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aria-controls="toc-Design_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_hatchbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_hatchbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comparison with hatchbacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_hatchbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tailgate_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailgate_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tailgate designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailgate_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Split_gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Split gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retractable_window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retractable_window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Retractable window</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retractable_window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retractable_roof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retractable_roof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Retractable roof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retractable_roof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_and_tri-operating_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_and_tri-operating_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Dual and tri-operating gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_and_tri-operating_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clamshell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clamshell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Clamshell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clamshell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lift-gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lift-gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Lift-gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lift-gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Safety equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Performance models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1910_to_1940:_Origins_and_woodie_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910_to_1940:_Origins_and_woodie_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1910 to 1940: Origins and woodie wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910_to_1940:_Origins_and_woodie_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_1970:_Steel-bodied_station_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_1970:_Steel-bodied_station_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>1945 to 1970: Steel-bodied station wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_1970:_Steel-bodied_station_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970_to_1990:_Competition_from_minivans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970_to_1990:_Competition_from_minivans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>1970 to 1990: Competition from minivans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970_to_1990:_Competition_from_minivans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_to_present:_Competition_from_SUVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_to_present:_Competition_from_SUVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>1990 to present: Competition from SUVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_to_present:_Competition_from_SUVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulated_wood_paneling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulated_wood_paneling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Simulated wood paneling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulated_wood_paneling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-size_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-size_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Full-size wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-size_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-door_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-door_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Two-door wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-door_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930s_to_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_to_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>1930s to 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_to_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_to_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_to_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>1960s to 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_to_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>1980s to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Station wagon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiewa" title="Stasiewa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stasiewa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86" title="ستيشن واغن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيشن واغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SW" title="SW – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SW" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Універсал (кузаў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Універсал (кузаў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Комби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavan_(automobil)" title="Karavan (automobil) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karavan (automobil)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_(autom%C3%B2bil)" title="Familiar (automòbil) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Familiar (automòbil)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombi" title="Kombi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kombi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationcar" title="Stationcar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stationcar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombinationskraftwagen" title="Kombinationskraftwagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kombinationskraftwagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_(autom%C3%B3vil)" title="Familiar (automóvil) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Familiar (automóvil)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombina%C5%ADto" title="Kombinaŭto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kombinaŭto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_(automobila)" title="Familiar (automobila) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Familiar (automobila)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86" title="استیشن واگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیشن واگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(voiture)" title="Break (voiture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Break (voiture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98_%EC%99%9C%EA%B1%B4" title="스테이션 왜건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스테이션 왜건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC_(%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%83%D6%84)" title="Ունիվերսալ (թափք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ունիվերսալ (թափք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavan" title="Karavan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karavan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_lanjar" title="Mobil lanjar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobil lanjar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiare" title="Familiare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Familiare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="מכונית סטיישן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונית סטיישן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="უნივერსალი (ავტომობილი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნივერსალი (ავტომობილი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Әмбебап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әмбебап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%81lis" title="Universālis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Universālis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalas" title="Universalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Universalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombi" title="Kombi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kombi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Караван – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Караван" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_estet" title="Kereta estet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta estet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Комби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Комби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationwagen" title="Stationwagen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stationwagen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3" title="ステーションワゴン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステーションワゴン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasjonsvogn" title="Stasjonsvogn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stasjonsvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasjonsvogn" title="Stasjonsvogn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stasjonsvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombi_(nadwozie)" title="Kombi (nadwozie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kombi (nadwozie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perua_(autom%C3%B3vel)" title="Perua (automóvel) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perua (automóvel)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break" title="Break – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Break" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Универсал (кузов) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Универсал (кузов)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Station wagon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombi" title="Kombi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kombi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB)" title="Караван (аутомобил) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Караван (аутомобил)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavan_(automobil)" title="Karavan (automobil) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karavan (automobil)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmariauto" title="Farmariauto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Farmariauto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrg%C3%A5rdsvagn" title="Herrgårdsvagn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herrgårdsvagn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="สเตชันแวกอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเตชันแวกอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Station wagon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Універсал (кузов) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Універсал (кузов)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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Mondeo</a> Estate</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1984_Mercury_Colony_Park,_rear_right_(high).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg/220px-1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg/330px-1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg/440px-1984_Mercury_Colony_Park%2C_rear_right_%28high%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1984 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Colony_Park" title="Mercury Colony Park">Mercury Colony Park</a> Station Wagon</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>station wagon</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>, also <b>wagon</b>) or <b>estate car</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>, also <b>estate</b>) is an automotive <a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">body-style</a> variant of a <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> with its roof extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door (the <a href="/wiki/Liftgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Liftgate">liftgate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(automobile)#Tailgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (automobile)">tailgate</a>), instead of a trunk/boot lid.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilliers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilliers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body style transforms a standard <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">three-box</a> design into a <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling#One-box_and_Two-Box_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">two-box</a> design—to include an <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">A, B, and C-pillar</a>, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize either passenger or cargo volume. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a></i> defines a station wagon as "an automobile with one or more rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver and no luggage compartment but an area behind the seats into which suitcases, parcels, etc., can be loaded through a tailgate."<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Model_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Model range">model range</a> includes multiple body styles, such as sedan, <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a>, and station wagon, the models typically <a href="/wiki/Automotive_platform_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive platform sharing">share their platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drivetrain" title="Drivetrain">drivetrain</a>, and bodywork forward of the A-pillar, and usually the B-pillar. In 1969, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i> said, "Station wagon-style ... follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart. Most are on the same wheelbase, offer the same transmission and engine options, and the same comfort and convenience options."