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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review | Annals of Operations Research </title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Annals of Operations Research - The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak shows that pandemics and epidemics can seriously wreak havoc on supply chains (SC) around the globe. Humanitarian logistics..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10479"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Annals of Operations Research 2020 319:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2020-06-16"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2020 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2020 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak shows that pandemics and epidemics can seriously wreak havoc on supply chains (SC) around the globe. Humanitarian logistics literature has extensively studied epidemic impacts; however, there exists a research gap in understanding of pandemic impacts in commercial SCs. To progress in this direction, we present a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications. The literature review findings suggest that influenza was the most visible epidemic outbreak reported, and that optimization of resource allocation and distribution emerged as the most popular topic. The streamlining of the literature helps us to reveal several new research tensions and novel categorizations/classifications. Most centrally, we propose a framework for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic spanning six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. Utilizing the outcomes of our analysis, we tease out a series of open research questions that would not be observed otherwise. Our study also emphasizes the need and offers directions to advance the literature on the impacts of the epidemic outbreaks on SCs framing a research agenda for scholars and practitioners working on this emerging research stream."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1572-9338"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Annals of Operations Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2020-06-16"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="319"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1159"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1196"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2020 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Annals of Operations Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Ann Oper Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1572-9338"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="319"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/06/16"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1159"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1196"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="S.I.: Design and Management of Humanitarian Supply Chains"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="size" content="389866"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak shows that pandemics and epidemics can seriously wreak havoc on supply chains (SC) around the globe. Humanitarian logis"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Queiroz, Maciel M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ivanov, Dmitry"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dolgui, Alexandre"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fosso Wamba, Samuel"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Operations Research/Decision Theory"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Combinatorics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Theory of Computation"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management; citation_title=Healthcare supply chain simulation with disruption considerations: A case study from Northern Italy; citation_author=R Aldrighetti, I Zennaro, D Battini, S Finco; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=81-102; citation_doi=10.1007/s40171-019-00223-8; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review; citation_title=Equitable location of facilities in a region with probabilistic barriers to travel; 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Humanitarian logistics literature has extensively studied epidemic impacts; however, there exists a research gap in understanding of pandemic impacts in commercial SCs. To progress in this direction, we present a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications. The literature review findings suggest that influenza was the most visible epidemic outbreak reported, and that optimization of resource allocation and distribution emerged as the most popular topic. The streamlining of the literature helps us to reveal several new research tensions and novel categorizations/classifications. Most centrally, we propose a framework for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic spanning six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. Utilizing the outcomes of our analysis, we tease out a series of open research questions that would not be observed otherwise. Our study also emphasizes the need and offers directions to advance the literature on the impacts of the epidemic outbreaks on SCs framing a research agenda for scholars and practitioners working on this emerging research stream."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Humanitarian logistics literature has extensively studied epidemic impacts; however, there exists a research gap in understanding of pandemic impacts in commercial SCs. To progress in this direction, we present a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications. The literature review findings suggest that influenza was the most visible epidemic outbreak reported, and that optimization of resource allocation and distribution emerged as the most popular topic. The streamlining of the literature helps us to reveal several new research tensions and novel categorizations/classifications. Most centrally, we propose a framework for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic spanning six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. 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class="c-context-bar__title"> Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Maciel_M_-Queiroz-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Maciel_M_-Queiroz-Aff1" data-author-search="Queiroz, Maciel M.">Maciel M. Queiroz</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-9191"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-9191</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dmitry-Ivanov-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Dmitry-Ivanov-Aff2" data-author-search="Ivanov, Dmitry" data-corresp-id="c1">Dmitry Ivanov<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-9627"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-9627</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexandre-Dolgui-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Alexandre-Dolgui-Aff3" data-author-search="Dolgui, Alexandre">Alexandre Dolgui</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-4716"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-4716</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Samuel-Fosso_Wamba-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Samuel-Fosso_Wamba-Aff4" data-author-search="Fosso Wamba, Samuel">Samuel Fosso Wamba</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-058X"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-058X</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>87k <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>5 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak shows that pandemics and epidemics can seriously wreak havoc on supply chains (SC) around the globe. Humanitarian logistics literature has extensively studied epidemic impacts; however, there exists a research gap in understanding of pandemic impacts in commercial SCs. To progress in this direction, we present a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications. The literature review findings suggest that influenza was the most visible epidemic outbreak reported, and that optimization of resource allocation and distribution emerged as the most popular topic. The streamlining of the literature helps us to reveal several new research tensions and novel categorizations/classifications. Most centrally, we propose a framework for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic spanning six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. Utilizing the outcomes of our analysis, we tease out a series of open research questions that would not be observed otherwise. Our study also emphasizes the need and offers directions to advance the literature on the impacts of the epidemic outbreaks on SCs framing a research agenda for scholars and practitioners working on this emerging research stream.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11846-024-00825-2/MediaObjects/11846_2024_825_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11846-024-00825-2?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s11846-024-00825-2">Foundations and areas of COVID-19 pandemic logistics and supply chain management research: the early and mid-pandemic view </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">14 November 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10479-024-05944-3?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s10479-024-05944-3">Design and management of humanitarian supply chains for pandemics: lessons from COVID-19 </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">18 March 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-16489-7?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-16489-7_1?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-031-16489-7_1">Impacts and Supply Chain Resilience Strategies to Cope with COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1739795081, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10479" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The contemporary world has been challenged by unprecedented disease outbreaks (Chew et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Chew, D. S. H., Choi, K. P., Heidner, H., & Leung, M. Y. (2004). Palindromes in SARS and other coronaviruses. INFORMS Journal on Computing, 16(4), 331–340. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.1040.0087
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e434">2004</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Gao, D., Lou, Y., Yang, S., Musa, S. S., et al. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 211–216. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e437">2020</a>; Nigmatulina and Larson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Nigmatulina, K. R., & Larson, R. C. (2009). Living with influenza: Impacts of government imposed and voluntarily selected interventions. European Journal of Operational Research, 195(2), 613–627. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.02.016
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR102" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e440">2009</a>), whith significant negatively effects on the society as a whole, but also on the efficiency of operations and supply chain (SC) management (OSCM) business models. Such disruptive impacts frequently yield the ripple effects (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e443">2020a</a>; Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Ivanov, D., Das, A., & Choi, T. -M. (2018). New flexibility drivers in manufacturing, service, and supply chain systems. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3359–3368." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR150" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e446">2018</a>; Pavlov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Pavlov, A., Ivanov, D., Werner, F., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019b). Integrated detection of disruption scenarios, the ripple effect dispersal and recovery paths in supply chains. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03454-1
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e450">2019b</a>). While SCs across the globe have been already suffering from epidemics and pandemic, they have recently been seriously hit by an unprecedented, far-reaching disruptive epidemic outbreak, namely COVID-19 (Boccaletti et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Boccaletti, S., Ditto, W., Mindlin, G., & Atangana, A. (2020). Modeling and forecasting of epidemic spreading: The case of Covid-19 and beyond. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 135, 109794. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109794
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e453">2020</a>), which is considered as a new type of extremely contagious coronavirus, with destructive impacts (Choi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Choi, T.-M. (2020). Innovative “Bring-service-near-your-home” operations under corona-virus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: Can logistics become the messiah? Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation. (Forthcoming)." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e456">2020</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e459">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e462">2020b</a>).</p><p>The COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in the late 2019. As noted by the Johns Hopkins University on May 27, 2020, the number of confirmed cases reported around the world have been steadily growing, reaching 5.69 millions with 355,575 deaths (Johns Hopkins University & Medicine <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases by the center for systems science and engineering (CSSE). Retrieved April 22, 2020, from 
 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR85" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e468">2020</a>). In view of this exponential growth, the COVID-19 was declared a world pandemic by the World Health Organization—WHO (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="World Health Organization—WHO. (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020, from 
