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.responsive-content-text-links,#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-image,#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-video{position:relative;float:none;clear:both;width:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-right:15px;margin-left:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-text-links{margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-right:15px;margin-left:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-text-wrap{text-align:initial}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-image{text-align:center;margin-top:15px;margin-right:0;margin-left:0;margin-bottom:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .text-light .responsive-content-title,#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .text-light .responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-c1d0d639-c538-4072-9408-d56d55edaab1" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">What is a Grignard Reaction?</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Key Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>In a Grignard reaction, alkyl-, aryl-, vinyl organomagnesium halide compounds react with molecules that have polarized bonds, including ketones, esters, aldehydes, organic acids, nitriles, and amides. These organomagnesium halide compounds, known as Grignard reagents, are nucleophiles that attack the electrophilic carbon atom in, for example, carbonyl bonds. Grignard reactions are important due to their ability to form carbon-carbon bonds.</p><p>Grignard reagents are strong bases and will react with protic compounds which makes them exceedingly valuable tools for organic synthesis. As an example, organomagnesium halides will undergo addition to the carbonyl bond of a ketone or aldehyde forming an adduct which is then hydrolyzed to form an alcohol. Hundreds of different alcohols have been synthesized via the Grignard reaction. </p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a{position:relative;background-color:none;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a .mobile-image{display:none}#responsive-content-wrapper-d013f0ec-eaef-4ea2-a6ce-f452a0f1612a 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class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Importance of Grignard Reactions</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Effective Production of C-C Bonds </strong></h3><div class="text"><p>The value of the Grignard reaction cannot be overstated. In general, Grignard reactions represent one of the best ways in organic chemistry to produce C-C bonds and enable the coupling of alkyl chains. For example, Grignard reagents are frequently used to alkylate aldehydes and ketones. There are few reagents available to the chemist that are as effective as Grignards for C-C bond formation.</p><p>Carbon is more electronegative than magnesium, and the metal-carbon bond in Grignard regents is quite ionic. These carbanions are quite nucleophilic and readily react with electrophilic groups such as carbonyl moieties. Thus, Grignard reagents react with formaldehyde to form primary alcohols, with aldehydes to form secondary alcohols and ketones, and esters and acid halides to form tertiary alcohols.</p><p>Reactions of various organic compounds with Grignard reagents yield amines, ketones, nitriles, thiols, aldehydes, etc. Grignard reagents can react with a variety of halides to form carbon-hetero atom bonds.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67{position:relative;background-color:none;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 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p{color:#fff}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67{background:0;background:-moz-linear-gradient(none,none,#fff);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(none,none,#fff);background:-o-linear-gradient(none,none,#fff);background:-ms-linear-gradient(none,none,#fff)}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .responsive-content-video{position:absolute;z-index:1;left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .simplelinklist{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .simplelinklist ul li{font-size:1rem}.mt_direction_right_to_left .responsive-content-text-wrap{text-align:right!important}@media(max-width:768px){#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67{min-height:0!important;height:100%;overflow:hidden;margin:4px 2px 0 2px}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 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.responsive-content-image{text-align:center;margin-top:15px;margin-right:0;margin-left:0;margin-bottom:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .text-light .responsive-content-title,#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .text-light .responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-59a5e4ad-3388-4ec4-8f7a-8322b13eac67" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Safety Considerations in Grignard Reagent Synthesis</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Minimizing Hazard with Inline Reaction Monitoring</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>Due to the exothermicity of Grignard formation, as well overall reactivity of Grignard reagents, synthesizing them can be particularly hazardous. Notwithstanding, the formation of Grignard reagents and subsequent Grignard reactions are widely used in the production of fine chemical and pharmaceutical compounds.</p><p>The synthesis of a Grignard reagent may have a variable induction period associated with an autocatalytic process that accelerates the formation of radicals on the magnesium metal. Although the reaction may be slow to initiate, as the number of magnesium radicals quickly increase, the reaction may advance rapidly with concurrent significant heat release. If not well controlled, this issue of induction period followed by rapid initiation may result in a runaway reaction. The variability and overly-lengthy induction period is often due to the presence of trace impurities in solution, or passivity caused by an oxide layer on the magnesium surface. Overdosing the organohalide during this period exacerbates the hazardous nature of the reaction when initiation occurs.</p><p>The issues associated with reagent and reactant purity, the type of Grignard reagent formed, and reaction variables need to be carefully understood and controlled. For this reason, chemists and engineers have turned to the RC1mx reaction calorimeter to measure the exothermicity of Grignard reactions, and ReactIR to monitor the organic halide concentration dosing and to track the formation of the Grignard reagent.  The use of heat and mass balance online monitoring reveals the link between reaction variables and reaction performance, ensuring the safety of Grignard reagent synthesis.</p></div></div><div class="repsponsive-content-link-wrap"><div class="feedbackb"><div class="fbB_formView fb_standard_view_responsivefeaturecon_1839982907_feedbackb"><div id="fbB_introBtnText_table_responsivefeaturecon_1839982907_feedbackb"><form method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.fb.overviewafpar.responsivefeaturecon_1839982907.feedbackb.html" style="display:inline-block;"><button class="fb-button-p5a btn-action btn-primary btn-large" data-aa-catId="72" aria-label="Request More 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.responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-b1deefe1-b6d4-410a-af16-dff172fdad29 .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-b1deefe1-b6d4-410a-af16-dff172fdad29 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-b1deefe1-b6d4-410a-af16-dff172fdad29 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-b1deefe1-b6d4-410a-af16-dff172fdad29" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Grignard Reactions and Flow Chemistry</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>What You Should Know</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>The pharmaceutical industry increasingly embraces continuous flow chemistry either as an alternative or in conjunction with traditional batch syntheses. The advantages of <a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/continuous.html" target="_self">flow chemistry</a> are well understood. Among the most important advantages are reducing the hazards of reactions, since only small amounts of energetic materials are either formed or used at any given time. Also, due to the high surface area of flow apparatus, superior control of temperature and in particular exotherms, is enabled. For these reasons, the use of flow chemistry in the synthesis of Grignard reagents, and the application of these reagents to a wide range of organic syntheses, is greatly expanding. Inline FTIR spectroscopy via ReactIR equipped with an optimized FTIR-ATR flow cell is frequently used in flow syntheses to monitor the formation of the Grignard reagent and/or the final product of the Grignard reactions.