<sup id="cite_ref-pm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Station wagons have evolved from their early use as specialized vehicles to carry people and luggage to and from a train <i>station</i>. The demand for station wagon body style has faded since the 2010s in favor of the crossover or <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting the original purpose of transporting people and luggage between <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">country estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">train stations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-colin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station wagon body style is called an "estate car" or "estate" in the United Kingdom or a "wagon" in Australia and New Zealand. </p><p>Either horse-drawn or automotive, the earliest use of the station wagon description would be considered to describe utility vehicles or light trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-Word_Origins_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Word_Origins-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depot <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">hackney</a> or taxi, often on a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T_Depot_Hack" title="Ford Model T Depot Hack">Model T</a> chassis with an exposed wood body, most often found around railroad stations, was the predecessor of the station wagon body style in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozak_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozak-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early models with exposed wooden bodies became known as <a href="/wiki/Woodie_(car_body_style)" title="Woodie (car body style)">woodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1920s the status of the station wagon description changed to consider them as vehicles for passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-Word_Origins_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Word_Origins-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the term "Kombi" is used, which is short for <i>Kombinationskraftwagen</i> ("combination motor vehicle").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Kombi" is also the term used in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and some Post-Soviet countries, this type of car is called "universal".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate for marketing and advertising differentiation. Examples include "Avant", "Break", "Caravan", "Kombi", "Sports Tourer", "Sports Wagon", "Tourer", "Touring", and "Variant". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_characteristics">Design characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_hatchbacks">Comparison with hatchbacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison with hatchbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png/220px-Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png/330px-Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png/440px-Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">pillar</a> configurations of a sedan <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">(three box)</a>, station wagon <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">(two box)</a> and hatchback <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">(two box)</a> from the same <a href="/wiki/Car_model" title="Car model">model range</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Station wagons and <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchbacks</a> have in common a <a href="/wiki/Three-box_styling" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-box styling">two-box design</a> configuration, a shared interior volume for passengers and cargo<sup id="cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vehicle_Dynamics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutomotiveTech_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutomotiveTech-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a hatch or rear door (often called a <a href="#Tailgate_designs">tailgate</a> in the case of a station wagon) that is hinged at roof level.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folding rear seats designed to provide a larger space for cargo in place of passenger capacity, are also typical features for station wagons and hatchbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distinguishing features between hatchbacks and station wagons include: </p> <ul><li>D-pillar: Station wagons are more likely to have a <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">D-pillar</a> (hatchbacks and station wagons both have A-, B-, and C-pillars).</li> <li>Cargo volume: Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume—with windows beside the cargo volume. Of the two body styles, a station wagon roof (viewed in profile) more likely extends to the very rearmost of the vehicle, enclosing a full-height cargo volume<sup id="cite_ref-AutomotiveTech_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutomotiveTech-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a hatchback design (especially a <a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">liftback</a> version) is likely to have steeply sloping roofline behind the B- or C-Pillar, prioritizing style<sup id="cite_ref-Hilliers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilliers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over interior volume or cargo capacity, sometimes having a shorter rear overhang and smaller side windows (or no windows at all).</li></ul> <p>Other differences are more variable and can potentially include: </p> <ul><li>Cargo floor contour: A station wagon often has a fold-flat floor (for increased cargo capacity), whereas a hatchback is more likely to have a cargo floor with a pronounced contour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Seating: Some station wagons have three rows of seats, whereas a hatchback will have two at most.<sup id="cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vehicle_Dynamics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rearmost row of seating in a station wagon is often located in the cargo area and can be front-facing, rear-facing, or side-facing.</li> <li>Rear suspension: A station wagon may include a reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity<sup id="cite_ref-Hilliers_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilliers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to minimize intrusion in the cargo volume.</li> <li>Rear Door: Hatchbacks usually feature a top-hinged <a href="/wiki/Liftgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Liftgate">liftgate</a> for cargo access, with variations ranging from a two-part liftgate to a complex tailgate that can function as a full tailgate or a trunk lid. Station wagons have also been equipped with numerous <a href="#Tailgate_designs">tailgate configurations</a>. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the opening area is very sloped, and the door is lifted to open.<sup id="cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vehicle_Dynamics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A design director from General Motors has described the difference as "Where you break the roofline, at what angle, defines the spirit of the vehicle", he said. "You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has become common for station wagons to use a <a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">platform</a> shared with other body styles, resulting in many shared components (such as chassis, engine, transmission, bodywork forward of the A-pillar, interior features, and optional features) being used for the wagon, sedan, and hatchback variants of the <a href="/wiki/Car_model" title="Car model">model range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tailgate_designs">Tailgate designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tailgate designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern station wagons have an upward-swinging, full-width, full-height rear door supported on <a href="/wiki/Gas_spring" title="Gas spring">gas springs</a>—often where the rear window can swing up independently. A variety of other designs have been employed in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Split_gate">Split gate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Split gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The split gate features an upward-swinging window and a downward-swinging tailgate, both manually operated. This configuration was typical in the 1920s through the 1940s, and remained common on many models into the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retractable_window">Retractable window</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retractable window"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1950s, tailgates with hand-cranked roll-down rear windows began to appear. Later in the decade, electric power was applied to the tailgate window so it could be operated from the driver's seat and by a key-activated switch in the tailgate. By the early 1970s, this arrangement was available on full-size, intermediate, and compact wagons. The lowered bottom hinged tailgate extended the cargo area floor and could serve as a picnic table for "tailgating."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Side hinge:</b> A side-hinged tailgate that opened like a door was offered on some three-seat station wagons to make it easier for the back-row passengers to enter and exit their rear-facing seats.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg/142px-Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg/213px-Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg/284px-Flickr_-_DVS1mn_-_58_Chevrolet_Brookwood_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Split tailgate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_(19020043732).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg/142px-1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg/213px-1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg/284px-1964_Studebaker_Commander_Wagonaire_%2819020043732%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">rear roof retracted and tailgate hinged down</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retractable_roof">Retractable roof</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Retractable roof"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A station wagon design featuring a retractable rear roof section and a conventional rear tailgate with a window that rolled down and the gate opened down. The sliding roof section allowed the carrying of tall objects in the rear cargo area. This configuration appeared on the 1963–1966 <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Wagonaire" title="Studebaker Wagonaire">Studebaker Wagonaire</a> station wagon and the 1998-2009 <a href="/wiki/GMC_Envoy" title="GMC Envoy">GMC Envoy XUV</a> SUV model.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_and_tri-operating_gates">Dual and tri-operating gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dual and tri-operating gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cstailgate1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cstailgate1.jpg/142px-Cstailgate1.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cstailgate1.jpg/213px-Cstailgate1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cstailgate1.jpg/284px-Cstailgate1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side-hinged tailgate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cstailgate2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cstailgate2.jpg/142px-Cstailgate2.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cstailgate2.jpg/213px-Cstailgate2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cstailgate2.jpg/284px-Cstailgate2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tailgate folded down</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A dual tailgate on a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Country_Squire" title="Ford Country Squire">Ford Country Squire</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In the United States, Ford's full-size station wagons for 1966 introduced a system marketed as "Magic Doorgate"—a conventional tailgate with retracting rear glass, where the tailgate could either fold down or pivot open on a side hinge—with the rear window retracted in either case. Competitors marketed their versions as a <i>Drop and Swing</i> or <i>Dual Action Tailgate.</i><sup id="cite_ref-pm_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 1969, Ford incorporated a design that allowed the rear glass to remain up or down when the door pivoted open on its side hinge, marketing the system, engineered by <a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Frey" title="Donald N. Frey">Donald N. Frey</a><sup id="cite_ref-time1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the "Three-Way Magic Doorgate". </p><p>Similar configurations became the standard feature on full-size and intermediate station wagons from General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, and <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some full-size GM wagons added a notch in the rear bumper that acted as a step plate; a small portion of the bumper was attached to the tailgate to fill the gap. When opened as a swinging door, this part of the bumper moved away, allowing the depression in the bumper to provide a "step" to ease entry; when the gate was opened by being lowered or raised to a closed position, the chrome section remained in place making the bumper "whole". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clamshell">Clamshell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clamshell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg/197px-1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg/296px-1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg/394px-1971_Buick_Estate_wagon_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Closed tailgate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg/87px-1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg/131px-1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg/174px-1971_Buick_Estate_Wagon_with_clamshell-type_tailgate_system_3of7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tailgate folded open</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1971 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Estate_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Estate Wagon">Buick Estate Wagon</a> with a "clam shell" tailgate</div></div></div></div> <p>Full-size General Motors, from 1971 through 1976 station wagons (<a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Kingswood_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Kingswood Estate">Chevrolet Kingswood, Townsman, Brookwood, Bel Air, Impala, and Caprice Estates</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Safari" title="Pontiac Grand Safari">Pontiac Safari and Grand Safari</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Custom_Cruiser" title="Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser">Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buick_Estate" title="Buick Estate">Buick Estate</a> models) featured a 'clam shell' design marketed as the <i>Glide-away</i> tailgate, also called a "disappearing" tailgate because when open, the tailgate was entirely out of view.