 https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR146" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e471">2020</a>) on March 11.</p><p>The impacts of the COVID-19 on SCs have already gained attention of scholars (Choi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Choi, T.-M. (2020). Innovative “Bring-service-near-your-home” operations under corona-virus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: Can logistics become the messiah? Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation. (Forthcoming)." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e477">2020</a>; Govindan et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Govindan, K., et al. (2020). A decision support system for demand management in healthcare supply chains considering the epidemic outbreaks: A case study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. (Forthcoming)." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e480">2020</a>; International Journal of Production Research <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="International Journal of Production Research. (2020a). Special issue: Production of healthcare under epidemic outbreaks. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://techjournals.wixsite.com/techjournals/production-healthcare-epidemic
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e483">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="International Journal of Production Research. (2020b). Special issue: Viability of supply networks and ecosystems—Lessons learned from COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://techjournals.wixsite.com/techjournals/viability-supply-networks-ecosystem
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e486">2020b</a>; Journal of Operations Management <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Journal of Operations Management. (2020). Special issue of the Journal of Operations Management—The effects of COVID-19 on global supply chains: responsiveness, resilience, and restoration (3Rs). Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/pb-assets/assets/18731317/JOMCFP-COVID-19andglobalsupplychains-1585601180383.pdf
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e489">2020</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e493">2020a</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Gao, D., Lou, Y., Yang, S., Musa, S. S., et al. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 211–216. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e496">2020</a>; Sarkis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., & Schr, P. (2020). A brave new world: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104894
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e499">2020</a>) and industry experts (Business Insider <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Business Insider. (2020). The coronavirus outbreak is disrupting supply chains around the world—Here’s how companies can adjust and prepare. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.businessinsider.com/covid-19-disrupting-global-supply-chains-how-companies-can-react-2020-3
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e502">2020</a>; Deloitte <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Deloitte. (2020). COVID-19: Managing supply chain risk and disruption. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/risk/articles/covid-19-managing-supply-chain-risk-and-disruption.html
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e505">2020</a>; Forbes <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Forbes. (2020a). COVID-19 undermines China’s run as the world’s factory, but Beijing has a plan. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from 
 https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2020/03/26/covid-19-undermines-chinas-run-as-the-worlds-factory-but-beijing-has-a-plan/#11f640c459a9
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e508">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Forbes. (2020b). The coronavirus’ impact on the global automotive supply chain. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurieharbour1/2020/03/13/the-coronavirus-impact-on-the-global-automotive-supply-chain/#2f607021444e
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e512">b</a>; Fortune <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Fortune. (2020). 94% of the Fortune 1000 are seeing coronavirus supply chain disruptions: Report. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://fortune.com/2020/02/21/fortune-1000-coronavirus-china-supply-chain-impact/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e515">2020</a>; Harvard Business Review <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Harvard Business Review. (2020). Coronavirus is proving we need more resilient supply chains. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-proving-that-we-need-more-resilient-supply-chains
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e518">2020</a>; Institute for Supply Chain Management—ISM <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Institute for Supply Chain Management—ISM. (2020). Coronavirus impact on supply chain. Retrieved March 29, 2020, from 
 https://weareism.org/coronavirus-ism.html
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e521">2020</a>). The COVID-19 epidemic is already impacting the OSCM at a large scale (Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Gao, D., Lou, Y., Yang, S., Musa, S. S., et al. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 211–216. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e524">2020</a>). Fortune (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Fortune. (2020). 94% of the Fortune 1000 are seeing coronavirus supply chain disruptions: Report. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://fortune.com/2020/02/21/fortune-1000-coronavirus-china-supply-chain-impact/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e527">2020</a>), in a report published on 21 February 2020, indicated that 94% of the companies listed in the Fortune 1000 list were facing SC disruptions due to the COVID-19. As for Deloitte (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Deloitte. (2020). COVID-19: Managing supply chain risk and disruption. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/risk/articles/covid-19-managing-supply-chain-risk-and-disruption.html
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e531">2020</a>), the publication highlighted that the whole effect of the pandemic on SCs remained uncharted. The past epidemic outbreaks offer valuable lessons in relation to the SCs. The World Economic Forum—WEF (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e534">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020b). What past disruptions can teach us about reviving supply chains after COVID-19. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-coronavirus-lessons-past-supply-chain-disruptions/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR145" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e537">b</a>) emphasized the need for firms and organizations to reengineer and adapt SCs to their future trade challenges. For instance, the short-term priority may be ‘transport and production’ and ‘worker movement’, while in the long term, capabilities and strategies related to ‘digital readiness & data sharing’ would be developed and implemented for SCs (World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e540">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020b). What past disruptions can teach us about reviving supply chains after COVID-19. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-coronavirus-lessons-past-supply-chain-disruptions/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR145" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e543">b</a>).</p><p>In a context where severe disruptions (e.g., manufacturers closed or partially closed, airports operating with harsh restrictions, shortages of medical equipment and supplies) are recorded in the global SCs (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e549">2020a</a>; McKinsey & Company <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="McKinsey & Company. (2020). Coronavirus and technology supply chains: How to restart and rebuild. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/Coronavirus-and-technology-supply-chains-How-to-restart-and-rebuild?cid = other-eml-alt-mip-mck&hlkid = 1100d1a33fec400eaddddb25a2144b77&hctky=9984960&hdpid=584c1e34-bc36-4cf4-9bc5-cfa736b619
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e552">2020</a>; World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e555">2020a</a>), a good number of industries (automotive, electronics, medical equipment, consumer goods, etc.) also experience ripple effects (Dolgui et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2018). Ripple effect in the supply chain: An analysis and recent literature. International Journal of Production Research, 56(1–2), 414–430. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1387680
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e558">2018</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e561">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e565">b</a>). For example, as China is considered a world’s factory, the pandemic’s disruptions to SCs around the world started there before spreading elsewhere (Deloitte <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Deloitte. (2020). COVID-19: Managing supply chain risk and disruption. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/risk/articles/covid-19-managing-supply-chain-risk-and-disruption.html
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e568">2020</a>). The severe ripple effects from this challenge requires different strategies and actions, including robust SC resilience strategies (Chen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Chen, H. Y., Das, A., & Ivanov, D. (2019). Building resilience and managing post-disruption supply chain recovery: Lessons from the information and communication technology industry. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 330–342. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.06.002
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e571">2019</a>; Ivanov and Sokolov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2019). Simultaneous structural–operational control of supply chain dynamics and resilience. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 1191–1210. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03231-0
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e574">2019</a>; Pournader et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Pournader, M., Kach, A., & Talluri, S. (2020). A review of the existing and emerging topics in supply chain risk management literature. Decision Sciences. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12470
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e577">2020</a>). Moreover, responses from the OSCM to such outbreaks by should consist in rendering global SCs more integrated and digitally ready (Choi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Choi, T. Y., Rogers, D., & Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus is a wake-up call for supply chain management. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-supply-chain-management
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e580">2020</a>; World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e584">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020b). What past disruptions can teach us about reviving supply chains after COVID-19. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-coronavirus-lessons-past-supply-chain-disruptions/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR145" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e587">b</a>). The digitalization of the SCs could improve the quality of the response to outbreak-related disruptions by enhancing the OSCM flexibility (Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019). The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and supply chain risk analytics. International Journal of Production Research, 57(3), 829–846. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1488086
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e590">2019</a>) in such circumstances.</p><p>It should be noted that the OSCM literature has approached studies on different types of epidemic outbreaks, with various objectives. For instance, outbreaks of influenza (Mamani et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Mamani, H., Chick, S. E., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2013). A game-theoretic model of international influenza vaccination coordination. Management Science, 59(7), 1650–1670. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1661
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e597">2013</a>), Ebola (Büyüktahtakın et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Büyüktahtakın, E., des-Bordes, E., & Kıbış, E. Y. (2018). A new epidemics–logistics model: Insights into controlling the Ebola virus disease in West Africa. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(3), 1046–1063. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.037
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e600">2018</a>), Cholera (Anparasan and Lejeune <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Anparasan, A. A., & Lejeune, M. (2017). Analyzing the response to epidemics: Concept of evidence-based Haddon matrix. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 7(3), 266–283. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-06-2017-0023
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e603">2017</a>) and malaria (Parvin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Parvin, H., Beygi, S., Helm, J. E., Larson, P. S., & Van Oyen, M. P. (2018). Distribution of medication considering information, transshipment, and clustering: Malaria in Malawi. Production and Operations Management, 27(4), 774–797. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12826
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e606">2018</a>), among others, have been thoroughly studied. The majority of these papers have devoted particular attention to resource allocation, distribution of the medicaments, vaccines procurement policies, and emergency health response. It is true that recent advances have been made by the literature concerning SC response (Aldrighetti et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Aldrighetti, R., Zennaro, I., Battini, D., & Finco, S. (2019). Healthcare supply chain simulation with disruption considerations: A case study from Northern Italy. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 20, 81–102. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-019-00223-8
