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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G-parity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 G-parity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-parity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isospin_and_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isospin_and_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Isospin and charge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isospin_and_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_isospin_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_isospin_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Original isospin model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_isospin_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement_by_the_quark_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_by_the_quark_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Replacement by the quark model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_by_the_quark_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavour_quantum_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavour_quantum_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Flavour quantum numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavour_quantum_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_meson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_meson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Types of meson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_meson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flavourless_mesons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavourless_mesons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Flavourless mesons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavourless_mesons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavoured_mesons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavoured_mesons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Flavoured mesons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavoured_mesons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exotic_mesons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exotic_mesons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Exotic mesons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exotic_mesons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudoscalar_mesons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoscalar_mesons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pseudoscalar mesons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoscalar_mesons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vector_mesons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vector_mesons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vector mesons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vector_mesons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_on_neutral_kaons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_on_neutral_kaons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Notes on neutral kaons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_on_neutral_kaons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Meson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ميزون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميزون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3n" title="Mesón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mesón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="مزون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مزون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="মেসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3" title="Mesó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonid" title="Mesonid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesonid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μεσόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3n" title="Mesón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezono" title="Mezono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoi" title="Mesoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="مزون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9as%C3%B3n" title="Méasón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Méasón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%9E%90" title="중간자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중간자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մեզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="मेसॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेसॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0eind" title="Miðeind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7)" title="מזון (חלקיק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזון (חלקיק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೆಸಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಸಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoni" title="Mezoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mezoni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezonas" title="Mezonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="മെസോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%87%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="မေဇွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မေဇွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%AD%90" title="中間子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中間子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezonlar" title="Mezonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mezonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੀਜ਼ੌਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਜ਼ੌਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="میزون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میزون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezony" title="Mezony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Méson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1" title="මීසෝන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මීසෝන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez%C3%B3n" title="Mezón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoni" title="Mesoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மேசான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேசான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เมซอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมซอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мезони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мезони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson" title="Meson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Meson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the subatomic particle. For the software, see <a href="/wiki/Meson_(software)" title="Meson (software)">Meson (software)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mesons</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/200px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/300px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/400px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="655" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mesons of spin 0 form a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nonet" class="extiw" title="wikt:nonet">nonet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiquarks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosonic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theorized</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a> (1935)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">~140 