CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KGJZMMX');</script>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-29277122-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <META content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <META http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> <META http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"> <meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="jazg3njqarvwzb6hugexme0l9n56sj3bz6oz2jbv9whid98y65iude81ix7gopuf3i6gdfaikvo35e58tlb6-oumux22ocwohj3owmvvszf3kx8d-oordn0c6w3x41wj"> <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="INDEX, FOLLOW"> <META name="keywords" content="Volhynia, Ukrainian: Волинь; Volyn, reference work, Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Інтернетова Енциклопедія України (ІЕУ), Ukraine, Ukraina, Україна"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=Km2wkp7okQ" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/mstile-144x144.png?v=Km2wkp7okQ"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/allMD.css" type="text/css" media="screen, projection">  <title>Volhynia</title> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KGJZMMX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="main" class="main marginZero" role="main"> <div class="hp bg8 tc " > <div > <div class="clear"></div> <div class=" bannerBack marginZero" > <div id="MobileOneLineMenu1" class="Link_Buttons"> <a href="#" type="button" onclick="document.getElementById('MobileOneLineMenu1').style.cssText = ' font-size: 0; height: 0;'; document.getElementById('MobileOneLineMenu2').style.cssText = ' font-size: 1.8em; height: 2.6em;';showMe()">Menu</a> </div> <div id="MobileOneLineMenu2" class="Link_Buttons"> <a href="#" type="button" onclick="document.getElementById('MobileOneLineMenu2').style.cssText = 'font-size: 0; height: 0;'; document.getElementById('MobileOneLineMenu1').style.cssText = ' font-size: 1.8em; height: 2.6em; margin-right: .74em;';notDisplay()">Menu</a> </div> <div class="lower "> <a href="#main"> <img src="images/DBHFill.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="Skip Navigation"></a> <div id="MobileFullMenu" class="mattblacktabs marginZero"> <ul> <li><a href="default.asp" class="buttonHeight buttonWidth marginZero" title=" Go to Home Page ">Home</a></li> <li><a href="info.asp" class="buttonHeight buttonWidth marginZero" title=" View information about IEU ">About IEU</a></li> <li><a href="help.asp" class=" buttonHeight buttonWidth marginZero" title=" View user's instructions, tips and editorial information ">User Info</a></li> <li><a href="contact.asp" class=" buttonHeight buttonWidth marginZero" title=" Contact IEU staff ">Contact Address</a></li> <li><a href="donor.asp" class=" buttonHeight buttonWidth marginZero" title="Donate to Encyclopedia">Donate to IEU</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="largeMenu" class="mattblacktabs marginZero"> <ul role="navigaton"> <li ><a href="default.asp" title=" Go to Home Page " >Home</a></li> <li><a href="info.asp" title=" View information about IEU ">About IEU</a></li> <li><a href="help.asp" title=" View user's instructions, tips and editorial information ">User Info</a></li> <li><a href="main-index.asp" title=" Use IEU Index to search for entry titles ">Index Search</a></li> <li><a href="contact.asp" title=" Contact IEU staff ">Contact Address</a></li> <li><a href="donor.asp" title="Donate to Encyclopedia">Donate to IEU</a></li> </ul> </div> <form name="FormMain" id="Blockkk" method="post" action="alphasearch.asp" class="SearchFloat SearchPosition"> <input id="submit1" type="submit" class="inputButton buttonHeightSub" title=" Search Titles in Encyclopedia " value=" Title " onClick="document.FormMain.action='alphasearch.asp' + '?q=' + document.getElementById('email').value;"> <input id="submit2" type="submit" class="inputButton buttonHeightSub" title=" Full Text Search " value="Text " onClick="document.FormMain.action='query.asp' +'?q=' + document.getElementById('email').value; method='post'" > <input id="submit3" type="submit" class="inputButton buttonHeightSub" title=" Use advanced search functions to search IEU database " value="ADV " onClick="document.FormMain.action='advanced.asp' + '?q=' + document.getElementById('email').value;" > <div id="SearchFieldMobile" class="mattblacktabs" > <label for="email" class="visuallyhidden">Search: </label> <input id="email" type="text" name="Textalpha" value="Search" onfocus="this.value=''"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg9 tc float90 marginZero" > <div class="clear"></div> <BR> <H1>Volhynia</H1>   <div> <div class="marginZero"> <ul class="fl NoListStyle"> <li class="NoListStyle"> <form name="MyFormPrevious" method="post" Action="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/previous.asp?bottomMenuDisplay=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&KidNumer=18123"> <input type="hidden" name="Previous entry" value="pages\V\O\Volhynia.htm"> <a href="javascript:document.MyFormPrevious.submit()" TITLE="Previous Entry" class="inlineBlockDisplay"><Strong><<<</Strong></a> </form> </li> </ul> <ul class=" fr NoListStyle" role="navigaton"> <li > <form name="MyFormNext" method="post" Action="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/next.asp?bottomMenuDisplay=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&KidNumer=18123"> <input type="hidden" name="Next entry" value="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages\V\O\Volhynia.htm"> <a href="javascript:document.MyFormNext.submit()" TITLE="Next Entry" class="inlineBlockDisplay"><Strong>>>></Strong></a> </form> </li> </ul> <ul class="NoListStyle" role="navigaton"> <li class="NoListStyle" > <A href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm" title="View black-on-white text, print, copy-and-paste" class="NoListStyle" rel="nofollow">print</A> </li> </ul> <div class="clear"></div> </div>   <div class="clear"></div> <div id="picturesColumnRight">  <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia_Map.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9026&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia_Map.jpg" title="Volhynia" alt="Image - Volhynia"></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20Polisia%20landscape.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9031&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20Polisia%20landscape.jpg" title="Volhynian Polisia landscape." alt="Image - Volhynian Polisia landscape."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia%20landscape%20near%20Horoshyn.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9030&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia%20landscape%20near%20Horoshyn.jpg" title="Volhynian landscape near Horoshyn." alt="Image - Volhynian landscape near Horoshyn."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20Polisia.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9032&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20Polisia.jpg" title="Volhynian Polisia landscape." alt="Image - Volhynian Polisia landscape."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20landscape.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9029&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20landscape.jpg" title="Volhynian landscape." alt="Image - Volhynian landscape."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20village.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9034&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynian%20village.jpg" title="A Volhynian village." alt="Image - A Volhynian village."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CT%5CU%5CTuriia%20River%20in%20Volhynia%20oblast.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9095&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CT%5CU%5CTuriia%20River%20in%20Volhynia%20oblast.jpg" title="A view of the Turiia River (Volhynia oblast)." alt="Image - A view of the Turiia River (Volhynia oblast)."