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e609">2019</a>; Banomyong et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Banomyong, R., Varadejsatitwong, P., & Oloruntoba, R. (2019). A systematic review of humanitarian operations, humanitarian logistics and humanitarian supply chain performance literature 2005–2016. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 71–86. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2549-5
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e613">2019</a>; Lu et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Lu, Q., Goh, M., & De Souza, R. (2017). An empirical investigation of swift trust in humanitarian logistics operations. The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 
 https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59099-2_9
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR95" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e616">2017</a>; Song et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Song, J. M., Chen, W., & Lei, L. (2018). Supply chain flexibility and operations optimisation under demand uncertainty: A case in disaster relief. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3699–3713." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e619">2018</a>; Shen and Li <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Shen, B., & Li, Q. (2017). Market disruptions in supply chains: A review of operational models. International Transactions in Operational Research, 24, 697–711." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR128" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e622">2017</a>) and epidemic outbreaks operations (Anparasan and Lejeune <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Anparasan, A. A., & Lejeune, M. (2019). Resource deployment and donation allocation for epidemic outbreaks. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 9–32. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-016-2392-0
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e625">2019</a>; Chick et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Chick, S. E., Mamani, H., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2008). Supply chain coordination and influenza vaccination. Operations Research, 56(6), 1493–1506. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.1080.0527
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e628">2008</a>; Long et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Long, E. F., Nohdurft, E., & Spinler, S. (2018). Spatial resource allocation for emerging epidemics: A comparison of greedy, myopic, and dynamic policies. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 20(2), 181–198. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0681
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e632">2018</a>; Paul and Venkateswaran <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Paul, S., & Venkateswaran, J. (2020). Designing robust policies under deep uncertainty for mitigating epidemics. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 140(October 2019), 106221. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.106221
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e635">2020</a>), but the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e638">2020a</a>; Sarkis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., & Schr, P. (2020). A brave new world: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104894
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e641">2020</a>) are still to be adequately investigated. In this regard, operations research (OR) and operations management (OM) approaches such as network and complexity theories (e.g., Bayesian networks, Markov chains, network theory, ecological modeling) (Demirel et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Demirel, G., MacCarthy, B. L., Ritterskamp, D., Champneys, A., & Gross, T. (2019). Identifying dynamical instabilities in supply networks using generalized modeling. Journal of Operations Management, 65(2), 133–159." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e644">2019</a>; Hosseini and Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Hosseini, S., & Ivanov, D. (2019). Resilience assessment of supply networks with disruption propagation considerations: A Bayesian network approach. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03350-8
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e647">2019</a>; Li and Zobel <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Li, Y., & Zobel, C. W. (2020). Exploring supply Chain network resilience in the presence of the ripple effect. International Journal of Production Economics. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107693
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e651">2020</a>), simulation (agent-based simulation, discrete-event simulation, systems dynamics) (Ghadge et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Ghadge, A., Dani, S., Chester, M., & Kalawsky, R. (2013). A systems thinking approach for modelling supply chain risk propagation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18(5), 523–538." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e654">2013</a>; Zhao et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Zhao, K., Zuo, Z., & Blackhurst, J. V. (2019). Modelling supply chain adaptation for disruptions: An empirically grounded complex adaptive systems approach. Journal of Operations Management, 65(2), 190–212." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR148" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e657">2019</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e660">2020a</a>), optimization (stochastic programming, robust optimization, mixed-integer linear programming, heuristics, dynamic programming) (Yoon et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yoon, J., Talluri, S., Yildiz, H., & Ho, W. (2018). Models for supplier selection and risk mitigation: A holistic approach. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3636–3661." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e663">2018</a>; Amiri-Aref et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Amiri-Aref, M., Farahani, R. Z., Hewitt, M., & Klibi, W. (2019). Equitable location of facilities in a region with probabilistic barriers to travel. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 127, 66–85." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e666">2019</a>; Sawik <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Sawik, T. (2019). Two-period versus multi-period model for supply chain disruption management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(14), 4502–4518." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR125" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e670">2019</a>) could bring interesting insights to address this complex pandemic context. Moreover, empirical theories such resources based view (RBV), dynamic capabilities, contingency theory, organizational information processing theory (OIPT) with applications to resilience (Bode et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Bode, C., Wagner, S. M., Petersen, K. J., & Ellram, L. M. (2011). Understanding responses to supply chain disruptions: Insights from information processing and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 833–856." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e673">2011</a>; Dubey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Fosso Wamba, S., Roubaud, D., & Foropon, C. (2019b). Empirical investigation of data analytics capability and organizational flexibility as complements to supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1582820
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e676">2019b</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference c" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., Blome, C., & Luo, Z. (2019c). Antecedents of resilient supply chains: An empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 66(1), 8–19. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2017.2723042
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e679">c</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Bryde, D. J., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Papadopoulos, T. (2020). Blockchain technology for enhancing swift-trust, collaboration and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting. International Journal of Production Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1722860
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e682">2020</a>) could be employed jointly with OR/OM approaches to frame empirically-grounded analytics and to examine the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs.</p><p>However, the literature reporting the application areas of these methods in a systematic way remains scarce. The results remain scattered across different sources and rather unsystemized. We could identify only one paper covering the literature review on the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on logistics (Dasaklis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Dasaklis, T. K., Pappis, C. P., & Rachaniotis, N. P. (2012). Epidemics control and logistics operations: A review. International Journal of Production Economics, 139(2), 393–410. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.05.023
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e688">2012</a>). Considering the paucity of the literature on the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e691">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e694">2020b</a>), our study intends to unlock and shed more light in this discussion, providing valuable insights that will enable decision-makers and policy-makers to develop their response plans for SCs. In contrast to Dasaklis et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Dasaklis, T. K., Pappis, C. P., & Rachaniotis, N. P. (2012). Epidemics control and logistics operations: A review. International Journal of Production Economics, 139(2), 393–410. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.05.023
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e697">2012</a>), our study analyses the latest articles published by March 2020 and offers a broader picture by covering different areas of OSCM. Moreover, our ultimate objective goes beyond a pure literature review to identify what happended in the past, but we rather use the literature review results to project future research agenda for OSCM under the conditions of COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p>For the moment, this topic is still at a nascent stage, even though it is promising and crucial research area (Haren and Simchi-Levi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Haren, P., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2020). How coronavirus could impact the global supply chain by mid-March. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://hbr.org/2020/02/how-coronavirus-could-impact-the-global-supply-chain-by-mid-march
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e703">2020</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e706">2020a</a>; World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e709">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020b). What past disruptions can teach us about reviving supply chains after COVID-19. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-coronavirus-lessons-past-supply-chain-disruptions/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR145" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e712">b</a>). Therefore, this work aims to help bridge the gap by investigating the available OSCM literature on the impact of epidemic outbreaks on SCs and logistics while proposing avenues for improvements. We seek to provide a robust research agenda that will contribute to advancing the extant relevant literature, feeding decision- and policy-makers with significant insights for the OSCM-related fields. Once again, the extant literature remains silent on the disruptive impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs, and this study is committed to help bridging this gap. More specifically, we are taking the lead of research by attempting to answer the following research questions (RQs).</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">RQ1:</h3> <p>How does the OSCM literature address issues related to epidemic outbreaks in terms of their impact on logistics and SCs?</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">RQ2:</h3> <p>What are the main problem settings and methods used?</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">RQ3:</h3> <p>What are the open questions and future research opportunities framing OSCM at the times of COVID-19 pandemic?</p> <p>The following contributions are expected from this study. The first and main contribution of our study is to map out an emergent research agenda for OSCM at the times of COVID-19 pandemic. The second contribution is a systematization of the literature investigating the interplay between epidemic outbreaks and SCs. The third contribution is an identification of several open research questions to be explored in very near future.</p><p>In terms of organization, Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Sec2">2</a> of this paper highlights the SLR methodology, supported by its findings and the content analysis in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Sec3">3</a>. Section <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Sec10">4</a> elaborates on a research agenda for OSCM at the times of COVID-19 pandemic. Section <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Sec17">5</a> serves as a conclusion and underscores other key considerations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Systematic literature review"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Systematic literature review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>Systematic literature review (SLR) has a long tradition, mainly in medical sciences (Cochrane Library <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Cochrane Library. (2018). Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Retrieved July 15, 2018, from 
 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e766">2018</a>). The SLR is briefly defined as: “[…] an efficient technique for hypothesis testing, for summarising the results of existing studies, and for assessing consistency among previous studies; these tasks are clearly not unique to medicine.” (Petticrew <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Petticrew, M. (2001). Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: Myths and misconceptions. British Medical Journal, 322(7278), 98–101. 