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">List</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">from 134.9 MeV/c2 (<a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a>) to 9.460 GeV/c2 (<a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson"> ϒ </a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−1 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>, 0 e, +1 e</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0 <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">ħ</a>, 1 ħ</td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, a meson (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmiːzɒn, ˈmɛzɒn/</a>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a> composed of an equal number of <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark">antiquarks</a>, usually one of each, bound together by the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one <a href="/wiki/Femtometre" title="Femtometre">femtometre</a> (10−15 m),<a href="#cite_note-D._Griffiths_(2008)-1">[1]</a> which is about 0.6 times the size of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay to lighter mesons and ultimately to stable <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>. Outside the nucleus, mesons appear in nature only as short-lived products of very high-energy collisions between particles made of quarks, such as <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> (high-energy protons and neutrons) and <a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">baryonic matter</a>. Mesons are routinely produced artificially in <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotrons</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> in the collisions of protons, <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiprotons</a>, or other particles. Higher-energy (more massive) mesons were created momentarily in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, but are not thought to play a role in nature today. However, such heavy mesons are regularly created in particle accelerator experiments that explore the nature of the heavier quarks that compose the heavier mesons. Mesons are part of the <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a> particle family, which are defined simply as particles composed of two or more quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a>: subatomic particles composed of odd numbers of valence quarks (at least three), and some experiments show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Exotic_meson" title="Exotic meson">exotic mesons</a>, which do not have the conventional valence quark content of two quarks (one quark and one antiquark), but four or more. Because quarks have a spin <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/2⁠, the difference in quark number between mesons and baryons results in conventional two-quark mesons being <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>, whereas baryons are <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a>. Each type of meson has a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiparticle</a> (antimeson) in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pion</a> ( π+ ) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion ( π− ), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Because mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>. Mesons with net <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> also participate in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic interaction</a>. Mesons are classified according to their quark content, <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">total angular momentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> and various other properties, such as <a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C-parity</a> and <a href="/wiki/G-parity" title="G-parity">G-parity</a>. Although no meson is stable, those of lower <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> are nonetheless more stable than the more massive, and hence are easier to observe and study in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> experiments. The lightest group of mesons is less massive than the lightest group of baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and thus exhibit certain higher-energy phenomena more readily than do baryons. But mesons can be quite massive: for example, the <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="J/ψ meson">J/Psi meson</a> ( J/ψ ) containing the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a>, first seen 1974,<a href="#cite_note-J.J._Aubert_''et_al.''_(1974)-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-J.E._Augustin_''et_al.''_(1974)-3">[3]</a> is about three times as massive as a proton, and the <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">upsilon meson</a> ( ϒ ) containing the <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom quark</a>, first seen in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-S.W._Herb_''et_al.''_(1977)-4">[4]</a> is about ten times as massive as a proton. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> From theoretical considerations, in 1934 <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-H._Yukawa,_(1935)-6">[6]</a> predicted the existence and the approximate mass of the "meson" as the carrier of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a> that holds <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> together.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> If there were no nuclear force, all nuclei with two or more <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> would fly apart due to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> repulsion. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> called his carrier particle the meson, from μέσος mesos, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word for "intermediate", because its predicted mass was between that of the electron and that of the proton, which has about 1,836 times the mass of the electron. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>, who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a>, had originally named the particle the "mesotron", but he was corrected by the physicist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (whose father was a professor of Greek at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>). Heisenberg pointed out that there is no "tr" in the Greek word "mesos".<a href="#cite_note-G._Gamow,_(1961)-8">[8]</a> The first candidate for Yukawa's meson, in modern terminology known as the <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a>, was discovered in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a> and others in the <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> of cosmic ray interactions. The <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">"mu meson"</a> had about the right mass to be Yukawa's carrier of the strong nuclear force, but over the course of the next decade, it became evident that it was not the right particle. It was eventually found that the <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">"mu meson"</a> did not participate in the strong nuclear interaction at all, but rather behaved like a heavy version of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, and was eventually classed as a <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> like the electron, rather than a meson. Physicists in making this choice decided that properties other than particle mass should control their classification. There were years of delays in the subatomic particle research during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), with most physicists working in applied projects for wartime necessities. When the war ended in August 1945, many physicists gradually returned to peacetime research. The first true meson to be discovered was what would later be called the <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">"pi meson"</a> (or pion). During 1939–1942, <a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibha_Chowdhuri" title="Bibha Chowdhuri">Bibha Chowdhuri</a> exposed <a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford</a> <a href="/wiki/Half-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-tone">half-tone</a> photographic plates in the high altitude mountainous regions of <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>, and observed long curved ionizing tracks that appeared to be different from the tracks of alpha particles or protons. In a series of articles published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, they identified a cosmic particle having an average mass close to 200 times the mass of electron.