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia%20Saint%20Mary%20the%20Protectress%20Church%20(1745)%20in%20Piddubtsi.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9104&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia%20Saint%20Mary%20the%20Protectress%20Church%20(1745)%20in%20Piddubtsi.jpg" title="Saint Mary the Protectress Church (1745) in Piddubtsi Volhynia oblast." alt="Image - Saint Mary the Protectress Church (1745) in Piddubtsi Volhynia oblast."></a>  </div> <div class="bg9 tc marginZero">  <div class="fl"> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CS%5CV%5CSvitiaz%20Lake%20in%20Volhynia.jpg&page=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm&id=18123&pid=9033&tyt=Volhynia&key=Volhynia%2C+Ukrainian%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%3B+Volyn"><img class="thumbnailWW" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CS%5CV%5CSvitiaz%20Lake%20in%20Volhynia.jpg" title="The Svitiaz Lake in Volhynia." alt="Image - The Svitiaz Lake in Volhynia."> </a>  </div> <A name="TopPosition"> </A> <a name="main"></a> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Volhynia</STRONG> (Ukrainian: Волинь;<I> Volyn</I>). (Map: <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\V\O\Volhynia_Map.jpg">Volhynia</A>.) A historical region of northwestern Ukraine, located north of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodilia.htm">Podilia</a>, south of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a>, east of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhRiver.htm">Buh River</a>, and west of the upper parts of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTeterivRiver.htm">Teteriv River</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CZ%5CUzhRiverPolisia.htm">Uzh River (Polisia)</a>. Its area is approximately 70,000 sq km, and its population exceeds 4 million. Volhynia's borders have changed considerably over the centuries, shifting consistently from west to east. In the 12th century the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniaprincipality.htm">Volhynia principality</a> was larger than the present region. It extended to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CI%5CWieprzRiver.htm">Wieprz River</a> in the west and to the Narev River and the Yaselda River in the northwest and thus encompassed the present <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKholmregion.htm">Kholm region</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodlachia.htm">Podlachia</a>. Until 1170 it also encompassed the Belz land in the south. Under <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> the smaller <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniavoivodeship.htm">Volhynia voivodeship</a> (1569–1793) did not reach west beyond the Buh River, but included new territory to the east and southeast. Within the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianEmpire.htm">Russian Empire</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniagubernia.htm">Volhynia gubernia</a> consisted approximately of the same territory, except for the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CB%5CZbarazh.htm">Zbarazh</a> region, but expanded east to the upper Teteriv and the Uzh <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivers.htm">rivers</a>. Even its capital, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a>, belonged once to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivprincipality.htm">Kyiv principality</a>, not Volhynia principality. After the 1921 partition of Volhynia between <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> the western part became Volhynia voivodeship. Today Volhynia encompasses most of Volhynia oblast, Rivne oblast, and Zhytomyr oblast, and parts of the former Volhynia gubernia belong to other oblasts—the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> region, to Ternopil oblast, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CZ%5CIziaslavZaslav.htm">Iziaslav (Zaslav)</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStarokostiantyniv.htm">Starokostiantyniv</a> regions, to Khmelnytskyi oblast. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerdychiv.htm">Berdychiv</a> and Radomyshl <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCounties.htm">counties</a> of the former <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivgubernia.htm">Kyiv gubernia</a> now belong to Zhytomyr oblast. Volhynia is usually associated with the territory of the former Volhynia gubernia, which covered 71,700 sq km and in 1914 had a population of 4,190,000. The present Volhynia oblast, Rivne oblast, and Zhytomyr oblast cover 70,200 sq km and have a total population of 3,623,000 (2001 census).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Physical geography.</STRONG> Volhynia is the meeting ground of two distinct landscapes: the glacial, characteristic of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a>, and the plateau, characteristic of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodilia.htm">Podilia</a>. From south to north the following landscape zones appear: (1) the Podolian Upland, (2) Little Polisia, (3) the Volhynia-Kholm Upland, and (4) <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynianPolisia.htm">Volhynian Polisia</a>. East of Slavuta the zone of depressions that forms Little Polisia disappears, leaving only two zones. The northward-flowing Ikva River and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHorynRiver.htm">Horyn River</a> have cut deeply into the Podolian plateau and turned it into an eroded <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CP%5CUpland.htm">upland</a> with mesas and pinnacles. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianetsMountains.htm">Kremianets Mountains</a>, rising to 407 m above sea level, are the most picturesque part of Volhynia. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodolianUpland.htm">Podolian Upland</a> is separated from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia6KholmUpland.htm">Volhynia-Kholm Upland</a> by a zone of depressions. The upper <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhDepression.htm">Buh Depression</a> and the depressions of the Styr River, the Ikva River, and the Horyn River, all ranging in elevation from 200 to 220 m, are separated by low divides. Although they are of tectonic origin dating back to the Paleozoic era, their present appearance is attributed to the Pleistocene period, when meltwaters, blocked by the continental glacier, ponded in the upper Buh Depression and spilled eastward, leaving behind fluvioglacial deposits. As a result depressions are outwash plains, particularly in Little Polisia, east of the Ikva River at the foot of the Kremianets Mountains, where the depression changes to a broad <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CValley.htm">valley</a>. The Volhynia-Kholm Upland rises some 40–80 m above the depressions. The undulating plain has an elevation of 240–300 m. It is built of chalk in the west and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGranite.htm">granite</a> in the east and is overlain with a thick layer of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CO%5CLoess.htm">loess</a>. In the north it descends abruptly to Volhynian Polisia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Prehistory.