bthe%2Bcritical%2Bacts%2Bof%2BSusan%2BSontag%252C%2BPart...-a0172833464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rollyson-paddock-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollyson-paddock_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollyson and Paddock.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRollysonPaddock2000" class="citation book cs1">Rollyson, Carl; Paddock, Lisa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/susansontagmakin00roll/page/40"><i>Susan Sontag: The Making of Icon</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/susansontagmakin00roll/page/40">40–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04928-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04928-0"><bdi>0-393-04928-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susan+Sontag%3A+The+Making+of+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-04928-0&rft.aulast=Rollyson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Paddock%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsusansontagmakin00roll%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freud1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freud1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freud1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2019" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (May 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/13/susan-sontag-her-life-benjamin-moser-freud-the-mind-of-the-moralist-philip-rieff">"Susan Sontag was true author of ex-husband's book, biography claims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag+was+true+author+of+ex-husband%27s+book%2C+biography+claims&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fmay%2F13%2Fsusan-sontag-her-life-benjamin-moser-freud-the-mind-of-the-moralist-philip-rieff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sante-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sante_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sante_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sante, Luc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/books/review/Sante-t.html?_r=0">"Sontag: The Precocious Years"</a>, Sunday Book Review, <i>The New York Times</i>, January 29, 2009, accessed December 19, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Morton White, <i>A Philosopher's Story</i>, Pennsylvania University Press, 1999, p.148; and Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Field_(poet)" title="Edward Field (poet)">Field, Edward</a>. <i>The Man Who Would Marry Susan Sontag</i>, Wisconsin, 2005, pp. 158–170; Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 45–50; and <i>Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963</i>, ed. D. Rieff, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Emigrant of Thought", interview with Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, in Poague, pp. 143–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Patrick (January 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jan-04-oe-moore4-story.html">"Susan Sontag and a Case of Curious Silence"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag+and+a+Case+of+Curious+Silence&rft.date=2005-01-04&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-jan-04-oe-moore4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/interviews/ba2000-04-13.htm">"Susan Sontag—whose new novel, In America, has just been published—doesn't feel at home in New York, or anywhere else. And that's the way she likes it"</a>. <i>Atlantic Unbound, The Atlantic's online journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. April 13, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Unbound%2C+The+Atlantic%27s+online+journal&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag%E2%80%94whose+new+novel%2C+In+America%2C+has+just+been+published%E2%80%94doesn%27t+feel+at+home+in+New+York%2C+or+anywhere+else.+And+that%27s+the+way+she+likes+it&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Funbound%2Finterviews%2Fba2000-04-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-on-photography-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-on-photography_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on-photography_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on-photography_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on-photography_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sontag, Susan, "On Photography", 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sontag, Susan, "On Photography", 1977 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Vasileva_(art_historian)" title="Ekaterina Vasileva (art historian)">Vasilieva, E. V</a>. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367635642_Vasilieva_E_V_2014_Susan_Sontag_on_photography_the_idea_of_beauty_and_the_problem_of_norm_Vestnik_of_Saint_Petersburg_University_Arts_43_64-80">Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm</a>. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 4(3), 64-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rouillé A. (2005). La Photographie, entre document et art contemporain. Paris: Gallimard. 704 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Vasilieva, E. V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367635642_Vasilieva_E_V_2014_Susan_Sontag_on_photography_the_idea_of_beauty_and_the_problem_of_norm_Vestnik_of_Saint_Petersburg_University_Arts_43_64-80">Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm</a>. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 4(3), 64-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontag_1967_57–8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sontag_1967_57–8_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag1967" class="citation journal cs1">Sontag, Susan (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912075653/http://hgar-srv3.bu.edu/collections/partisan-review/search/detail?id=326075">"What's Happening to America? (A Symposium)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgar-pub1.bu.edu/web/partisan-review/search-collection/detail/326075">the original</a> on September 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Partisan+Review&rft.atitle=What%27s+Happening+to+America%3F+%28A+Symposium%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgar-pub1.bu.edu%2Fweb%2Fpartisan-review%2Fsearch-collection%2Fdetail%2F326075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Goldblatt" title="Mark Goldblatt">Goldblatt, Mark</a> (January 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/49153_death-susan-sontag">"Susan Sontag: Remembering an intellectual heroine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i>. American Spectator Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag%3A+Remembering+an+intellectual+heroine.