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" alt="Image - The church (built in the 1630s) of the Lutsk Brotherhood of the Elevation of the Cross. "></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Liubartas%20castle%20engraving%20(1850).jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9074&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Liubartas%20castle%20engraving%20(1850).jpg" title="The Lutsk castle on 1850 engraving." alt="Image - The Lutsk castle on 1850 engraving."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Castle%20(13th-16th%20cent)%20(aerial%20view).jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9064&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Castle%20(13th-16th%20cent)%20(aerial%20view).jpg" title="The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century) (aerial view)." alt="Image - The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century) (aerial view)."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20courtyard.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9066&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20courtyard.jpg" title="The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)." alt="Image - The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Protectress.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9069&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Protectress.jpg" title="Lutsk: Church of the Holy Protectress." alt="Image - Lutsk: Church of the Holy Protectress."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Church%20and%20Monastery%20of%20the%20Elevation%20of%20the%20Cross.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9068&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Church%20and%20Monastery%20of%20the%20Elevation%20of%20the%20Cross.jpg" title="Lutsk: the Church and Monastery of the Elevation of the Cross." alt="Image - Lutsk: the Church and Monastery of the Elevation of the Cross."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20old%20town%20street.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9075&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20old%20town%20street.jpg" title="Lutsk old town." alt="Image - Lutsk old town."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk_old_town.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9078&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk_old_town.jpg" title="Lutsk old town." alt="Image - Lutsk old town."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Trinity%20Cathedral.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9073&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Trinity%20Cathedral.jpg" title="Lutsk: Holy Trinity Cathedral." alt="Image - Lutsk: Holy Trinity Cathedral."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20city%20center%20view.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9070&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20city%20center%20view.jpg" title="Lutsk city center." alt="Image - Lutsk city center."></a>  </div> <div class="bg9 tc marginZero">  <div class="fl"> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Holy%20Trinity%20Cathedral.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9072&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnailWW" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Holy%20Trinity%20Cathedral.jpg" title="Lutsk: Holy Trinity Cathedral." alt="Image - Lutsk: Holy Trinity Cathedral."> </a>  </div> <A name="TopPosition"> </A> <a name="main"></a> <P class="padingHistoryLand"><STRONG>Lutsk</STRONG> [Луцьк; Luc’k]. Map: <a href='mapsDisplay.asp?linkpath=III-6z.jpg&varName=Lutsk&varLeft=70&varTop=53&Obl=Volhynia'>III-6</a>. A city (2013 pop 215,624) on the Styr River and the center of Volhynia oblast and Lutsk raion. It is first mentioned in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CY%5CHypatianChronicle.htm">Hypatian Chronicle</a> under the year 1085, but it was probably a tribal center of the Luchanians as early as the 10th century. There is evidence that the area was settled in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNeolithicPeriod.htm">Neolithic Period</a>. Lutsk was the capital of an independent principality from 1154. In 1225 it belonged to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolodymyrprincipality.htm">Volodymyr principality</a> and later to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>. In 1340 it was annexed by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiubartas.htm">Liubartas</a>, who built a large <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCastle.htm">castle</a> there and established Lutsk as the capital of an appanage principality (1340–84, 1440–53) within the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLithuanian6Ruthenianstate.htm">Lithuanian-Ruthenian state</a>. After the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLublinUnionof.htm">Union of Lublin</a> in 1569, the city came under Polish rule and served as a center of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniavoivodeship.htm">Volhynia voivodeship</a>. In the 15th and 16th centuries it was one of the main trade centers in Ukraine because of its location at the crossroads of major trade routes. Many <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKaraites.htm">Karaites</a> from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCrimea.htm">Crimea</a> settled there in that period, as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArmenians.htm">Armenians</a> had done earlier. In 1429 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CY%5CVytautastheGreat.htm">Vytautas the Great</a> of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLithuania.htm">Lithuania</a> called a conference of European monarchs in Lutsk. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The city was also an important Ukrainian religious and cultural center. In the 13th century it was the seat of an <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CP%5CEparchy.htm">eparchy</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskeparchy.htm">Lutsk eparchy</a>), and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CH%5CZhydychynSaintNicholassMonastery.htm">Zhydychyn Saint Nicholas's Monastery</a> was established nearby. In 1617 the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskBrotherhoodoftheElevationoftheCross.htm">Lutsk Brotherhood of the Elevation of the Cross</a> was founded, and in 1621 it set up a school (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskBrotherhoodoftheElevationoftheCrossSchool.htm">Lutsk Brotherhood of the Elevation of the Cross School</a>). A <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJesuit.htm">Jesuit</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCollege.htm">college</a> was added in 1614 to the city's Polish schools. Later in the 17th century Lutsk declined. It was annexed by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussia.htm">Russia</a> in 1795, and became a <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCounty.htm">county</a> center. The town grew: in 1897 its population was 14,800 (79 percent <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJewish.htm">Jewish</a>), and in 1912, 26,600. Until the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CI%5CFirstWorldWar.htm">First World War</a> there was a Russian fortress in Lutsk. In 1917–19 the city belonged to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Ukrainian National Republic</a>. In May 1919 the Polish army overpowered the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKholm.htm">Kholm</a> Division and took Lutsk.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">As a <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoivodeship.htm">voivodeship</a> center under the Polish regime (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniavoivodeship.htm">Volhynia voivodeship</a>), Lutsk grew to 35,600 by 1931. In the interwar period it was the Ukrainian political and cultural center for western <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynia.htm">Volhynia</a>. It was the center of a network of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CProsvita.htm">Prosvita</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CReadingrooms.htm">reading rooms</a> (134 which were closed down by the Polish authorities in 1932) and the seat of a Ukrainian Orthodox <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutskeparchy.htm">Lutsk eparchy</a>. It had a private Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CY%5CGymnasium.htm">gymnasium</a>, a <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRidnaKhata.htm">Ridna Khata</a> club, and a drama <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CH%5CTheater.htm">theater</a> and was the base of the religious-education <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMohylaSociety.htm">Mohyla Society</a> (est 1931). It was also a modest <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CU%5CPublishingcenter.htm">publishing center</a>: <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeriodicals.htm">periodicals</a> such as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromadaLutskIT.htm"><I>Hromada</I> (Lutsk)</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkraI5nshDAkahromadaLutskIT.htm"><I>Ukraïns’ka hromada</I> (Lutsk)</a> in the 1920s and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolynshDAkanediliaIT.htm"><I>Volyns’ka nedilia</I></a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkraI5nshDAkanyvaIT.htm"><I>Ukraïns’ka nyva</I></a> (later <I>Volyns'ke slovo</I>), and <I>Ridnyi kolos</I> in the 1930s appeared there. In 1939 Lutsk was occupied by the Soviets, who, retreating from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermans.htm">Germans</a> in 1941, murdered about 3,000 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> in the local prison.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Today Lutsk is a center of food production (milling, meat-packing, and sugar refining), smelting, machine building, brick-making, and clothes and footwear manufacturing. It has six <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversities.htm">universities</a>, including <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniaNationalUniversity.htm">Volhynia National University</a> and Lutsk <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CE%5CTechnicalUniversity.htm">Technical University</a>, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynianUkrainianMusicandDramaTheater.htm">Volhynian Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater</a>, a philharmonic <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CR%5COrchestra.htm">orchestra</a>, and several <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMuseums.htm">museums</a>, including the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhynianRegionalStudiesMuseum.htm">Volhynian Regional Studies Museum</a> and the Volhynian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CC%5CIcon.htm">Icon</a> Museum. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The old quarter of the city is situated on an elevated section of the bank of the Styr River, surrounded by swampland on both sides. The city expanded northward, toward the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CA%5CRailroad.htm">railroad</a> station, and, recently, toward the west and southwest. The most important historic monument is <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiubartas.htm">Liubartas</a>'s castle, which stands on a small hill between the Styr River and the Hlushytsia River. It includes remnants of the upper <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCastle.htm">castle</a> built in the 13th century and several towers. The most majestic building is the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaroque.htm">baroque</a> Roman Catholic church built in 1619–20. Few old Ukrainian churches remain. There are no traces of the cathedral that stood within the fortifications or of Saint Demetrius's Church (14th century). The <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\L\U\Lutsk Church of the Holy Protectress.jpg">Church of the Holy Protectress</A> was reconstructed from its 15th-century ruins, and the <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\L\U\Lutsk Church and Monastery of the Elevation of the Cross.jpg">Church of the Elevation of the Cross</A> was rebuilt in 1890 from the remains of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrotherhood.htm">brotherhood</a>'s church (1619–20). Outside the old quarter is the Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral, built in the baroque style in 1754 on the site of a wooden church (1648).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR> Mykhailiuk, O.; Kichyi, I. <I>Istoriia Luts’ka</I> (Lviv 1991)<BR> Denysiuk, V. <I>Luts’ku–910 rokiv: Istoryko-kraieznavchyi narys</I> (Lutsk 1995)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Volodymyr Kubijovyč</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">[This article was updated in 2014.]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc"> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20tower.