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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Федоренко, Николай Прокофьевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федоренко, Николай Прокофьевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4481970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22">"Nikolay Fedorenko"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nikolay+Fedorenko%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nikolay Prokofyevich Fedorenko</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Никола́й Проко́фьевич Федоренко</span>) (26 April/28 April 1917 – 1 April 2006) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>. He was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Mathematical_Institute" title="Central Economic Mathematical Institute">Central Economic Mathematical Institute</a> (CEMI) in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> from 1963 to 1985. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fedorenko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fedorenko graduated from <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University_of_Fine_Chemical_Technologies" title="Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies">Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies</a>. </p><p>His name is associated with an <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> used in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and known as the System of Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE). During the Soviet period SOFE was a controversial approach using <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> planning methods in order to improve the <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> system (see Jürgen Drzymalla (1991), pp. 239 and pp. 297). These methods were based on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Linear_programming" title="Linear programming">linear programming</a> or "optimal planning", associated with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">L.V. Kantorovich</a>. </p><p>In 1971 N.P. Fedorenko presented a system of 'objective-directed' plan models, consisting of 17 components: </p><p>1. Long-run forecasts, 2. Objectives 3. Elaboration of programmes, 4. Resources, 5. 'Objective-oriented' programmes, 6. Requirements in resources, 7. Evaluation of programmes from the point of view of objectives and resources , 8. Adoption of programmes, 9. Elaboration of resource-programmes, 10. Resource programmes, 11. 'Complex-system' plan, 12. Models of sub-optimization, sectoral and regional, 13. Macro-models of overall optimization (national economy), 14. System of intersectoral and interregional models, including the intersectoral and interregional 'balance', 15. Social balance of plans. 16. Extra-economic resources, 17. The system's operation. (Source: N.P. Fedorenko, in EMM [Economika i matemateskie metody], 4 (1971), quoted by Alfred Zauberman (1975), p. 491) </p><p>Alfred Zauberman presents a graphical design of this complex planning system with boxes and relation arrows. </p><p>The SOFE approach was sharply criticized by Soviet economists such as <b>Bojarskij</b>, who was a Soviet mathematical economist (see <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Sutela" class="extiw" title="fi:Pekka Sutela">Pekka Sutela</a> (1984), p. 95). Many of them saw the mathematical methods as being too close to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> economic approaches. They were afraid that Soviet political economic theory would disappear behind the mathematical formulas, and that the Soviet economic theory would finally be assimilated into Western economic theory, which also uses well known mathematical formulas in microeconomics, macroeconomics, game theory, distribution theory and others. </p><p><b>M. Bor</b> and <b>S. Logvinov</b> wrote in an article in the GOSPLAN (the former Soviet planning authority's) journal, that SOFE had to be condemned as: </p><p><i>"an attempt to introduce a special concept of 'optimal planning', calculated to supplant the supposedly non-scientific system of empirical planning; striving to unite vulgar utility theory with the labour theory of value, to present price as a measure of utility; ignoring the principle of democratic centralism as the basis of the socialist theory, exchanging it for the so-called principle of hierarchical structure; borrowing notions from bourgeois theories (<a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> theory, the notion of market socialism and the theory of factors of production, the ideal of automatic regulation of the socialist economy by 'optimal plan prices'); denying the laws of reproduction; and gradually exchanging the Marxist-Leninist theory of reproduction for the bourgeois theory of equilibrium".