 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7278.98
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e769">2001</a>, pp. 99–100).</p><p>The SLR has been recently used successfully in the SC context (Mustafa Kamal and Irani <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Mustafa Kamal, M., & Irani, Z. (2014). Analysing supply chain integration through a systematic literature review: A normative perspective. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-12-2013-0491
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e775">2014</a>; Queiroz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Queiroz, M. M., Telles, R., & Bonilla, S. H. (2019b). Blockchain and supply chain management integration: A systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0143
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e778">2019b</a>; Roberta Pereira et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Roberta Pereira, C., Christopher, M., & Lago Da Silva, A. (2014). Achieving supply chain resilience: The role of procurement. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(5/6), 626–642. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-09-2013-0346
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR119" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e781">2014</a>; Tachizawa and Wong <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tachizawa, E. M., & Wong, C. Y. (2014). Towards a theory of multi-tier sustainable supply chains: A systematic literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(5/6), 643–663. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-02-2014-0070
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR133" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e784">2014</a>), which is eloquent evidence that, due to its systematic approach, the SLR is considered a rigorous method to conduct literature reviews. At the first stage of our approach, we therefore started with defining the scope and delimitating the subjects (Tranfield et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR138" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e787">2003</a>), taking into account their interdisciplinary nature. For the sake of objectivity and reliability in the whole process, we designed a research protocol (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab1">1</a>) (Tranfield et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR138" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e794">2003</a>).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Research protocol</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>At the second stage, we performed the search to identify the relevant papers. Following the recommendations (Tranfield et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR138" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e969">2003</a>), we considered only documents that met the full research protocol criteria. To comply with internal validity, we retained only journals indexed by Scopus. Moreover, to extract data and explore the papers, we used the quantitative software <i>MAXQDA</i> (Queiroz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Queiroz, M. M., Telles, R., & Bonilla, S. H. (2019b). Blockchain and supply chain management integration: A systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0143
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e975">2019b</a>; Schanes et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Schanes, K., Dobernig, K., & Gözet, B. (2018). Food waste matters—A systematic review of household food waste practices and their policy implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 978–991. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.030
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR126" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e978">2018</a>), and the <i>Bibliometrix</i>, an R-tool for science mapping and analysis (Aria and Cuccurullo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e985">2017</a>). At the third and last stage of the SLR, we reported the main findings from the analysis of papers. This led to unveiling several insights into both the knowledge literature and a number of research topics (Tranfield et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR138" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e988">2003</a>). Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig1">1</a> highlights the main schematical flow of the review process.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="657"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Research protocol to the SLR</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4"> <i>Remark 1</i> </h3> <p>We note that our search was specifically designed in light of two aspects, i.e. (i) focus on commercial SCs and logistics (and not on humanitarian logistics) and (ii) focus on the evident and tangible logistics, production and SC contexts (i.e., it shoud be evident from the paper that it explicitly deals with an epidemic and SC issues; for example the papers that just mention epidemics as a possible risk were not considered).</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar5"> <i>*Remark 2</i> </h3> <p>In this query, due to the search considered title, abstract and keywords, we pre-selected only the first potential papers that met the Remark <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="subsection anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#FPar4">1</a>. Besides, forthcoming papers were also considered.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Findings from the literature review"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Findings from the literature review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1 </span>Basic informations from the papers selected</h3><p>As signalized in the previous section, we used an R-tool software application called Bibliometrix (Aria and Cuccurullo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1051">2017</a>; Zhou et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Zhou, B. B., Wu, J., & Anderies, J. M. (2019). Sustainable landscapes and landscape sustainability: A tale of two concepts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 274–284. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.005
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR149" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1054">2019</a>). The Bibliometrix is open-source application that has the potential to import data from different sources (Scopus, Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, among others). It has been used successfully in various literature review works (Bernardet et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Bernardet, U., Fdili Alaoui, S., Studd, K., Bradley, K., Pasquier, P., & Schiphorst, T. (2019). Assessing the reliability of the Laban movement analysis system. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218179. 
 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218179
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1057">2019</a>; Demiroz and Haase <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: A bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1060">2019</a>; Purba et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Purba, N. P., Handyman, D. I. W., Pribadi, T. D., Syakti, A. D., Pranowo, W. S., Harvey, A., et al. (2019). Marine debris in Indonesia: A review of research and status. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146, 134–144. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.057
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR114" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1063">2019</a>; Zhou et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Zhou, B. B., Wu, J., & Anderies, J. M. (2019). Sustainable landscapes and landscape sustainability: A tale of two concepts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 274–284. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.005
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR149" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1067">2019</a>), providing support for robustness and reliability in science mapping. Although we initially used the year 2003 in our searches, the first paper that met our research protocol dates back to 2008. However, with 12 years of time horizon, only 32 documents were selected considering all the inclusion criteria.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.2 </span>Publications by journals</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab2">2</a> shows the number of papers published in the course of each journal. The journals devoted to operations research (OR) topped the chart. Moreover, OR, operations management (OM) and logistics journals represent the majority of publications. They include publications such as Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Production and Operations Management, Transportation Research Part E, among others. However, there are also influential medical/interdisciplinary journals such as the case of Lancet and CHEST.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Articles published by the journal</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Moreover, our SLR identified the protagonism of the OR/OM journals while discovering that the number of papers on epidemic outbreaks was very limited. In the same light, journals dedicated to logistics and SCs were also in small number. Therefore, it becomes necessary to bridge this gap by producing more studies on the epidemic issues, including the COVID-19.</p><p>The top journals with regular papers published on these topics are European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR), Annals of Operations Research (ANOR), Journal of the Operational Research Society (JORS), and Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (M&SOM). These journals accounted for 34.38% of the publications. Concerning the different behaviors of these journals over time, it appears that the EJOR leads in terms of output, while the ANOR makes proof of a steady engagement, with one yearly publication over the last 3 years. It is noteworthy highlighting the recent interest for production research, SC and logistics by some dedicated journals, such as the International Journal of Production Research, the International Journal of Integrated Supply Management and Transportation Research Part E (with one paper in 2020* until March 18).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.3 </span>Word TreeMap dynamics</h3><p>Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig2">2</a> displays a Word TreeMap dynamics, based on keywords plus. It means that these words were not necessary given by the authors; instead, these were acquired from the titles of references from our dataset (32 papers). In addition, the frequency of the keywords determines the size of the rectangles, while the colors emphasize the relationship with the keyword. The role of word segments such as “epidemic outbreak,” “humanitarian logistics”, “influenza”, “optimization”, “resource allocation” and “supply chain” is quite identifiable. In the other rectangles (smaller sizes), we have various related words, but also emerging topics that are being already highlighted, such as “COVID 19”, “coronavirus”, “decentralized logistics systems”, “digital twin”, and “data-driven models.”</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="307"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Word dynamics (keywords plus) per year</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Moreover, there is a tendency for Coronavirus and COVID-19 to outperform each other over time, but we can also notice the growth of other interesting topics related to “Coronavirus and COVID-19”, such as “optimisation”, “epidemic outbreak”, humanitarian logistics” and “resource allocation”. In the other rectangles (smaller sizes) we have various related words.</p><p>Other related emerging topics can be unveiled using words and groups of words such as “COVID-19”, “coronavirus”, “decentralized logistics systems”, “digital twin”, and “data-driven models”. Taking into account the word dynamics, we can see that “emergency response” is a well-explored topic due to its variations (e.g., disaster response, disaster management, emergency management, emergency SC management, and emergency logistics). Therefore, with regard to our research questions and objectives, it clearly appears that related impact themes as indicated through the words ‘risks’ and ‘resilience’ (the most frequent words) are scarse. Therefore, our study advocates the use of these two words in order to see through the literature and investigate more deeply the impact of epidemic outbreaks on SCs.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.4 </span>Multiple correspondence analysis</h3><p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig3">3</a>, we point out the conceptual structure map by employing a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) method. The MCA is a data reduction technique that builds a map of the scientific conceptual structure (Aria and Cuccurullo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1499">2017</a>). Thus, in summary, the MCA plots a robust two-dimensional graphical map while taking into account the similarities of the distribution of the words used in its representation (Aria and Cuccurullo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1502">2017</a>; Cuccurullo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Cuccurullo, C., Aria, M., & Sarto, F. (2016). Foundations and trends in performance management. A 25 years bibliometric analysis in business and public administration domains. Scientometrics, 108(2), 595–611. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1948-8