</STRONG> The earliest settlements in Volhynia date back to the Lower <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPaleolithicPeriod.htm">Paleolithic Period</a>. Flint tools of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CC%5CAcheuleanculture.htm">Acheulean culture</a> have been uncovered in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> region. There are more finds from the Upper <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPaleolithic.htm">Paleolithic</a> (around Kremianets, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDubno.htm">Dubno</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a>) and even more from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CE%5CMesolithicPeriod.htm">Mesolithic Period</a> (tools of the Swiderian culture and its successor, the Campignian culture). During the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNeolithicPeriod.htm">Neolithic Period</a> (5500–4500 BC) and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CN%5CEneolithicPeriod.htm">Eneolithic Period</a> (4500–2800 BC) Volhynia was relatively densely peopled by an agricultural <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTribe.htm">tribe</a> that developed flint tools and linear-band pottery (the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLinearPotteryculture.htm">Linear Pottery culture</a> and Volhynian Neolithic culture). Then the first <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CM%5CImmigrants.htm">immigrants</a> from the south (the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTrypilliaculture.htm">Trypillia culture</a>), from Silesia (the Volute <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPottery.htm">Pottery</a> culture), and from the northwest (the Stone-Cist Grave culture) appeared. In the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBronzeAge.htm">Bronze Age</a> (2800–1000 BC), the population of Volhynia quickly assimilated immigrants from Silesia (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CA%5CLausitzculture.htm">Lausitz culture</a>), and adopted from them the cremation of the dead. It established trade with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTranscarpathia.htm">Transcarpathia</a>, where it acquired bronze weaponry. Toward the end of the Bronze Age the culture evolved into the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CY%5CVysotskeculture.htm">Vysotske culture</a>. Its carriers, according to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHerodotus.htm">Herodotus</a>, were the Nevrians. In the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSarmatian.htm">Sarmatian</a>-<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanperiod.htm">Roman period</a> (50 BC to 200 AD) Volhynia's contacts with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnisterRiver.htm">Dnister River</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm">Dnipro River</a> regions and the Roman trading stations on the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackSea.htm">Black Sea</a> increased.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>History.</STRONG> The first historical name of the people of Volhynia was <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDulibians.htm">Dulibians</a>. In the 10th century that name was replaced by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuzhanians.htm">Buzhanians</a> (found also in Western sources) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynians.htm">Volhynians</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The name Volhynia (<I>Volyn</I>) probably comes from a fortified town from before the 10th century, located at the confluence of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhRiver.htm">Buh River</a> and the Huchva River. Archaeologists have discovered many artifacts from the 6th to 9th centuries, including Roman and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArab.htm">Arab</a> coins, at the site. The Arab <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeographer.htm">geographer</a> Mas’ūdī (10th century) called Volhynia Valinana, its inhabitants, the Dulaba, and their king, Vand Slava.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In the 9th century Volhynia came under the sway of the Great Moravian state. By the beginning of the 10th century the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDulibians.htm">Dulibians</a> were subject to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>. In 981 and 993 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrince.htm">Prince</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyrtheGreat.htm">Volodymyr the Great</a> secured the lands along the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CI%5CSianRiver.htm">Sian River</a> and beyond the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuhRiver.htm">Buh River</a> and built <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyi.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a> (988), which he gave to his son, Vsevolod. In the 990s a Volhynian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CP%5CEparchy.htm">eparchy</a> was established (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyieparchy.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi eparchy</a>). From 1015 to 1030 Volhynia was the battleground of Polish-<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRushDA.htm">Rus’</a> wars. After the death of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm">Yaroslav the Wise</a> Volhynia was inherited by Ihor Yaroslavych and then by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CZ%5CIziaslavYaroslavych.htm">Iziaslav Yaroslavych</a>, his son <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaropolkIziaslavych.htm">Yaropolk Iziaslavych</a> (d 1087), and his grandson, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavSviatopolkovych.htm">Yaroslav Sviatopolkovych</a> (d 1123). During that period Volhynia acquired political individuality. In the 1120s it passed into the hands of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyrMonomakh.htm">Volodymyr Monomakh</a> dynasty, and in 1154, to the Iziaslav dynasty (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CS%5CMstyslavIziaslavych.htm">Mstyslav Iziaslavych</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavIziaslavych.htm">Yaroslav Iziaslavych</a>).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Having subordinated the Galician <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoyars.htm">boyars</a> and beaten foreign invaders <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm">Roman Mstyslavych</a> established a large state encompassing Volhynia, Galicia, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> and known as the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>. After protracted wars with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHungary.htm">Hungary</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> his son <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CA%5CDanyloRomanovych.htm">Danylo Romanovych</a> reclaimed all of Volhynia (1227) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia.htm">Galicia</a> (1230s) and granted western Volhynia to his brother, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVasylkoRomanovych.htm">Vasylko Romanovych</a>. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6Volhynia.htm">Galicia-Volhynia</a> survived the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMongol.htm">Mongol</a> invasion (1240–1). After Danylo Romanovych's death (1264) eastern Volhynia was ruled by his son, Mstyslav Danylovych, and after Vasylko Romanovych's death western Volhynia was inherited by his son, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyrVasylkovych.htm">Volodymyr Vasylkovych</a> (d 1288). After Volodymyr Vasylkovych's death <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CS%5CMstyslavDanylovych.htm">Mstyslav Danylovych</a> briefly brought most of Volhynia under his rule. In the second half of the 13th century <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMazovia.htm">Mazovia</a> principality became subject to Volhynia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">At the beginning of the 14th century Volhynia and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia.htm">Galicia</a> were reunited under <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CU%5CYuriiLvovych.htm">Yurii Lvovych</a> and maintained under the rule of his grandson, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CU%5CYuriiIIBoleslav.htm">Yurii II Boleslav</a>. In 1349, however, the state was partitioned, and Volhynia fell under the control of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiubartas.htm">Liubartas</a>. By the beginning of the 15th century Volhynia was a distinct principality within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its local <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrinces.htm">princes</a> supported <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5C0%5CK0vitrigaila.htm">Švitrigaila</a> in his bid to gain the Lithuanian throne. From 1452 to 1569 Volhynia was a province of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrandDuchyofLithuania.htm">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> consisting of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyi.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStarostvos.htm">starostvos</a>. It came under increasing Polish administrative and economic influence, but maintained the church traditions, customs, and way of life of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrincelyera.htm">Princely era</a>. In the 15th and 16th centuries the princely and noble families (most notably, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstrozky.htm">Ostrozky</a> princes), who led a continuing struggle against the Tatars, consolidated their privileged positions in society. As the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurks.htm">Turks</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTatars.htm">Tatars</a> blocked access to the Mediterranean markets, Volhynia strengthened its trade with the Baltic ports. In the 16th century the flow of Polish nobles and tradesmen into Volhynia, which was one of the most densely populated Ukrainian regions, increased. As Polish influence grew, the condition of the Volhynian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a> became more difficult.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">After the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLublinUnionof.htm">Union of Lublin</a> (1569) Volhynia became a Polish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCrown.htm">crown</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoivodeship.htm">voivodeship</a> without losing its internal <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAutonomy.htm">autonomy</a> and Ukrainian character. The union, however, accelerated the Polonization of the administration and the upper <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CS%5CEstates.htm">estates</a> of Volhynia. The struggle against Roman Catholicism and the Ukrainian national-cultural movement at the beginning of the 17th century was expressed in the writings of the opponents and the supporters of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm">Church Union of Berestia</a> (1596) (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolemicalliterature.htm">Polemical literature</a>), the Orthodox opposition to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReformation.htm">Reformation</a> in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHoshcha.htm">Hoshcha</a>, Lutsk, and elsewhere, the activities of the Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrotherhoods.htm">brotherhoods</a> in Ostroh, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyi.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskBrotherhoodoftheElevationoftheCross.htm">Lutsk Brotherhood of the Elevation of the Cross</a>), and the founding of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstrohAcademy.htm">Ostroh Academy</a>, schools in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Lutsk, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDubno.htm">Dubno</a>, and elsewhere, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrinting.htm">printing</a> presses in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstroh.htm">Ostroh</a> (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstrohPress.htm">Ostroh Press</a>), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaiv.htm">Pochaiv</a> (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonasteryPress.htm">Pochaiv Monastery Press</a>), Derman, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a>, Kostiantyniv, and Chetvertnia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The insurrections of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKosynskyKryshtof.htm">Kryshtof Kosynsky</a> (1591–3) and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CA%5CNalyvaikoSeveryn.htm">Severyn Nalyvaiko</a> (1595) received wide support in Volhynia. During <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>'s uprising rebel groups led by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKryvonisMaksym.htm">Maksym Kryvonis</a>, I. Donets, and M. Tyt were active there. Some of the battles of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack6PolishWar.htm">Cossack-Polish War</a> of 1648–57 took place in Volhynia (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CB%5CZbarazh.htm">Zbarazh</a>, Vyshnevets, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrody.htm">Brody</a>, and, most notably, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerestechkoBattleof.htm">Battle of Berestechko</a>). Nevertheless Volhynia never became part of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm">Hetman state</a> but remained a province of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>. After Bohdan Khmelnytsky's death heavy Polish oppression and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTatar.htm">Tatar</a> raids forced much of the Ukrainian population to emigrate to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLeft6BankUkraine.htm">Left-Bank Ukraine</a>. The Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNobility.htm">nobility</a> in Volhynia lost its political significance. As the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniate.htm">Uniate</a> church spread, the Polish authorities granted the Uniate <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskeparchy.htm">Lutsk eparchy</a> jurisdiction over the remaining Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CL%5CClergy.htm">clergy</a>. In the 18th century the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CA%5CHaidamakauprisings.htm">haidamaka uprisings</a> (1734, 1768) received popular support in Volhynia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">After the partitions of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> (1772, 1793, and 1795) Volhynia, with the exception of the southern part of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCounty.htm">county</a>, which was taken by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAustria.htm">Austria</a> in 1772, became part of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianEmpire.htm">Russian Empire</a>. At the beginning of the 19th century <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniagubernia.htm">Volhynia gubernia</a>, with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a> as its capital, was set up. But the region continued to be dominated by the Polish nobility, and the position of the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a> remained unchanged. The Polish language prevailed. The school superintendent, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CZ%5CCzackiTadeusz.htm">Tadeusz Czacki</a>, opened many Polish schools, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianetsLyceum.htm">Kremianets Lyceum</a> (1819–31) served as a Polish educational center.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolishInsurrectionof1830hD71.htm">Polish Insurrection of 1830–1</a> provoked the Russian government to introduce an anti-Polish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussification.htm">Russification</a> policy, particularly in Volhynia, which was part of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a> general gubernia. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianetsLyceum.htm">Kremianets Lyceum</a>, Polish schools, and many Roman Catholic and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniate.htm">Uniate</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonasteries.htm">monasteries</a> were closed down. In 1838 the Uniate Church in Volhynia was abolished. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLithuanianStatute.htm">Lithuanian Statute</a> was replaced by Russian law, and Russian became the language of the courts and government. The emancipation of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSerfs.htm">serfs</a> (1861) and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolishInsurrectionof1863hD74.htm">Polish Insurrection of 1863–4</a> weakened the Polish nobility. In the 1860s a program of rapid and comprehensive Russification was launched. Russian official circles set up a center for <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CL%5CBlackHundreds.htm">Black Hundreds</a> propaganda at the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPochaivMonastery.htm">Pochaiv Monastery</a>. Volhynia was cut off from the Ukrainian national revival of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until 1911 it did not even have <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CE%5CZemstvos.htm">zemstvos</a>, which in other <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CU%5CGubernias.htm">gubernias</a> provided a measure of self-government and within permitted limits supported Ukrainian cultural expression.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The process of national rebirth began in Volhynia only with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRevolutionof1917.htm">Revolution of 1917</a>. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CViazlovAndrii.htm">Andrii Viazlov</a>, a native of Volhynia, was appointed <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CU%5CGubernia.htm">gubernia</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCommissioner.htm">commissioner</a> by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CE%5CCentralRada.htm">Central Rada</a>. Networks of Ukrainian schools, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CProsvita.htm">Prosvita</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReadingrooms.htm">reading rooms</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCo6operatives.htm">co-operatives</a> were organized. With the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBolshevik.htm">Bolshevik</a> advance against Ukraine, in February 1918 Volhynia became the battleground of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArmyoftheUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Army of the Ukrainian National Republic</a> and the Seventh Russian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRedArmy.htm">Red Army</a>. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a> served as a temporary seat of the Central Rada. In the spring of 1919 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a> became a temporary capital of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUNR.htm">UNR</a>, whose army fought the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBolsheviks.htm">Bolsheviks</a> in eastern Volhynia, then the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoles.htm">Poles</a> in western Volhynia, and again the Bolsheviks in 1920. In November 1921 the Volhynian military group under Gen <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CI%5CTiutiunnykYurii.htm">Yurii Tiutiunnyk</a> staged a raid which inspired many popular revolts against the Bolsheviks (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CI%5CWintercampaigns.htm">Winter campaigns</a>).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In 1921 Volhynia was partitioned according to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRigaPeaceTreatyof.htm">Peace Treaty of Riga</a>: the eastern part was annexed by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, the western part by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>. Eastern Volhynia experienced the same changes as the rest of Soviet Ukraine. In the early 1920s much of the evacuated population returned to Volhynia. The Volhynian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIntelligentsia.htm">intelligentsia</a> was active in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainization.htm">Ukrainization</a> movement of the 1920s, but became a victim of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStalinist.htm">Stalinist</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTerror.htm">terror</a> in the 1930s. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCollectivization.htm">Collectivization</a> and industrialization changed the economic and social profile of Volhynia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The position of Western Volhynia was unique. In the 1920s the national rebirth was promoted by a sizable group of Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIntelligentsia.htm">intelligentsia</a>, who had close contact with activists in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKholmregion.htm">Kholm region</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPodlachia.htm">Podlachia</a>, and Galicia. There was a united and fairly strong Ukrainian representation from Volhynia in the Polish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSejm.htm">Sejm</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSenate.htm">Senate</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianParliamentaryRepresentation.htm">Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation</a>). Volhynian and Galician political groups worked closely together. Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCo6operatives.htm">co-operatives</a> in the two <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoivodeships.htm">voivodeships</a> were linked organizationally, and their <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CProsvita.htm">Prosvita</a> societies co-operated with one another in spite of official prohibition and the establishment of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSokalborder.htm">Sokal border</a>. Nevertheless the authorities managed to fragment and then influence the Ukrainian political movement in Volhynia. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynianUkrainianAlliance.htm">Volhynian Ukrainian Alliance</a> advocated loyalty and collaborated with the Polish regime. The Polish government's <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPacification.htm">Pacification</a> and policy of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTerror.htm">terror</a> in the 1930 elections weakened the Ukrainian parties. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CO%5CGovernor.htm">governor</a> of Volhynia, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CI%5CJI9zewskiHenryk.htm">Henryk Józewski</a>, tried to isolate Volhynia from Galicia. The authorities took strong measures to suppress Ukrainian national and cultural activity: in 1928–32 they closed down the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CProsvita.htm">Prosvita</a> societies in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstroh.htm">Ostroh</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDubno.htm">Dubno</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKovel.htm">Kovel</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyi.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a> (along with 134 branches). On the eve of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondWorldWar.htm">Second World War</a> there were only 8 Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CL%5CElementaryschools.htm">elementary schools</a> in Volhynia, compared to 443 in 1922–3, 1,459 Polish schools, and 520 bilingual schools, where most subjects were taught in Polish. There were three Ukrainian private <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondaryschools.htm">secondary schools</a>, but not one state school. Printed matter from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia.htm">Galicia</a> was not allowed into Volhynia. In 1934, Volhynian co-operatives were subordinated to Polish co-operatives. In the border zone, which covered about one-third of Volhynia, the terror against <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> was intensified: political activists were imprisoned, and people were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism or to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniate.htm">Uniate</a> church. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CR%5COrganizationofUkrainianNationalists.htm">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (OUN) reacted to the repressions by stepping up its activities, and Ukrainian deputies from Volhynia, such as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CK%5CSkrypnykMstyslav.htm">Mstyslav Skrypnyk</a>, protested strenuously in the Sejm.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In 1939 western Volhynia was occupied by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSovietArmy.htm">Soviet Army</a> and annexed by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Two oblasts, Volhynia oblast and Rivne oblast, were formed out of it, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> region was attached to Ternopil oblast. In 1941, as Soviet forces retreated, they committed mass murders in the prisons of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDubno.htm">Dubno</a>, and other cities. Initially the German occupational authorities that replaced them tolerated the revival of Ukrainian civic and religious life. But as soon as the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReichskommissariatUkraine.htm">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> had been set up, in the fall of 1941, the German <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTerror.htm">terror</a> intensified. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> of Volhynia responded with armed resistance. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermans.htm">Germans</a> secured the cities and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CA%5CRailway.htm">railway</a> lines, but not the countryside. They staged punitive raids on the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVillages.htm">villages</a>, which they burned and killed their defenseless inhabitants (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CA%5CNaziwarcrimesinUkraine.htm">Nazi war crimes in Ukraine</a>). In the spring of 1944 the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CResistance.htm">resistance</a> was redirected against the Soviet occupational forces.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Volhynia played an important role in the recent history of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianOrthodoxchurch.htm">Ukrainian Orthodox church</a>. In the early 1920s a group of Ukrainian Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPriests.htm">priests</a> and laity in Volhynia began to Ukrainianize the Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskeparchy.htm">Lutsk eparchy</a> that had been <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussified.htm">Russified</a> until the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRevolutionof1917.htm">Revolution of 1917</a>. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMohylaSociety.htm">Mohyla Society</a> in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a> and a number of church brotherhoods were active in the work. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKremianets.htm">Kremianets</a> Seminary and the Orthodox faculty at the University of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CA%5CWarsaw.htm">Warsaw</a> trained Ukrainian Orthodox priests. When the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBolsheviks.htm">Bolsheviks</a> dissolved the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianAutocephalousOrthodoxchurch.htm">Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church</a> (UAOC) in 1930, Polish-ruled western Volhynia became its chief stronghold. After the German occupation of that part of Volhynia <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBishop.htm">Bishop</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CI%5CSikorskyPolikarp.htm">Polikarp Sikorsky</a> of Lutsk became <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CE%5CMetropolitan.htm">metropolitan</a> (1942) and revitalized the UAOC. In 1943 the hierarchy of the UAOC fled to the West. Under Soviet rule the Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CParishes.htm">parishes</a> of Volhynia were forced to submit to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPatriarch.htm">patriarch</a> of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMoscow.htm">Moscow</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Population.</STRONG> The average population density of Volhynia is 54 persons per sq km (1989 figures). The highest densities occur in the southern (80 persons/sq km) and central (65 persons/sq km) parts of Volhynia, average densities in the zone of depressions (55 persons/sq km), and the lowest densities in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolisia.htm">Polisia</a> (40 persons/sq km). Because of lagging industrialization the proportion of the population that is urban is one of the lowest in Ukraine. In western Volhynia it was 12.1 percent in 1931 and 46.6 percent in 1987; in eastern Volhynia it was 20.5 percent in 1939 and 51.2 percent in 1987. In all of Volhynia it was only 8 percent in 1897, 17 percent in 1939, and 48 percent in 1987. The largest cities in Volhynia are (2001 figures) <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a> (284,000), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a> (249,000), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a> (209,000), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerdychiv.htm">Berdychiv</a> (88,000), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorosten.htm">Korosten</a> (67,000), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKovel.htm">Kovel</a> (66,000), Novovolynsk (54,000), and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNovohrad6Volynskyi.htm">Novohrad-Volynskyi</a> (formerly known as Zviahel) (56,000). </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Until the mid-19th century non-Ukrainians accounted for nearly 20 percent of the population. Among them were <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJews.htm">Jews</a>, Poles, Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics, and a few <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussians.htm">Russians</a>. After the abolition of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSerfdom.htm">serfdom</a> the landlords sold some of their estates and deforested lands to colonists. Some 20,000 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CZ%5CCzechs.htm">Czechs</a> settled in Volhynia (mostly in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDubno.htm">Dubno</a>, Zdolbuniv, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a> counties), nearly 100,000 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermans.htm">Germans</a> (usually on newly cleared land) in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyr6Volynskyi.htm">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CV%5CZviahel.htm">Zviahel</a> counties, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoles.htm">Poles</a> mostly in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Kostopil, and Zviahel <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCounties.htm">counties</a>. The proportion of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> in the population declined to 70 and even 65 percent. During the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CI%5CFirstWorldWar.htm">First World War</a> the Russian government deported some of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermancolonists.htm">German colonists</a>. After 1920 the number of Poles in western Volhynia increased (see <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\V\O\Volhynia_Table1.jpg">table 1</A>).