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</li> <li id="toc-Historical_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Historical terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_21st_century_Filipinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_21st_century_Filipinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Present-day 21st century Filipinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day_21st_century_Filipinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Music and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Spanish_Filipinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Spanish_Filipinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Spanish Filipinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Spanish_Filipinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipino&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipino</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Spanish Filipinos <br /> Hispano Filipinos</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>History</b><br /> Spanish colonial statistics: <br /><b>5%</b> of the Philippine population during the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><br /> <b>Present</b> <br /> 2007-2024 statistics:<br /> <b>672,319</b> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Hispanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino diaspora">Filipino</a> diaspora<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_in_Mexican_History_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_in_Mexican_History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>200,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2018 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>200,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-Filipinos_in_Mexican_History_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filipinos_in_Mexican_History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>128,693</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>0.4%</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Puerto Rico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/60px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>91,620</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>41,575</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>5,479</b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2024 census)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Philippines"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>4,952</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2020 census)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a>) <br /> Spanish creole (<a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Indigenous Philippine languages</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a>, Other <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizos</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Hispanic_peoples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Hispanic people</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauang" title="Bauang">Bauang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chavacano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano language">Chavacano</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish people</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(Civil)_alternate_colours.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg/150px-Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg/225px-Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg/300px-Flag_of_Spain_%28Civil%29_alternate_colours.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Rojigualda</a></i> (historical Spanish flag)</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">Regional groups</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturians" title="Asturians">Asturians</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(including <i><a href="/wiki/Vaqueiros_de_alzada" title="Vaqueiros de alzada">Vaqueiros de Alzada</a></i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(incl. <i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_people" title="Cantabrian people">Cantabrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadurans" title="Extremadurans">Extremadurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician people">Galicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_people" title="Leonese people">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul> <hr /> <b>Other groups</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercheros" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercheros">Mercheros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitans" title="Occitans">Occitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(including <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Iberian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a>)</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#ddddff;"> Significant <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andorra#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Argentines" title="Spanish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Chileans" title="Spanish Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colombian" title="Spanish Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_France" title="Spanish immigration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Germany" title="Spanish immigration to Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy#Genetics_and_ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Netherlands#Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Peru" title="Spanish immigration to Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_settlement_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Sweden" title="Spaniards in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland#Nationality" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Uruguayans" title="Spanish Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Spanish immigration to Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AKA <a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Castilian</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>Other languages</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese">Astur-Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AKA <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-weight:normal; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_people" title="Category:Spanish people">Category</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_people" title="Template:Spanish people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Spanish_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Spanish people (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spanish Filipino</b> or <b>Hispanic Filipino</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Español Filipino, Hispano Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: Kastílâ Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: Katsílà Filipino) are Filipinos of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> descent. The term may also include <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino mestizos</a> of Spanish ancestry and Hispanicized native Filipinos who identify with Spanish culture and may or may not speak the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-Lycos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lycos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forming a part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lycos_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lycos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the heritage of Spanish Filipinos may come recently from Spain, from descendants of the original Spanish settlers during the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish colonial period</a>, or from Spain's colonies in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>). </p><p>Many of their communities in Spain, Mexico, the United States, Australia, Canada, Latin America and the Philippines trace their origin to the early settlers from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> during the Spanish colonial period and in recent overseas migration in the 1900s. </p><p>In the Philippines depending on the specific provinces, in the late 1700s to early 1800s they formed as much as 19% in the capital city of Manila at formerly named Tondo province,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> and about 1.38% of the Ilocos region,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> 2.17% of Cebu<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> or 16.72% of Bataan<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> and other parts of the country. </p><p>The Spanish population that settled in the Philippines during the colonial period were originally referred to as "Filipinos".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spaniards, Latin Americans and Spanish-speaking Filipinos are referred to by native Filipinos as "Kastila", a word for "Castilian" which means the region and language of <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, or an individual of Spanish heritage. Native Filipinos in historical terms are referred to by the Spaniards as "Indio" (a word for "Indian" or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous people</a>). Filipinos of Spanish backgrounds numbered at about 4,952 people, while Mestizo Filipinos of mixed native Filipino and European ancestry made up about 5% of the Philippines' population during the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abrupt decline of Spanish Filipinos as a percentage of the population is due to the events of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> during the Philippine Republic in the late 1800s, as Filipinos of Spanish heritage choose to identify themselves as pure native Filipino, as part of establishing a united national identity in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or some have relocated back to Spain, or have migrated to other countries during that period. </p><p>During and after the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of all nationalities and race, born in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Hispanic Filipinos are found in all social classes worldwide, from upper wealthy to lower poor disadvantage backgrounds, and from high profiled individuals to ordinary unknown people. They have long integrated into the native communities living their lives as ordinary citizens. However most of the successful individuals are present in economics and business sectors in the Philippines and a few sources estimate companies which comprise a significant portion of the Philippine economy like <a href="/wiki/International_Container_Terminal_Services_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="International Container Terminal Services Inc.">International Container Terminal