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1505">2016</a>). The more such words are similar and closer in the map, the better they will be represented.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="400"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Conceptual structure map</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In this regard, a concentration of optimization techniques is essential to provide an adequate response to epidemic outbreaks (e.g., optimization, Markov decision processes, stochastic programming, health care operations, mixed integer and non-linear programming, explicit optimization). Another interesting concentration is related to the susceptible exposed infectious removed (SEIR) model, epidemic diffusion rule, genetic algorithm, and latent period.</p><p>Also, the efforts related to epidemic response are represented by a significant concentration of “pandemic response management”, “emergency OSCM”, “public health emergencies”, “healthcare management”, “resource allocation”, and “vaccine distribution”, <i>inter alia</i>. Besides, there are other interesting concentrations related to “network modeling”, “transportation”, “demand forecast”, “data-driven models”, and “options contract”. Finally, blue words represent an emerging, challenging and unexplored topic (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1534">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1537">b</a>) related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this landscape, important words appear in this concentration, like “resilience”, “digital twin”, “risk management”, and “pandemic plan”.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.5 </span>Categorization of epidemic and outbreaks in SCM</h3><p>To synthesize our main findings from the literature review, we employed a content analysis technique (Kache and Seuring <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Kache, F., & Seuring, S. (2014). Linking collaboration and integration to risk and performance in supply chains via a review of literature reviews. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(5/6), 664–682. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-12-2013-0478
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1549">2014</a>; Queiroz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Queiroz, M. M., Telles, R., & Bonilla, S. H. (2019b). Blockchain and supply chain management integration: A systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0143
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1552">2019b</a>; Brandenburg and Rebs <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Brandenburg, M., & Rebs, T. (2015). Sustainable supply chain management: A modelling perspective. Annals of Operations Research, 229(1), 213–252. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-015-1853-1
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1555">2015</a>) that could provide validity, objectivity and reliability through a coding-scheme approach, as recommended by previous studies (Queiroz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Queiroz, M. M., Telles, R., & Bonilla, S. H. (2019b). Blockchain and supply chain management integration: A systematic review of the literature. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0143
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1558">2019b</a>; Spens and Kovács <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Spens, K. M., & Kovács, G. (2006). A content analysis of research approaches in logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 36(5), 374–390. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/09600030610676259
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e1561">2006</a>). The categories considered during the analysis of papers were Outbreak/Disease reported, Purpose, Main method/Theoretical approach, and Supply chain/Logistics/Operations implications. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab3">3</a> highlights the findings from the content analysis. </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Content analysis categorization</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.6 </span>Discussion of findings</h3><p>The categorization of the selected papers by the content analysis unlocked exciting findings. Firstly, we identified that the majority of papers were devoted to the Influenza epidemic outbreak (43.75%), followed by papers without any particular focus on a specific epidemic/outbreak, but with some insights into epidemic/outbreak control (18.75%). Then, Cholera and Ebola held the third and fourth rank (12.5%), followed by COVID-19 (9.38%), Malaria, and Smallpox, with one paper dedicated to these epidemics.</p><p>Furthermore, the selected papers mostly presented optimization models for resource allocations (medicaments and vaccines distribution, vaccines procurement contracts, patient allocation, facilities location, etc.). However, some studies approached these epidemic outbreaks for other purposes. This is the case of Bogoch et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Bogoch, I. I., Creatore, M. I., Cetron, M. S., Brownstein, J. S., Pesik, N., Miniota, J., et al. (2015). Assessment of the potential for international dissemination of Ebola virus via commercial air travel during the 2014 west African outbreak. The Lancet, 385(9962), 29–35. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61828-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2676">2015</a>), which considered the impact of Ebola diffusion on international air travelers and on the logistics infrastructure network that is required to minimize the spread. It is also the case of a paper by Ivanov (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2679">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2682">b</a>) that addressed the COVID-19 impacts on SCs and how to predict it by employing simulation techniques (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2685">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2688">2020</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2692">2020b</a>).</p><p>Regarding the “Main Method/Theoretical Approach” reported by the papers, it should be recalled that most papers were related to optimization models, and therefore, they used different mathematical models and approaches. They included mixed integer programming (Liu and Zhang <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Liu, M., & Zhang, D. (2016). A dynamic logistics model for medical resources allocation in an epidemic control with demand forecast updating. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 67(6), 841–852. 
 https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.105
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2698">2016</a>; Büyüktahtakın et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Büyüktahtakın, E., des-Bordes, E., & Kıbış, E. Y. (2018). A new epidemics–logistics model: Insights into controlling the Ebola virus disease in West Africa. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(3), 1046–1063. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.037
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2701">2018</a>), linear programming (Dasaklis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Dasaklis, T. K., Rachaniotis, N., & Pappis, C. (2017). Emergency supply chain management for controlling a smallpox outbreak: The case for regional mass vaccination. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations and Logistics, 4(1), 27–40. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2015.1126379
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2704">2017</a>), game theory (Shamsi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Shamsi, N. G., Ali Torabi, S., & Shakouri, G. H. (2018). An option contract for vaccine procurement using the SIR epidemic model. European Journal of Operational Research, 267(3), 1122–1140. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.12.013
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR127" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2707">2018</a>; Chick et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Chick, S. E., Mamani, H., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2008). Supply chain coordination and influenza vaccination. Operations Research, 56(6), 1493–1506. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.1080.0527
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2710">2008</a>), case study and simulation (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2714">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2717">b</a>), case study and SIR model (Rachaniotis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Rachaniotis, N. P., Dasaklis, T. K., & Pappis, C. P. (2012). A deterministic resource scheduling model in epidemic control: A case study. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(1), 225–231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.07.009
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2720">2012</a>), case study and stochastic programming/Markov (Parvin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Parvin, H., Beygi, S., Helm, J. E., Larson, P. S., & Van Oyen, M. P. (2018). Distribution of medication considering information, transshipment, and clustering: Malaria in Malawi. Production and Operations Management, 27(4), 774–797. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12826
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2723">2018</a>), among others. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab4">4</a> shows the distribution of papers by type of epidemic outbreak.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Analysis of papers by a content analysis approach</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Lastly, concerning the “Supply chain/Logistics/Operations implications”, several interesting points were raised. For example, resource management is a great preoccupation (Rachaniotis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Rachaniotis, N. P., Dasaklis, T. K., & Pappis, C. P. (2012). A deterministic resource scheduling model in epidemic control: A case study. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(1), 225–231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.07.009
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2922">2012</a>; Savachkin and Uribe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Savachkin, A., & Uribe, A. (2012). Dynamic redistribution of mitigation resources during influenza pandemics. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 46(1), 33–45. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2011.05.001
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2925">2012</a>; Long et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Long, E. F., Nohdurft, E., & Spinler, S. (2018). Spatial resource allocation for emerging epidemics: A comparison of greedy, myopic, and dynamic policies. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 20(2), 181–198. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0681
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2928">2018</a>). In this regard, it should be noted that logistics and SCs play an essential role in coordinating and integrating the multiple members’ activities (Mamani et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Mamani, H., Chick, S. E., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2013). A game-theoretic model of international influenza vaccination coordination. Management Science, 59(7), 1650–1670. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1661
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2931">2013</a>), including manufacturers, transportation, hospitals, government, etc. Moreover, in a recent study, Paul and Venkateswaran (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Paul, S., & Venkateswaran, J. (2020). Designing robust policies under deep uncertainty for mitigating epidemics. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 140(October 2019), 106221. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.106221
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2934">2020</a>) emphasized the impact of the SC in order to control epidemic outbreaks. The authors pointed out that the SCs should provide an adequate flow of medicaments and other products to avoid materials shortage. Thus, SCs can influence the duration of an epidemic outbreak.</p><p>Recent studies by Govindan et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Govindan, K., et al. (2020). A decision support system for demand management in healthcare supply chains considering the epidemic outbreaks: A case study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. (Forthcoming)." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2941">2020</a>) and Ivanov (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2944">2020a</a>) also presented the devasting impact of the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 on global SCs. This does not mean that interesting and new findings on the impact of COVID-19 on SCs have not been obtained. For instance, SCM decision-makers are henceforth well equipped to make use of the available technologies and relevant techniques (including simulation) to predict impacts on their organizations/firms’ SCs. Besides, analytics techniques to support decision-making in logistics operations (Griffith et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Griffith, D. A., Boehmke, B., Bradley, R. V., Hazen, B. T., & Johnson, A. W. (2019). Embedded analytics: Improving decision support for humanitarian logistics operations. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 247–265. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2607-z