&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft.aulast=Goldblatt&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2F49153_death-susan-sontag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan Patrick J. (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization</a></i>, (New York: St. Matrin's Griffin), p 217, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofwesthowdy00buch_0/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater">https://archive.org/details/deathofwesthowdy00buch_0/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberger2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Weinberger" title="Eliot Weinberger">Weinberger, Eliot</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193650/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/08/16/notes-on-susan/">"Notes on Susan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>54</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/08/16/notes-on-susan/">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Susan&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Weinberger&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F08%2F16%2Fnotes-on-susan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh_2007-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marsh_2007_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsh B. (2007) <i>Plagiarism: Alchemy and Remedy in Higher Education</i>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kort_2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kort_2007_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKort2007" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Carol (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyvXLgnTNpIC"><i>A to Z of American Women Writers</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438107936" title="Special:BookSources/9781438107936"><bdi>9781438107936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+American+Women+Writers&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781438107936&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyvXLgnTNpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvajal, Doreen. (May 27, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://partners.nytimes.com/library/books/052700sontag-america.html">"So Whose Words Are They? Susan Sontag Creates a Stir."</a> <i>New York Times Book Review</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavagnino2004" class="citation news cs1">Lavagnino, John (April 20, 2004). "Letters to the editor". <i>Times Literary Supplement</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Literary+Supplement&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+editor&rft.date=2004-04-20&rft.aulast=Lavagnino&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Laura (March 15, 1998). "www.claptrap.com". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Book Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.atitle=www.claptrap.com&rft.date=1998-03-15&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalderone2007" class="citation news cs1">Calderone, Michael (May 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2007/05/regarding-the-writing-of-others/">"Regarding the Writing of Others"</a>. <i>The Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag+Provokes+Debate+on+Communism&rft.date=1982-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F03%2F12%2Fspecials%2Fsontag-communism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/dec/29/20041229-122439-9356r/?page=all">"Novelist, Radical Susan Sontag, 71, Dies in New York"</a>, <i>The Washington Times</i>, December 29, 2004, accessed December 19, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyorker-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyorker_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2001" class="citation news cs1">Sontag, Susan (September 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/09/24/010924ta_talk_wtc">"The Talk of the Town"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374103828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374103828"><bdi>978-0374103828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooking+Up&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0374103828&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc63EF-mVukC%26q%3D%2522hooking%2Bup%2522%2Btom%2Bwolfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paglia#-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paglia#_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paglia#_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaglia1994" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_LlAmt--pkC&pg=PA347"><i>Vamps and Tramps: New Essays</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">347–</span>348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5"><bdi>978-0-679-75120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vamps+and+Tramps%3A+New+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-679-75120-5&rft.aulast=Paglia&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_LlAmt--pkC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaglia1994" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_LlAmt--pkC&pg=PA345"><i>Vamps and Tramps: New Essays</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5"><bdi>978-0-679-75120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vamps+and+Tramps%3A+New+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-679-75120-5&rft.aulast=Paglia&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_LlAmt--pkC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaglia1994" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_LlAmt--pkC&pg=PA349"><i>Vamps and Tramps: New Essays</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">349–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75120-5"><bdi>978-0-679-75120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vamps+and+Tramps%3A+New+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-679-75120-5&rft.aulast=Paglia&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_LlAmt--pkC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaleb2018" class="citation book cs1">Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2018). <i>Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Merchandising+of+Virtue&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft.aulast=Taleb&rft.aufirst=Nassim+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fincerto%2Fthe-merchandising-of-virtue-b548762658f0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 <i>New York Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchens, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/02/hitchens200902">"Assassins of the Mind"</a>, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, February 2009, accessed December 18, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns1993" class="citation news cs1">Burns, John F. (August 19, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/19/world/to-sarajevo-writer-brings-good-will-and-godot.html">"To Sarajevo, Writer Brings Good Will and 'Godot'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Sarajevo%2C+Writer+Brings+Good+Will+and+%27Godot%27&rft.date=1993-08-19&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F08%2F19%2Fworld%2Fto-sarajevo-writer-brings-good-will-and-godot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 44249). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoiphe2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Roiphe" title="Katie Roiphe">Roiphe, Katie</a> (February 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/books/review/Roiphe-t.html">"Swimming in a Sea of Death: A Son's Memoir – David Rieff – Book Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Swimming+in+a+Sea+of+Death%3A+A+Son%27s+Memoir+%E2%80%93+David+Rieff+%E2%80%93+Book+Review&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.aulast=Roiphe&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FRoiphe-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/susan-sontag-it-was-so-beautiful-when-h-began-making-love-to-me-1020497.html">Susan Sontag: 'It was so beautiful when H began making love to me'</a>, Paul Bignell, <i>The Independent on Sunday</i>, November 16, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reborn: Early Diaries, 1947–1964</i>, Penguin, January 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Susan Sontag, <i>As Consciousness is Harnessed to Flesh</i>, p.262, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuban2012" class="citation web cs1">Luban, Rachel (April 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.full-stop.net/2012/04/09/features/essays/luban/the-passion-of-susan-sontag/">"The Passion of Susan Sontag"</a>. <i>full-stop.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=full-stop.net&rft.atitle=The+Passion+of+Susan+Sontag&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft.aulast=Luban&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.full-stop.net%2F2012%2F04%2F09%2Ffeatures%2Fessays%2Fluban%2Fthe-passion-of-susan-sontag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Thek <i>Artist's Artist</i> ed. H. Falckenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Lerman, "The Grand Surprise: The Journals of Leo Lerman", NY: Knopf, 2007, page 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytm-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytm_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2006" class="citation news cs1">Sontag, Susan (September 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/10/magazine/10sontag.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all">"On Self"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+Self&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F10%2Fmagazine%2F10sontag.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Sigrid Nunez, <i>Sempre Susan: A Memoir of Susan Sontag</i>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuigan-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGuigan_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuigan_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuigan, Cathleen. "Through Her Lens", <i>Newsweek</i>, October 2, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCathleen_McGuigan2006" class="citation news cs1">Cathleen McGuigan (October 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829133058/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14964292/site/newsweek/">"Through Her Lens"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14964292/site/newsweek">the original</a> on August 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Through+Her+Lens&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft.au=Cathleen+McGuigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F14964292%2Fsite%2Fnewsweek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2006" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (October 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/06/arts/design/06leib.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1">"From Annie Leibovitz: Life, and Death, Examined"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+time+with+Susan&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Brockes&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flosarciniegas.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fannie-leibovitz-my-time-with-susan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Ashbrook2006" class="citation web cs1">Tom Ashbrook (October 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp">"On Point"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710211653/http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Point&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.au=Tom+Ashbrook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onpointradio.org%2Fshows%2F2006%2F10%2F20061017_b_main.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfgate-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfgate_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuthmann2006" class="citation news cs1">Guthmann, Edward (November 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/01/DDGCKM2T9J1.DTL">"Love, family, celebrity, grief – Leibovitz puts her life on display in photo memoir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The San Francisco Chronicle">The San Francisco Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Love%2C+family%2C+celebrity%2C+grief+%E2%80%93+Leibovitz+puts+her+life+on+display+in+photo+memoir&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Guthmann&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2FDDGCKM2T9J1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelangelo_Signorile" class="citation news cs1">Michelangelo Signorile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypress.com/article-10920-gay-abe-sapphic-susan.html">"Gay Abe, Sapphic Susan; On the difficulties of outing the dead"</a>. New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Abe%2C+Sapphic+Susan%3B+On+the+difficulties+of+outing+the+dead.