Services Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Micro-Electronics,_Inc." title="Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc.">Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Land" title="Ayala Land">Ayala Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynchausti_y_Compa%C3%B1ia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynchausti y Compañia">Ynchausti y Compañia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz" title="Jon Ramon Aboitiz">Aboitiz & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Bank of the Philippines">Union Bank of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANSCOR" title="ANSCOR">ANSCOR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Bank of the Philippine Islands">Bank of the Philippine Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaire_Resort_%26_Casino" title="Solaire Resort & Casino">Solaire Resort & Casino</a>, and Central Azucarera de La Carlota, to name but a few are owned by Hispanic Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History of Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">History of the Philippines (1521–1898)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_woman.jpg/280px-Filipino_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_woman.jpg/420px-Filipino_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_woman.jpg/560px-Filipino_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Criollo Filipina woman in the 1890s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the Spanish Philippines covers the period from 1521 to 1898, beginning with the arrival in 1521 of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> sailing for Spain, which heralded the period when the Philippines was an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas province</a> of Spain, and ends with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898. </p><p>The Spanish discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> continent by the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492, an expedition sponsored by Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I of Castille">Isabella I of Castille</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laid the foundation of settlements and explorations in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain became the first European country to permanently colonized the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> continent in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1541, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Spain">viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a> and first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the Philippines to establish a larger Spanish presence there as a base for trade with the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Empire">China</a> and to extend Spanish control over the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Indies">Portuguese East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition ultimately failed, with Villalobos dying in a Portuguese prison on <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a> in 1546. </p><p>In 1564, conquistadors led by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a>, prompted the colonization of the Philippine Islands that lasted for 333 years. The Philippines was a former territory of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> until the grant of independence to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1821 necessitated the direct government from Spain of the Philippines from that year. Early Spanish settlers to the Philippines were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials, religious missionaries, and among others, who were born in Spain or in Mexico called "Peninsulares" (Spanish migrants living in the colony). Their succeeding generation known as "Criollos" (Spaniards of pure White blood, born and raised in the colony) contributed to the population's development.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp/206px-Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp/309px-Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp/412px-Filipino_Spanish_mestizo_family.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Mestizo family</figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries several hundreds of White Spaniards settled in the islands along with their families to start a new beginning in the New World, to take advantage of the rich and exotic resources the colony had to offer. Some of these individuals married or inter-bred with the indigenous Filipino population while most married only other Spaniards. Their descendance that consisted of "Criollos" or "Insulares" and "Mestizos" (those of mixed-blood individuals) became part of the island's indigenous society; some became town officers and farmers, and others became ordinary citizens. </p><p>Government officials and those of high ranks were granted with <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a> (plantation estates) by the Spanish government. In some provinces like, <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_(province)" title="Zamboanga (province)">Zamboanga</a>, The Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants from Southeast Asia and the Asian continent to trade in the colony, along with the European and indigenous population, but they were not given certain privileges such as ownership of land. </p><p>Contacts with White Europeans, social intercourse between foreign merchants, and indigenous people resulted in a new ethnic group. These group were called Mestizos (mixed-race individuals), who were born from intermarriages from White European Spaniards and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>-speaking Filipino natives. Some of their descendants emerged later as an influential part of the ruling class called the "<a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Principalía</a>" (Nobility) class. </p><p>The Spanish implemented incentives to deliberately entangle the various races together in order to stop rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mas1963_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mas1963-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liao1964_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liao1964-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a historical colonial conversation that was published, stated by a government official explains: <i>"It is needful to encourage public instruction in all ways possible, permit newspapers subject to a liberal censure, to establish in Manila a college of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy: in order to break down the barriers that divide the races, and amalgamate them all into one. For that purpose, the Spaniards of the country, the Chinese mestizos, and the Filipinos shall be admitted with perfect equality as cadets of the military corps; the personal-service tax shall be abolished, or an equal and general tax shall be imposed, to which all the Spaniards shall be subject. This last plan appears to me more advisable, as the poll-tax is already established, and it is not opportune to make a trial of new taxes when it is a question of allowing the country to be governed by itself. Since the annual tribute is unequal, the average shall be taken and shall be fixed, consequently, at fifteen or sixteen reals per whole tribute, or perhaps one peso fuerte annually from each adult tributary person. This regulation will produce an increase in the revenue of 200,000 or 300,000 pesos fuertes, and this sum shall be set aside to give the impulse for the amalgamation of the races, favoring crossed marriages by means of dowries granted to the single women in the following manner. To a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Filipino shall be given 100 pesos; to a Filipino woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 100 pesos; to a Chinese mestizo woman who marries a Spaniard, 1,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a Chinese mestizo, 2,000 pesos; to a Filipino woman who marries a Spaniard, 2,000 pesos; to a Spanish woman who marries a Filipino chief, 3,000 or 4,000 pesos. Some mestizo and Filipino alcaldes-mayor of the provinces shall be appointed. It shall be ordered that when a Filipino chief goes to the house of a Spaniard, he shall seat himself as the latter's equal. In a word, by these and other means, the idea that they and the Castilians are two kinds of distinct races shall be erased from the minds of the natives, and the families shall become related by marriage in such manner that when free of the Castilian dominion should any exalted Filipinos try to expel or enslave our race, they would find it so interlaced with their own that their plan would be practically impossible".</i><sup id="cite_ref-Blair1915_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair1915-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexicans, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous Americans</a> and some Black Africans were also brought to the Philippines to work on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantation settlements</a>, as slave workers or settlers working in the colony. Between 1565 and 1815, both Filipinos and people from Latin America and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a> trade to <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, assisting Spain in its trade on the colony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America#Demographics" title="Latin America">Demographics of Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabildo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cabildo2.jpg/250px-Cabildo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Cabildo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Hispanic native Filipinos in Cabildo Street, inside the walled city of Intramuros, Manila in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_statistics">Colonial statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas"<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two parents, per tribute)<sup id="cite_ref-Newson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and came upon the following statistics: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Data reported for the 1800 as divided by ethnicity and province<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Native Tributes </th> <th>Spanish Mestizo Tributes </th> <th>All Tributes<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>14,537-1/2 </td> <td>3,528 </td> <td>27,897-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>5,724-1/2 </td> <td>859 </td> <td>9,132-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>14,392-1/2 </td> <td>336 </td> <td>19,448-6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>15,014 </td> <td>451 </td> <td>21,579-7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>3,165 </td> <td>3-1/2 </td> <td>4,000-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>16,586-1/2 </td> <td>2,007 </td> <td>25,760-5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>16,604-1/2 </td> <td>2,641 </td> <td>27,358-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>3,082 </td> <td>619 </td> <td>5,433 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> </td> <td>1,136 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>4,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </td> <td>44,852-1/2 </td> <td>631 </td> <td>68,856 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </td> <td>19,836 </td> <td>719-1/2 </td> <td>25,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </td> <td>9,888 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11,244-6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Camarines">Camarines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </td> <td>19,686-1/2 </td> <td>154-1/2 </td> <td>24,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </td> <td>12,339 </td> <td>146 </td> <td>16,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </td> <td>7,396 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>9,228 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>28,112-1/2 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>28,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>3,042 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>4,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>7,678 </td> <td>37-1/2 </td> <td>10,011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>3,497 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4,977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Misamis_(province)" title="Misamis (province)">Misamis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>1,278 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1,674 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>5,741 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7,176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>29,723 </td> <td>166 </td> <td>37,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz">Capiz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>11,459 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>14,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antique_(province)" title="Antique (province)">Antique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>9,228 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calamianes" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamianes">Calamianes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </td> <td>2,289 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td><b>299,049</b> </td> <td><b>13,201</b> </td> <td><b> 424,992-16</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Cavite at 13%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Laguna 2.28%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Batangas 3%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Bulacan 10.79%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Bataan 16.72%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Ilocos 1.38%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Pangasinan 3.49%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Albay 1.16%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Cebu 2.17%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> Samar 3.27%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> Iloilo 1%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> Capiz 1%,<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bicol_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicol region">Bicol</a> 20%,<sup id="cite_ref-Pnas_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pnas-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga</a> 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Pnas_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pnas-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1893 data in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was then Spanish-Filipino.<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Overall the whole Philippines, even including the provinces with no Spanish settlement, as summed up, the average percentage of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_Studies">Anthropology Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anthropology Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropology_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic and anthropology studies on Filipinos">Genetic and anthropology studies on Filipinos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_(Historical_and_Modern).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png/250px-Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png/330px-Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png/500px-Craniometric_Racial_Graph_of_Filipinos_%28Historical_and_Modern%29.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>A Craniometric Racial Graph of Filipinos (using Historical samples and Modern samples) by Matthew C. Go. Structure map showing estimated ancestry proportions for the historical (H) and modern (M) Filipino populations when shown using the posterior group membership probability for reference pools that are Hispanic, Asian, European, and African. Every person is symbolized by a single vertical line divided into four segments of varying colors, each of which represents the estimated ancestry elements. The posterior probability value is the length of the colored section. The people are arranged in decreasing order according to their amount of estimated Asian heritage.</figcaption></figure><p>Census data may be incomplete as there was a large span of time ever since racial statistics were recorded in Spanish censuses and the new Philippine censuses does not account for racial differences, thereby ignoring foreign ancestry that has been <a href="/wiki/Compound_interest" title="Compound interest">compounding</a> in time. To address this, scientists have underwent Anthropology studies of Filipinos to measure ethnic ratios in the population. Scientist, Matthew C. Go, in a Trihybrid Ancestry Variation Analysis approach to Admixture in Filipinos, published a study wherein it was discovered that upon exhuming the remains around the public cemetery of the "Manila North Cemetery" as well as other public cemeteries across the Philippines, and practicing <a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">forensic anthropology</a> on them, Matthew C. Go estimated that 71% of the mean amount, among the samples exhumed, have attribution to Asian descent while 7% is attributable to European descent.<sup id="cite_ref-MatthewGo_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewGo-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipinos have significantly less Asian ancestry compared to other Asian nationalities like the Koreans who are 90% Asian, Japanese at 96%, Thai at 93%, and Vietnamese at 84%.<sup id="cite_ref-MatthewGo_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewGo-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, a 2019 Anthropology Study by Beatrix Dudzik, while using skeletons collated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> and sampled from all across the Philippines, thus published in the Journal of Human Biology, using physical anthropology, estimated that, 72.7% of Filipinos are Asian, 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as Hispanic, 7.3% as Indigenous American, African at 4.5% and European at 2.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is only according to an interpretation of the data wherein the reference groups, which were attributed to the Filipino samples; for the Hispanic category, were <a href="/wiki/Mexican-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-Americans">Mexican-Americans</a>, and the reference groups for the European, African, and Indigenous American, categories, were: <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans">Black Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American people">Native Americans from the USA</a>, while the Asian reference groups were sourced from Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese origins.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, a different anthropology study using Morphoscopic ancestry estimates in Filipino crania using multivariate probit regression models by J. T. Hefner, published on year 2020, while analyzing Historic and Modern samples of skeletons in the Philippines, paint a different picture,<sup id="cite_ref-Hefner_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that, when the reference group for "Asian" was Thailand (Southeast Asians) rather than Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese; and the reference group for "Hispanic" were <a href="/wiki/People_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Colombia">Colombians</a> (South Americans) rather than Mexicans,<sup id="cite_ref-Hefner_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the combined historical and modern sample results for Filipinos, yielded the following ratios: Asian at 48.6%, African at 32.9%, and only a small portion classifying as either European at 12.9%, and finally for Hispanic at 5.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hefner_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_terms">Historical terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspar_de_la_Torre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaspar_de_la_Torre.jpg/250px-Gaspar_de_la_Torre.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gaspar_de_la_Torre.jpg/330px-Gaspar_de_la_Torre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_la_Torre_y_Ayala" title="Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala">Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala</a>, the Governor-General of the Philippines was a "Peninsulares" Filipino.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/138px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/207px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/276px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>Prominent Filipino political figure <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> was a Filipino "Torna atrás" of mixed indigenous, Spanish and East Asian ancestry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_L._Quezon_(November_1942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manuel_L._Quezon_%28November_1942%29.jpg/250px-Manuel_L._Quezon_%28November_1942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manuel_L._Quezon_%28November_1942%29.jpg/330px-Manuel_L._Quezon_%28November_1942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="4350" /></a><figcaption>Former Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, a "Mestizo" of mixed Indigenous and Spanish ancestry. </figcaption></figure> <p>These are historical <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> terms<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to identify the different types of names given to the people living in the colony. </p><p>They are:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Español</a>" - A pure White European person from Spain.