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the clamshell design, the rear power-operated glass slid up into the roof and the lower tailgate (with either manual or optional power operation), lowered below the load floor. Manually operated types included a lower tailgate counterbalanced by a torque rod similar to the torque rods used in holding a trunk lid open. It required a 35-pound (16 kg) push to lower the gate. Raising it required a 35-pound (16 kg) pull on a handhold integral to the top edge of the retractable gate.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power-assisted operation of both the upper glass and lower tailgate became standard equipment in later model years. Station wagons with this design were available with an optional third row of forward-facing seats accessed by the rear side doors and a folding second-row seat. They could accommodate 4-by-8-foot (1.2 m × 2.4 m) sheets of plywood or other panels with the rear seats folded. The clamshell design required no increased footprint or operational area to open the cargo area. This enabled access even if the station wagon's rear was parked against a wall. </p><p>The GM design, as used in a Pontiac Grand Safari, with a forward-facing third-row seat and the clamshell tailgate, was less popular with consumers and was described as the "least convenient of all wagon arrangements" with difficult passenger egress and problematic tailgate operation in comparison to the 1974 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Ambassador#Seventh_generation" title="AMC Ambassador">AMC Ambassador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Monaco#Third_generation_(1974–1977)" title="Dodge Monaco">Dodge Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Colony_Park#Fifth_generation_(1969–1978)" title="Mercury Colony Park">Mercury Colony Park</a>, full-size station wagons conducted by <i>Popular Science</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent GM full-size wagons reverted to the door/gate system for its full-size wagons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lift-gate">Lift-gate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lift-gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg/170px-VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg/255px-VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg/340px-VW_Passat_Variant_Typ_B5GP_Pic06_trunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A lift-gate on a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_Variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Passat Variant">Volkswagen Passat</a> Variant</figcaption></figure> <p>A simplified, one-piece lift-gate on smaller wagons. The <a href="/wiki/AMC_Hornet" title="AMC Hornet">AMC Hornet</a> Sportabout was introduced for the 1972 model year and featured a "liftgate-style hatchback instead of swing-out or fold-down tailgate ... would set a precedent for liftgates in modern SUVs."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1978-1996 GM's mid-size station wagons also returned to the upward-lifting rear window/gate as had been used in the 1940s. </p> <ul><li><b>Swing-up window:</b> An upward-lifting, full-height, full-width rear door, where the window on the rear door can be opened independently from the rear door itself. The window is also opened upwards and is held on pneumatic struts. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II station wagon and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a> wagon featured this arrangement.</li> <li><b>Fold-up license plate:</b> Wagons (including the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Amazon" title="Volvo Amazon">Volvo Amazon</a> wagon, early models of the <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover_Classic" title="Range Rover Classic">Range Rover</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Baja" title="Subaru Baja">Subaru Baja</a>) had an upward folding hinged <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">license plate</a> attached to the lower tailgate of the split rear door. When the tailgate was folded down, the plate hung down and remained readable. The wagon versions of the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>, called the Break, Familiale, or Safari, had a different solution: two number plates were fitted to the tailgate at right angles to each other so one would be visible in either position.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_equipment">Safety equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safety equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cargo_barrier" title="Cargo barrier">Cargo barriers</a> may be used to prevent unsecured cargo from causing injuries in the event of sudden deceleration, collision, or a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">rollover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_models">Performance models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Performance models of station wagons have included the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(XY)" title="Ford Falcon (XY)">Ford Falcon (XY)</a> 'Grand Sport' pack,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevelle#Third_generation_(1973–1977)" title="Chevrolet Chevelle">Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu SS-454</a> and the 1992 <a href="/wiki/BMW_M5#E34" title="BMW M5">BMW M5 (E34)</a>. </p><p>The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Audi_RS2" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi RS2">Audi RS2</a>, developed with Porsche, has been described as the world's first performance station wagon.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Audi_RS4" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi RS4">Audi RS4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audi_RS6" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi RS6">Audi RS6</a>. </p><p>The 2006 through 2008 <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Magnum" title="Dodge Magnum">Dodge Magnum</a> SRT-8 model brought power and performance with station wagon features. The cars featured a 6.1 L <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Hemi_engine" title="Chrysler Hemi engine">Hemi</a> V8 engine rated at 425 hp (317 kW; 431 PS). The Dodge Magnum SRT-8 shared its platform with the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_300C" title="Chrysler 300C">Chrysler 300C</a> Touring SRT-8, which was only sold in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other German manufacturers have produced station wagon versions of their performance models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W205)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)">Mercedes-AMG C63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W213)" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W213)">Mercedes-AMG E63</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_M5#E60" title="BMW M5">BMW M5 (E60/E61)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf R">Volkswagen Golf R</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B6)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B6)">Volkswagen Passat R36</a> wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cadillac CTS-V Wagon introduced for the 2011 model year was considered the most potent production station wagon offered with a manual transmission, and the Corvette-engined version continued until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_by_country">History by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1910_to_1940:_Origins_and_woodie_wagons">1910 to 1940: Origins and woodie wagons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1910 to 1940: Origins and woodie wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Woodie_(car_body_style)" title="Woodie (car body style)">Woodie (car body style)</a></div> <p>The first station wagons were built in around 1910 by independent manufacturers producing wooden custom bodies for the Ford Model T chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were initially called "depot hacks" because they worked around train <i>depots</i> as <i>hacks</i> (short for <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">hackney carriage</a>, as taxicabs were then known).<sup id="cite_ref-www.coolridesonline.net_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.coolridesonline.net-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also came to be known as "carryalls" and "suburbans".<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Station wagons were initially considered <a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">commercial vehicles</a> (rather than consumer automobiles) and the framing of the early<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> station wagons was left unfinished, due to the commercial nature of the vehicles. Early<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> station wagons were fixed-roof vehicles, but lacked the sides and glass that would generally enclose the passenger compartment, and included rudimentary benches for seating passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-cars:_early_and_vintage_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cars:_early_and_vintage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Instead of framed glass, side curtains of canvas could be unrolled. More rigid curtains could be snapped to protect passengers from outside elements. The roofs of "woodie" wagons were usually made of stretched canvas treated with a waterproofing dressing. The framing of the wooden bodies was sheathed in steel<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and coated with tinted lacquer for protection. These wooden bodies required constant maintenance: varnishes required re-coating, and expansion/contraction of the wood meant that bolts and screws needed periodic re-tightening. </p><p>Manufacture of the wooden bodies was initially outsourced to custom <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the production of the all-wood bodies was very time-consuming. Eventually, car manufacturers began producing their station wagon designs. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Essex_(automobile)" title="Essex (automobile)">Essex Closed Coach</a> became the first mass-produced car to use a steel body (in this case, a fully enclosed <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> body style).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Star_(automobile)" title="Star (automobile)">Star</a> (a division of <a href="/wiki/Durant_Motors" title="Durant Motors">Durant Motors</a>) became the first car company to offer a station wagon assembled on its production line (using a wooden wagon body shipped in from an outside supplier).<sup id="cite_ref-American_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.theatlantic.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.theatlantic.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first builders of wagon bodies was the Stoughton Wagon Company from Wisconsin, which began putting custom wagon bodies on the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> chassis in 1919<sup id="cite_ref-cars:_early_and_vintage_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cars:_early_and_vintage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and by 1929 the Ford Motor Company was the biggest producer of chassis' for station wagons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since Ford owned its own hardwood forest and mills (at the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Iron_Mountain_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Iron Mountain Plant">Ford Iron Mountain Plant</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Kingsford,_Michigan" title="Kingsford, Michigan">Kingsford, Michigan</a> in Michigan's Upper Peninsula) it began supplying the wood components for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)" title="Ford Model A (1927–1931)">Model A</a> station wagon.<sup id="cite_ref-cars:_early_and_vintage_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cars:_early_and_vintage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also in 1929, J.T. Cantrell began supplying woodie bodies for Chrysler vehicles, which continued until 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-cars:_early_and_vintage_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cars:_early_and_vintage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1930s, station wagons had become expensive and well-equipped vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-www.theatlantic.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.theatlantic.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was introduced in 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_(1941%E2%80%931988)" title="Chrysler Town & Country (1941–1988)">Chrysler Town & Country</a> was the most expensive car in the company's model range. The first all-steel station wagon body style was the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban#First_generation_(1935)" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the overall trend in the automotive industry, wooden bodies were superseded by all-steel bodies due to their strength, cost, and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-cars:_early_and_vintage_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cars:_early_and_vintage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial vehicle status was also reflected on those vehicles' registrations For example, there were special "Suburban" <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Pennsylvania" title="Vehicle registration plates of Pennsylvania">license plates in Pennsylvania</a> used well into the 1960s, long after station wagons became car-based. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ford Model T"><img alt="Ford Model T" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg/200px-Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg/300px-Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg/400px-Ford_Model_T_Woody_Station_Wagon_-besopha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_(27705328712).