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2947">2019</a>; Dubey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Fosso Wamba, S., Roubaud, D., & Foropon, C. (2019b). Empirical investigation of data analytics capability and organizational flexibility as complements to supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1582820
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2950">2019b</a>), and social media analytics to support emergency operations decisions (Fosso Wamba et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Fosso Wamba, S., Edwards, A., & Akter, S. (2019). Social media adoption and use for improved emergency services operations: the case of the NSW SES. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 225–245. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2545-9
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2953">2019</a>), play an essential role in order to minimize the epidemic impacts on SCs. Moreover, it is well demonstrated that the SC performance response relies on the scale and timing of the disruption spreading and not on the upstream disruption duration. Ivanov (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e2957">2020a</a>) went on identifying a positive effect of disruptions on SCs responses (upstream and downstream sides) to an epidemic, when the disruption is simultaneous.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Research agenda for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4 </span>Research agenda for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><p>This section deals with the main theoretical and managerial implications of our study with the objective to tease out a research agenda for OSCM at the times of COVID-19 pandemic. To start, Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab5">5</a> synthesizes open research questions following the identified literature gaps and makes important suggestions to scholars and practitioners.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 Proposed research agenda for investigating the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>We organized the literature gaps and open questions in three clusters, namely: the modeling cluster, the organizational cluster, and the technology cluster. The modeling cluster covers optimization, simulation or other OR methods. In the organizational cluster, we consider different forms of SC organisation, including intertwined supply networks (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3532">2020b</a>), to improve collaboration with SCs and their interrelation with the society, etc. For example, the co-benefits generated by epidemic outbreaks are practically unknown, along with the cannibalization of global SCs and the relocalization of manufacturing firms. The technology cluster is dedicated to digital technologies, additive manufacturing, and data analytics. For instance, it addresses the question of how to use disruptive technologies to manage SC disruptions during epidemic crises.</p><p>Besides, in the last column of Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab5">5</a>, we highlighted some suggested and adherent theories of operations (OR/OM) and miscellaneous theories to support the examination of the challenging open research questions (ORQ). In this vein, we identified from our literature analysis suitable OR/OM approaches such as network and complexity theories (e.g., Bayesian networks, complexity theory, reliability theory, petri nets, and Markov chains), mathematical optimization (e.g., mixed-integer linear programming, stochastic programming, metaheuristics, robust optimization, and dynamic programming), and simulation (e.g., agent-based simulation, discrete-event simulation, and systems dynamics). Moreover, these approaches could be integrated with empirical theories in exploring operations such as dynamic capabilities, absorptive capacity, organizational resilience, sociotechnical systems, organizational information processing theory, knowledge-based systems, contingency theory, resource-based view, and diffusion of innovation theory.</p><p>In that context, these theories could bring valuable support in exploring the impact of epidemic outbreaks on SCs. For instance, the mathematical optimization theories can be used develop optimized plan and schedules to avoid shortages, and also deal with ramp-up demands (e.g., toilet paper manufacturers ramping up production due to COVID-19). Simulation techniques allow to develop robust resilience plans, considering new and severe disruptions (e.g., agent-based simulation allows to examines operations behaviours taking into account simultaneous interactions of multiple agents, during and after the COVID-19). Furthermore, due to the complexity of the COVID-19, these approaches could be integrated with some network and complexity theories (e.g., combining some simulation theory with reliability analysis, decision-makers could develop complex scenarios to cope with resource scarcity and simultaneous supply and demand substitutions required at each stage of a pandemic).</p><p>In Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig4">4</a>, we summarise the results of our analyses as an emerging research agenda on OSCM under pandemics and epidemic outbreaks.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10479-020-03685-7/MediaObjects/10479_2020_3685_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="613"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Emerging research agenda on OSCM under pandemics and epidemic outbreaks</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The research agenda in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig4">4</a> is teased out the Tables <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab5">5</a>. It shows open research questions as an extension of our findings during a systematic literature review. Now we discuss the individual components presented in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab5">5</a> and Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Fig4">4</a> in detail.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.1 </span>Preparedeness focus</h3><p>Pre-allocation of resources and emergency distribution planning have been identified in our our SLR as the most visible topics with the preparedeness focus whereas optimization methods dominate this area. In this sense, the research opportunities relate not only to optimization models, but also to the need to implement more sophisticated simulation techniques (Currie et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Currie, C. S. M., Fowler, J. W., Kotiadis, K., Monks, T., Onggo, B. S., Robertson, D. A., et al. (2020). How simulation modelling can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. Journal of Simulation. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2020.1751570
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3593">2020</a>). In addition, queuing theory, scheduling and forecasting approaches need to be explored in pandemic contexts. Our study sheds more light on the importance of managing and allocating resources in an adequate way (Pavlov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Pavlov, A., Ivanov, D., Pavlov, D., & Slinko, A. (2019a). Optimization of network redundancy and contingency planning in sustainable and resilient supply chain resource management under conditions of structural dynamics. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03182-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3596">2019a</a>). This means that decision-makers and policy-makers should improve their organizations’ SC resilience and response capacity by employing not only optimization techniques but also simulations (Paul et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Paul, S. K., Sarker, R., Essam, D., & Lee, P. T. W. (2019). A mathematical modelling approach for managing sudden disturbances in a three-tier manufacturing supply chain. Annals of Operations Research, 280, 299–335. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03251-w
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR108" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3599">2019</a>). First, an in-depth understanding of status quo in SC responsiveness and resilience can be achieved through simulations (Currie et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Currie, C. S. M., Fowler, J. W., Kotiadis, K., Monks, T., Onggo, B. S., Robertson, D. A., et al. (2020). How simulation modelling can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. Journal of Simulation. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2020.1751570
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3602">2020</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3605">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3609">2020</a>). Second, simulation is essential to predict massive disruption scenarios and the required performance capacities.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.2 </span>Digital focus</h3><p>Questions related to cutting-edge technologies like blockchain and AI techniques, for improved response traceability, are fundamental to provide robust, resilient SC models. On the other hand, there is an urgent need to explore the 3D printing/additive manufacturing to efficient and timely deployment of medical equipment. Moreover, the first analyses of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on SCs and production systems suggest that Industry 4.0 and digital manufacturing can play a critical role for SC resilience and ripple effect control (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3620">2019</a>; Hosseini et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Hosseini, S., Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Review of quantitative methods for supply chain resilience analysis. Transportation Research Part E, 125, 285–307." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3623">2019</a>). In terms of visibility and digital control, the firms that are successful in digital manufacturing networks seem to be better positioned in crisis times and in the coordination of future recovery processes (Choi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Choi, T. Y., Rogers, D., & Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus is a wake-up call for supply chain management. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from 
 https://hbr.org/2020/03/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-supply-chain-management
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3626">2020</a>; Dubey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Dubey, R., Altay, N., & Blome, C. (2019a). Swift trust and commitment: The missing links for humanitarian supply chain coordination? Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 159–177. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2676-z
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3629">2019a</a>; Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019). The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and supply chain risk analytics. International Journal of Production Research, 57(3), 829–846. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1488086
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3632">2019</a>; Panetto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Panetto, H., Iung, B., Ivanov, D., Weichhart, G., & Wang, X. (2019). Challenges for the cyber-physical manufacturing enterprises of the future. Annual Reviews in Control, 47, 200–213." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3636">2019</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3639">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3642">b</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020a). A digital supply chain twin for managing the disruptions risks and resilience in the era of Industry 4.0. Production Planning and Control. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1768450
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3645">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3648">b</a>; Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3651">2020</a>; Ni <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ni, J. (2020). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3655">2020</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec13"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.3 </span>Adaptation and recovery focus</h3><p>We found several tensions related to SC responses to past disruptions caused by epidemic outbreaks. From the theoretical perspective, we found that the OSCM literature has addressed the past disruptions caused by the epidemic outbreaks by employing mainly optimization approaches, especially in relation to resources allocation (Büyüktahtakın et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Büyüktahtakın, E., des-Bordes, E., & Kıbış, E. Y. (2018). A new epidemics–logistics model: Insights into controlling the Ebola virus disease in West Africa. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(3), 1046–1063. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.037
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3666">2018</a>; Liu and Zhang <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Liu, M., & Zhang, D. (2016). A dynamic logistics model for medical resources allocation in an epidemic control with demand forecast updating. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 67(6), 841–852. 