</p><p>As an example, a recent article described the redesign of process for an API that used a continuous flow strategy, which provided numerous advantages over the existing batch process. The advantages included fewer synthetic steps, lower energy consumption and less raw material usage. One of the key steps was developing a continuous flow method for the initial step, a Grignard addition between between 10,10-dimethylanthrone (10,10DMA) and 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propylmagnesium chloride, resulting in formation of the magnesium alkoxide. A ReactIR flow cell was placed inline after the first reactor coil to monitor the Grignard step in the overall reaction sequence, specifically tracking the carbonyl group of the 10,10DMA starting material as a function of time to ensure that complete conversion occurred.</p><p><i>Pedersen, M., Skovby, T., Mealy, M., Dam-Johansen, K., Kiil, S., “Redesign of a Grignard-Based Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Batch Synthesis to a Flow Process for the Preparation of Melitracen HCl”, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2018, 22, 228−235. DOI:10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00368 </i></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d{position:relative;background-color:none;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .mobile-image{display:none}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d 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.responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-02f57271-d011-4efb-b77d-117a46471f1d" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Technology for Grignard Reactions</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Safe, Fast Reaction Optimization & Control</strong></h3><div class="text"><p><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/ReactIR.html" style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">FTIR Spectrometers</a><br></p><ul><li>Real-time tracking of Grignard reaction progress; follow reactants, reagents, intermediates, products, and by-products</li><li>Safer preparation of Grignard reagents; track initiation, conversion, accumulation, stalling, endpoint</li><li>Obtain key kinetic and mechanistic information</li><li>Real-time monitoring of Grignard reagent synthesis and Grignards reactions in continuous flow processes</li></ul><p><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/Chemical-Synthesis-and-Process-Development-Lab-Reactors/Synthesis-Reactor-Systems.html" target="_self" style="background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">Chemical Synthesis Reactors</a> and Reaction Calorimetry</p><ul><li>Precise, automated control to test and optimize reaction parameters</li><li>Measure heat flow during Grignard reagent generation and Grignard reaction to ensure safety and optimized reaction performance</li><li>Support development and safe scale-up efforts</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5{position:relative;background-color:none;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5 .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:30px;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:30px}#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5 .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5 .mobile-image{display:none}#responsive-content-wrapper-ef790db2-b108-4eda-a012-51b9be805da5 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data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="true" data-video-id="CoINKzPqsqc" data-component-id="708496877"><h3 class="mediaLabel hide "></h3><div id="mediaContainerWrapper_708496877" style="max-width: 560px; width: 100%"><div class="mediaContainer embeddedVideoPreloading" data-external-url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoINKzPqsqc" id="mediaContainer_708496877" style="width: 560px; height:315px" data-advanced-option="false" data-width="560" data-height="315" data-video-id="CoINKzPqsqc"><button class="mt-btn-link" id="mediaVideoButton_708496877" rel="nofollow"><div class="mediaPreviewImage"><picture><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/multimedia/content/product-organizations/autochem/reactir-grignard/_jcr_content/multiMediaPar/embeddedvideo_3c1a/previewImage.webImage.file.png" height="315" width="100%" id="previewImage_708496877"></picture><span class="mediaVideoIcon"></span></div></button></div></div><div class="clear_all"></div><div class="mediaDescription hide" style="max-width: 560px;width:100%;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Real-time Monitoring of Grignard Reactions in Batch or Flow</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>With ReactIR In Situ Spectrometer</strong></h3><div class="text"><ul><li>Track <i>in situ</i> conversion of organohalide reactant and formation of Grignard reagent</li><li>Monitor and control accumulation of unreacted organohalide to minimize stalling and runaway reaction</li><li>Eliminate grab sampling; measure reaction species <i>in situ</i> to minimize the introduction of detrimental air and moisture</li><li>Develop real-time trending profiles for key reaction species: reactants, intermediates, products, byproducts in Grignard reactions</li><li>Obtain data-rich information for traditional kinetic analysis or Reaction Progress Kinetics Analysis (RPKA) methods</li><li>Test the effects of reaction variables on performance</li></ul></div></div><div class="repsponsive-content-link-wrap"><div class="feedbackb"><div class="fbB_formView fb_standard_view_responsivefeaturecon_492769413_feedbackb"><div id="fbB_introBtnText_table_responsivefeaturecon_492769413_feedbackb"><form method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.fb.overviewafpar.responsivefeaturecon_492769413.feedbackb.html" style="display:inline-block;"><button class="fb-button-p5a btn-action btn-primary btn-large" data-aa-catId="72" aria-label="Request More Information"><span> Request More Information </span></button></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent 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a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-5ed96091-fbbe-4b3a-9449-b50336c6e070" style="min-height:315px;"><div class="responsive-content-image "><picture><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application/_jcr_content/applicationtabs/overviewafpar/responsivefeaturecon_2002824056/image.webImage.file.png" alt="Grignard Reagent Preparation" title="Grignard Reagent Preparation"></picture></div><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Safe Preparation of Grignard Reagents</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Understand and Control Exothermic Events</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>In a typical Grignard reagent synthesis, the reactor is first charged with Mg metal turnings in THF. A small portion of the organic halide (R-X) is added and the mixture is brought to reflux. The formation of Grignard reagent can be slow to initiate but once the reaction commences, as indicated by a by exothermic temperature rise, the remaining R-X is added.</p><p>Since detection of the exotherm may be difficult under reflux conditions,<i> in situ</i> FTIR spectroscopy is used to monitor the organic halide concentration and the formation of the Grignard reagent. The point of reaction initiation, and the subsequent formation of the Grignard reagent, are continuously measured over the course of the reaction.