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1934 Buick Series 50 station wagon"><img alt="1934 Buick Series 50 station wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg/200px-1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg/300px-1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg/400px-1934_Buick_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2827705328712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1934 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Series_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Series 50">Buick Series 50</a> station wagon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_Woodie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1940 Pontiac Special Series 25"><img alt="1940 Pontiac Special Series 25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pontiac_Woodie.jpg/200px-Pontiac_Woodie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pontiac_Woodie.jpg/300px-Pontiac_Woodie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pontiac_Woodie.jpg/400px-Pontiac_Woodie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1940 Pontiac Special Series 25</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1945_to_1970:_Steel-bodied_station_wagons">1945 to 1970: Steel-bodied station wagons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1945 to 1970: Steel-bodied station wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first all-steel station wagon was the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a>, which was built on the chassis of a <a href="/wiki/Panel_truck" title="Panel truck">panel truck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most station wagons were produced with wooden bodies until after World War II. </p><p>When automobile production resumed after World War II, technological advances made all-steel station wagon bodies more practical, eliminating the cost, noise, and maintenance associated with wood bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-lastwood_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lastwood-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mass-produced steel-bodied station wagon was the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Willys_Jeep_Station_Wagon" title="Willys Jeep Station Wagon">Willys Station Wagon</a>, based on the chassis of the <a href="/wiki/Jeep_CJ#CJ-2A" title="Jeep CJ">Jeep CJ-2A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Crosley introduced a steel-bodied station wagon version of the <a href="/wiki/Crosley#Crosley_CC_Four_(1946–1948)" title="Crosley">Crosley CC Four</a>. </p><p>The first postwar station wagon to be based on a passenger car chassis was the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Suburban" title="Plymouth Suburban">Plymouth Suburban</a>, which used a two-door body style. Several manufacturers produced steel and wooden-bodied station wagons concurrently for several years. For example, Plymouth continued the production of wooden-bodied station wagons until 1950. The final wooden-bodied station built in the United States was the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Estate#1950s" title="Buick Estate">Buick Super Estate</a>. </p><p>By 1951, most station wagons were being produced with all-steel bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Station wagons experienced the highest production levels in the United States from the 1950s through the 1970s as a result of the American <a href="/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom" title="Mid-20th century baby boom">Mid-20th century baby boom</a>. </p><p>The late 1950s through the mid-1960s was also the period of greatest variation in body styles, with models available without a <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">B-pillar</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">hardtop</a> or pillarless models) or with a B-pillar, both in 2-door and 4-door variants.<sup id="cite_ref-mom's_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mom's-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1956 <a href="/wiki/Rambler_Six_and_V8" title="Rambler Six and V8">Rambler</a> was an all-new design, and the 4-door "Cross Country" featured the industry's first station wagon hardtop.<sup id="cite_ref-Zyla_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zyla-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the pillarless models could be expensive to produce, added wind noise, and created structural issues with body torque.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GM eliminated the pillarless wagon from its lineup in 1959, while AMC and Ford exited the field beginning with their 1960 and 1961 vehicles, leaving Chrysler and Dodge with the body style through the 1964 model year. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1954 Studebaker Conestoga"><img alt="1954 Studebaker Conestoga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg/200px-1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg/300px-1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg/400px-1954_Studebaker_Conestoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954 Studebaker Conestoga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon"><img alt="1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/200px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/300px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/400px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1958 AMC Ambassador 4-door pillarless hardtop station wagon"><img alt="1958 AMC Ambassador 4-door pillarless hardtop station wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/200px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/300px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/400px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1958 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Ambassador" title="AMC Ambassador">AMC Ambassador</a> 4-door pillarless hardtop station wagon</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970_to_1990:_Competition_from_minivans">1970 to 1990: Competition from minivans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1970 to 1990: Competition from minivans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_(6637664679).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Reliant_station_wagon_%286637664679%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>1986–1988 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Reliant" title="Plymouth Reliant">Plymouth Reliant</a> station wagon</figcaption></figure> <p>The popularity of the station wagon—particularly full-size station wagons—in the United States was blunted by increased fuel prices caused by the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.stationwagon.com_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.stationwagon.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.theatlantic.com_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.theatlantic.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in 1983, the market for station wagons was further eroded by the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_minivans#First_generation_(1984-1990)" title="Chrysler minivans">Chrysler minivans</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform" title="Chrysler K platform">K platform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.coolridesonline.net_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.coolridesonline.net-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the K platform was also used for station wagon models (such as the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Reliant" title="Plymouth Reliant">Plymouth Reliant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Aries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodge Aries">Dodge Aries</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivan</a> would soon eclipse them in popularity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CAFE_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="CAFE standards">CAFE standards</a> provided an advantage to minivans (and later SUVs) over station wagons because the minivans and SUVs were classified as trucks in the United States and, therefore subject to less stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations. Station wagons remained popular in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in locations where emissions and efficiency regulations did not distinguish between cars and light trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_to_present:_Competition_from_SUVs">1990 to present: Competition from SUVs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1990 to present: Competition from SUVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg/220px-Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg/330px-Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg/440px-Buick_Roadmaster_Limited_Wagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>1996 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Estate#1991–1996" title="Buick Estate">Buick Roadmaster Estate Limited station wagon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The emergence and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a>, which closely approximate the traditional station wagon body style, was a blow. After low sales, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice" title="Chevrolet Caprice">Chevrolet Caprice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster" title="Buick Roadmaster">Buick Roadmaster</a>, the last American full-size wagons, were discontinued in 1996. Smaller station wagons were marketed as lower-priced alternatives to SUVs and minivans. Domestic wagons also remained in the Ford, Mercury, and Saturn lines. However, after 2004, these <a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">compact</a> station wagons also began to be phased out in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a> wagon was discontinued in 2005, and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus" title="Ford Focus">Ford Focus</a> station wagon was discontinued in 2008. An exception to this trend was the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Legacy" title="Subaru Legacy">Subaru Legacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Outback" title="Subaru Outback">Subaru Outback</a> station wagon models, which continue to be produced at the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_of_Indiana_Automotive,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc.">Subaru of Indiana plant</a>. With other brands, the niche previously occupied by station wagons is now primarily filled with a similar style of <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover SUV</a>, which generally has a car underpinning and a wagon body. </p><p>Imported station wagons, despite remaining popular in other countries,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> struggled in the United States. European car manufacturers such as Audi, Volvo, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz continued to offer station wagons in their North American product ranges (marketed using the labels "Avant", "Touring", and "Estate" respectively). However, these vehicles had fewer trim and power train levels than their sedan counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E63_AMG" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG">Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG</a> in Estate trim is a performance station wagon offered in the U.S. market. The station wagon variants of the smaller <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class">Mercedes-Benz C-Class</a> line-up were dropped in 2007, and the <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">BMW 5 Series</a> Touring models were discontinued in 2010 due to slow sales in the United States, with only 400 wagons sold in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V50" title="Volvo V50">Volvo V50</a> compact station wagon was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to poor sales. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_CTS" title="Cadillac CTS">Cadillac CTS</a> gave rise to a station wagon counterpart, the 2010 CTS Sportwagon, which defied the trend by offering almost as many trim levels as its sedan counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CTS wagon, particularly in the performance CTS-V trim, received positive reviews until it was discontinued in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_V" title="Toyota Prius V">Toyota Prius V</a> introduced hybrid power to the compact wagon market, but was discontinued in 2017 to streamline the Toyota hybrid lineup and focus on the RAV4 Hybrid Crossover SUV.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk7#Golf_Variant_/_Estate_/_SportWagen_/_Sportwagon" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk7">VW Golf <i>Sportwagen</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was marketed as a sub-compact station wagon in the North American market. This model was withdrawn from the U.S. market after 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Volvo reintroduced a large wagon to the U.S. market with the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V90" title="Volvo V90">Volvo V90</a>, but only by special order.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simulated_wood_paneling">Simulated wood paneling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Simulated wood paneling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Woodie_(car_body_style)#Simulated_woodgrain" title="Woodie (car body style)">Woodie (car body style) § Simulated woodgrain</a></div> <p>As the wooden bodies were replaced by steel from 1945 until 1953, manufacturers applied wooden decorative trim to the steel-bodied wagons as a visual link to the previous wooden style. By the late 1950s, the wooden trim was replaced by "simulated wood" in the form of stick-on vinyl coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-litwin1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litwin1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The woodgrain feature is not that the body is wood—or that it could ever be wood—rather, it is "totally honest in its artificiality."<sup id="cite_ref-Kozak_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozak-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design element was also used on cars that were not station wagons, including sedans, pickup trucks, and convertibles.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-litwin1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litwin1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unique simulated wood designs included trim on the body pillars of the compact-size <a href="/wiki/Nash_Rambler" title="Nash Rambler">Nash Rambler</a> station wagons that went up the roof's drip rail and around on the spit liftgate. The larger-sized Cross Country station wagon was available with bodyside wood trim that went unbroken up the C and D pillars to a thin strip on the roof above the side windows.<sup id="cite_ref-Zyla_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zyla-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kozak_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozak-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford marketing began using “Country Squire” with the 1950 model year for the station wagon body design.