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondWorldWar.htm">Second World War</a> changed the national composition of Volhynia (see <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\V\O\Volhynia_Table2.jpg">table 2</A>). Most <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJews.htm">Jews</a> not evacuated by the Soviets were killed by the Germans. At the end of the war almost all the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermans.htm">Germans</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CZ%5CCzechs.htm">Czechs</a> left, and many <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoles.htm">Poles</a>, particularly from western Volhynia, changed places with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> living in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>. An increasing influx of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussians.htm">Russians</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarusians.htm">Belarusians</a> strengthened the influence of the Russian language in the region.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Economy.</STRONG> Volhynia is an agrarian land with low industrial development, especially in the western part. At the beginning of the 1930s some 78 percent of the population was employed in agriculture, and only 8 percent in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIndustry.htm">industry</a>. In 1987, 52 percent of the population was rural, and most of it based its livelihood on agriculture.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Most of the sown area in 1940 was devoted to grain (73 percent), including rye (29 percent), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CA%5COats.htm">oats</a> (15 percent), wheat (14 percent), and barley (9 percent). Feed crops occupied 11 percent, potatoes, 9 percent, and industrial crops (sugar beet, flax, hemp, hops, and tobacco), 7 percent of the cultivated land. By the 1970s grain accounted for only about 44 percent of the sown area and feed crops had increased to 32 percent, potatoes and vegetables, to 14 percent, and industrial crops, to 10 percent. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrain.htm">Grain</a> yields rose from about 12 centners per ha in 1940 to over 20 centners per ha in the 1970s. Southern Volhynia produced a grain and hop surplus. In northern Volhynia forestry and animal husbandry (dairying and hog farming) prevailed.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Industrial development in Volhynia has been hampered by lack of energy resources, by competition from the more developed central regions of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussianEmpire.htm">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics.htm">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>, and by the region's exposed position between two unfriendly powers. After the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondWorldWar.htm">Second World War</a> the political and economic conditions for industrialization along the western Soviet frontier improved. The development of the Lviv-Volhynia Coal Basin has strengthened the local base for power generation. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyi.htm">Khmelnytskyi</a> nuclear power stations have made Volhynia a power exporter. Pipelines feed the major cities of Volhynia with natural gas for industrial as well as domestic use. The oil pipeline crossing Volhynia transported only Soviet crude oil to the West and contributed nothing to Volhynia's economy.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The most important <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CN%5CIndustry.htm">industry</a> in Volhynia is the food industry. Based on local raw materials, it accounts for over one-third of the value of industrial goods. Its major branches are grist milling, sugar refining, liquor distilling, brewing, fruit and vegetable canning, meat packing, milk processing, and butter making. Sugar refining has expanded to western Volhynia. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerdychiv.htm">Berdychiv</a> has the only malt kiln in Ukraine. Other food-processing operations are more or less ubiquitous. Second in importance are the lumber industry, the woodworking industry, the furniture industry, the wood-chemical industry, the pulp industry and the paper industry. The large woodworking plants and furniture factories in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKovel.htm">Kovel</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm">Lutsk</a>, Rivne, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSarny.htm">Sarny</a>, Zhytomyr, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorosten.htm">Korosten</a>, and Malyn (Zhytomyr oblast) are based on the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CO%5CForest.htm">forest</a> resources of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynianPolisia.htm">Volhynian Polisia</a>. The Kostopil prefabricated-house-building plant is the largest of its kind in Ukraine. Paper mills at <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorostyshiv.htm">Korostyshiv</a>, Malyn, Myropil, and Chyzhivka account for 20 percent of the forest-based industrial output of the region. Third in importance, light industry accounts for less than one-quarter of the region's industrial output. The machine building industry and the metalworking industry have developed only in the last five decades. They produce equipment for the chemical industry and the food-processing industry (Berdychiv, Korosten), metal-cutting machines (Zhytomyr, Berdychiv), road-building (Korosten) and farm machinery (Novohrad-Volynskyi, Kovel, Rivne), tools (Zhytomyr, Lutsk, Rivne), automobiles (Lutsk), and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CA%5CRailway.htm">railway</a> equipment (Kovel). Volhynia's chemical industry produces fertilizers (Rivne), synthetic fibers (Zhytomyr), pharmaceuticals (Zhytomyr) and plastics (Lutsk). The building-materials industry is well developed and supplies other regions. Crushed stone and asbestos-cement (Zdolbuniv) are used for prefabricated cement products. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGranite.htm">Granite</a>, labradorite, basalt, and other rock quarrying provides fine building stone. Local kaolin clays and sand are used for manufacturing <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPottery.htm">pottery</a>, china, and glass, particularly in a cluster of small towns between <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhytomyr.htm">Zhytomyr</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRivne.htm">Rivne</a>. The mining of bog <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CR%5CIronores.htm">iron ores</a> is obsolete, but the discovery and development of ilmenites has given rise to nonferrous metallurgy at Irshansk, which produces titanium dioxide and phosphate fertilizers. The most important industrial centers in Volhynia are Zhytomyr, Rivne, Lutsk, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNovohrad6Volynskyi.htm">Novohrad-Volynskyi</a>, Kovel, and Zdolbuniv.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR> Antonovich, V. ‘Arkheologicheskaia karta Volynskoi gubernii,’ <I>Trudy 11 arkheologicheskogo s"ezda</I> (Moscow 1901)<BR> <I>Trudy Obshchestva issledovatelei Volyni</I>, 1–13 (Zhytomyr 1902–15)<BR> <I>Rocznik Wołyński</I>, 1–8 (Rivne 1930–9)<BR> Richyns’kyi, A. <I>Staryi horod Volyn’</I> (1938)<BR> Levkovych, I. <I>Narys istoriï Volyns’koï zemli</I> (Winnipeg 1953)<BR> <I>Litopys Volyni</I>, 1–15 (<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNewYork.htm">New York</a>–Winnipeg 1953–88)<BR> Baranovich, A. <I>Magnatskoe khoziaistvo na iuge Volyni v XVIII v.