&rft.au=Michelangelo+Signorile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypress.com%2Farticle-10920-gay-abe-sapphic-susan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemon2005" class="citation news cs1">Lemon, Brendan (January 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.out.com/entertainment/2005/01/05/why-sontag-didnt-want-come-out-her-words">"Why Sontag Didn't Want to Come Out: Her Words"</a>. <i>Out</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Out&rft.atitle=Why+Sontag+Didn%27t+Want+to+Come+Out%3A+Her+Words&rft.date=2005-01-05&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.out.com%2Fentertainment%2F2005%2F01%2F05%2Fwhy-sontag-didnt-want-come-out-her-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2004" class="citation news cs1">Wasserman, Steve (December 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-122804sontag_lat-story.html">"Author Susan Sontag Dies"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Author+Susan+Sontag+Dies&rft.date=2004-12-28&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-122804sontag_lat-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomberger2004" class="citation web cs1">Homberger, Eric (December 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/dec/29/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries">"Susan Sontag obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Against+Interpretation%2C+By+Susan+Sontag&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft.aulast=Robshaw&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fagainst-interpretation-by-susan-sontag-1792577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_S._Anker,_Rita_Felski2017" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth S. Anker, Rita Felski (2017). <i>Critique and Postcritique</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Regarding+Susan+Sontag%27+looks+at+a+rock+star+of+intellectuals&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fla-et-st-hbo-sontag-20141208-column.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827201503/http://www.tribecafilm.com/stories/here-are-your-tff-2014-award-winners">"Here Are Your TFF 2014 Award Winners"</a>. April 24, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribecafilm.com/stories/here-are-your-tff-2014-award-winners">the original</a> on August 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here+Are+Your+TFF+2014+Award+Winners&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribecafilm.com%2Fstories%2Fhere-are-your-tff-2014-award-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabbara" class="citation web cs1">Tabbara, Mona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.screendaily.com/news/kristen-stewart-to-star-as-influential-us-writer-susan-sontag-in-brouhaha-entertainment-feature-exclusive/5179023.article">"Kristen Stewart to star as influential US writer Susan Sontag in Brouhaha Entertainment feature (exclusive)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen Daily">Screen Daily</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Daily&rft.atitle=Kristen+Stewart+to+star+as+influential+US+writer+Susan+Sontag+in+Brouhaha+Entertainment+feature+%28exclusive%29&rft.aulast=Tabbara&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2Fnews%2Fkristen-stewart-to-star-as-influential-us-writer-susan-sontag-in-brouhaha-entertainment-feature-exclusive%2F5179023.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_general_references,_not_in-line"><span id="Additional_general_references.2C_not_in-line"></span>Additional general references, not in-line</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2019" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Alison (May 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/13/susan-sontag-her-life-benjamin-moser-freud-the-mind-of-the-moralist-philip-rieff">"Susan Sontag was true author of ex-husband's book, biography claims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag+was+true+author+of+ex-husband%27s+book%2C+biography+claims&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fmay%2F13%2Fsusan-sontag-her-life-benjamin-moser-freud-the-mind-of-the-moralist-philip-rieff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Poague, Leland, ed. (1995). <i>Conversations with Susan Sontag</i>. University of Mississippi Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-833-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-833-8">0-87805-833-8</a>.</li> <li>Rollyson, Carl and Lisa Paddock (2000). <i>Susan Sontag: The Making of an Icon</i>. W. W. Norton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Vasileva_(art_historian)" title="Ekaterina Vasileva (art historian)">Vasilieva, E. V</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367635642_Vasilieva_E_V_2014_Susan_Sontag_on_photography_the_idea_of_beauty_and_the_problem_of_norm_Vestnik_of_Saint_Petersburg_University_Arts_43_64-80">"Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>. <i>Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University</i>. Arts, 4(3), 64–80.</li> <li>Weingrad, Michael (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/history-ideas/2019/11/the-sorry-significance-of-susan-sontag/">"The Sorry Significance of Susan Sontag"</a>. Observations. <i>Mosaic</i>. A review of B. Moser's book <i>Sontag</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i>Susan Sontag: The Elegiac Modernist</i> by Sohnya Sayres, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415900317" title="Special:BookSources/9780415900317">9780415900317</a> (1990)</li> <li><i>Susan Sontag: The Making of an Icon</i> by Carl Rollyson and Lisa Paddock, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628462371" title="Special:BookSources/9781628462371">9781628462371</a> (2000)</li> <li><i>Sontag and Kael</i> by Craig Seligman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582433127" title="Special:BookSources/9781582433127">9781582433127</a> (2004)</li> <li><i>The Din in the Head</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Ozick" title="Cynthia Ozick">Cynthia Ozick</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618470501" title="Special:BookSources/9780618470501">9780618470501</a> (2006; Sontag is discussed in the foreword, "On Discord and Desire")</li> <li><i>Swimming in a Sea of Death: A Son's Memoir</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Rieff" title="David Rieff">David Rieff</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743299473" title="Special:BookSources/9780743299473">9780743299473</a> (2008)</li> <li><i>Notes on Sontag</i> by <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lopate" title="Phillip Lopate">Phillip Lopate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400829873" title="Special:BookSources/9781400829873">9781400829873</a> (2009)</li> <li><i>Susan Sontag: A Biography</i> by Daniel Schreiber (trans. David Dollenmayer), Northwestern <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810125834" title="Special:BookSources/9780810125834">9780810125834</a> (2014)</li> <li><i>Sempre Susan: A Memoir of Susan Sontag</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez" title="Sigrid Nunez">Sigrid Nunez</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594633348" title="Special:BookSources/9781594633348">9781594633348</a> (2014)</li> <li><i>Tough Enough: Arbus, Arendt, Didion, McCarthy, Sontag, Weil</i> by