<a href="#cite_note-science_and_culture_76-9">[9]</a> This discovery was made in 1947 with improved full-tone photographic emulsion plates, by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Powell">Cecil Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Muirhead" title="Hugh Muirhead">Hugh Muirhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">César Lattes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a>, who were investigating cosmic ray products at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, based on photographic films placed in the Andes mountains.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some of those mesons had about the same mass as the already-known mu "meson", yet seemed to decay into it, leading physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Marshak" title="Robert Marshak">Robert Marshak</a> to hypothesize in 1947 that it was actually a new and different meson. Over the next few years, more experiments showed that the pion was indeed involved in strong interactions. The pion (as a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual particle</a>) is also used as force carrier to model the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>). This is an approximation, as the actual carrier of the strong force is believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a>, which is explicitly used to model strong interaction between quarks. Other mesons, such as the virtual <a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">rho mesons</a> are used to model this force as well, but to a lesser extent. Following the discovery of the pion, Yukawa was awarded the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his predictions. For a while in the past, the word meson was sometimes used to mean any force carrier, such as <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">"the Z0 meson"</a>, which is involved in mediating the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J._Steinberger,_(1998)-11">[11]</a> However, this use has fallen out of favor, and mesons are now defined as particles composed of pairs of quarks and antiquarks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin,_orbital_angular_momentum,_and_total_angular_momentum">Spin, orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spin, orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin (physics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_operator" title="Angular momentum operator">angular momentum operator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">Total angular momentum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum numbers">Quantum numbers</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a> (quantum number S) is a <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> quantity that represents the "intrinsic" <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of a particle. It comes in increments of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">ħ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[A]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a>—specifically in this case, particles having spin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ ( S = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ ). Because spin projections vary in increments of 1 (that is 1 ħ), a single quark has a spin vector of length <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠, and has two spin projections, either ( Sz = +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ or Sz = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠−+1/2⁠ ). Two quarks can have their spins aligned, in which case the two spin vectors add to make a vector of length S = 1 , with three possible spin projections ( Sz = +1, Sz = 0, and Sz = −1), and their combination is called a <a href="/wiki/Vector_meson" title="Vector meson">vector meson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vector_boson" title="Vector boson">spin-1</a> triplet. If two quarks have oppositely aligned spins, the spin vectors add up to make a vector of length S = 0, and only one spin projection ( Sz = 0 ), called a <a href="/wiki/Scalar_meson" title="Scalar meson">scalar meson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">spin-0</a> singlet. Because mesons are made of one quark and one antiquark, they are found in triplet and singlet spin states. The latter are called <a href="/wiki/Scalar_meson" title="Scalar meson">scalar mesons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson" title="Pseudoscalar meson">pseudoscalar mesons</a>, depending on their parity (see below). There is another quantity of quantized <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_operator#Orbital_angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum operator">orbital angular momentum</a> (quantum number L), that is the angular momentum due to quarks orbiting each other, and also comes in increments of 1 ħ. The total angular momentum (quantum number J) of a particle is the combination of the two intrinsic angular momentums (spin) and the orbital angular momentum. It can take any value from J = |L − S| up to J = |L + S| , in increments of 1. <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Meson angular momentum quantum numbers for L = 0, 1, 2, 3 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">S</a> </th> <th style="width:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_operator#Orbital_angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum operator">L</a> </th> <th style="width:30px;"><a href="#Parity">P</a> </th> <th style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a> </th> <th style="width:70px;">JP </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">0 </td> <td>0</td> <td>−</td> <td>0</td> <td>0− </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>+</td> <td>1</td> <td>1+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>−</td> <td>2</td> <td>2− </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>+</td> <td>3</td> <td>3+ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1 </td> <td>0</td> <td>−</td> <td>1</td> <td>1− </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>+</td> <td>2, 0</td> <td>2+, 0+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>−</td> <td>3, 1</td> <td>3−, 1− </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>+</td> <td>4, 2</td> <td>4+, 2+ </td></tr></tbody></table> Particle physicists are most interested in mesons with no orbital angular momentum (L = 0), therefore the two groups of mesons most studied are the S = 1; L = 0 and S = 0; L = 0, which corresponds