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1950 through 1991, their simulated wood trim differentiated the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Country_Squire" title="Ford Country Squire">Ford Country Squire</a> station wagon models from the lower trim versions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Squire" trim level was an available option in a few different Ford model ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(Americas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Falcon (Americas)">Falcon Squire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fairlane_(Americas)" title="Ford Fairlane (Americas)">Fairlane Squire</a>, and the 1970s the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Pinto" title="Ford Pinto">Pinto Squire</a>. The Squire was the highest trim level of any Ford Wagon and included additional exterior and better interior trims. </p><p>Other woodie-style wagon models produced in significant numbers include the 1984 through 1993 <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Wagoneer_(SJ)#1984:_Grand_Wagoneer" title="Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)">Jeep Grand Wagoneer</a> that launched the luxury SUV market segment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simulated wood-grain trim differentiated the top level models of the 1957-1991 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Colony_Park" title="Mercury Colony Park">Mercury Colony Park</a>, 1968–1988 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_(1941%E2%80%931988)" title="Chrysler Town & Country (1941–1988)">Chrysler Town & Country</a>, 1970–1990 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Estate" title="Buick Estate">Buick Estate</a>, 1971–1992 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Custom_Cruiser" title="Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser">Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser</a>, and 1969–1972 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Kingswood_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Kingswood Estate">Chevrolet Kingswood Estate</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1988 AMC Eagle Wagon with simulated wood trim"><img alt="1988 AMC Eagle Wagon with simulated wood trim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg/200px-AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg/300px-AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg/400px-AMC_Eagle_Wagon_blue_wood_grain_258_cid_5-speed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1988 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Eagle" title="AMC Eagle">AMC Eagle</a> Wagon with simulated wood trim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_(19034630231).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950 Plymouth Woodie Station Wagon"><img alt="1950 Plymouth Woodie Station Wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg/200px-1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg/300px-1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg/400px-1950_Plymouth_Woodie_Station_Wagon_%2819034630231%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1950 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)" title="Plymouth (automobile)">Plymouth</a> Woodie Station Wagon</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full-size_wagons">Full-size wagons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Full-size wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg/200px-1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg/300px-1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg/400px-1969_Ford_LTD_Country_Squire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1191" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1969 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Country_Squire" title="Ford Country Squire">Ford LTD Country Squire</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg/200px-1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg/300px-1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg/400px-1975_AMC_Matador_four-door_station_wagon_with_2-way_tailgate_and_3-rows_of_seats_at_2017_AMO_meet_05of11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1975 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Matador" title="AMC Matador">AMC Matador</a> with third-row seat and two-way tailgate open for passenger egress</div></div></div></div></div> <p>From the 1950s until the 1990s, many <a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">full-size</a> American station wagons could be optioned with a third row of seating in the cargo area (over the rear axle) for a total of nine seats. Before 1956, the third-row seats were forward-facing. </p><p>Chrysler's 1957 models had a roof too low to permit a forward-facing seat in the cargo area,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so a rear-facing seat was used for the third row. </p><p>General Motors adopted the rear-facing third row for most models during 1959-1971 and 1977–1996. However, the 1964–1972 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Vista_Cruiser" title="Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser">Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser</a> and 1964–1969 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Sport_Wagon" title="Buick Sport Wagon">Buick Sport Wagon</a> featured raised roof lines beginning above the second-row seat and continuing to the rear tailgate, resulting in the third row of seats being forward-facing. General Motors also used forward-facing seats for the third row from 1971 through 1976 <a href="#Clam_shell">clam shell wagons</a>. </p><p>The Ford and Mercury full-size wagons built after 1964 were available with four rows of seats, with the rear two rows in the cargo area facing each other. The third and fourth rows were designed for two people each (although these seats were relatively narrow in later models), giving a total seating capacity of ten people. </p><p>The trend since the 1980s for smaller station wagon bodies has limited the seating to two rows, resulting in a total capacity of five people, or six people, if a bench front seat is used. Since the 1990s, full-size station wagons have been largely replaced by SUVs with three-row seating, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Expedition" title="Ford Expedition">Ford Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Durango" title="Dodge Durango">Dodge Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Defender_(L663)" title="Land Rover Defender (L663)">Defender 130</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover" title="Range Rover">Range Rover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS-Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class">Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMW_X7" title="BMW X7">BMW X7</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-motortrend.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motortrend.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-door_wagons">Two-door wagons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Two-door wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two-door station wagon was the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Willys_Jeep_Station_Wagon" title="Willys Jeep Station Wagon">Willys Jeep Station Wagon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early two-door station wagons were the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Nash_Rambler" title="Nash Rambler">Nash Rambler</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Conestoga" title="Studebaker Conestoga">Studebaker Conestoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, Studebaker introduced three new two-door wagons in Pelham, Parkview, and Pinehurst trims.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Motors began producing two-door station wagons in 1955 with the "Chevrolet Handyman" and the "Pontiac Chieftain".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Motors also introduced the sportier <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Nomad" title="Chevrolet Nomad">Chevrolet Nomad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Safari" title="Pontiac Safari">Pontiac Safari</a> to their lineup in 1955. Ford began production of steel-bodied two-door station wagons in 1952 with the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Ranch_Wagon" title="Ford Ranch Wagon">Ford Ranch Wagon</a>. In 1956, Ford responded to the Nomad and Safari with the two-door wagon, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Parklane" title="Ford Parklane">Ford Parklane</a>. This was a one-year-only model, succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Del_Rio" title="Ford Del Rio">Ford Del Rio</a> in 1957. </p><p>After the merger of <a href="/wiki/Nash-Kelvinator" title="Nash-Kelvinator">Nash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company" title="Hudson Motor Car Company">Hudson</a>, the new company, <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors</a> (AMC), reintroduced the two-door wagon in the "new" <a href="/wiki/Rambler_American" title="Rambler American">Rambler American</a> line in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "recycling" with only a few modifications from the original version and targeted buyers looking for "no-frills" economy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Motors' strategy of reintroducing an old design made for two distinct model runs, one of few examples where such a strategy has been successful for an automobile manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Vega" title="Chevrolet Vega">Chevrolet Vega</a> Kammback, introduced in September 1970, was the first U.S.-made four-seat wagon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the first two-door wagon from GM in six years. It shared its wheelbase and length with Vega <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> versions and was produced in the 1971 through 1977 model years. </p><p>American Motors offered a two-door wagon version of the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Pacer" title="AMC Pacer">AMC Pacer</a> from 1977 through 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wagon embodied all the features and handling of the coupe, including the wheelbase, while only 2.5 in (64 mm) longer and increasing cargo capacity to 48.3 cu ft (1,368 L) with the rear seat down.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last two-door wagon available marketed in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Geo_Storm" title="Geo Storm">Geo Storm</a> was the 1991 and 1992 "Wagonback", featuring a long roof and a rear hatch in place of the sloping <a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">liftback</a> versions.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merc2drwagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1958 Mercury Commuter hardtop"><img alt="1958 Mercury Commuter hardtop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Merc2drwagon.jpg/200px-Merc2drwagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Merc2drwagon.jpg/300px-Merc2drwagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Merc2drwagon.jpg/400px-Merc2drwagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1958 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Commuter" title="Mercury Commuter">Mercury Commuter</a> hardtop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_wagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1971 Chevrolet Vega Kammback"><img alt="1971 Chevrolet Vega Kammback" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vega_wagon.jpg/200px-Vega_wagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vega_wagon.jpg/300px-Vega_wagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vega_wagon.jpg/400px-Vega_wagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1971 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Vega" title="Chevrolet Vega">Chevrolet Vega</a> Kammback</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1977 AMC Pacer DL"><img alt="1977 AMC Pacer DL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg/200px-1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg/300px-1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg/400px-1977_AMC_Pacer_DL_station_wagon_yellow-c_Mason-Dixon_Dragway_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1977 AMC Pacer DL</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s_to_1950s">1930s to 1950s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1930s to 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg/220px-Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg/330px-Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg/440px-Hillman_husky_mark1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>1954–1957 <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Husky" title="Hillman Husky">Hillman Husky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> estate cars were after-market conversions, with the new bodywork using a wooden frame and either steel or wooden panels. These wooden-bodied cars, produced until the 1960s, were among the most expensive vehicles. Since the 1930s, the term <a href="/wiki/Shooting-brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting-brake">shooting-brake</a> (originally a term for hunting vehicles) has been an alternative, if now rarely used, to the term for estates in the UK. </p><p>Later, estates were produced by vehicle manufacturers and included the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Commer" title="Commer">Commer</a> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Minx#Pre-WWII_Minx" title="Hillman Minx">Hillman Minx Magnificent</a>) designed for "operators requiring reliable light transport units" and the chassis for the Supervan "multipurpose utility vehicle, primarily designed for estate transport ... seating accommodation for five persons and the driver ... being quickly convertible to carry anything from hunting equipment to farm produce."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others included the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Morris_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Traveller">Morris Minor Traveller</a>, 1952 <a href="/wiki/Morris_Oxford_MO#Traveller" title="Morris Oxford MO">Morris Oxford Traveller</a>, 1954 <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Husky#Original_Hillman_Husky_("Mark_1")" title="Hillman Husky">Hillman Husky</a>, 1954 <a href="/wiki/Austin_A30" title="Austin A30">Austin A30 Countryman</a> and 1955 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Squire" title="Ford Squire">Ford Squire</a>. Most of these models were two-door estates, and several models were built on the chassis of relatively small cars. </p><p>Manufacturers often chose a specific model name to apply to all their estate cars as a marketing exercise - for example, <a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> used the Countryman name, and Morris called it Traveller. Some estates were closely derived from existing commercial <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">van</a> models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Austin_A35" title="Austin A35">Austin A30/35 Countryman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Husky" title="Hillman Husky">Hillman Husky</a>. Others included the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Cambridge" title="Austin Cambridge">Austin Cambridge Countryman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ten" title="Standard Ten">Standard Ten Companion</a>. </p><p>Rover and Austin produced 4×4 canvas-topped utility vehicles in the 1950s that were available in estate body styles sold as "Station Wagons". They incorporated better seating and trim than standard editions with options such as heaters. Early advertising for the Land Rover version took the name literally, showing the vehicle collecting people and goods from a <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a>. </p><p>Despite the popularity of station wagons in America, estate offerings in the U.K. from Ford and Vauxhall were limited to factory-approved aftermarket conversions of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Consul" title="Ford Consul">Ford Consul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Cresta" title="Vauxhall Cresta">Vauxhall Cresta</a> until the factory-built <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Victor#F_Series_Victor" title="Vauxhall Victor">Vauxhall Victor</a> wagon was introduced in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s_to_1970s">1960s to 1970s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1960s to 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_(14794742205).