</p><p>The relative R-MgBr concentration trend shows two initial additions of the aryl halide. The initiation doesn't occur until two hours into the reaction and the continuous real-time information provided by ReactIR ensures that there is a manageable accumulation of aryl halide. </p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-8d63f7e2-efe0-44d1-8ffd-6919c7da3bc5{position:relative;background-color:none;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-8d63f7e2-efe0-44d1-8ffd-6919c7da3bc5:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-8d63f7e2-efe0-44d1-8ffd-6919c7da3bc5 .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-8d63f7e2-efe0-44d1-8ffd-6919c7da3bc5 .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-8d63f7e2-efe0-44d1-8ffd-6919c7da3bc5 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class="responsive-content-title">Reaction Calorimetry for Grignard Reactions</h2><div class="text"><ul><li>Accumulation of reactants or energy that is clearly understood for data-driven decisions at scale</li><li>Ensure sufficient cooling at large scale to avoid an increase of temperature followed by a runaway reaction</li><li>Understand the impact of delayed or auto-catalyzed reactions</li><li>Monitor pressure and gas evolutions</li><li>Track heat and mass transfer</li></ul></div></div><div class="repsponsive-content-link-wrap"><div class="feedbackb"><div class="fbB_formView fb_standard_view_responsivefeaturecon_1610782059_feedbackb"><div id="fbB_introBtnText_table_responsivefeaturecon_1610782059_feedbackb"><form method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.fb.overviewafpar.responsivefeaturecon_1610782059.feedbackb.html" style="display:inline-block;"><button class="fb-button-p5a btn-action btn-primary btn-large" 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(2019) 5–7.</li><li>Gérardy, R., Emmanuel, N., Toupy, T., Kassin, V-E., Tshibalonza, N., Schmitz, M., Monbaliu, J-C., “Continuous Flow Organic Chemistry: Successes and Pitfalls at the Interface with Current Societal Challenges”, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 2301–2351.</li><li>Hunter, S., Susanne, F., Whitten, R., Hartwig, T., Schilling, M., “Process Design Methodology for Organometallic Chemistry in Continuous Flow Systems”, Tetrahedron, 74, (2018), 3176-3182.</li><li>Pedersen, M., Skovby, T., Mealy, M., Dam-Johansen, K., Kiil, S., “Redesign of a Grignard-Based Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Batch Synthesis to a Flow Process for the Preparation of Melitracen HCl”, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2018, 22, 228−235.</li><li>Duan, S., Place, D., Perfect, H., Ide, N., Maloney, M., Sutherland, K., Wiglesworth, K., Wang, K., Olivier, M., Kong, F., Leeman, K., Blunt, J., Draper, J., McAuliﬀe, M., O’Sullivan, M., Denis Lynch, D., “Palbociclib Commercial Manufacturing Process Development. Part I: Control of Regioselectivity in a Grignard-Mediated SNAr Coupling”, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2016, 20, 1191−1202.</li><li>Zhou, G., Moment, A., Cuff, J., Schafer, W., Orella, C., Sirota, E., Gong, X., Welch, C., “ Process Development and Control with Recent New FBRM, PVM, and IR”, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2015, 19 (1), pp 227–235.</li><li>Brodmann, T., Koos, P., Metzger, A., Knochel, P., Ley, S., “Continuous Preparation of Arylmagnesium Reagents in Flow with Inline IR Monitoring”, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2012, 16 (5), pp 1102–1113.</li><li>Kryk, H., Hessel, G., Schmitt, W., “Improvement of Process Safety and Efficiency of Grignard Reactions by Real-Time Monitoring”, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2007, 11, pp 1135-1140.</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16{position:relative;background-color:#bce4fa;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .mobile-image{display:none}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 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.responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16 .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-86b0660c-61ab-43cb-9d12-1de5363a2e16" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">FTIR and Reaction Calorimetry For Safer Preparation of Grignard Reagents</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Feature Article</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>Investigating Grignard reagent synthesis by IR monitoring and reaction calorimetry yields significant insight into safe preparation of these important reagents. In one of the earliest examples, David am Ende and his colleagues at Pfizer demonstrated the value of these techniques for mitigating the hazards of scaling up Grignard reagent synthesis.</p><p>Initiation is the key stage which needs to be carefully monitored in order to prevent a buildup of excess organic halide, and reduce the chance of a runaway reaction. In a production scale reactor this can be difficult to ascertain. To model this, a ReactIR probe inserted into a RC-1 reaction calorimeter was used to track specific peaks in the IR spectrum associated with the aryl-halide reactant and the Grignard reagent, respectively. Reaction initiation was shown to occur when the IR peak for the aryl-halide reactant diminished and the peak associated with the Grignard reagent increased. For this particular chemistry, a well-controlled reaction resulted from adding 5 % of the total aryl-halide charge, waiting for initiation to occur, as evidenced by the IR data, and then adding the rest of the aryl-halide. The aryl-halide concentration was continually tracked after the reaction proceeded to minimize the chance of reaction upsets, such as stalling.</p><p>Concurrent with the IR monitoring, the heat flow calorimetry of the Grignard reagent formation was monitored. After the magnesium turnings in THF was brought to reflux, the 5 % charge of aryl-halide was added over a 3 minute period. The heat liberated was -89 kcal/mol of the aryl halide with a maximum heat flow of 45 W or 140 W/L removed by the reflux condenser. Once initiation commenced, the rest of the aryl-halide was added over a 1 hour period and the heat liberated was -87 kcal/mole of magnesium. The total temperature rise was calculated to be 167<b>°</b>C. A second experiment was carried out with constant dosing over a hour period and not waiting for initiation. In this case, the heat flow from initiation was a very high 550 W/L.</p><p>The RC1 reaction calorimetry data demonstrated the importance of careful dosing and monitoring of the aryl halide with respect to heat liberated and overall hazard reduction. This work demonstrates the importance and capability of <i>in situ </i>FTIR to track in real-time the accumulation of the aryl-halide before initiation, the onset of intiation, and then as a means to monitor the aryl-halide concentration after initiation.</p><p>Preparation of Grignard Reagents: FTIR and Calorimetric Investigation for Safe Scale-Up, David J. am Ende,1 Pamela J. Clifford, David M. DeAntonis, Charles SantaMaria, and Steven J. Brenek, Pfizer, Inc., Central Research, Process Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, U.S.A. <i>Organic Process Research & Development </i><b>1999</b>, 3, 319-329. doi 10.1021/op9901801</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="responsivefeaturecontent section"><style>#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba{position:relative;background-color:#bce4fa;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:4px;border:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-image{position:absolute;z-index:0;max-width:100%;right:0;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba 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.responsive-content-text-links,#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-image,#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-video{position:relative;float:none;clear:both;width:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-right:15px;margin-left:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-text-links{margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px;margin-right:15px;margin-left:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-text-wrap{text-align:initial}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-image{text-align:center;margin-top:15px;margin-right:0;margin-left:0;margin-bottom:15px}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .text-light .responsive-content-title,#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .text-light .responsive-content-text-wrap p{color:#666}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .responsive-content-title{margin-top:0}#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link,#responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba .repsponsive-content-link-wrap .simplelinklist a.white-link:hover{color:#004494;text-decoration:none}}</style><div class="responsive-content-wrapper subtle image-top" id="responsive-content-wrapper-4c104508-f46e-4569-b5d7-b5a1dce017ba" style="min-height:0px;"><div class="responsive-content-text-links "><div class="responsive-content-text-wrap"><h2 class="responsive-content-title">Investigating a SNAr Grignard Coupling Reaction</h2><h3 class="responsive-content-subtitle"><strong>Feature Article</strong></h3><div class="text"><p>This research is focused on the development of an optimized route for an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction, coupling aminopyridine (3) and chloropyrimidine (7). The product of the reaction is an important intermediate compound in the overall synthesis of the drug Palbociclib.