to J = 1 and J = 0, although they are not the only ones. It is also possible to obtain J = 1 particles from S = 0 and L = 1. How to distinguish between the S = 1, L = 0 and S = 0, L = 1 mesons is an active area of research in <a href="/wiki/Meson_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meson spectroscopy">meson spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P-parity">P-parity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: P-parity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">Parity (physics)</a></div> P-parity is left-right parity, or spatial parity, and was the first of several "parities" discovered, and so is often called just <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">"parity"</a>. If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call "left" and what we call "right". This concept of mirror reflection is called <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> (P). <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to <a href="/wiki/P-symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="P-symmetry">conserve parity</a> (P-symmetry). However, the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a> does distinguish "left" from "right", a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Parity_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity violation">parity violation</a> (P-violation). Based on this, one might think that, if the <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a> for each particle (more precisely, the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum field">quantum field</a> for each particle type) were simultaneously mirror-reversed, then the new set of wavefunctions would perfectly satisfy the laws of physics (apart from the weak interaction). It turns out that this is not quite true: In order for the equations to be satisfied, the wavefunctions of certain types of particles have to be multiplied by −1, in addition to being mirror-reversed. Such particle types are said to have negative or odd parity (P = −1, or alternatively P = −), whereas the other particles are said to have positive or even parity (P = +1, or alternatively P = +). For mesons, parity is related to the orbital angular momentum by the relation:<a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarkmodel-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amsler-etal-PDG-2008-15">[14]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=\left(-1\right)^{L+1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=\left(-1\right)^{L+1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9e6123cfc7bbf3fd8477d2bfee7cffc649e3611" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.076ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=\left(-1\right)^{L+1}}"></dd></dl> where the L is a result of the parity of the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Spherical_harmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherical harmonic">spherical harmonic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a>. The "+1" comes from the fact that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a>, a quark and an antiquark have opposite intrinsic parities. Therefore, the intrinsic parity of a meson is the product of the intrinsic parities of the quark (+1) and antiquark (−1). As these are different, their product is −1, and so it contributes the "+1" that appears in the exponent. As a consequence, all mesons with no orbital angular momentum (L = 0) have odd parity (P = −1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-parity">C-parity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: C-parity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C-parity</a></div> C-parity is only defined for mesons that are their own antiparticle (i.e. neutral mesons). It represents whether or not the wavefunction of the meson remains the same under the interchange of their quark with their antiquark.<a href="#cite_note-M.S._Sozzi_(2008b)-16">[15]</a> If <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86d4b8fe15f9312ac3b6759901c0ca7f3d5518b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }"></dd></dl> then, the meson is "C even" (C = +1). On the other hand, if <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b297a5d837b4d2a2ca1e3369bcbbabf7890552c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.903ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |q{\bar {q}}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}q\rangle }"></dd></dl> then the meson is "C odd" (C = −1). C-parity rarely is studied on its own, but more commonly in combination with P-parity into <a href="/wiki/CP-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="CP-parity">CP-parity</a>. CP-parity was originally thought to be conserved, but was later found to be violated on rare occasions in <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J.W._Cronin_(1980)-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-V.L._Fitch_(1980)-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-M.S._Sozzi_(2008c)-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G-parity">G-parity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: G-parity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G-parity" title="G-parity">G-parity</a></div> G-parity is a generalization of the C-parity. Instead of simply comparing the wavefunction after exchanging quarks and antiquarks, it compares the wavefunction after exchanging the meson for the corresponding antimeson, regardless of quark content.<a href="#cite_note-K._Gottfried,_V.F._Weisskopf_(1986)-20">[19]</a> If <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a90cc68df7c24a239be6776f825bdebe131665f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.247ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }"></dd></dl> then, the meson is "G even" (G = +1). On the other hand, if <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cf0539143cd33d70071d35289ab7e52c87dea04" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |q_{1}{\bar {q}}_{2}\rangle =-|{\bar {q}}_{1}q_{2}\rangle }"></dd></dl> then the meson is "G odd" (G = −1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isospin_and_charge">Isospin and charge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isospin and charge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/200px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/300px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg/400px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption> Combinations of one u, d, or s quark and one u, d, or s antiquark in JP = 0− configuration form a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nonet" class="extiw" title="wikt:nonet">nonet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg/200px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg/300px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg/400px-Meson_nonet_-_spin_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption> Combinations of one u, d, or s quark and one u, d, or s antiquark in JP = 1− configuration also form a nonet.