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a>" - A pure White Spaniard born in Spain but is also a settler and a citizen, living on the islands.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a>"/"Insulares" - A White Filipino of pure Spanish ancestry, born on and a citizen of the islands.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>" - A native Filipino or an Indigenous American Indian person of mixed Spanish ancestry, and an African person of mixed Spanish descent.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indio</a>" - A native <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in the Americas">Indigenous American Indian</a> person, or an individual belonging to a tribal group, native to the islands.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negro</a>" - A indigenous Black Filipino person, and an African person brought to the colony to work on plantation.</li> <li>"Islas Filipinas" - The name of the islands.</li> <li>"Felipinas" - The name given to the islands in 1543 by explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> in honor of Prince <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Felipe II</a>, who later became King of Spain in 1556. This name initially referred to just the islands of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>. It was later on expanded to include the entire archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispano América</a>" - The Spanish colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day_21st_century_Filipinos">Present-day 21st century Filipinos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Present-day 21st century Filipinos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This category is about a term used to identify the different types of Filipino ethnic groups living on the islands. </p><p>They are:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"White Filipino" - People of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White European</a>, White American, <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">White Latin American</a>, White Middle Eastern and other White ethnic backgrounds living on the islands.</li> <li>"Hispanic Filipino" - People of mixed native Filipino and Spanish or Latino ancestry, or a Spanish-speaking Filipino, Hispanicized Filipino, Peninsular, Criollo, or a person of Latin American descent living on the islands.</li> <li>"Mestizo Filipino" - A Filipino person of mixed White ancestry.</li> <li>"Native Filipino" - People of un-mixed or a <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Filipino</a> person of pure ancestry from the islands.</li> <li>"Oriental Filipino" - People from another <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Asian</a> background living on the islands, or a Filipino mixed with other oriental backgrounds, or a person of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asian</a> descent living in the islands.</li> <li>"Black Filipino" - People of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black African</a>, African American and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Black Latin American</a> backgrounds, living on the islands, or a Filipino person of mixed Black ancestry.</li> <li>"Polynesian Filipino" - People of <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> backgrounds living on the islands, or a Filipino person of mixed Polynesian ancestry.</li> <li>"US/Native American Filipino" - A person of White American-native descent, living on the islands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latin_America" title="Religion in Latin America">Religion in Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The majority of Spaniards, Latinos and Hispanic Filipinos are <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christians</a>, with most adhering to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish creole (<a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the Philippines">Filipino</a> languages are spoken in their community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Spanish">Philippine Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philippine Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Español Filipino, Castellano Filipino</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialect</a> and variant of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> spoken in the Philippines. Philippine Spanish is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> due to the contribution of grammar and vocabulary spoken by Mexican settlers in the country, during the <a href="/wiki/Galleon_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleon trade">Galleon trade</a>. A constitution ratified in 1987 designated <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and English as official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, under this Constitution, Spanish, together with Arabic, was designated an optional and voluntary language.<sup id="cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voluntary_and_optional-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish is now spoken mostly by Hispanic Filipinos, educated Filipinos and Filipinos who chose to speak the language. Most Spanish Filipinos speak Spanish as their first, second or third language as they have shifted to communicating in English and Tagalog and/or other indigenous Filipino languages in the public sphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy of the Philippines</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting,_February_2024_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/83px-Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-Ayala_-_U.S.-Philippines_Society_Board_Meeting%2C_February_2024_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2677" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Augusto_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala">Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricky_Razon_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ricky_Razon_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Ricky_Razon_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ricky_Razon_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Ricky_Razon_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2099" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_K._Razon" title="Enrique K. Razon">Enrique K. Razon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz.jpg/96px-Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz" title="Jon Ramon Aboitiz">Jon Ramón Aboitiz</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Prominent Filipino billionaire businessmen<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Hispanic communities in the Philippines play an important part of the society in both economic and traditional identity of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful individuals are found in the upper-class society, most of whom are highly educated and are involved in business and economic sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They contribute to some of the Philippines's most important investments in infrastructures such as telecommunication, technology, electricity, water, transport, banking, land economy, tourism, sport and entertainment, shipping trade and marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_political_controversy">Legacy and political controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy and political controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_communication_in_the_Philippines">Public communication in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public communication in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1899, the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> promulgated a constitution that designated Spanish as the nation's official language.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines was the only Spanish speaking country in Asia, from the beginning of colonial rule in the 1500s until the first half of the 20th century. </p><p>It held official status for over four centuries and was redesignated as an optional language in 1987. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Philippine government</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>deliberately suspended the use of Spanish language for some unknown political<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>reasons, likely influenced by the American <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend">Black Legend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discourteous and hypocritical Filipino politicians influenced by third world Southeast Asian<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corruption, political agendas, a failed government and economic system, extreme poverty and years of bleak uncertain future that still surrounds the Philippines<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to this day, led to the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> in 1986. The government <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> without conducting a proper western-style election protocol, was controversially changed in 1987. </p><p>This disrupted the development of the language, which led the Philippines to be an incomplete Spanish-speaking country. </p><p>Tagalog and English remained as the official languages of the country as they have been in previous constitution. In 1987, the Tagalog language which was called Filipino was promoted as the main language, a language that was chosen by the former Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> in 1935, who himself was of mixed Spanish ancestry. </p><p>Spanish still remains and continues to be spoken by educated Filipinos, Spanish Filipinos and native Filipinos who chose to speak the language in public. However, it is mostly spoken and used in universities and in Hispanic communities. The Philippines is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> where the language is used for education in the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>, in the capital city of Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the former Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, a fluent Spanish speaker,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> re-instated the language as a compulsory subject to be taught in schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the reasons of change was that she wanted to the Philippines to return to traditional ways of life, be bilingual, competitive, wealthy and respected, and able to compete in the world economy. The other was for global employment demands such as in the <a href="/wiki/Call_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call Center">call center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Process Outsourcing">business process outsourcing</a> industries. </p><p>Most Spanish-speaking Filipinos also use English in the public sphere and may also speak Tagalog and other Philippine languages. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> (a creole language based largely in the Spanish vocabulary) is spoken in the southern Philippines and forms the majority of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz,_Sevilla,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-06,_DD_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG/330px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG/500px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG/960px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6250" data-file-height="4023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> in Sevilla, Spain, is popular among Spaniards.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hispanic Filipinos share some similarities to cultural practices from people in Latin America and Spain, including a shared history, tradition, names, arts and literature, music, food, religion and language.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have also taken some influences from the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidenced by their admiration for Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">National Hispanic Heritage Month</a> is celebrated in the United States by individuals of Spanish Heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_Bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Running of the Bulls">Running of the Bulls</a> is a traditional celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/120px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/250px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cover of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> with the book's full title. Woodcut, c. 1590.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/250px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/330px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/500px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pages of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a>, an early Christian book in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. The book contained <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> suyat scripts (1593).</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Literatura_Filipina_en_Español""><span id=".22Literatura_Filipina_en_Espa.C3.B1ol.22"></span>"Literatura Filipina en Español"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Literatura Filipina en Español""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine literature in Spanish</a> ("Literatura Filipina en Español") is a body of original Hispanic literature made by Filipino writers in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> which was first published in 1593 by Spanish Roman Catholic priest.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine literature in Filipino">Philippine literature in Filipino</a> being the first, followed by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Philippine literature in English</a>). It is slightly larger than Philippine literature in vernacular languages. However, because of the very few additions to it in the past 30 years, it is expected that the latter will soon overtake its rank. </p><p>The most popular written Hispanic literature in the Philippines is <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i>, a novel written by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in the Philippines">Art in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Hispanic art explores the rich history and story of the ancient world, combined with colonialism, religion<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contemporary way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_cinema">Music and cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music and cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Music of Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latin_America" title="Cinema of Latin America">Cinema of Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema of the Philippines</a></div> <p>Hispanic music is a blend of traditional European <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> mixed with Indigenous American-Indian, Indigenous Filipino and African sounds, together with contemporary European, Latino and Anglo-American genre.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films, hip-hop, pop, dance, rock and heavy metal are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a></div> <p>Spanish cuisine is traditionally of European origin. Filipino cuisine is a blend of European and Asian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">Sport in South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports in the Philippines</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most watched and played sport in Spain and in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippines football is also popular particularly among the Hispanic communities and fans of the sport. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sports">motor sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports</a> are also widely appreciated in the Spanish community.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The game of basketball is one of Spain's most popular sports and is second only to football, played at a professional level, while in the Philippines it is considered its national sport. </p><p>Traditional and cultural sports such as <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a> were popular among Spaniards and in Latin America in the early 1900s, but have recently declined in popularity in the 2000s due to the violent nature of the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Spanish_Filipinos">Notable Spanish Filipinos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable Spanish Filipinos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Filipinos" title="List of Spanish Filipinos">List of Spanish Filipinos</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:433px;max-width:433px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona,_31_(Queen_Letizia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg/230px-2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg/345px-2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg/460px-2020-02-06_Visita_de_los_Reyes_a_%C3%89cija_con_motivo_del_%22Premio_Escuela_del_A%C3%B1o_2019%22_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_Princesa_de_Girona%2C_31_%28Queen_Letizia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Queen <a href="/wiki/Letizia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia of Spain">Letizia of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Iglesias_2011,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg/250px-Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg/330px-Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg/500px-Enrique_Iglesias_2011%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="3556" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias" title="Enrique Iglesias">Enrique Iglesias</a>, Latin and pop-music singer</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg/250px-Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg/330px-Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg/500px-Carlos_Loyzaga_1954b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Loyzaga" title="Carlos Loyzaga">Carlos Loyzaga</a>, Basketball legend and politician</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg/160px-JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg/240px-JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg/320px-JOSE_LUIS_MARTIN_C._GASCON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chito_Gascon" title="Chito Gascon">Chito Gascon</a>, Commission on Human rights</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg/208px-Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg/312px-Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg/416px-Jaime_Fabregas_at_Pakil_Churchjf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Fabregas" title="Jaime Fabregas">Jaime Fabregas</a>, Actor</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Leonor_de_Borb%C3%B3n_en_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Princess <a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/218px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/327px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg/436px-General_Juan_%C3%81lvarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sof%C3%ADa_de_Borb%C3%B3n_2019c_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sof%C3%ADa_de_Borb%C3%B3n_2019c_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-Sof%C3%ADa_de_Borb%C3%B3n_2019c_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Sof%C3%ADa_de_Borb%C3%B3n_2019c_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Princess <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Infanta Sofía of Spain">Sofía of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_Ayala_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Augusto_Ayala_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Augusto_Ayala_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Augusto_Ayala_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Augusto_Ayala_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Augusto_Ayala_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Augusto_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala">Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala</a>, Businessman</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference,_December_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg/180px-Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg/270px-Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg/360px-Marian_Rivera_and_Dingdong_Dantes_LA_Press_Conference%2C_December_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Rivera" title="Marian Rivera">Marian Rivera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actress</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulino_alcantara_barca_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paulino_alcantara_barca_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Paulino_alcantara_barca_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Paulino_alcantara_barca_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Paulino_alcantara_barca_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Paulino_alcantara_barca_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Paulino Alcántara">Paulino Alcántara</a>, Football legend</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg/250px-Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg/330px-Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg/440px-Pilita_Corrales_-_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pilita_Corrales" title="Pilita Corrales">Pilita Corrales</a>, Singer and actress</div></div></div></div></div> <p>This is a list of famous Hispanic individuals who are part-Filipino heritage, who formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a> world-wide, and are recognized internationally or domestically for their status and achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sport </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulino_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Paulino Alcántara">Paulino Alcántara</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Teus" title="Eduardo Teus">Eduardo Teus</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Torena" title="Juan Torena">Juan Torena</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Amechazurra" title="Manuel Amechazurra">Manuel Amechazurra</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameztoy" title="Ameztoy">Gregorio Querejeta</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rimando" title="Nick Rimando">Nick Rimando</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%BAl_Berj%C3%B3n" title="Saúl Berjón">Saúl Berjón</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Rublico" title="Santiago Rublico">Santiago Rublico</a> - Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Loyzaga" title="Carlos Loyzaga">Carlos Loyzaga</a> - Basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leylah_Fernandez" title="Leylah Fernandez">Leylah Fernandez</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Tennis</li></ul> <p>Art </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> - Artist</li></ul> <p>Music </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias" title="Enrique Iglesias">Enrique Iglesias</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bataan" title="Joe Bataan">Joe Bataan</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias_Jr." title="Julio Iglesias Jr.">Julio Iglesias Jr.