Deborah Nelson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226457802" title="Special:BookSources/9780226457802">9780226457802</a> (2017)</li> <li><i>Susan Sontag und Thomas Mann</i> by Kai Sina, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783835330214" title="Special:BookSources/9783835330214">9783835330214</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sontag:_Her_Life_and_Work" title="Sontag: Her Life and Work">Sontag: Her Life and Work</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moser" title="Benjamin Moser">Benjamin Moser</a>, HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062896414" title="Special:BookSources/9780062896414">9780062896414</a> (2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hirsch1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edward Hirsch (Winter 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1505/the-art-of-fiction-no-143-susan-sontag">"Susan Sontag, The Art of Fiction No. 143"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Winter 1995 (137).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Susan+Sontag%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+143&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=Winter+1995&rft.issue=137&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Edward+Hirsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1505%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-143-susan-sontag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Sontag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/booksandwriting/susan-sontag/3630106">"with Ramona Koval</a>", <i>Books and Writing,</i> <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a>, January 30, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pen.org/thrown-voices-richard-howard-susan-sontag/">Susan Sontag and Richard Howard</a> from "The Writer, The Work", a series sponsored by PEN and curated by Susan Sontag</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108070952/http://www.pen.org/nonfiction-essay/american-language-and-culture">Susan Sontag wrote an essay: <i>On American Language and Culture</i></a> from PEN American Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pen.org/the-politics-of-translation-a-discussion/">The Politics of Translation: Discussion</a>, with panel members Susan Sontag, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Allen" title="Esther Allen">Esther Allen</a>, Ammiel Alcalay, Michael Hofmann & Steve Wasserman, PEN American Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234611/http://www.mathieu-bourgois.com/photos-auteur.asp?Clef=55">Susan Sontag</a> – Photos by Mathieu Bourgois.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tomdispatch.com/susan-sontag-on-the-great-atlantic-divide/">The <i>Friedenspreis</i> acceptance speech (2003-10-12)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/33dTexts/SontagFascinFascism75.htm"><i>Fascinating Fascism</i></a> illustrated text of Sontag's foundational 1974 article on Nazi filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>'s aesthetics, from <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sign_of_Saturn" title="Under the Sign of Saturn">Under the Sign of Saturn</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/09/24/010924ta_talk_wtc">Sontag's comments in <i>The New Yorker</i>, September 24, 2001</a> about the September 11 attack on the United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n06/cast01_.html">Terry Castle, <i>Desperately Seeking Susan</i>, <i>London Review of Books</i>, March 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522142805/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n06/cast01_.html">Archived</a> May 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109133720/http://www.observer.com/node/50298">Sheelah Kolhatkar, "Notes on camp Sontag"</a> <i>New York Observer</i>, January 8, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0814506/">Susan Sontag</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411034134/http://www.tnr.com/booksarts/story.html?id=66c66cf7-996f-499d-ba65-67bcdea7b220">'Susan Sontag: The Collector</a>,' by Daniel Mendelsohn, <i>The New Republic</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?45774">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/172991-1"><i>In Depth</i> interview with Sontag, March 2, 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Muckrack.com/susan-sontag">Susan Sontag</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Muck_Rack" title="Muck Rack">Muck Rack</a></i> journalist listing site <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152824#P6005" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Susan_Sontag" title="Template:Susan Sontag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Susan_Sontag" title="Template talk:Susan Sontag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Susan_Sontag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Susan Sontag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Susan_Sontag70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susan Sontag</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essay collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Interpretation" title="Against Interpretation">Against Interpretation</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on 'Camp'</a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Radical_Will" title="Styles of Radical Will">Styles of Radical Will</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sign_of_Saturn" title="Under the Sign of Saturn">Under the Sign of Saturn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Stress_Falls" title="Where the Stress Falls">Where the Stress Falls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Same_Time" title="At the Same Time">At the Same Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Women" title="On Women">On Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monographs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AIDS_and_Its_Metaphors" title="AIDS and Its Metaphors">AIDS and Its Metaphors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>The Benefactor</i></li> <li><i>Death Kit</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_etcetera" title="I, etcetera">I, etcetera</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Way_We_Live_Now_(short_story)" title="The Way We Live Now (short story)">The Way We Live Now</a>" (short story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_Lover" title="The Volcano Lover">The Volcano Lover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A Parsifal</i></li> <li><i>Alice in Bed</i></li> <li><i>Lady from the Sea</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duet_for_Cannibals" title="Duet for Cannibals">Duet for