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg/220px-1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg/330px-1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg/440px-1976_Ford_Granada_L_2000_Estate_%2814794742205%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Ford Granada L Estate</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the smallest estates ever produced was the <a href="/wiki/Mini#Morris_Mini_Traveller_and_Austin_Mini_Countryman_(1960–69)" title="Mini">Morris Mini Traveller / Austin Mini Countryman</a>, introduced in 1960. </p><p>Ford's first factory-built estate was the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Cortina_Mark_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Cortina Mark 1">Ford Cortina</a>. </p><p>The 1967 <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Husky" title="Hillman Husky">Hillman Husky</a> station wagon version of the <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Imp" title="Hillman Imp">Hillman Imp</a> was unusual in being a rear-engined estate. </p><p>Ford and Vauxhall produced factory-built estate variants of all three of their respective core models (small-, family- and large-size cars) by the 1970s. The <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Victor#FD_Series_Victor,_VX4/90_and_Ventora" title="Vauxhall Victor">FD</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Victor#FE_Series_Victor,_VX4/90,_Ventora,_VX1800_and_VX2300" title="Vauxhall Victor">FE</a>-Series Vauxhall Victors, built between 1966 and 1978, were large cars and featured estate models in the style of an American station wagon with front and rear bench seats and large-capacity petrol engines. </p><p>Other estates sold in the United Kingdom included the <a href="/wiki/Morris_1100" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris 1100">Morris 1100</a> (introduced in 1966), <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Viva" title="Vauxhall Viva">Vauxhall Viva</a> (introduced 1967), <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)" title="Ford Escort (Europe)">Ford Escort</a> (introduced in 1968), and <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Chevette" title="Vauxhall Chevette">Vauxhall Chevette</a> (introduced 1976). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_to_present">1980s to present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1980s to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the decades following, Vauxhall has produced the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra" title="Vauxhall Astra">Astra</a> family car from 1980 continuing till now in estate form, as well as other estate versions of larger cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Cavalier" title="Vauxhall Cavalier">Cavalier</a>, replaced in 1995 by the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Vectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Vectra">Vectra</a> which itself was replaced in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Insignia">Insignia</a>, staying in production till 2022. The second generation Insignia was also made in Country Tourer form, a slightly raised <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">crossover</a> version of the standard Insignia Sports Tourer. Between 1978 and 2003, they also sold estate versions of two <a href="/wiki/Executive_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive cars">executive cars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Carlton" title="Vauxhall Carlton">Carlton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Omega" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Omega">Omega</a>. Vauxhall also produced the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Signum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Signum">Signum</a> in the mid-2000s as an executive take on a Vectra estate, and it was only available in such a body style; the Insignia VXR, a high-performance variant of the Insignia available in its first generation could also be had as an estate, with a V6 engine producing 321 bhp. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vauxhall Insignia Country Tourer"><img alt="Vauxhall Insignia Country Tourer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg/200px-Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg/300px-Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg/400px-Insignia_B_Country_Tourer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vauxhall Insignia Country Tourer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opel Astra L Sports Tourer - estate version of the 11th generation Astra"><img alt="Opel Astra L Sports Tourer - estate version of the 11th generation Astra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg/200px-Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg/300px-Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg/400px-Opel_Astra_L_Sports_Tourer_Leonberg_2022_1X7A0417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opel Astra L Sports Tourer - estate version of the 11th generation Astra</div> </li> </ul> <p>Ford made a variety of estates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus" title="Ford Focus">Focus</a> estate from 1998 that replaced the Escort, as well as the estate version of the family car <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mondeo" title="Ford Mondeo">Mondeo</a> (1992-2022, which itself replaced the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sierra" title="Ford Sierra">Sierra's</a> estate variant made by <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford of Britain</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_(16922091829).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg/220px-2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg/330px-2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg/440px-2015_Ford_Mondeo_1.6_Zetec_Econetic_TDCi_Estate_%2816922091829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>2015 Ford Mondeo estate</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_S-Type" title="Jaguar S-Type">X-Type</a> as an estate during the early 2000s, while the larger <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XF_(X250)#XF_Sportbrake_(2012–2015)" title="Jaguar XF (X250)">XF Sportbrake</a>, produced from 2012, and the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XF_(X250)" title="Jaguar XF (X250)">second generation</a>, were available estate body style. The first generation had a 'floating roof' appearance as its D-pillars were blended with the rear and side windows to make it look like glass. The <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XF_(X250)#XFR-S" title="Jaguar XF (X250)">XFR-S</a> was available with a 575 bhp (429 kW; 583 PS) 5.0 L supercharged V8, while the latter generation's most powerful engine was a 380 bhp (283 kW; 385 PS) 3.0 L supercharged V6. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_(2014)_(36330400245).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaguar XFR-S Sportbrake, showing the floating roof effect at the rear"><img alt="Jaguar XFR-S Sportbrake, showing the floating roof effect at the rear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg/150px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg/225px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg/300px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836330400245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="2941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jaguar XFR-S Sportbrake, showing the floating roof effect at the rear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_(2014)_(36286238246).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front"><img alt="Front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg/150px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg/225px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg/300px-Jaguar_XF_R-S_Sportbrake_%282014%29_%2836286238246%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_XF_(X260)_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2021 Jaguar XF Sportbrake"><img alt="2021 Jaguar XF Sportbrake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg/150px-Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg/225px-Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg/300px-Jaguar_XF_%28X260%29_Sportbrake_Facelift_Auto_Zuerich_2021_IMG_0586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4339" data-file-height="2503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2021 Jaguar XF Sportbrake</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mini_Clubman_(2007)" title="Mini Clubman (2007)">Mini Clubman</a>, made from 2007 until 2024 in <a href="/wiki/Plant_Oxford" title="Plant Oxford">Oxford</a>, is an estate car made unique by having a split side-opening tailgate across both generations and a shooting brake body style in its first, with a small rearward-opening door on its right-hand side for rear seat access. The second generation was available in the high-performance <a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_Works" title="John Cooper Works">John Cooper Works</a> trim with up to 302 bhp (225 kW; 306 PS).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MINI_CLUBMAN_(R55)_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First generation Mini Clubman - shooting brake shape and right rearward-opening door visible"><img alt="First generation Mini Clubman - shooting brake shape and right rearward-opening door visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg/150px-MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg/225px-MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg/300px-MINI_CLUBMAN_%28R55%29_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6897" data-file-height="3494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First generation Mini Clubman - shooting brake shape and right rearward-opening door visible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Mini_Clubman_(F54)_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mini Clubman JCW, demonstrating its split boot doors"><img alt="Mini Clubman JCW, demonstrating its split boot doors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg/150px-0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg/225px-0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg/300px-0_Mini_Clubman_%28F54%29_John_Cooper_Works_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mini Clubman JCW, demonstrating its split boot doors</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/MG_cars" title="MG cars">MG</a> marketed the <a href="/wiki/MG5_(automobile)#Other_versions" title="MG5 (automobile)">MG5 EV</a> - a rebadged <a href="/wiki/Roewe_i5#Roewe_Ei5_/_MG5_EV_(EP22)" title="Roewe i5">Roewe Ei5</a>, made in China - solely as an estate in the United Kingdom, the first estate since the brand's rebirth. Previously, MG sold the <a href="/wiki/MG_ZT" title="MG ZT">ZT</a>, a badge-engineered <a href="/wiki/Rover_75" title="Rover 75">Rover 75</a>. This large family car also had the faster ZT-T version, a modified version of which, with over 800 bhp, gained the World's Fastest (non-production) Estate Car title in September 2003, with a top speed of 225.609 mph (363 km/h). Before its discontinuation, <a href="/wiki/Rover_(marque)" title="Rover (marque)">Rover</a> produced various estate cars: the aforementioned 75, also sold in <a href="/wiki/Rover_75#Rover_75_V8" title="Rover 75">V8</a> form, and the <a href="/wiki/Rover_400" class="mw-redirect" title="Rover 400">Rover 400</a> in the 1990s. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MG_MG5_(Fully_Charged_2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2022 MG5 EV"><img alt="A 2022 MG5 EV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/150px-MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/225px-MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg/300px-MG_MG5_%28Fully_Charged_2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2022 MG5 EV</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2005 Rover 75 estate"><img alt="A 2005 Rover 75 estate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg/150px-Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg/225px-Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg/300px-Rover_75_MkII_diesel_estate_registered_March_2005_1951cc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2005 Rover 75 estate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 145px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This MG ZT-T became the world's fastest (non-production) estate in 2003"><img alt="This MG ZT-T became the world's fastest (non-production) estate in 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg/150px-2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg/225px-2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg/300px-2007FOS_MGZTT_EstateSpeedRecord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This MG ZT-T became the world's fastest (non-production) estate in 2003</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_(S_204)_Avantgarde_station_wagon_(2015-07-09)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg/220px-2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg/330px-2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg/440px-2014_Mercedes-Benz_C_250_CDI_%28S_204%29_Avantgarde_station_wagon_%282015-07-09%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>2014 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W204)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204)">Mercedes-Benz C Class</a> station wagon</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany is the largest market for station wagons in the world, with around 600,000 to 700,000 vehicles sold each year—amounting to 20% of all car sales.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German-designed station wagons have been produced by Audi, BMW, Borgward, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, and Volkswagen. Some larger models are available with a third row of seats, such as the rear-facing jump seat for two passengers in the cargo area of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W212)" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)">Mercedes-Benz E-Class</a> wagon.