 https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.105
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3669">2016</a>; Parvin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Parvin, H., Beygi, S., Helm, J. E., Larson, P. S., & Van Oyen, M. P. (2018). Distribution of medication considering information, transshipment, and clustering: Malaria in Malawi. Production and Operations Management, 27(4), 774–797. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12826
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3672">2018</a>; Rachaniotis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Rachaniotis, N. P., Dasaklis, T. K., & Pappis, C. P. (2012). A deterministic resource scheduling model in epidemic control: A case study. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(1), 225–231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.07.009
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3675">2012</a>). Managers and practitioners need to continuously monitor SCs, as no stage of epidemics’ impacts should be left unturned before any recovery plan is properly implemented and managed. To this end, one of the main lessons from the extant literature is that the OSCM field exerts a great influence on the duration of epidemics (Paul and Venkateswaran <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Paul, S., & Venkateswaran, J. (2020). Designing robust policies under deep uncertainty for mitigating epidemics. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 140(October 2019), 106221. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.106221
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3678">2020</a>). Therefore, the OSCM should operate from the resilience perspective (Dubey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019c" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., Blome, C., & Luo, Z. (2019c). Antecedents of resilient supply chains: An empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 66(1), 8–19. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2017.2723042
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3682">2019c</a>; Dolgui et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2020). Reconfigurable supply chain: The X-network. International Journal of Production Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1774679
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3685">2020</a>), avoiding medicament and equipment shortages, providing a dynamic and responsive operation model at the different stages of the outbreak. In addition, recent studies on the disruptions of SCs provoked by epidemic outbreaks showed that simulation is an important technique to predict and develop plans to respond to such impacts on OSCM (Currie et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Currie, C. S. M., Fowler, J. W., Kotiadis, K., Monks, T., Onggo, B. S., Robertson, D. A., et al. (2020). How simulation modelling can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. Journal of Simulation. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2020.1751570
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3688">2020</a>; Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3691">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3694">2020</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3697">2020b</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec14"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.4 </span>Ripple effect focus</h3><p>Our next finding is that epidemic outbreaks could significantly impact the SCs triggering a highly and unexplored ripple effect (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3708">2020a</a>). The main important theoretical implication resides in reinforcing the need to deepen the understanding of <i>the simultaneous deployment of the ripple effects and epidemic outbreaks on SCs</i> (Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3714">2020</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3717">2020b</a>). The ripple effect is a very strong stressor to SCs and their ongoing collapses amid pandemic coming from the disruption propagations through the networks. Adversely, the situation is stimulated by simultaneous disruptions and uncertainties in demand and supply. The existing knowledge in modelling the SC ripple effect (Dolgui et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2018). Ripple effect in the supply chain: An analysis and recent literature. International Journal of Production Research, 56(1–2), 414–430. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1387680
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3720">2018</a>) is multi-faceted and deserves to be analysed for the unique set of factors shaping SC adaptations during and after a global pandemic.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec15"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.5 </span>Sustainability focus</h3><p>The sustainability focus builds around consideration of SC ecosystems and viability. An SC can be considered viable if it is able to maintain itself and an ecosystem balance (i.e., achieve homeostasis) (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3732">2020b</a>). Sarkis et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., & Schr, P. (2020). A brave new world: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104894
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3735">2020</a>) point to the potentials of the circular economy to ensure long-term SC survivability. Moreover, there are multiple feedback cycles in the SC ecosystems, including both positive and negative feedbacks. As pointed in Ivanov (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3738">2020b</a>), the interactions of the SC and nature are concerned with a positive cycle of using natural resources and a negative cycle of emissions as potential contributors to climate change. The interaction with society results in positive feedbacks such as technological innovations and workforce development although negative feedbacks in terms of possible labor strikes (disruptions at SC resilience level) or global pandemics (disruptions at SC survivability level) also exist. In this vein, the analysis can be brought to the levels of intertwined supply networks (ISN), i.e., “the entirety of interconnected supply chains which, in their integrity secure the provision of society and markets with goods and services” (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3741">2020b</a>). Finally, the issues of humanitarian logistics and SCs build a central perspective in the sustainability focus (Besiou and van Wassenhove <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Besiou, M., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2020). Humanitarian operations: A world of opportunity for relevant and impactful research. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 22(1), 135–145." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3744">2020</a>; Dubey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Bryde, D. J., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Papadopoulos, T. (2020). Blockchain technology for enhancing swift-trust, collaboration and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting. International Journal of Production Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1722860
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3748">2020</a>; Fosso Wamba <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Fosso Wamba, S. (2020). Humanitarian supply chain: A bibliometric analysis and future research directions. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03594-9
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3751">2020</a>). From this perspective, additional research is essential to address concerns of process improvement in humanitarian operations (Larson and Foropon <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Larson, P. D., & Foropon, C. (2018). Process improvement in humanitarian operations: An organisational theory perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56(21), 6828–6841. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1424374
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3754">2018</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec16"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4.6 </span>A discussion note on SC resilience at the pandemic times</h3><p>Based on our findings, we propose a classification of relevant aspects of SC resilience, in view of the particularities of some epidemic outbreaks and global pandemics. The results of our analysis show that the traditional SC risk and resilience understanding (Tang <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Tang, C. S. (2006). Perspectives in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 103(2), 451–488." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR134" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3765">2006</a>; Govindan et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Govindan, K., Fattahi, M., & Keyvanshokooh, E. (2017). Supply chain network design under uncertainty: A comprehensive review and future research directions. European Journal of Operational Research, 263(1), 108–141." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3768">2017</a>; Chen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Chen, H. Y., Das, A., & Ivanov, D. (2019). Building resilience and managing post-disruption supply chain recovery: Lessons from the information and communication technology industry. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 330–342. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.06.002
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3771">2019</a>; Dolgui et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2018). Ripple effect in the supply chain: An analysis and recent literature. International Journal of Production Research, 56(1–2), 414–430. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1387680
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3774">2018</a>; Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Ivanov, D., Das, A., & Choi, T. -M. (2018). New flexibility drivers in manufacturing, service, and supply chain systems. International Journal of Production Research, 56(10), 3359–3368." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR150" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3777">2018</a>; DuHadway et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="DuHadway, S., Carnovale, S., & Hazen, B. (2019). Understanding risk management for intentional supply chain disruptions: Risk detection, risk mitigation, and risk recovery. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 179–198. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2452-0
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3781">2019</a>) is restrictive in tackling long-term, global pandemic disruptions. Therefore, we call for new approaches (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3784">2020a</a>; Ivanov and Das <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Ivanov, D., & Das, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) and supply chain resilience: A research note. International Journal of Integrated Supply Management, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3787">2020</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3790">2020b</a>) or for the extension of the existing ones. Based on the categorization proposed by Ivanov and Dolgui (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3793">2019</a>), we therefore propose to categorize the SC resilience actions in the context of pandemic disruptions, using four main categories, namely: systems, process, control, and recovery, as reported in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#Tab6">6</a>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-6"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab6" data-test="table-caption">Table 6 Categorization for SC resilience to epidemic outbreaks</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7/tables/6" aria-label="Full size table 6"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>A set of critical components of SC resilience can be selected for each category. Besides, it should be noted that all the categories coming into play in the epidemic outbreak are interralated and correlated (e.g., preparedness, response, recovery). As such, faced with important disruptions caused by epidemics, SCs need to reinforce their resilience, including throught increased SC viability (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3893">2020b</a>).</p><p>The available systems are considered a critical aspect of resilience performance by the literature (Aven <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Aven, T. (2017). How some types of risk assessments can support resilience analysis and management. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 167, 536–543. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.07.005
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3899">2017</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3902">2019</a>). They encompass physical and digital components when it comes to SCs (Queiroz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Queiroz, M. M., Pereira, S. C. P., Telles, R., & Machado, M. C. (2019a). Industry 4.0 and digital supply chain capabilities. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 
 https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2018-0435