</I> (Moscow 1955)<BR> <I>Starodavnie naselennia Prykarpattia i Volyni: Doba pervisnoobshchynnoho ladu</I> (Kyiv 1974)<BR> Tsynkalovs’kyi, O. <I>Stara Volyn’ i Volyns’ke Polissia</I>, 2 vols (Winnipeg 1984, 1986)<BR> Iakovenko, N.; <A name=Index_Kravchenko,_Volodymyr_1></A>Kravchenko, V. (comps); <A name=Index_Kotliar,_Mykola_1></A>Kotliar, M. et al (eds). <I>Torhivlia na Ukraïni, XIV–seredyna XVII stolittia: Volyn’ in Naddnipriashchyna</I> (Kyiv 1990)<BR> Boiko, M. <I>Bibliohrafiia volynoznavstva v Pivnichnii Ameritsi, 1949-1993</I> (Bloomington, Indiana 1993)<BR> <A name=Index_Iakovenko,_Nataliia_1></A>Iakovenko, N. <I>Ukraïns’ka shliakhta z kintsia XIV do seredyny XVII st.: Volyn’ i Tsentral’na Ukraïna</I> (Kyiv 1993)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Petro Hrytsak, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CU%5CKubijovyJ0Volodymyr.htm">Volodymyr Kubijovyč</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPasternakYaroslav.htm">Yaroslav Pasternak</a>, Ihor Stebelsky</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">[This article originally appeared in the <I>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</I>, vol. 5 (1993).]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc">    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Volhynia</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Abramovych, Dmytro</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Abramovych, Dmytro " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CB%5CAbramovychDmytro.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 Abramovych, Nykanor</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 Abramovych, Nykanor " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CB%5CAbramovychNykanor.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Acts, Books of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Acts, Books of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CC%5CActsBooksof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Agronomy, state and social</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Agronomy, state and social " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CG%5CAgronomystateandsocial.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 Algirdas</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 Algirdas " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlgirdas.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 All-Russian Constituent Assembly</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 All-Russian Constituent Assembly " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6RussianConstituentAssembly.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Anatolii, Painter</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Anatolii, Painter " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAnatoliiPainter.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn8" class="visuallyhidden">8 Andrii, Master</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn8" name="groovybtn8" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 8 Andrii, Master " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndriiMaster.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn9" class="visuallyhidden">9 Andriiashev, Oleksander</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn9" name="groovybtn9" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 9 Andriiashev, Oleksander " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndriiashevOleksander.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn10" class="visuallyhidden">10 Antonovych-Melnyk, Kateryna</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn10" name="groovybtn10" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 10 Antonovych-Melnyk, Kateryna " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAntonovych6MelnykKateryna.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn11" class="visuallyhidden">11 Archeology</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn11" name="groovybtn11" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Archeology " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArcheology.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Architecture</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Architecture " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchitecture.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Argentina</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Argentina " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArgentina.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Arkhypenko, Yevhen</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Arkhypenko, Yevhen " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArkhypenkoYevhen.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 Armenians</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 Armenians " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArmenians.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Army of the Ukrainian National Republic</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Army of the Ukrainian National Republic " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArmyoftheUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Art education</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Art education " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArteducation.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Balzac, Honoré de</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Balzac, Honoré de " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBalzacHonorI8de.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Baranivka</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Baranivka " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaranivka.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 Baranovych, Oleksii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 Baranovych, Oleksii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaranovychOleksii.htm'"> </Div> <BR> <P class="tc"> <form name="bbback" action="self"> <label for="groovybtnN" class="visuallyhidden">Next 20 records</label> <INPUT id="groovybtnN" name="groovybtnN" class="groovybutton marginTenPix" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="+ 20 Records >>" ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?page=2&ffpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm#linksaddress'"> </form> <p class="tc b">A referral to this page is found in 466 entries.</p> <BR> </DIV> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" bg8 tc marginZero FontWhite FontVerdana" aria-label="local"> <br> Click Home to get to the IEU Home page; to contact the IEU editors click Contact.<br> To learn more about IEU click About IEU and to view the list of donors and to become an IEU supporter click Donors.  <br>  <br> <ul class="marginZero" role="navigaton"> <li class="queryFontInline"><a class="buttonZ" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com" title="IEU Home Web Page" target="_blank">Home</a></li> <li class="queryFontInline"><a class="buttonZ" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/contact.asp" title="Contact IEU Staff" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="queryFontInline"><a class="buttonZ" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/info.asp" title="Information about IEU" target="_blank">About IEU</a></li> <li class="queryFontInline"><a class="buttonZ" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/donor.asp" title="Donors web page" target="_blank">Donors</a></li> <li class="queryFontInline"><a class="buttonZ" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/donate.asp" title="Donors Web page">Donate to IEU</a></li> </ul>  <br> <span class="FontSizeSmall" > ©2001 All Rights Reserved. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. </span>  <br>  <br> </div> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </body> </html>