</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Nitollano" title="Asia Nitollano">Asia Nitollano</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilita_Corrales" title="Pilita Corrales">Pilita Corrales</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanty_(singer)" title="Chanty (singer)">Chanty</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_V" title="Jasmine V">Jasmine V</a> - Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassie_Ventura" title="Cassie Ventura">Cassie Ventura</a> - Singer</li></ul> <p>Films </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Romero_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Romero (actress)">Gloria Romero</a> - Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Razon" title="Delia Razon">Delia Razon</a> - Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_Fuentes" title="Amalia Fuentes">Amalia Fuentes</a> - Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Rivera" title="Marian Rivera">Marian Rivera</a> - Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Poe_Jr." title="Fernando Poe Jr.">Fernando Poe Jr.</a> - Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Garcia" title="Eddie Garcia">Eddie Garcia</a> - Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Fabregas" title="Jaime Fabregas">Jaime Fabregas</a> - Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janine_Gutierrez" title="Janine Gutierrez">Janine Gutierrez</a> - Actress and fashion model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Falc%C3%B3" title="Tamara Falcó">Tamara Falcó</a> - Aristocracy and TV personality</li></ul> <p>Fashion </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianny_Celeste" title="Arianny Celeste">Arianny Celeste</a> - Model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarina_Rodriguez" title="Katarina Rodriguez">Katarina Rodriguez</a> - Beauty pageant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Araneta" title="Stella Araneta">Stella Araneta</a> - Beauty pageant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Diaz" title="Gloria Diaz">Gloria Diaz</a> - Beauty pageant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Cortesi" title="Celeste Cortesi">Celeste Cortesi</a> - Beauty pageant</li></ul> <p>Literature </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero" title="Fernando María Guerrero">Fernando María Guerrero</a> - Writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_Castrillo_Brillantes" title="Lourdes Castrillo Brillantes">Lourdes Castrillo Brillantes</a> - Writer</li></ul> <p>Economics </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_K._Razon" title="Enrique K. Razon">Enrique K. Razon</a> - Businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3bel_de_Ayala_family" title="Zóbel de Ayala family">Zóbel de Ayala family</a> - Business family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Augusto_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala">Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala</a> - Businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Ramon_Aboitiz" title="Jon Ramon Aboitiz">Jon Ramon Aboitiz</a> - Businessman</li></ul> <p>Monarch </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letizia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia of Spain">Letizia of Spain</a> - Queen of Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a> - Princess of Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Infanta Sofía of Spain">Infanta Sofía of Spain</a> - Princess of Spain</li></ul> <p>Journalism </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Preysler" title="Isabel Preysler">Isabel Preysler</a> - Journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyan_Castillejo" title="Dyan Castillejo">Dyan Castillejo</a> - Journalist</li></ul> <p>Religion </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_of_Manila" title="José María of Manila">José María of Manila</a> - Catholic saint</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Plasencia" title="Juan de Plasencia">Juan de Plasencia</a> - Priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rojo_del_R%C3%ADo_y_Vieyra" title="Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra">Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra</a> - Priest</li></ul> <p>Politics </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> - National hero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Azc%C3%A1rraga" title="Marcelo Azcárraga">Marcelo Azcárraga</a> - Prime minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> - President and Revolutionary leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidoro_Montes_de_Oca" title="Isidoro Montes de Oca">Isidoro Montes de Oca</a> - Revolutionary leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_G%C3%B3mez_Maganda" title="Alejandro Gómez Maganda">Alejandro Gómez Maganda</a> - Governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n_(Filipino_politician)" title="Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician)">Felipe Calderón</a> - Revolutionary leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chito_Gascon" title="Chito Gascon">Chito Gascon</a> - Commission on Human Rights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Moragas" title="Jorge Moragas">Jorge Moragas</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Chief of Staff of the Spanish Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> - President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> - President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fern%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelo Fernán">Marcelo Fernán</a> - Chief Justice / National hero</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Philippines–Spain relations">Philippines–Spain relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_people_of_Filipino_ancestry" title="Spanish people of Filipino ancestry">Spanish people of Filipino ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration to Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexican settlement in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino immigration to Mexico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including others such as Latin-Americans and Chinese-Mestizos, pure Chinese paid tribute but were not Philippine citizens as they were transients who returned to China, and Spaniards were exempt</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Estadismo1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 9, 2016<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESTADISMO+DE+LAS+ISLAS+FILIPINAS+TOMO+PRIMERO+By+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+%28Original+Spanish%29&rft.date=1893&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xeniaeditrice.it%2Fzu%25C3%25B1igaIocrpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estadismo2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf">ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/PERE2024.htm">"Estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE)"</a>. 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Britannica Kids. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonization+of+the+Americas&rft.pub=Britannica+Kids&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkids.britannica.com%2Fstudents%2Farticle%2Fcolonization-of-the-Americas%2F272832%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSpain%2520was%2520the20first%2520of%2Cthe%2520Americas%2520until%2520after%25201600.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spat-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spat_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpate1979">Spate (1979)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA97">97</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFSpate1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinaunangpanahon.com/the-filipino-criollos/">"The Filipino Criollos"</a>. sinaunangpanahon.com. September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Criollos&rft.pub=sinaunangpanahon.com&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinaunangpanahon.com%2Fthe-filipino-criollos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yc0AAAAIAAJ&q=pesos+Chinese+2,000+spanish+mestizo"><i>Historical Conservation Society</i></a>. The Society. 1963. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Conservation+Society&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=The+Society.&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yc0AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpesos%2BChinese%2B2%2C000%2Bspanish%2Bmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mas1963-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mas1963_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinibaldo_De_Mas1963" class="citation book cs1">Sinibaldo De Mas (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22gKAQAAIAAJ&q=pesos+Chinese+2,000+spanish+mestizo"><i>Informe secreto de Sinibaldo de Más</i></a>. Historical Conservation Society. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Informe+secreto+de+Sinibaldo+de+M%C3%A1s&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Historical+Conservation+Society&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Sinibaldo+De+Mas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D22gKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpesos%2BChinese%2B2%2C000%2Bspanish%2Bmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liao1964-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liao1964_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShubert_S._C._Liao1964" class="citation book cs1">Shubert S. C. Liao (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrDkAAAAIAAJ&q=pesos+Chinese+2,000+spanish+mestizo"><i>Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy</i></a>. Bookman. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+participation+in+Philippine+culture+and+economy&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bookman&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Shubert+S.+C.+Liao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrDkAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpesos%2BChinese%2B2%2C000%2Bspanish%2Bmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair1915-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blair1915_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Helen_Blair1915" class="citation book cs1">Emma Helen Blair (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrJEAQAAMAAJ&q=pesos+Chinese+2%2C000+spanish+mestizo&pg=RA1-PA86"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Relating to China and the Chinese</i></a>. A.H. Clark Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1898%3A+Relating+to+China+and+the+Chinese&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=A.H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Emma+Helen+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrJEAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpesos%2BChinese%2B2%252C000%2Bspanish%2Bmestizo%26pg%3DRA1-PA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncesc.com/geographic-faq/how-big-were-families-in-the-1700s/">"How big were families in the 1700s?" By Keri Rutherford </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newson-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newson_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewson2009" class="citation book cs1">Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ"><i>Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines</i></a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-6197-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Pestilence+in+the+Early+Spanish+Philippines&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1&rft.aulast=Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA40BEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pnas-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pnas_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pnas_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaximilian_Larena2021" class="citation web cs1">Maximilian Larena (January 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2021/03/17/2026132118.DCSupplemental/pnas.2026132118.sapp.pdf">"Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Information+for+Multiple+migrations+to+the+Philippines+during+the+last+50%2C000+years+%28Appendix%2C+Page+35%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.au=Maximilian+Larena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2Fsuppl%2F2021%2F03%2F17%2F2026132118.DCSupplemental%2Fpnas.2026132118.sapp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthewGo-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewGo_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewGo_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Go, Matthew C. (January 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329903258">"An Admixture Approach to Trihybrid Ancestry Variation in the Philippines with Implications for Forensic Anthropology"</a>. <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>232</b> (3): 178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.90.3.01">10.13110/humanbiology.90.3.01</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947174">33947174</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic significance from Manila.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=An+Admixture+Approach+to+Trihybrid+Ancestry+Variation+in+the+Philippines+with+Implications+for+Forensic+Anthropology&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.90.3.01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33947174&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329903258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">An Inter-University Study published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that's phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American is 7.3%. Thus totaling to 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines, are Latino in physical appearance. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDudzikGo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dudzik, Beatrix; Go, Matthew C. (2019-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38744342">"Classification Trends Among Modern Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1"</a>. <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (4). University of Florida Press: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005">10.5744/fa.2019.1005</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133718/https://www.academia.edu/38744342/Classification_Trends_Among_Modern_Filipino_Crania_Using_Fordisc_3_1">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2020</span>. <q>[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Classification+Trends+Among+Modern+Filipino+Crania+Using+Fordisc+3.1&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005&rft.aulast=Dudzik&rft.aufirst=Beatrix&rft.au=Go%2C+Matthew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38744342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hefner-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hefner_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hefner_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hefner_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoHefner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Go, Matthew C.; Hefner, Joseph T. (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-4SZJB85wqPf4BhQHeREnHqvUQ6pBE10/view?usp=sharing">"Morphoscopic ancestry estimates in Filipino crania using multivariate probit regression models"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Biological_Anthropology" title="American Journal of Biological Anthropology">American Journal of Biological Anthropology</a></i>. <b>172</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.24008">10.1002/ajpa.24008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Biological+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Morphoscopic+ancestry+estimates+in+Filipino+crania+using+multivariate+probit+regression+models&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.24008&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft.au=Hefner%2C+Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1-4SZJB85wqPf4BhQHeREnHqvUQ6pBE10%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jayna.usfca.edu/asia-pacific-perspectives/pdfs/v6n1_rodriguez_0.pdf">"Primerang Bituin: Philippines - Mexico Relations at the Dawn of the Pacific Rim Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USF University of San Francisco: Asia-Pacific: Perspectives an electronic journal. May 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primerang+Bituin%3A+Philippines+-+Mexico+Relations+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Pacific+Rim+Century&rft.pub=USF+University+of+San+Francisco%3A+Asia-Pacific%3A+Perspectives+an+electronic+journal&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjayna.usfca.edu%2Fasia-pacific-perspectives%2Fpdfs%2Fv6n1_rodriguez_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indigenousmexico.org/articles/understanding-the-mexican-casta-system-a-historical-and-cultural-perspective">"Indigenous Mexico: Understanding the Mexican Casting System: A Historical and Cultural Perspective"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Mexico%3A+Understanding+the+Mexican+Casting+System%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Perspective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenousmexico.org%2Farticles%2Funderstanding-the-mexican-casta-system-a-historical-and-cultural-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-spanish-casta-system-definition-significance.html">"Study.com - Spanish Casta System / Overview & Tiers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study.com+-+Spanish+Casta+System+%2F+Overview+%26+Tiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fthe-spanish-casta-system-definition-significance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSagmit1998" class="citation book cs1">Sagmit, E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFCfgkZBYDIC&pg=PA53">"14. The Republic of the Philippines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFCfgkZBYDIC"><i>Geography in the Changing World</i></a>. Rex Book Store. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-2451-2"><bdi>978-971-23-2451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+The+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Geography+in+the+Changing+World&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-23-2451-2&rft.aulast=Sagmit&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFCfgkZBYDIC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1452457/philippines-household-population-share-by-foreign-ethnicity/">"Share of household population in the Philippines in 2020, by foreign ethnicity"</a>. Statista. February 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Share+of+household+population+in+the+Philippines+in+2020%2C+by+foreign+ethnicity&rft.pub=Statista&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1452457%2Fphilippines-household-population-share-by-foreign-ethnicity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2018/07/catholicism-in-the-philippines-during-the-spanish-colonial-period-1521-1898/">"Catholicism in the Philippines during the Spanish Colonial Period Period 1521-1898"</a>. Library Of Congress BLOGS. July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholicism+in+the+Philippines+during+the+Spanish+Colonial+Period+Period+1521-1898&rft.pub=Library+Of+Congress+BLOGS&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Finternational-collections%2F2018%2F07%2Fcatholicism-in-the-philippines-during-the-spanish-colonial-period-1521-1898%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordictrans.com/what-languages-are-spoken-in-the-philippines/">"Nordictrans.com - What Languages Are Spoken in the Philippines?"</a>. 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordictrans.com+-+What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+the+Philippines%3F&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordictrans.com%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official_languages-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article XIV, Section 3 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1935-constitution.html">1935 Philippine Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615110313/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1935-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1943-constitution.html">1943 Philippine Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614055346/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1943-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1973-constitution.html">1973 Philippine constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615092015/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/1973-constitution.