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR116" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3905">2019a</a>), and support the various interactions of the epidemic outbreak.</p><p>The process category is focused on the interplay between flexibility and product management (Dolgui and Proth <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Dolgui, A., & Proth, J. M. (2010). Supply chain engineering: Useful methods and techniques. London: Springer." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3911">2010</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3914">2019</a>), as acknowledged by the relevant literature. This category calls for a detailed network for the flow of products while avoiding shortages. One efficient strategy for coping with these is related to the process redundancy (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3917">2019</a>).</p><p>The control theory is a well-established conceptualization scheme that has been successfully used in the area of SC disruption and resilience (Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Ivanov, D., Pavlov, A., Dolgui, A., Pavlov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2016). Disruption-driven supply chain (re)-planning and performance impact assessment with consideration of pro-active and recovery policies. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 90, 7–24. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.12.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3924">2016</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Ivanov, D., Pavlov, A., Pavlov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2017). Minimization of disruption-related return flows in the supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 183, 503–513. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.03.012
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3927">2017</a>; Spiegler et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spiegler, V. L. M., Potter, A. T., Naim, M. M., & Towill, D. R. (2016). The value of nonlinear control theory in investigating the underlying dynamics and resilience of a grocery supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 54(1), 265–286. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1076945
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR131" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3930">2016</a>). Severe epidemic outbreaks, including the COVID-19, fall in this category and are amplified, more than ever, by the complexities of the system’s dynamics. Consequently, new control policies to inventory, sourcing and manufacturing, coupled with the resilience of the KPI’s in optimization models, are required.</p><p>The recovery stage plays a fundamental role in SC resilience (Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-certainty-need (LCN) supply chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57(15–16), 5119–5136. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3936">2019</a>; Elluru et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Elluru, S., Gupta, H., Kaur, H., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Proactive and reactive models for disaster resilient supply chain. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 199–224. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2681-2
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3939">2019</a>). It includes different policies for network reconfiguration (Ivanov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Ivanov, D., Pavlov, A., Dolgui, A., Pavlov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2016). Disruption-driven supply chain (re)-planning and performance impact assessment with consideration of pro-active and recovery policies. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 90, 7–24. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.12.007
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3942">2016</a>), with the engagement and interaction of internal and external resources (e.g., manufacturing production, human labor, transportation network, suppliers, and production flexibility). It should be noted that because of shortages (human labor, products) and restrictions on the transportation network (World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3945">2020a</a>), recovering from disruptions caused by the pandemic vary according to regional policies and may face some delays. The recovery process could be accelerated by relying on alternative sources, along with the adoption of production flexibility strategies (World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3948">2020a</a>). For instance, by streamlining their production systems, manufacturing firms could produce more medical supplies to shorten the impacts of epidemics on SCs (World Economic Forum—WEF <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="World Economic Forum—WEF. (2020a). How China can rebuild global supply chain resilience after COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from 
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-and-global-supply-chains/
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3952">2020a</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec17-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec17"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5 </span>Conclusion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec17-content"><p>The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak shows that pandemics and epidemics can seriously wreak havoc on supply chains (SC) around the globe. In this study, we presented a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications on epidemic outbreak impacts on SCs. Utilizing the outcomes of our analysis, we tease out a series of open research questions that would not be observed otherwise.</p><p>In terms of findings and contributions, this study showed that the interplay between SCs and epidemic outbreaks has so far traditionally focused on resource allocation problems and supply medicals distribution, using optimization approaches and epidemic models (Büyüktahtakın et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Büyüktahtakın, E., des-Bordes, E., & Kıbış, E. Y. (2018). A new epidemics–logistics model: Insights into controlling the Ebola virus disease in West Africa. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(3), 1046–1063. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.037
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3967">2018</a>; Mamani et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Mamani, H., Chick, S. E., & Simchi-Levi, D. (2013). A game-theoretic model of international influenza vaccination coordination. Management Science, 59(7), 1650–1670. 
 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1661
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3970">2013</a>; Rachaniotis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Rachaniotis, N. P., Dasaklis, T. K., & Pappis, C. P. (2012). A deterministic resource scheduling model in epidemic control: A case study. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(1), 225–231. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.07.009
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3973">2012</a>). It has also revealed that such an interplay has been dominated by the influenza epidemic, though other relevant epidemic outbreaks are being reported in the SC context.</p><p>In this respect, the COVID-19 pandemic is already devastating global SCs. It should be recalled that investigating the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs is a new but robust research stream (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak. Transportation Research Part E, 136(March), 101922. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.101922
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3979">2020a</a>). This study ended up providing an insightful and challenging research agenda to scholars and practitioners interested in exploring more deeply the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs. In this vein, we identified robust literature gaps and open question opportunities, which we classified in three clusters (modeling, technology, and organizational).</p><p>Most centrally, we proposed a framework of OSCM at the times of COVID-19 pandemic that spans six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. Despite the development of novel classifications and categorizations as well as articulation of novel theoretical tensions, our study harbors a number of limitations. The query used to search the keywords on the databases could be a barrier in exploring other SC-related themes. In the future, additional studies could adopt and extend our protocol for much better results. In addition, this work has been limited by the scarcity of research about the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs. Only 32 documents were found to fully meet our research protocol. Furthermore, as the COVID-19 effects on SCs are still going on and look increasingly devastating, there is not much room for comparative analysis. Considering such limitations, especially in the literature gap related to the effects of epidemic outbreaks on SCs, we have proposed research agenda for future studies.</p><p>In future, one promising research avenue is to frame the analyses of SC behaviors during and after the pandemic in the vein of <i>viability</i>. Viability nicely integrates resilience, adaptation, and sustainability views the importance of which in the analysis of SCs under pandemic conditions has been noted and reported (Ivanov <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03640-6
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3992">2020b</a>; Ivanov and Dolgui <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020b" title="Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020b). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3995">2020b</a>; Sarkis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., & Schr, P. (2020). A brave new world: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104894
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d467069943e3998">2020</a>). Another interesting research avenue is to enrich the OSCM methodical variety by the methods from other disciplines; e.g., to investigate the application of SEIR and epidemic diffusion models to the analysis of SC ripple effect or to study the applications of ecological modelling to SC viability. These and other directions open new, at times unforeseen research avenues where the OSCM can make substantial contributions to theory and practice in order to help firms to remain impactful and relevant during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Aldrighetti, R., Zennaro, I., Battini, D., & Finco, S. (2019). 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The authors thank Associate Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments which helped to improve this paper immensely.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Postgraduate Program in Business Administration, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, 04026-002, Brazil</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Maciel M. Queiroz</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Supply Chain and Operations Management, Berlin School of Economics and Law, 10825, Berlin, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dmitry Ivanov</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">IMT Atlantique, LS2N - CNRS, La Chantrerie, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alexandre Dolgui</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Information, Operations and Management Sciences, TBS Business School, 1 Place Alphonse Jourdain, 31068, Toulouse, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Samuel Fosso Wamba</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Maciel_M_-Queiroz-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Maciel M. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Queiroz, M.M., Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A. <i>et al.</i> Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review. <i>Ann Oper Res</i> <b>319</b>, 1159–1196 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-06-16">16 June 2020</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-12">December 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this 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c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Supply%20chain&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Supply chain</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=COVID-19&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">COVID-19</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Influenza&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Influenza</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Resilience&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Resilience</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Epidemic%20outbreaks&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Epidemic outbreaks</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Pandemic&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Pandemic</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Structured%20literature%20review&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Structured literature review</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Adaptation&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Adaptation</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Digitalization&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Digitalization</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Preparedness&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Preparedness</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Recovery&facet-discipline="Business%20and%20Management"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Recovery</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a 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