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, Volkswagen introduced the two-door "Variant" body style of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Volkswagen Type 3</a> (also known as the Volkswagen 1500—later the Volkswagen 1600). The Type 3's rear-engine layout was retained for the station wagon models, but the engine profile was flattened, resulting in a small car with interior room and trunk space in the front. The model was offered through the 1973 model year. </p><p>Station wagons produced in East Germany include the 1956–1965 <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_311" title="Wartburg 311">Wartburg 311/312/313</a>, the 1963–1990 <a href="/wiki/Trabant_601" title="Trabant 601">Trabant 601</a> Universal, and the 1966–1988 <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_353" title="Wartburg 353">Wartburg 353</a> Tourist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_(16641390614).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg/200px-1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg/300px-1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg/400px-1963_Peugeot_404_Break_L_%2816641390614%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1963 <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_404" title="Peugeot 404">Peugeot 404</a> Break</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/200px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/300px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg/400px-Citroen_DS_20_BW_2016-07-17_13-27-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5365" data-file-height="3574" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1972 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a> Break</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, almost all station wagon models are called a "Break".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first station wagon produced by a French manufacturer was the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a> Familiale model introduced in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Peugeot station wagon was the <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_203" title="Peugeot 203">Peugeot 203</a>, introduced in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_ID" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën ID">Citroën ID</a> Break (known as the Safari in English-speaking countries) was introduced, larger than other French station wagon models and of similar size to contemporary full-size station wagons from the United States. It seated eight people, with two front-facing bench seats and two folding inward-facing seats in the cargo area. The 'Familiale' version had a front bench seat, a forward-facing three-space bench seat in the middle, and a folding forward-facing three-seat bench in the rear, providing a versatile nine-seat car. The Citroën ID also had a two-part tailgate and a <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> that allowed a self-leveling ride height and automatic brake biasing regardless of the load carried. The car could also 'kneel' to the ground to facilitate loading heavy or large items. The successors to the ID, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">Citroën CX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">Citroën XM</a>, continued to be among the largest station wagon cars produced in Europe. Nevertheless, the model was discontinued in 2000, and a station wagon version was unavailable for its <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">Citroën C6</a> successor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_404" title="Peugeot 404">Peugeot 404</a>, introduced in 1960, offered a conventional large station wagon alternative to the innovative Citroëns. Its replacement, the <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_505" title="Peugeot 505">505</a> was available in both five-seat and seven-seat 'Familiale' versions. As with the Citroëns, changing demands in the French car market led to the end of the large Peugeot station wagon models in the mid-1990s, with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_406" title="Peugeot 406">Peugeot 406</a> becoming the largest station wagon model in the range from 1995. Similarly to the United States, the decline of traditional Break and Familiale models in France was partly due to the introduction of the minivan in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a> in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg/200px-Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg/300px-Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg/400px-Volvo_PV_445_Duett_Station_Wagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Duett" title="Volvo Duett">Volvo Duett</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg/200px-1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg/300px-1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg/400px-1993_Volvo_240_SE_2.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1974–1993 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_240" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo 240">Volvo 240</a> wagon</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The first station wagon produced in Sweden was the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Duett" title="Volvo Duett">Volvo Duett</a>, introduced in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duett two-door wagon was conceived as a dual-function delivery van and people-carrier and is based on the chassis of the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_PV444/544" title="Volvo PV444/544">PV444 and PV544</a> sedans. </p><p>In 1962, the Volvo Duett was supplemented by a larger but lower <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Amazon" title="Volvo Amazon">Amazon</a>, which has a four-door body and a horizontal split <a href="/wiki/3-way_tailgate" class="mw-redirect" title="3-way tailgate">tailgate</a>. Volvo continued production of station wagons through the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_140_Series" title="Volvo 140 Series">Volvo 145</a> (introduced in 1967), then the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_200_Series" title="Volvo 200 Series">Volvo 200 Series</a> (introduced in 1974), and the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_700_Series" title="Volvo 700 Series">Volvo 700 Series</a> (introduced in 1985). In many markets, the station wagon models of the 700 Series significantly outsold the sedan models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1990, the 700 Series was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_900_Series" title="Volvo 900 Series">Volvo 900 Series</a>, which was sold alongside the smaller <a href="/wiki/Volvo_850" title="Volvo 850">Volvo 850</a> wagon that was introduced one year later. The 900 Series ended production in 1998, and its successor (the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S80" title="Volvo S80">Volvo S80</a>) did not include any wagon models. Volvo station wagons produced since the mid-1990s are the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S40" title="Volvo S40">Volvo V40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V50" title="Volvo V50">Volvo V50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V60" title="Volvo V60">Volvo V60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V70" title="Volvo V70">Volvo V70</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V90" title="Volvo V90">Volvo V90</a>, with the V60 and V90 models currently in production.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saab began producing station wagons in 1959, with the <a href="/wiki/Saab_95" title="Saab 95">Saab 95</a> two-door wagon, based on the <a href="/wiki/Saab_93" title="Saab 93">Saab 93</a> sedan.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a hiatus in station wagon production since the Saab 95 ended production in 1978, in 1997 the company introduced the four-door <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-5" title="Saab 9-5">Saab 9-5</a> station wagon, produced until 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 a 'Sportwagon' version of the <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-3" title="Saab 9-3">Saab 9-3</a> was introduced and produced until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 station wagons accounted for 31% of all sold cars.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, station wagons represented 15% of the passenger car market,<sup id="cite_ref-Mon813_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mon813-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting a trend throughout Europe of increasing popularity through the 1980s, with the vehicles becoming less cargo-oriented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg/220px-MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg/330px-MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg/440px-MAZDA_FAMILIA_VAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>1963–1968 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Familia" title="Mazda Familia">Mazda Familia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_(E210)_IMG_2662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg/220px-Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg/330px-Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg/440px-Toyota_Corolla_Touring_Sports_Hybrid_%28E210%29_IMG_2662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5087" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption>2019 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E210)" title="Toyota Corolla (E210)">Toyota Corolla Touring Sports</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Japanese station wagon was the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Bellel" title="Isuzu Bellel">Isuzu Bellel</a> four-door wagon, based on a compact sedan chassis. This was followed by the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Familia#First_generation_(1963–1968)" title="Mazda Familia">Mazda Familia</a>, 1966 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E10)" title="Toyota Corolla (E10)">Toyota Corolla</a>, 1967 <a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Florian" title="Isuzu Florian">Isuzu Florian</a>, 1969 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Galant#First_generation_(A50;_1969–1973)" title="Mitsubishi Galant">Mitsubishi Galant</a>, 1973 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Lancer_(A70)" title="Mitsubishi Lancer (A70)">Mitsubishi Lancer</a> and 1974 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_(first_generation)" title="Honda Civic (first generation)">Honda Civic</a> wagons. However, Japanese manufacturers did not build station wagons in large volumes until the 1980s when the body style, along with <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUVs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a>, boomed in popularity as leisure vehicles. </p><p>Models marketed as passenger station wagons in export markets were often sold as utilitarian "van" models in the home market. Some were not updated in a model's life in Japan for consecutive generations. For example, a sedan might have a model life of four years, but the wagon was not updated for up to eight years (such as the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a> wagon built from 1979 until 1987 and the 1987–1996 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Capella" title="Mazda Capella">Mazda Capella</a> wagon). Station wagons remain popular in Japan, although they are in slow decline as the SUVs and <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a> have taken over a large portion of this market since the 2000s, with manufacturers replacing their station wagons with equivalent hatchbacks or crossover SUVs (i.e., Subaru replaced the wagon with the hatchback for their third-generation <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Impreza" title="Subaru Impreza">Impreza</a> range). Several Japanese <a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">compact MPVs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Exiga" title="Subaru Exiga">Subaru Exiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_V" title="Toyota Prius V">Toyota Prius α</a> take elements from older station wagons while being more in line with their corresponding category. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Korean manufacturers do not have a strong tradition of producing station wagons. The first station wagon by the South Korean manufacturer was released in 1995 as the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra" title="Hyundai Elantra">Hyundai Avante Touring (Lantra Sportswagon)</a>, followed in early 1996 as the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Festiva" title="Ford Festiva">Kia Pride</a> station wagon. <a href="/wiki/Daewoo_Motors" title="Daewoo Motors">Daewoo Motors</a> followed a year later with the first-generation <a href="/wiki/Daewoo_Nubira" title="Daewoo Nubira">Nubira</a>. </p><p>South Korean manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kia</a> produces both the <a href="/wiki/Cee%27d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cee'd">Cee'd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kia_Optima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Optima">Optima</a> station wagons designated as Sportswagons with sister company <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> offering station wagon versions of the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_i30" title="Hyundai i30">i30</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_i40" title="Hyundai i40">i40</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Holden_Commodore_(VF_II_MY17)_SV6_Sportwagon_(2018-11-02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg/220px-2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg/330px-2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg/440px-2017_Holden_Commodore_%28VF_II_MY17%29_SV6_Sportwagon_%282018-11-02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>2017 <a href="/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VF)" title="Holden Commodore (VF)">Holden Commodore (VF)</a> Sportwagon</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Australian-designed car was built in 1948, but locally designed station wagons did not appear until nine years later when the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Holden_FE" title="Holden FE">Holden FE</a> was introduced. Holden's main competitor, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(XK)" title="Ford Falcon (XK)">Ford Falcon (XK)</a> introduced wagon models in 1960. </p><p>Ford and Holden produced wagon models based on each generation of their large sedans until 2010. Other wagons produced in Australia include the smaller <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Magna" title="Mitsubishi Magna">Mitsubishi Magna</a>. The Ford and Holden wagons were usually built on a longer <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a> than their sedan counterparts until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VE)" title="Holden Commodore (VE)">Holden Commodore (VE)</a>, which switched to sharing the sedan's wheelbase. </p><p>Ford ceased production of wagons in Australia when the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(BF)" title="Ford Falcon (BF)">Ford Falcon (BF)</a> ended production in 2010, primarily due to the declining station wagon and large car market, but also following the 2004 introduction and sales success of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Territory_(Australia)" title="Ford Territory (Australia)">Ford Territory</a> SUV.