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9067&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20tower.jpg" title="The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)." alt="Image - The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Eastern%20European%20National%20University.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9071&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Eastern%20European%20National%20University.jpg" title="Lutsk Eastern European National University (main building)." alt="Image - Lutsk Eastern European National University (main building)."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Jesuit_college.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9076&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Jesuit_college.jpg" title="Lutsk: Jesuit_college." alt="Image - Lutsk: Jesuit_college."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Lutheran_church.jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9077&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20Lutheran_church.jpg" title="Lutsk: Lutheran church." alt="Image - Lutsk: Lutheran church."></a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20(tower).jpg&page=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk.htm&id=7988&pid=9065&tyt=Lutsk&key=Lutsk%2C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%3B+Luc%E2%80%99k"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CL%5CU%5CLutsk%20castle%20(tower).jpg" title="The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)." alt="Image - The Lutsk Castle (13th-16th century)."></a>    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Lutsk</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Agricultural periodicals</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Agricultural periodicals " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CG%5CAgriculturalperiodicals.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 Agronomy, state and social</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 Agronomy, state and social " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CG%5CAgronomystateandsocial.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Apostolos</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Apostolos " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CP%5CApostolos.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Architecture</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Architecture " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchitecture.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 Arkhypenko, Yevhen</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 Arkhypenko, Yevhen " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArkhypenkoYevhen.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 Armenians</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 Armenians " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArmenians.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Audit Union of Ukrainian Co-operatives</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Audit Union of Ukrainian Co-operatives " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAuditUnionofUkrainianCo6operatives.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn8" class="visuallyhidden">8 Balaban, Dionisii</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn8" name="groovybtn8" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 8 Balaban, Dionisii " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBalabanDionisii.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn9" class="visuallyhidden">9 Beaver</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn9" name="groovybtn9" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 9 Beaver " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBeaver.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn10" class="visuallyhidden">10 Bilinsky, Yaroslav</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn10" name="groovybtn10" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 10 Bilinsky, Yaroslav " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBilinskyYaroslav.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn11" class="visuallyhidden">11 Boiko, Vasyl</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn11" name="groovybtn11" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Boiko, Vasyl " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikoVasyl.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Bratkovsky, Danylo</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Bratkovsky, Danylo " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBratkovskyDanylo.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Brotherhood schools</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Brotherhood schools " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrotherhoodschools.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Brotherhoods</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Brotherhoods " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrotherhoods.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 Castles</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 Castles " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCastles.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Cherkavsky, Mykhailo</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Cherkavsky, Mykhailo " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCherkavskyMykhailo.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Choirs</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Choirs " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChoirs.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Church rite</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Church rite " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchrite.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Church Union of Berestia</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Church Union of Berestia " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchUnionofBerestia.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 Crafts</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 Crafts " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCrafts.htm'"> </Div> <BR> <P class="tc"> <form name="bbback" action="self"> <label for="groovybtnN" class="visuallyhidden">Next 20 records</label> <INPUT id="groovybtnN" name="groovybtnN" class="groovybutton marginTenPix" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="+ 20 Records >>" 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