</i> (see M. Bor and S. Logvinov (1975), quoted by <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Sutela" class="extiw" title="fi:Pekka Sutela">Pekka Sutela</a> (1991), p. 87) </p><p>Another Soviet planning economist <b>N.Baibakov</b> regarded SOFE as a suspect theoretical construct. (see N. Baibakov (1974), quoted by <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Sutela" class="extiw" title="fi:Pekka Sutela">Sutela Pekka</a> pp. 86) </p><p>It should be mentioned, that <b>Karl Marx</b> has also used mathematical methodes in order to analyze the capitalist economic system. For example, he discussed the form of goods circulation with simple formulas <b>W-G-W</b> or <b>G-W-G</b> (see Karl Marx (2020), pp, 149), or the ratio of added value <b>m/c</b> or <b>m/(c+v)</b> (see pp. 210) and the exploitation level of work force, as well as ratio and mass of additional value <b>M = m/v x V; k x a´/a x n</b> (see pp. 292). These formulas are far away to be really complex, but Karl Marx used them in order to get a better understanding, how - according to his ideas - the capitalist system works. Nobody can imagine, how political economics without any formulas could really work. </p><p>We come back to Soviet economics and the SOFE concept. An innovative feature of the SOFE approach was its vision of connecting together the different levels of the national economy with <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, which would carry out the calculation of the mathematical planning formulas. This was a precursor of the use of the internet. The idea of using mathematical planning methods and computers remains valid even in today's globalized economy. The corona crisis in 2020 also requires mathematical analysis and forecasting at national, regional and global level. </p><p>Despite all ideological attacks Fedorenko remained in his position in CEMI. A Doctor of Economic Sciences, he also was an Honorary Director of CEMI since 1992, a member of the American <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> (from 1966), a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Economical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Economical Society (page does not exist)">International Economical Society</a> (from 1967) and an Honorary Director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_School_of_Planning_and_Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics (page does not exist)">Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics</a>. </p><p>He has written several books and many articles on optimal planning and SOFE, mostly in Russian, some translated into English. </p><p>The periodical EMM <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cemi.rssi.ru/emm/issuli-e.htm">Ekonomika i matematiceskie metody</a> still exists and is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> now. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fedorenko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fedorenko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fedorenko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baibakov, N, 'Dalneyshee sovershenstvovanie planirovaniya - vazhneyshaya narodnokhoziaistvennaya zadach', Planovoe Khzyaistvo, 1974m 4, 5-13, quoted by Sutela Pekka (1991), p. 177.</li> <li>Bor M. and Logvinov S., 'O Knigakh 'Kompleksnoe narodnokhozyaistvennoe planirovanie' i 'Problemy planirovaniya i prognozirovaniya', Planovoe Khozyaistvo, 1975:9, 134-141, quoted by Sutela Pekka (1991), p. 177.</li> <li>Drzymalla, Jürgen (1991), Planung im sowjetischen Wirtschaftssystem,(Diss.), Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York, Paris 1991.</li> <li>Fedorenko, N.P., EMM [Ekonomika i matematiceskie metody] 4 (1971), p. 491, quoted by Alfred Zauberman (1975), p. 49.</li> <li>Feodorenko, N.P., Nekotorye voprosy teorii i praktiki planirovanija i upravlenia, Moskva 1979.</li> <li>Fedorenko, N.P., Ju. V. Ovsienko, N. Ja. Petrakov (1983), Vvedenie v teoriju i metodologiju sistemy optimal'nogo funkcionirovanija socialisticeskoj ekonomiki, Moskva 1983.</li> <li>Fedorenko, N.P., N. Ja. Petrakov (1984), Modelirovanie v processach upravlenija narodnym chozjajstvom, Moskva 1984.</li> <li>Fedorenko, N.P., I.P. Subkinaja (1983), Ekonomiko-matematiceskie modeli v sisteme upravlenia predprijatijami, Moskva 1983.</li> <li>Götz, Roland (1972), Preis und optimale Planung. Zur Diskussion in der Sowjetunion, (Diss.), München 1972.</li> <li>Marx, Karl (2020), Das Kapital, Munich 2020.</li> <li>Sutela, Pekka (1984), Socialism, Planning and Optimality: A Study in Soviet Economic Thought, Helsinki 1984.</li> <li>Sutela, Pekka (1991), Economic Thought and Economic Reform in the Soviet Union, Cambridge University Press 1991.</li> <li>Zaubermann, Alfred (1975), The Mathematical Revolution in Soviet Economics, London, New York, Toronto 1975.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fedorenko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ras.ru/news/shownews.aspx?id=41f49821-4398-428e-950d-7dea6a391114&_Language=ru">Webpage</a> of the <a 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