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of wagons in Australia ceased in 2017 when the <a href="/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VF)" title="Holden Commodore (VF)">Holden Commodore (VF)</a> ended production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan (automobile)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_wagon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hilliers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilliers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilliers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilliers_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHillierCoombes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hillier, Victor; Coombes, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoYaRsNFlEYC&q=%22station+wagon%22+vs.+%22hatchback%22&pg=PA11"><i>Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Volume 1</i></a> (5th ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748780822" title="Special:BookSources/9780748780822"><bdi>9780748780822</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books. <q>The estate body, also known as station wagons in some countries, has the roofline extended to the rear of the body to enlarge its internal capacity. Folding the rear seats down gives a large floor area for the carriage of luggage or goods. Stronger suspension springs are fitted at the rear to support the extra load. Hatchback: The hatchback is generally based on a sedan body but with the trunk area blended into the center section of the body. The hatchback is therefore halfway between a sedan and an estate car. This type of body is very popular due to its versatility and style. Although some hatchbacks are in fact sedan bodies with the trunk effectively removed (usually the smaller cars), many hatchbacks retain the full length of the sedan but the roofline extends down to the rear of the vehicle. As with the sedan bodies, a hatchback can have two or four passenger doors, however, there is a tendency to refer to hatchbacks as three or five doors because the rear compartment lid (or tailgate) is also referred to as a door on the hatchback bodies. As with the estate, the rear seats fold down to give a flat floor for the transportation of luggage or other objects. When the tailgate is closed, the luggage compartment is usually covered with a parcel shelf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hillier%27s+Fundamentals+of+Motor+Vehicle+Technology%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780748780822&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Coombes%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoYaRsNFlEYC%26q%3D%2522station%2Bwagon%2522%2Bvs.%2B%2522hatchback%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/station-wagon">"Definition: Station Wagon"</a>. American Heritage Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+Station+Wagon&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fstation-wagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pm_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartford1969" class="citation magazine cs1">Hartford, Bill (February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9gDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22station+wagon%22+%22body+style%22&pg=PA104">"Sizing up the 1969 Station Wagons"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. p. 106<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Sizing+up+the+1969+Station+Wagons&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1969-02&rft.aulast=Hartford&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9gDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522station%2Bwagon%2522%2B%2522body%2Bstyle%2522%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2022" class="citation web cs1">Walton, Evan (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autolist.com/guides/best-station-wagons">"Best Station Wagons for 2022 and 2023"</a>. <i>autolist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autolist.com&rft.atitle=Best+Station+Wagons+for+2022+and+2023&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autolist.com%2Fguides%2Fbest-station-wagons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/features/every-station-wagon-you-can-buy/">"Here is Every Station Wagon You Can Buy in 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+is+Every+Station+Wagon+You+Can+Buy+in+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Ffeatures%2Fevery-station-wagon-you-can-buy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2022" class="citation web cs1">Stafford, Eric (29 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g26961972/best-station-wagons/">"Best New Station Wagons of 2022"</a>. <i>caranddriver.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caranddriver.com&rft.atitle=Best+New+Station+Wagons+of+2022&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ffeatures%2Fg26961972%2Fbest-station-wagons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2008" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Colin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edOlJadQjUgC&pg=PA5"><i>British Woodies: From the 1920s to the 1950s</i></a>. Veloce Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845841690" title="Special:BookSources/9781845841690"><bdi>9781845841690</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Woodies%3A+From+the+1920s+to+the+1950s&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781845841690&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedOlJadQjUgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Word_Origins-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Word_Origins_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Word_Origins_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/station-wagon">"Station wagon/estate car/shooting brake"</a>. <i>wordorigins.org</i>. 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartalk.com&rft.atitle=The+Knotty+History+of+the+Woody+Wagon&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Motavalli&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartalk.com%2Fblogs%2Fjim-motavalli%2Fknotty-history-woody-wagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kyle (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hagerty.com/media/hagerty-community/6-coolest-woody-cars-according-to-you/">"The 6 coolest woody cars, according to you"</a>. <i>Hagerty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hagerty&rft.atitle=The+6+coolest+woody+cars%2C+according+to+you&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagerty.com%2Fmedia%2Fhagerty-community%2F6-coolest-woody-cars-according-to-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english-polish/station-wagon">"Translation of station wagon – English-Polish dictionary"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Translation+of+station+wagon+%E2%80%93+English-Polish+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-polish%2Fstation-wagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english-russian/station-wagon">"Translation of station wagon – English-Russian dictionary"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Translation+of+station+wagon+%E2%80%93+English-Russian+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-russian%2Fstation-wagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vehicle_Dynamics-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vehicle_Dynamics_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazar2008" class="citation book cs1">Jazar, G. Nakhaie (2008). <i>Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Application</i>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 30, 1.8.3 Passenger Car Body Styles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387742434" title="Special:BookSources/9780387742434"><bdi>9780387742434</bdi></a>. <q>Hatchback: Hatchback cars are identified by a rear door including the back window, that opens to access a storage area that is not separated from the rest of the passenger compartment. A hatchback may have two or four doors and two or four seats. They are also called three-door or five-door cars. A hatchback car is referred to a <i>liftback</i> when the opening area is very sloped and is lifted up to open. Station Wagon: A station wagon or wagon is a car with a full-height body all the way to the rear; the load-carrying space created is accessed via a rear door or doors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vehicle+Dynamics%3A+Theory+and+Application&rft.pages=30%2C+1.8.3+Passenger+Car+Body+Styles&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780387742434&rft.aulast=Jazar&rft.aufirst=G.+Nakhaie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutomotiveTech-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutomotiveTech_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutomotiveTech_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErjavec2004" class="citation book cs1">Erjavec, Jack (2004). <i>Automotive Technology: a Systems Approach Chapter 4</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 55, Body Styles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401848316" title="Special:BookSources/9781401848316"><bdi>9781401848316</bdi></a>. <q>Liftback or Hatchback: The distinguishing feature of this vehicle is its luggage compartment, which is an extension of the passenger compartment. Access to the luggage compartment is gained through an upward-opening hatch-type door. A car of this design can be a three- or five-door model; the third or fifth door is the rear hatch. Station Wagon: A station wagon is characterized by its roof which extends straight back, allowing a spacious interior luggage compartment in the rear. The rear door, which can be opened numerous ways depending on the model, provides access to the luggage compartment. Station wagons come in two and four-door models and have space for up to nine passengers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+Technology%3A+a+Systems+Approach+Chapter+4&rft.pages=55%2C+Body+Styles&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781401848316&rft.aulast=Erjavec&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151939/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display/store4/item131867/">"Car Design Glossary—Part 2: One-Box (Monospace or Monovolume)"</a>. <i>cardesignnews.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>A three or five-door hatchback (no separate trunk compartment) is a 'two-box' car.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardesignnews.com&rft.atitle=Car+Design+Glossary%E2%80%94Part+2%3A+One-Box+%28Monospace+or+Monovolume%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardesignnews.com%2Fsite%2Fhome%2Fnew_cars%2Fdisplay%2Fstore4%2Fitem131867%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2003" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Mike (2003). <i>American Cars of the '50s</i>. Crestline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760317129" title="Special:BookSources/9780760317129"><bdi>9780760317129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cars+of+the+%2750s&rft.pub=Crestline&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780760317129&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil2002" class="citation news cs1">Neil, Dan (28 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/automobiles/the-hatch-is-back-but-please-don-t-use-the-h-word.html">"The Hatchback Is Back (but Nobody Uses the H-Word)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Hatchback+Is+Back+%28but+Nobody+Uses+the+H-Word%29&rft.date=2002-04-28&rft.aulast=Neil&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F28%2Fautomobiles%2Fthe-hatch-is-back-but-please-don-t-use-the-h-word.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A210924">"1963 AMC Rambler Classic station wagon"</a>. <i>Detroit Public Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jalopnik&rft.atitle=The+Studebaker+Wagonaire+And+GMC+Envoy+Offer+Sliding+Roof+Fun&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.aulast=Estrada&rft.aufirst=Zac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fthe-studebaker-wagonaire-and-gmc-envoy-offer-sliding-ro-5929470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6890312/autos-the-thinker-detroit-style/">"The Thinker (Detroit Style)"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 21 April 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Thinker+%28Detroit+Style%29&rft.date=1967-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6890312%2Fautos-the-thinker-detroit-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oldcarbrochures.org/United%20States/AMC/1970_AMC/1970-AMC-Wagons-Brochure/slides/1970_AMC_Wagons-04.html">"American Motors Presents: four ways you can be the 1970 wagon master (brochure)"</a>. <i>oldcarbrochures.org</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldcarbrochures.org&rft.atitle=American+Motors+Presents%3A+four+ways+you+can+be+the+1970+wagon+master+%28brochure%29&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foldcarbrochures.org%2FUnited%2520States%2FAMC%2F1970_AMC%2F1970-AMC-Wagons-Brochure%2Fslides%2F1970_AMC_Wagons-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Clair2008" class="citation web cs1">O'Clair, Jim (15 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2008/05/15/collectible-clamshells">"Collectible Clamshells"</a>. <i>Hemmings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hemmings&rft.atitle=Collectible+Clamshells&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft.aulast=O%27Clair&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemmings.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2Fcollectible-clamshells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStation+wagon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popsci-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popsci_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbyeDunne1970" class="citation magazine cs1">Norbye, Jan P.; Dunne, Jim (October 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwEAAAAAMBAJ&q=%22glide+away%22+tailgate&pg=PA75">"The '71 Wagons, Big Changes Coming Up"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. pp. 74–75<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Station_wagons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Station wagons">Station wagons</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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