</p><p>The research investigated different approaches to coupling the two reagents, and route-dependent mechanisms were postulated. The development of a clinical manufacturing route involved coupling by a strong base, LiHMDS. Though yields were acceptable, the requirement for 2+ equivalents of the aminopyridine intermediate was not ideal. Furthermore, one significant impurity was formed by this reaction, which was found to be a dimer of the product molecule. Coupling with a Grignard base, i-PrMgCl, resulted in good yield without the formation of the dimer.</p><p><b><i>In situ </i>FTIR measurements provided insight into the kinetics and mechanism of both the LiHMDS and i-PrMgCl (Grignard) coupling reactions. Also, ReactIR measurements in the LiHMDS coupling reaction revealed the formation of an imino intermediate , which was postulated to undergo internal rearrangement, forming the product molecule. This imino compound was not observed by <i>in situ</i> FTIR for the Grignard coupling reaction.</b></p><p><i>Duan, S., Place,D.,Perfect, H., Ide, N., Maloney, M., Sutherland, K., Price, Wiglesworth, K., Wang, K., Olivier, M., Kong, F., Leeman, K., Blunt, J., Draper, J., McAuliﬀe, M., O’Sullivan, M., Lynch, D., “Palbociclib Commercial Manufacturing Process Development. Part I: Control of Regioselectivity in a Grignard-Mediated SNAr Coupling”, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2016, 20, 1191−1202. </i><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00070">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00070</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ptab-content applications" data-tab-name="applications" id="applications"><h3 class="ptabs_accordion_header simple-accordion_header simple-accordion_header-large"><span class="accordion_expander simple-accordion_icon"></span>Applications</h3><div class="ptab-content-body"><h3>Applications Related to Process Control for Exothermic Reactions</h3><div class="mask"></div><div class="overview_content"><div class="afapplicationspar parsys"><div class="productfamilycomparison section"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/mt/widgets/misc/productfamilycomparison.min-v55.css" type="text/css"><script src="/etc/designs/mt/widgets/misc/productfamilycomparison.min-v55.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/mt/widgets/misc/linklist.min-v55.css" type="text/css"><div class="productFamilyComparison_Desktop"><div class="productFamilyComparison a5Layout"><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Controlling-Residual-Isocyanate.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Controlling-Residual-Isocyanate.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/isocyanate2016/Isocyanate_Thumb.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Control Residual Isocyanate" title="Control Residual Isocyanate"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Controlling-Residual-Isocyanate.html"> Isocyanate Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Process Analytical Technology for Continuous Measurement of NCO </div><p class="familyDescription"> Isocyanates are critical building blocks for high performance polyurethane-based polymers that make up coatings, foams, adhesives, elastomers, and insulation. Concerns over exposure to residual isocyanates led to new limits for residual isocyanates in new products. Traditional analytical methods for measuring the residual isocyanate (NCO) concentration using offline sampling and analysis raise concerns. In situ monitoring with process analytical technology addresses these challenges and enables manufacturers and formulators to ensure that product quality specifications, personnel safety, and environmental regulations are met. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/L2_Polymerization.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/L2_Polymerization.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/polymer/Measuring-Polymerization-Reactions-Thumb.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Measuring Polymerization Reactions" title="Measuring Polymerization Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/L2_Polymerization.html"> Polymerization Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Methods and Techniques to Develop Synthetic Polymer Chemistry </div><p class="familyDescription"> Polymerization reaction measurement is crucial to produce material that meets requirements, including Immediate understanding, accurate and reproducible, Improved safety. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Impurity-Profiling-of-Chemical-Reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Impurity-Profiling-of-Chemical-Reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Impurity-Profiling-of-Chemical-Reactions/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Impurity Profiling of Chemical Reactions" title="Impurity Profiling of Chemical Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Impurity-Profiling-of-Chemical-Reactions.html"> Impurity Profiling of Chemical Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Automated Process Development Strategies for Chemists </div><p class="familyDescription"> Impurity profiling aims at identification and subsequent quantification of specific components present at low levels, usually less than 1% and ideally lower than 0.1 %. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/0autochem/grignard-reaction.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Grignard Reaction Mechanisms" title="Grignard Reaction Mechanisms"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html"> Grignard Reaction Mechanisms </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Understand and Control Exothermic Events </div><p class="familyDescription"> Grignard reactions are one of the most important reaction classes in organic chemistry. Grignard reactions are useful for forming carbon-carbon bonds. Grignard reactions form alcohols from ketones and aldehydes, as well as react with other chemicals to form a myriad of useful compounds. Grignard reactions are performed using a Grignard reagent, which is typically a alkyl-, aryl- or vinyl- organomagnesium halide compound. To ensure optimization and safety of Grignard reactions in research, development and production, in situ monitoring and understanding reaction heat flow is important. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Hydrogenation Reactions" title="Hydrogenation Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"> Hydrogenation Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Safe Reaction Monitoring at Elevated Temperature and Pressure </div><p class="familyDescription"> Hydrogenation reactions are used in the manufacturing of both bulk and fine chemicals for reducing multiple bonds to single bonds. Catalysts are typically used to promote these reactions and reaction temperature, pressure, substrate loading, catalyst loading, and agitation rate all effect hydrogen gas uptake and overall reaction performance. Thorough understanding of this energetic reaction is important and PAT technology in support of HPLC analysis ensure safe, optimized and well-characterized chemistry. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Highly Reactive Chemistries" title="Highly Reactive Chemistries"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"> Highly Reactive Chemistries </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Scale-Up and Optimize Highly Reactive Chemistries </div><p class="familyDescription"> Highly reactive chemistry is a terminology used to describe chemical reactions that are particularly challenging to handle and develop due to the potentially hazardous and/or energetic nature of the reactants, intermediates and products that are present during synthesis. These chemistries often involve highly exothermic reactions which require specialized equipment or extreme operating conditions (such as low temperature) to ensure adequate control. Ensuring safe operating conditions, minimizing human exposure, and gaining the maximum amount of information from each experiment are key factors in successfully designing and scaling-up highly reactive chemistries. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="High Pressure Reactions" title="High Pressure Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"> High Pressure Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Understand and Characterize High Pressure Reactions Under Challenging Sampling Conditions </div><p class="familyDescription"> Many processes require reactions to be run under high pressure. Working under pressure is challenging and collecting samples for offline analysis is difficult and time consuming. A change in pressure could affect reaction rate, conversion and mechanism as well as other process parameters plus sensitivity to oxygen, water, and associated safety issues are common problems. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Halogenation Reactions" title="Halogenation Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"> Halogenation Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Key Syntheses in Pharmaceutical and Polymer Chemistry </div><p class="familyDescription"> Halogenation occurs when one of more fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound. Depending on the specific halogen, the nature of the substrate molecule and overall reaction conditions, halogenation reactions can be very energetic and follow different pathways. For this reason, understanding these reactions from a kinetics and thermodynamic perspective is critical to ensuring yield, quality and safety of the process. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Catalytic Reactions" title="Catalytic Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"> Catalyzed Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Accelerate Chemical Reactions With a Catalyst </div><p class="familyDescription"> Catalysts create an alternative path to increase the speed and outcome of a reaction, so a thorough understanding of the reaction kinetics is important. Not only does that provide information about the rate of the reaction, but also provides insight into the mechanism of the reaction. There are two types of catalytic reactions: heterogeneous and homogeneous. Heterogeneous is when the catalyst and reactant exist in two different phases. Homogeneous is when the catalyst and the reactant are in the same phase.. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="synthesis reactions" title="synthesis reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"> Synthesis Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Providing Automated Tools to Deliver Life Changing Products </div><p class="familyDescription"> A synthesis reaction is a chemical process in which simple elements or compounds combine to form a more complex product. It is represented by the equation: A + B → AB. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/design-of-experiments-doe.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/design-of-experiments-doe.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/0autochem/Design-of-Experiments-DoE.png/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.png" alt="Design of Experiments (DoE)" title="Design of Experiments (DoE)"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/design-of-experiments-doe.html"> Design of Experiments (DoE) Studies </a></div><div class="subtitle"> A Statistical Approach to Reaction Optimization </div><p class="familyDescription"> Design of Experiments (DoE) requires experiments to be conducted under well-controlled and reproducible conditions in chemical process optimization. Chemical synthesis reactors are designed to perform DoE investigations ensuring high quality data. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/reaction-mechanisms.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/reaction-mechanisms.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/reaction-mechanisms/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Reaction Mechanism Pathway" title="Reaction Mechanism Pathway"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/reaction-mechanisms.html"> Reaction Mechanisms & Pathway </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Fundamental Understanding of Chemical Reactions and Factors Affecting Them </div><p class="familyDescription"> Reaction mechanisms describe the successive steps at the molecular level that take place in a chemical reaction. Reaction mechanisms cannot be proven, but rather postulated based on empirical experimentation and deduction. In situ FTIR spectroscopy provides information to support reaction mechanisms hypotheses. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organometallic-synthesis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organometallic-synthesis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/0autochem/organometallic-synthesis.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Organometallic Synthesis" title="Organometallic Synthesis"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organometallic-synthesis.html"> Organometallic Synthesis and Chemistry </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Understanding and Control of Organometallic Compounds </div><p class="familyDescription"> Organometallic Synthesis, or Organometallic Chemistry, refers to the process of creating organometallic compounds, and is among the most researched areas in chemistry. Organometallic compounds are frequently used in fine chemical syntheses and to catalyze reactions. In situ Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are among the most powerful analytical methods for the study of organometallic compounds and syntheses. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/oligonucleotide-synthesis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/oligonucleotide-synthesis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/oligonucleotide-synthesis/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Oligonucleotide Synthesis" title="Oligonucleotide Synthesis"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/oligonucleotide-synthesis.html"> Oligonucleotide Synthesis </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Methods and Applications to Ensure Yield, Purity, and Cost Objectives </div><p class="familyDescription"> Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical process by which nucleotides are specifically linked to form a product of desired sequenced. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/alkylation-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/alkylation-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/alkylation-reactions/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="What is Alkylation?" title="What is Alkylation?"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/alkylation-reactions.html"> Alkylation Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> For Key Reactions in Organic Chemistry </div><p class="familyDescription"> Alkylation is the process by when an alkyl group is added to a substrate molecule. Alkylation reactions are a widely used technique in organic chemistry. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/epoxides.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/epoxides.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/epoxides/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Epoxides" title="Epoxides"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/epoxides.html"> Epoxides </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Key Functional Groups for Synthesis of Polymers and Pharmaceuticals </div><p class="familyDescription"> This page outlines what epoxides are, how they are synthesized and technology to track reaction progression, including kinetics and key mechanisms. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/suzuki-coupling-cross-coupling-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/suzuki-coupling-cross-coupling-reactions.html"> Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions Mechanisms </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Key C-C Bond-Forming Reactions in Molecular Synthesis </div><p class="familyDescription"> The Suzuki and related cross-coupling reactions use transition metal catalysts, such as palladium complexes, to form C-C bonds between alkyl and aryl halides with various organic compounds. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/lithiation-organolithium-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/lithiation-organolithium-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/lithiation-organolithium-reactions/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Lithiation Organolithium Reactions" title="Lithiation Organolithium Reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/lithiation-organolithium-reactions.html"> Lithiation and Organolithium Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Key Reagents for Synthesizing Complex Molecules </div><p class="familyDescription"> Lithiation and organolithium reactions are key in the development of complex pharmaceutical compounds; organolithium compounds also act as initiators in certain polymerization reactions. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/c-h-activation-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/c-h-activation-reactions.html"> C-H Activation Reactions </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Functionalization of Carbon Bonds </div><p class="familyDescription"> C-H bond activation is a series of mechanistic processes by which stable carbon-hydrogen bonds in organic compounds are cleaved. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organocatalysis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organocatalysis.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organocatalysis/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Organocatalysis" title="Organocatalysis"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organocatalysis.html"> Organocatalysis </a></div><div class="subtitle"> For Metal-Free Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Molecules </div><p class="familyDescription"> Organocatalysis refers to the employment of particular organic molecules to speed up chemical reactions through catalytic activation. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/continuous-stirred-tank-reactor-cstr.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/continuous-stirred-tank-reactor-cstr.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/autochem/applications/cstr-continuous-stirred-tank-reactor/cstr-thumb.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors CSTR" title="Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors CSTR"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/continuous-stirred-tank-reactor-cstr.html"> Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Flow Technology for Chemical and Biological Syntheses </div><p class="familyDescription"> A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a vessel in which reagents and reactants flow into a reactor, while the reaction product exits the vessel. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/click-chemistry-tools-click-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/click-chemistry-tools-click-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/autochem/applications/click-chemistry/click-chemistry-tools-click-reactions-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="click chemistry tools for click reactions" title="click chemistry tools for click reactions"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/click-chemistry-tools-click-reactions.html"> Click Reactions and Click Chemistry Tools </a></div><div class="subtitle"> In-Situ Chemistry to Support Click Reactions </div><p class="familyDescription"> Click reactions refer to chemical reactions that meet the criteria of click chemistry. Click reactions are typically fast, high-yielding, and occur under mild conditions, making them ideal for a variety of applications. </p><div class="familyAttributes"></div></div></div></div><div class="familyRow noBottomBorder"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/autochem/applications/hydroformylation-oxo-process/hydroformylation-reaction-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="hydroformylation reaction example" title="hydroformylation reaction example"/></a></div><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html"> Hydroformylation (Oxo Process) </a></div><div class="subtitle"> Understanding Key Mechanisms and Improve Catalytic Processes </div><p class="familyDescription"> Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis, is a chemical reaction involving the addition of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) to an unsaturated compound, typically an alkene or alkyne. 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href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/L2_Polymerization.html"> Polymerization Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Polymerization reaction measurement is crucial to produce material that meets requirements, including Immediate understanding, accurate and reproducible, Improved safety. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/L2_Polymerization.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" 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type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/0autochem/grignard-reaction.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Grignard Reaction Mechanisms" title="Grignard Reaction Mechanisms"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html"> Grignard Reaction Mechanisms </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Grignard reactions are one of the most important reaction classes in organic chemistry. Grignard reactions are useful for forming carbon-carbon bonds. Grignard reactions form alcohols from ketones and aldehydes, as well as react with other chemicals to form a myriad of useful compounds. Grignard reactions are performed using a Grignard reagent, which is typically a alkyl-, aryl- or vinyl- organomagnesium halide compound. To ensure optimization and safety of Grignard reactions in research, development and production, in situ monitoring and understanding reaction heat flow is important. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html#applications">Applications</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html#publications">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Grignard_application.html#productsolutions">Related Products</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"><picture><source srcset="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.32.180.jpeg" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.100.100.webp" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.1024.jpeg" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.640.webp" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/product_organizations/autochem/hydrogenation/Hydrogenations-Reactions-Monitoring.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Hydrogenation Reactions" title="Hydrogenation Reactions"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"> Hydrogenation Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Hydrogenation reactions are used in the manufacturing of both bulk and fine chemicals for reducing multiple bonds to single bonds. Catalysts are typically used to promote these reactions and reaction temperature, pressure, substrate loading, catalyst loading, and agitation rate all effect hydrogen gas uptake and overall reaction performance. Thorough understanding of this energetic reaction is important and PAT technology in support of HPLC analysis ensure safe, optimized and well-characterized chemistry. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html#publications">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction_Analysis_Hydrogenation.html#productsolutions">Related Products</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"><picture><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Highly Reactive Chemistries" title="Highly Reactive Chemistries"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"> Highly Reactive Chemistries </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Highly reactive chemistry is a terminology used to describe chemical reactions that are particularly challenging to handle and develop due to the potentially hazardous and/or energetic nature of the reactants, intermediates and products that are present during synthesis. These chemistries often involve highly exothermic reactions which require specialized equipment or extreme operating conditions (such as low temperature) to ensure adequate control. Ensuring safe operating conditions, minimizing human exposure, and gaining the maximum amount of information from each experiment are key factors in successfully designing and scaling-up highly reactive chemistries. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Highly_Reactive_Chemistry.html#publications">Publications</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"><picture><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="High Pressure Reactions" title="High Pressure Reactions"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"> High Pressure Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Many processes require reactions to be run under high pressure. Working under pressure is challenging and collecting samples for offline analysis is difficult and time consuming. A change in pressure could affect reaction rate, conversion and mechanism as well as other process parameters plus sensitivity to oxygen, water, and associated safety issues are common problems. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html#publications">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Reaction-Analysis_High_Pressure.html#productsolutions">Related Products</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"><picture><img loading="lazy" src="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations/_jcr_content/thumbnailImage.webImage.file.png" alt="Halogenation Reactions" title="Halogenation Reactions"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"> Halogenation Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Halogenation occurs when one of more fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound. Depending on the specific halogen, the nature of the substrate molecule and overall reaction conditions, halogenation reactions can be very energetic and follow different pathways. For this reason, understanding these reactions from a kinetics and thermodynamic perspective is critical to ensuring yield, quality and safety of the process. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html#applications">Applications</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Halogenations.html#publications">Publications</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"><picture><source srcset="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.32.180.jpeg" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.100.100.webp" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.1024.jpeg" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.640.webp" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/AutoChem_Media_Library/Catalytic-Reactions.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="Catalytic Reactions" title="Catalytic Reactions"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"> Catalyzed Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Catalysts create an alternative path to increase the speed and outcome of a reaction, so a thorough understanding of the reaction kinetics is important. Not only does that provide information about the rate of the reaction, but also provides insight into the mechanism of the reaction. There are two types of catalytic reactions: heterogeneous and homogeneous. Heterogeneous is when the catalyst and reactant exist in two different phases. Homogeneous is when the catalyst and the reactant are in the same phase.. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html">Overview</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="familyMobileRow" data-productpage="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"><div class="familyContainer"><div class="familyDetails" data-see-more-label="Read more"><div class="familyMobile_topRow"><div class="familyMobile_left"><div class="familyImage"><div class="storeBadgeAddon hidden" data-checkurl="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/online_store_logo.png" width="90" height="90" alt="Online Store"/></div><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"><picture><source srcset="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.32.180.jpeg" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.100.100.webp" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 490px)" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.1024.jpeg" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/jpeg"><source srcset="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.640.640.webp" media="(min-width: 491px)" type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" src="/dam/autochem/applications/synthesis-reactions/synthesis-reaction-thumbnail-300x185.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg" alt="synthesis reactions" title="synthesis reactions"></picture></a></div></div><div class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html"> Synthesis Reactions </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> A synthesis reaction is a chemical process in which simple elements or compounds combine to form a more complex product. 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Reaction mechanisms cannot be proven, but rather postulated based on empirical experimentation and deduction. 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Organometallic compounds are frequently used in fine chemical syntheses and to catalyze reactions. In situ Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are among the most powerful analytical methods for the study of organometallic compounds and syntheses. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organometallic-synthesis.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/organometallic-synthesis.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button 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class="familyMobile_right"><div class="pageTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/click-chemistry-tools-click-reactions.html"> Click Reactions and Click Chemistry Tools </a></div><p class="familyDescription"><span class="link_description_text"> Click reactions refer to chemical reactions that meet the criteria of click chemistry. 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The reaction is catalyzed by transition metal complexes, such as rhodium or cobalt, leading to the formation of aldehydes or aldehyde derivatives. </span><a class='text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-more' data-see-more-label="Read more" data-see-less-label="See less"><span class='collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-down'></span></a></p></div></div><div class="mobile_cta" style="display:none"><div class="familyMobile_bottomRow"><div class="familyMobile_seeDetails"><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html"> See details </a></div><div class="familyMobile_feedbackButtons"><div class="image-feedback"><form class="fb-a-button-wrapper moreinfo_btn familyMobile_requestInfo" method="get" action="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.fb.1.cs.13.html"><button data-href="/content/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.fb.1.cs.13.html" class="fb-button-p5a blue small" data-swiftype-index="false"> Request Info </button></form></div></div><div class="familyMobile_tabNavigation"><ul><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html#applications">Application Examples</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html#publications">Citations and References</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html#productsolutions">Related Products</a></li><li><a