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_isospin_model">Original isospin model</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Original isospin model">edit</a>]</div> The concept of isospin was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> in 1932 to explain the similarities between protons and neutrons under the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heisenberg_(1932)-21">[20]</a> Although they had different electric charges, their masses were so similar that physicists believed that they were actually the same particle. The different electric charges were explained as being the result of some unknown excitation similar to spin. This unknown excitation was later dubbed isospin by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Wigner_(1937)-22">[21]</a> When the first mesons were discovered, they too were seen through the eyes of isospin and so the three pions were believed to be the same particle, but in different isospin states. The mathematics of isospin was modeled after the mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>. Isospin projections varied in increments of 1 just like those of spin, and to each projection was associated a "<a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">charged state</a>". Because the "pion particle" had three "charged states", it was said to be of isospin I = 1 . Its "charged states" π+ , π0 , and π− , corresponded to the isospin projections I3 = +1 , I3 = 0 , and I3 = −1 respectively. Another example is the "<a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">rho particle</a>", also with three charged states. Its "charged states" ρ+ , ρ0 , and ρ− , corresponded to the isospin projections I3 = +1 , I3 = 0 , and I3 = −1 respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Replacement_by_the_quark_model">Replacement by the quark model</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Replacement by the quark model">edit</a>]</div> This belief lasted until <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> in 1964 (containing originally only the u, d, and s quarks).<a href="#cite_note-Gell-Mann_(1964)-23">[22]</a> The success of the isospin model is now understood to be an artifact of the similar masses of the u and d quarks. Because the u and d quarks have similar masses, particles made of the same number of them also have similar masses. The exact u and d quark composition determines the charge, because u quarks carry charge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠++2/3⁠ whereas d quarks carry charge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠−+1/3⁠. For example, the three pions all have different charges <ul><li> π+ = ( u d ) </li> <li> π0 = a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superposition</a> of ( u u ) and ( d d ) states</li> <li> π− = ( d u ) </li></ul> but they all have similar masses (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 140 MeV/c2) as they are each composed of a same total number of up and down quarks and antiquarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered a single particle in different charged states. After the <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> was adopted, physicists noted that the isospin projections were related to the up and down quark content of particles by the relation <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}}\right)-\left(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}}\right)\right],}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>u</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>d</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}}\right)-\left(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}}\right)\right],}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae39e46af2c05311fffc26b62677ba1b9542c356" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.193ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}}\right)-\left(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}}\right)\right],}"></dd></dl> where the n-symbols are the count of up and down quarks and antiquarks. In the "isospin picture", the three pions and three rhos were thought to be the different states of two particles. However, in the quark model, the rhos are excited states of pions. Isospin, although conveying an inaccurate picture of things, is still used to classify hadrons, leading to unnatural and often confusing nomenclature. Because mesons are hadrons, the isospin classification is also used for them all, with the quantum number calculated by adding I3 = +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ for each positively charged up-or-down quark-or-antiquark (up quarks and down antiquarks), and I3 = −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ for each negatively charged up-or-down quark-or-antiquark (up antiquarks and down quarks). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavour_quantum_numbers">Flavour quantum numbers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flavour quantum numbers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)#Flavour_quantum_numbers" title="Flavour (particle physics)">Flavour (particle physics) § Flavour quantum numbers</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavour_quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour quantum numbers">quantum number</a> S (not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along with particle mass. The higher the mass, the lower (more negative) the strangeness (the more s quarks). Particles could be described with isospin projections (related to charge) and strangeness (mass) (see the uds nonet figures). As other quarks were discovered, new quantum numbers were made to have similar description of udc and udb nonets. Because only the u and d mass are similar, this description of particle mass and charge in terms of isospin and flavour quantum numbers only works well for the nonets made of one u, one d and one other quark and breaks down for the other nonets (for example ucb nonet). If the quarks all had the same mass, their behaviour would be called symmetric, because they would all behave in exactly the same way with respect to the strong interaction. However, as quarks do not have the same mass, they do not interact in the same way (exactly like an electron placed in an electric field will accelerate more than a proton placed in the same field because of its lighter mass), and the symmetry is said to be <a href="/wiki/Broken_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken symmetry">broken</a>. It was noted that charge (Q) was related to the isospin projection (I3), the <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon number</a> (B) and flavour quantum numbers (S, C, B′, T) by the <a href="/wiki/Gell-Mann%E2%80%93Nishijima_formula" title="Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula">Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula</a>:<a href="#cite_note-S.S.M_Wong_(1998)-24">[23]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T),}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71efe8e0e7aa084575f0dcfbe189e57e83a7aa87" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:34.785ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T),}"></dd></dl> where S, C, B′, and T represent the <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">charm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">bottomness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topness" title="Topness">topness</a> flavour quantum numbers respectively. They are related to the number of strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks and antiquark according to the relations: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})\\C&=+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})\\B^{\prime }&=-(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})\\T&=+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}}),\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>S</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>C</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>c</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>b</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>T</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>t</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>t</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})\\C&=+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})\\B^{\prime }&=-(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})\\T&=+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}}),\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c149e7007f91ae77326d04c53c174976afd77669" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:18.119ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})\\C&=+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})\\B^{\prime }&=-(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})\\T&=+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}}),\end{aligned}}}"></dd></dl> meaning that the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is equivalent to the expression of charge in terms of quark content: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}[(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}})+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}})]-{\frac {1}{3}}[(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}})+(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})+(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>u</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>c</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>t</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>t</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>d</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mtext>b</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}[(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}})+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}})]-{\frac {1}{3}}[(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}})+(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})+(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})].}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc09b0b6a2676dcfb882e674c8b135ce1456da09" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:83.759ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}[(n_{\text{u}}-n_{\bar {\text{u}}})+(n_{\text{c}}-n_{\bar {\text{c}}})+(n_{\text{t}}-n_{\bar {\text{t}}})]-{\frac {1}{3}}[(n_{\text{d}}-n_{\bar {\text{d}}})+(n_{\text{s}}-n_{\bar {\text{s}}})+(n_{\text{b}}-n_{\bar {\text{b}}})].}"></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">List of mesons</a></div> Mesons are classified into groups according to their <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a> (I), <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">total angular momentum</a> (J), <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> (P), <a href="/wiki/G-parity" title="G-parity">G-parity</a> (G) or <a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C-parity</a> (C) when applicable, and <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> (q) content. The rules for classification are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>, and are rather convoluted.<a href="#cite_note-PDGMesonsymbols-25">[24]</a> The rules are presented below, in table form for simplicity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_meson">Types of meson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of meson">edit</a>]</div> Mesons are classified into types according to their spin configurations. Some specific configurations are given special names based on the mathematical properties of their spin configuration. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Types of mesons<a href="#cite_note-Burcham_&_Jobes_(1995)-26">[25]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;">Type </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">S</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_operator#Orbital_angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum operator">L</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;">JP </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson" title="Pseudoscalar meson">Pseudoscalar meson</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>−</td> <td>0</td> <td>0− </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudovector_meson" title="Pseudovector meson">Pseudovector meson</a></td> <td>0, 1</td> <td>1</td> <td>+</td> <td>1</td> <td>1+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vector_meson" title="Vector meson">Vector meson</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0, 2</td> <td>−</td> <td>1</td> <td>1− </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scalar_meson" title="Scalar meson">Scalar meson</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>+</td> <td>0</td> <td>0+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tensor_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tensor meson (page does not exist)">Tensor meson</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1, 3</td> <td>+</td> <td>2</td> <td>2+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flavourless_mesons">Flavourless mesons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flavourless mesons">edit</a>]</div> Flavourless mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of the same flavour (all their <a href="/wiki/Flavour_quantum_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour quantum number">flavour quantum numbers</a> are zero: <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">S</a> = 0, <a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">C</a> = 0, <a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">B′</a> = 0, <a href="/wiki/Topness" title="Topness">T</a> = 0).<a href="#cite_note-27">[i]</a> The rules for flavourless mesons are:<a href="#cite_note-PDGMesonsymbols-25">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Nomenclature of flavourless mesons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> q q content </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a><a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C</a> <a href="#cite_note-Cparity-28">[ii]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>0−+, 2−+, 4−+, ... </th> <th>1+−, 3+−, 5+−, ... </th> <th>1−−, 2−−, 3−−, ... </th> <th>0++, 1++, 2++, ... </th></tr> <tr> <td> u d <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afbd35809de853f71af2cebfd22b425d8a6c60ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.77ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> d u </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a></td> <td>b+ b0 b−</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ+ </a> <a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ0 </a> <a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ− </a></td> <td>a+ a0 a− </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mix of u u , d d , s s </td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"> η </a> <a href="/wiki/Eta_prime_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta prime meson"> η′ </a></td> <td>h h′</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson"> ω </a> <a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson"> ϕ </a></td> <td>f f′ </td></tr> <tr> <td> c c </td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed eta meson"> η c</a></td> <td>hc</td> <td>ψ<a href="#cite_note-JPsi-29">[iii]</a></td> <td>χc </td></tr> <tr> <td> b b </td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson"> η b</a></td> <td>hb</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson"> ϒ </a></td> <td>χb </td></tr> <tr> <td> t t </td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Top_eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Top eta meson"> η t</a></td> <td>ht</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson"> θ </a></td> <td>χt </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> For the purpose of nomenclature, the isospin projection I3 is treated as if it were not a flavour quantum number. This means that the charged pion-like mesons (π±, a±, b±, and ρ± mesons) follow the rules of flavourless mesons, even if they aren't truly "flavourless". </li> <li id="cite_note-Cparity-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Cparity_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C-parity</a> is only relevant for neutral mesons. </li> <li id="cite_note-JPsi-29"><a href="#cite_ref-JPsi_29-0">^</a> For the special case JPC=1−−, the ψ is called the <a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson"> J/ψ </a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>In addition</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>When the <a href="/wiki/Meson_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meson spectroscopy">spectroscopic state</a> of the meson is known, it is added in parentheses.