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">Presidential Decree No. 155</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012548/http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">Archived</a> October 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/">1987 Philippine Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115029/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/">Archived</a> January 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voluntary_and_optional-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voluntary_and_optional_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Article XIV, Sec 7</b>: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#3096884f3d78">"The World's Real-Time Billionaires"</a>. Forbes. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Real-Time+Billionaires&rft.pub=Forbes&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Freal-time-billionaires%2F%233096884f3d78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/?p=356211">"Spain Remains the major influence in the Philippines"</a>. Manila Standards. 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BusinessWorld. February 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Spanish+business+chambers+aim+for+more+manufacturing+investments&rft.pub=BusinessWorld&rft.date=2024-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Feconomy%2F2024%2F02%2F25%2F577713%2Fphilippine-spanish-business-chambers-aim-for-more-manufacturing-investment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution">"The Malolos Constitution"</a>. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 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July 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Being+Filipino&rft.pub=Manila+Standard&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2Fopinion%2F314467182%2Fbeing-filipino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015180841/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/28/OPED2005012827368.html">"Filipinos in Mexican History"</a>. The Manila Bulletin. October 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+Mexican+History&rft.pub=The+Manila+Bulletin&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071015180841%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fissues%2F2005%2F01%2F28%2FOPED2005012827368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/?p=314467182">"Being Filipino"</a>. Manila Standard. July 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Being+Filipino&rft.pub=Manila+Standard&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2F%3Fp%3D314467182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/family/28698/watch-meet-marian-riveras-spanish-brother/story/">"Watch: Meet Marian Rivera's Spanish brother"</a>. GMA Entertainment. February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch%3A+Meet+Marian+Rivera%27s+Spanish+brother&rft.pub=GMA+Entertainment&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fentertainment%2Fshowbiznews%2Ffamily%2F28698%2Fwatch-meet-marian-riveras-spanish-brother%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/arts-and-entertainment/spanish-celebrities-filipino-descent-a00203-20230705-lfrm">"8 Spanish Celebrities With Filipino Heritage"</a>. ESQUIRE PHILIPPINES. July 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Spanish+Celebrities+With+Filipino+Heritage&rft.pub=ESQUIRE+PHILIPPINES&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fculture%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fspanish-celebrities-filipino-descent-a00203-20230705-lfrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/gallery/famous-people-you-didnt-know-were-latino/index.html">"Famous people you didn't know were Hispanic"</a>. CNN. 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September 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Filipinos%3A+A+Football+Legend+%26+A+Spanish+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=Correct+Movement&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorrectphilippines.org%2F2_filipinos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousfix.com/list/spanish-people-of-filipino-descent">"Spanish people of Filipino descent"</a>. FamousFix. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+people+of+Filipino+descent&rft.pub=FamousFix&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousfix.com%2Flist%2Fspanish-people-of-filipino-descent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/346377/family-leylah-annie-fernandez-mother-father-and-her-filipino-and-ecuadorian-origins">"Family: Leyla Annie Fernandez mother, father and her Filipino Ecuadorian origins"</a>. Tennis Tonic. September 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family%3A+Leyla+Annie+Fernandez+mother%2C+father+and+her+Filipino+Ecuadorian+origins&rft.pub=Tennis+Tonic&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennistonic.com%2Ftennis-news%2F346377%2Ffamily-leylah-annie-fernandez-mother-father-and-her-filipino-and-ecuadorian-origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousfix.com/list/spanish-people-of-filipino-descent">"Spanish people of Filipino descent"</a>. Famousfix. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+people+of+Filipino+descent&rft.pub=Famousfix&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousfix.com%2Flist%2Fspanish-people-of-filipino-descent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015180841/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/28/OPED2005012827368.html">"Filipinos in Mexican History"</a>. The Manila Bulletin Online. October 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+Mexican+History&rft.pub=The+Manila+Bulletin+Online&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071015180841%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fissues%2F2005%2F01%2F28%2FOPED2005012827368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebalita.com/2022/07/09/spanish-ambassador-to-the-Philippines-natuwa-sa-magandang-ugali-ng-mga-filipino/">"Spanish Ambassador to the Philippines natuwa sa magandang ugali ng mga Filipino"</a>. OnlineBalita news. July 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Ambassador+to+the+Philippines+natuwa+sa+magandang+ugali+ng+mga+Filipino&rft.pub=OnlineBalita+news&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinebalita.com%2F2022%2F07%2F09%2Fspanish-ambassador-to-the-Philippines-natuwa-sa-magandang-ugali-ng-mga-filipino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Filipinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, Kirkpatrick Sale (1990–1991)</li> <li>Conquistadors: The Rise and Fall (Documentary Series, 2023)</li> <li>Antonio García, Spanish Settlers in the Philippines 1571–1599, Universidad de Córdoba España, www.uco.es</li> <li>Francisco de Sande, Juan de Ovando, "Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571-1599)," President of the Council to the Indies New Spain, 1574</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020) Census of Population and Housing</a> Republic of the Philippines - Philippine Statistic Authority, www.psa.gov.ph</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfo.gov.ph/filipino-migration-in-spain-province-of-origin/">Filipino Migration in Spain (Province of Origin)</a> Office of the President of the Philippines, www.cfo.gov.ph</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfo.gov.ph/filipino-migration-in-spain-overview/">Filipino Migration in Spain (Overview)</a> Office of the President of the Philippines, www.cfo.gov.ph</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf">Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571-1599)</a> Universidad de Córdoba España, www.uco.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0419">The genetic legacy of the Manila Galleon Trade in Mexico</a> The Royal Society Publishing, www.royalsocietypublishing.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/925cf372-4228-4f68-86a1-759235468711/content">Ethnohistory - Philippine Indios in the Service of the Empire: Indigenous Soldiers and Contingent Loyalty, 1600-1700</a> University of Cambridge United Kingdom, www.api.repository.cam.ac.uk</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_diaspora_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Spanish diaspora in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_France" title="Spanish immigration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Germany" title="Spanish immigration to Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanjaarden_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Spanjaarden in Nederland">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Sweden" title="Spaniards in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Costa_Rican" title="Spanish Costa Rican">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en la República Dominicana">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_migration_to_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish migration to Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of Spanish descent">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_panyols" title="Cocoa panyols">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleños in Louisiana">in Louisiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_New_Zealanders" title="Spanish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li>US areas of Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Spanish immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Argentines" title="Spanish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Peru" title="Spanish immigration to Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Uruguayans" title="Spanish Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Spanish immigration to Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_exiles" title="Spanish Republican exiles">Republican exiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad#Bukidnon" title="Lumad">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palaweño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Molbog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon/Tumandok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigrants <br />or expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay descent">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Philippines" title="Germans in the Philippines">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&oldid=1282703126">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Filipinos&oldid=1282703126</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino" 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