href="/ch/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/hydroformylation-oxo-process.html#custom5">More Information</a></li></ul></div><div class="familyMobile_seeLess"><a class="text-collapse-link text-collapse-see-less"><span class="collapse-arrow collapse-arrow-up"></span>See less</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ptab-content publications" data-tab-name="publications" id="publications"><h3 class="ptabs_accordion_header simple-accordion_header simple-accordion_header-large"><span class="accordion_expander simple-accordion_icon"></span>Publications</h3><div class="ptab-content-body"><h3>Publications Related to Process Control for Exothermic Reactions</h3><div class="mask"></div><div class="publicationsblockpar parsys"><div class="matchingblockpush section"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/mt/widgets/misc/tabnavigation.min-v55.css" type="text/css"><div id="mb_applicationtabspublicationsblockpar3" class="matching_block_wrapper matching_box mb_documentationLayout matching_block_wrapper--documentationLayout" data-swiftype-index="false"><input type="hidden" name="mbTabItemsCount" value="1"/><div class="center"><div class="content accordion_blue_grey layout_ mb_documentationLayout"><div id="mb_documentationLayout__publicationsblockpar_3"><div class="mb_documentationLayout__category"><h3 class="mb_documentationLayout__category__title"> White Papers and Guides </h3><div class="mb_documentationLayout__category__content"><div class="mbItemRow"><div class="mbItemWrapper"><div class="mbItem"><div class="image"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/white-papers/automated-reactors/Exothermic-Chemistry-Grignard-Reaction-Scale-Up.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/GreyDocument.png" alt="Grignard Reaction Scale-up" title="Grignard Reaction Scale-up"/></a></div><div class="itemInfo"><div class="mbItemTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/white-papers/automated-reactors/Exothermic-Chemistry-Grignard-Reaction-Scale-Up.html" class="" target="_self">Grignard Reaction Scale-up – 4 Steps to Control Development</a><span class="icon--rightArrow"></span><span class="icon--leftArrow"></span></div><div class="description"> Exothermic chemical reactions pose inherent risks – especially during scale-up. Published studies from top chemical and pharmaceutical companies show... </div></div></div></div><div class="mbItemWrapper"><div class="mbItem"><div class="image"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/guides/automated-reactors/Guide-to-Reaction-Calorimetry.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/GreyDocument.png" alt="Reaction Calorimetry Guide" title="Reaction Calorimetry Guide"/></a></div><div class="itemInfo"><div class="mbItemTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/guides/automated-reactors/Guide-to-Reaction-Calorimetry.html" class="" target="_self">Reaction Calorimetry Guide</a><span class="icon--rightArrow"></span><span class="icon--leftArrow"></span></div><div class="description"> Minimize risks and ensure the safety of your lab and personnel. Our guide covers all aspects of reaction calorimetry safety. Visit our webpage now to... </div></div></div></div></div><div class="mbItemRow"><div class="mbItemWrapper"><div class="mbItem"><div class="image"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/white-papers/automated-reactors/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Chemical-Reactions-White-Paper.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/GreyDocument.png" alt="in situ monitoring of chemical reactions" title="in situ monitoring of chemical reactions"/></a></div><div class="itemInfo"><div class="mbItemTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/white-papers/automated-reactors/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Chemical-Reactions-White-Paper.html" class="" target="_self">In-Situ Monitoring of Chemical Reactions</a><span class="icon--rightArrow"></span><span class="icon--leftArrow"></span></div><div class="description"> In-situ reaction monitoring using spectroscopy enables scientists to see what is happening in their chemistry while it reacts and allows for immediate... </div></div></div></div><div class="mbItemWrapper empty"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="matchingblockpush section"><div id="mb_applicationtabspublicationsblockpar4" class="matching_block_wrapper matching_box mb_documentationLayout matching_block_wrapper--documentationLayout" data-swiftype-index="false"><input type="hidden" name="mbTabItemsCount" value="1"/><div class="center"><div class="content accordion_blue_grey layout_ mb_documentationLayout"><div id="mb_documentationLayout__publicationsblockpar_4"><div class="mb_documentationLayout__category"><h3 class="mb_documentationLayout__category__title"> Citations </h3><div class="mb_documentationLayout__category__content"><div class="mbItemRow"><div class="mbItemWrapper"><div class="mbItem"><div class="image"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/product-brochures/automated-reactors/in-situ-ftir-spectroscopy-citations.html"><img loading="lazy" src="/etc/designs/mt/docroot/images/icons/Adobe_PDF_icon.png" alt="ReactIR™ Spectroscopy in Peer-Reviewed Publications" title="ReactIR™ Spectroscopy in Peer-Reviewed Publications"/></a></div><div class="itemInfo"><div class="mbItemTitle"><a href="/ch/en/home/library/product-brochures/automated-reactors/in-situ-ftir-spectroscopy-citations.html" class="" target="_self">ReactIR™ Spectroscopy in Peer-Reviewed Publications</a><span class="icon--rightArrow"></span><span class="icon--leftArrow"></span></div><div class="description"> This free Citation List presents an extensive list of peer-reviewed publications related to the use of in-situ ReactIR spectroscopy for the advancemen... </div></div></div></div><div class="mbItemWrapper empty"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="matchingblockpush section"></div></div></div></div><div class="ptab-content productsolutions" data-tab-name="productsolutions" id="productsolutions"><h3 class="ptabs_accordion_header simple-accordion_header simple-accordion_header-large"><span class="accordion_expander simple-accordion_icon"></span>Related Products</h3><div class="ptab-content-body"><h3>Technology Related to Process Control of Exothermic Reactions</h3><div class="mask"></div><div id="ptab_products_data"><div class="afproductspar parsys"><div class="linklist section"><script src="/etc/designs/mt/widgets/misc/linklist.min-v55.js"></script> <div class="main_content_layer linklist_main_content_layer"><div class="link_blocks"><div class="link_block"><div class="link_image"><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/ftir-and-raman-spectrometers/ftir-spectrometers.html"><img loading="lazy" alt="ftir spectrometer" title="ftir spectrometer" src="/dam/direct-upload/smallImage/products/L1_AutochemProducts/ftir-and-raman-spectrometers/ftir-spectrometers/reactir-line-thumbv1.png/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.png"/></a></div><div class="link_info"><h3 class="link_title"><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/ftir-and-raman-spectrometers/ftir-spectrometers.html">ReactIR</a></h3><div class="link_description"> In-situ FTIR spectrometers enable scientists to gain insight into their reactions and processes in a wide range of applications. Optimize reaction variables with inline FTIR instru... </div></div></div><div class="link_block"><div class="link_image"><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/reaction-calorimeters.html"><img loading="lazy" alt="reaction calorimeters" title="reaction calorimeters" src="/dam/direct-upload/smallImage/products/L1_AutochemProducts/reaction-calorimeters/reactioncalorimeter-thumbnail.png/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.png"/></a></div><div class="link_info"><h3 class="link_title"><a href="/ch/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/reaction-calorimeters.html">Reaction Calorimeters</a></h3><div class="link_description"> Reaction calorimeters measure the amount of energy released or absorbed by a chemical or physical reaction in chemical and pharmaceutical development. </div></div></div><div class="link_block"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="p5tabs_unstick"></div></div></div></div></div><script 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