Cannibals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Carl" title="Brother Carl">Brother Carl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promised_Lands_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promised Lands (film) (page does not exist)">Promised Lands</a></i></li> <li><i>Unguided Tour</i> (a.k.a. <i>Letter from Venice</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964–1980</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sontag:_Her_Life_and_Work" title="Sontag: Her Life and Work">Sontag: Her Life and Work</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Arm_(novel)" title="The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)">The Man with the Golden Arm</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Stories_of_William_Faulkner" title="Collected Stories of William Faulkner">Collected Stories of William Faulkner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity_(novel)" title="From Here to Eternity (novel)">From Here to Eternity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick" title="Ten North Frederick">Ten North Frederick</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Vision" title="The Field of Vision">The Field of Vision</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wapshot_Chronicle" title="The Wapshot Chronicle">The Wapshot Chronicle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Barrel" title="The Magic Barrel">The Magic Barrel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Columbus" title="Goodbye, Columbus">Goodbye, Columbus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waters_of_Kronos" title="The Waters of Kronos">The Waters of Kronos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moviegoer" title="The Moviegoer">The Moviegoer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Morte_d%27Urban" title="Morte d'Urban">Morte d'Urban</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Powers" title="J. F. Powers">J. F. Powers</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Centaur" title="The Centaur">The Centaur</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Herzog_(novel)" title="Herzog (novel)">Herzog</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_Day_(Wilder_novel)" title="The Eighth Day (Wilder novel)">The Eighth Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Steps_(book)" title="Steps (book)">Steps</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kosi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Kosiński">Jerzy Kosiński</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Them_(novel)" title="Them (novel)">them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sammler%27s_Planet" title="Mr. Sammler's Planet">Mr. Sammler's Planet</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_(O%27Connor)" title="The Complete Stories (O'Connor)">The Complete Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(Barth_novel)" title="Chimera (Barth novel)">Chimera</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(Williams_novel)" title="Augustus (Williams novel)">Augustus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Williams" title="John Edward Williams">John Williams</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Crown_of_Feathers_and_Other_Stories" title="A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories">A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers_(novel)" title="Dog Soldiers (novel)">Dog Soldiers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(novelist)" title="Robert Stone (novelist)">Robert Stone</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hair_of_Harold_Roux" title="The Hair of Harold Roux">The Hair of Harold Roux</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(writer)" title="Thomas Williams (writer)">Thomas Williams</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_Bird" title="The Spectator Bird">The Spectator Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Tie_(Settle_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Tie (Settle novel)">Blood Tie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Going_After_Cacciato" title="Going After Cacciato">Going After Cacciato</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)" title="Tim O'Brien (author)">Tim O'Brien</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp" title="The World According to Garp">The World According to Garp</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Plains Song: For Female Voices</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/So_Long,_See_You_Tomorrow_(novel)" title="So Long, See You Tomorrow (novel)">So Long, See You Tomorrow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Keepers Maxwell, Jr.">William Maxwell</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Eudora_Welty" title="The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty">The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Victory Over Japan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gilchrist" title="Ellen Gilchrist">Ellen Gilchrist</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/White_Noise_(novel)" title="White Noise (novel)">White Noise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_(novel)" title="World's Fair (novel)">World's Fair</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paco%27s_Story" title="Paco's Story">Paco's Story</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Heinemann" title="Larry Heinemann">Larry Heinemann</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Trout_(novel)" title="Paris Trout (novel)">Paris Trout</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dexter" title="Pete Dexter">Pete Dexter</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spartina_(novel)" title="Spartina (novel)">Spartina</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(novelist)" title="John Casey (novelist)">John Casey</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mating_(novel)" title="Mating (novel)">Mating</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rush" title="Norman Rush">Norman Rush</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(novel)" title="All the Pretty Horses (novel)">All the Pretty Horses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1994) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sabbath%27s_Theater" title="Sabbath's Theater">Sabbath's Theater</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Ship Fever and Other Stories</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Barrett" title="Andrea Barrett">Andrea Barrett</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)" title="Cold Mountain (novel)">Cold Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frazier" title="Charles Frazier">Charles Frazier</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Charming_Billy" title="Charming Billy">Charming Billy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_(novel)" title="Waiting (novel)">Waiting</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ha_Jin" title="Ha Jin">Ha Jin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susan Sontag</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corrections" title="The Corrections">The Corrections</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Junes" title="Three Junes">Three Junes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Glass" title="Julia Glass">Julia Glass</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Fire_(Hazzard_novel)" title="The Great Fire (Hazzard novel)">The Great Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard" title="Shirley Hazzard">Shirley Hazzard</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_News_from_Paraguay" title="The News from Paraguay">The News from Paraguay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tuck" title="Lily Tuck">Lily Tuck</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_Central" title="Europe Central">Europe Central</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Echo_Maker" title="The Echo Maker">The Echo Maker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Smoke" title="Tree of Smoke">Tree of Smoke</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnson" title="Denis Johnson">Denis Johnson</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Country" title="Shadow Country">Shadow Country</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Great_World_Spin" title="Let the Great World Spin">Let the Great World Spin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule_(novel)" title="Lord of Misrule (novel)">Lord of Misrule</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jaimy_Gordon" title="Jaimy Gordon">Jaimy Gordon</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvage_the_Bones" title="Salvage the Bones">Salvage the Bones</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Round_House_(novel)" title="The Round House (novel)">The Round House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_McBride_(writer)" title="James McBride (writer)">James McBride</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redeployment_(short_story_collection)" title="Redeployment (short story collection)">Redeployment</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Klay" title="Phil Klay">Phil Klay</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Smiles" title="Fortune Smiles">Fortune Smiles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)"> The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sing,_Unburied,_Sing" title="Sing, Unburied, Sing">Sing, Unburied, Sing</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Friend_(novel)" title="The Friend (novel)">The Friend</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez" title="Sigrid Nunez">Sigrid Nunez</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Trust_Exercise" title="Trust Exercise">Trust Exercise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Choi" title="Susan Choi">Susan Choi</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_Chinatown" title="Interior Chinatown">Interior Chinatown</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yu" title="Charles Yu">Charles Yu</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hell_of_a_Book" title="Hell of a Book">Hell of a Book</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mott" title="Jason Mott">Jason Mott</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbit_Hutch" title="The Rabbit Hutch">The Rabbit Hutch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gunty" title="Tess Gunty">Tess Gunty</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackouts_(novel)" title="Blackouts (novel)">Blackouts</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Torres" title="Justin Torres">Justin Torres</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hierro" title="José Hierro">José Hierro</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Garc%C3%ADa_Baena" title="Pablo García Baena">Pablo García Baena</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Ángel González Muñiz">Ángel González</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lapesa" title="Rafael Lapesa">Rafael Lapesa</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mart%C3%ADn_Gaite" title="Carmen Martín Gaite">Carmen Martín Gaite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Valente" title="José Ángel Valente">José Ángel Valente</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Gull%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Gullón">Ricardo Gullón</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a></li> <li>1991: The people of Puerto Rico</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nieva" title="Francisco Nieva">Francisco Nieva</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(poet)" title="Claudio Rodríguez (poet)">Claudio Rodríguez</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bouso%C3%B1o" title="Carlos Bousoño">Carlos Bousoño</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Umbral" title="Francisco Umbral">Francisco Umbral</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Monterroso" title="Augusto Monterroso">Augusto Monterroso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Fatema_Mernissi" title="Fatema Mernissi">Fatema Mernissi</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Pi%C3%B1on" title="Nélida Piñon">Nélida Piñon</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Amin Maalouf</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Literature41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Padura_Fuentes" title="Leonardo Padura Fuentes">Leonardo Padura</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zagajewski" title="Adam Zagajewski">Adam Zagajewski</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Vargas" title="Fred Vargas">Fred Vargas</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Siri_Hustvedt" title="Siri Hustvedt">Siri Hustvedt</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Carr%C3%A8re" title="Emmanuel Carrère">Emmanuel Carrère</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mayorga" title="Juan Mayorga">Juan Mayorga</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4085" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67081t6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Sontag&oldid=1278840604">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Sontag&oldid=1278840604</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_births" title="Category:1933 births">1933 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2004_deaths" title="Category:2004 deaths">2004 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_essayists" 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