</li> <li>When the spectroscopic state is unknown, mass (in <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>) is added in parentheses.</li> <li>When the meson is in its <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>, nothing is added in parentheses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flavoured_mesons">Flavoured mesons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flavoured mesons">edit</a>]</div> Flavoured mesons are mesons made of pair of quark and antiquarks of different flavours. The rules are simpler in this case: The main symbol depends on the heavier quark, the superscript depends on the charge, and the subscript (if any) depends on the lighter quark. In table form, they are:<a href="#cite_note-PDGMesonsymbols-25">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Nomenclature of flavoured mesons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Quark </th> <th colspan="6">Antiquark </th></tr> <tr> <th>up</th> <th>down</th> <th>charm</th> <th>strange</th> <th>top</th> <th>bottom </th></tr> <tr> <td>up</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-zero-I3-note-30">[i]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K+ </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson"> T0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B+ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>down</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-zero-I3-note-30">[i]</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D− </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson"> T− </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>charm</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D+ </a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D+ s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed T meson"> T0 c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B+ c</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>strange</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K− </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D− s</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange T meson"> T− s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B0 s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>top</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson"> T0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson"> T+ </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed T meson"> T0 c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange T meson"> T+ s</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom T meson"> T+ b</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bottom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B− </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B0 </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B− c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B0 s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_T_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom T meson"> T− b</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zero-I3-note-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zero-I3-note_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zero-I3-note_30-1">b</a> For the purpose of nomenclature, the isospin projection I3 is treated as if it were not a flavour quantum number. This means that the charged pion-like mesons (π±, a±, b±, and ρ± mesons) follow the rules of flavourless mesons, even if they aren't truly "flavourless". </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>In addition</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>If <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> is in the "normal series" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> = 0+, 1−, 2+, 3−, ...), a superscript ∗ is added.</li> <li>If the meson is not pseudoscalar (<a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> = 0−) or vector (<a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a> = 1−), J is added as a subscript.</li> <li>When the <a href="/wiki/Meson_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meson spectroscopy">spectroscopic state</a> of the meson is known, it is added in parentheses.</li> <li>When the spectroscopic state is unknown, mass (in <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>) is added in parentheses.</li> <li>When the meson is in its <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>, nothing is added in parentheses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exotic_mesons">Exotic mesons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exotic mesons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exotic_meson" title="Exotic meson">Exotic meson</a></div> There is experimental evidence for particles that are <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> (i.e., are composed of quarks) and are color-neutral with zero baryon number, and thus by conventional definition are mesons. Yet, these particles do not consist of a single quark/antiquark pair, as all the other conventional mesons discussed above do. A tentative category for these particles is <a href="/wiki/Exotic_meson" title="Exotic meson">exotic mesons</a>. There are at least five exotic meson resonances that have been experimentally confirmed to exist by two or more independent experiments. The most statistically significant of these is the <a href="/wiki/Z(4430)" title="Z(4430)">Z(4430)</a>, discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Belle_experiment" title="Belle experiment">Belle experiment</a> in 2007 and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/LHCb" class="mw-redirect" title="LHCb">LHCb</a> in 2014. It is a candidate for being a <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">tetraquark</a>: a particle composed of two quarks and two antiquarks.<a href="#cite_note-LHCbZ4430TQuark-31">[26]</a> See the main article above for other particle resonances that are candidates for being exotic mesons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">List of mesons</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoscalar_mesons">Pseudoscalar mesons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pseudoscalar mesons">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Particle name </th> <th>Particle symbol </th> <th>Antiparticle symbol </th> <th class="unsortable">Quark content </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">Rest mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">MeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">c</a>2) </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a><a href="/wiki/G_parity" class="mw-redirect" title="G parity">G</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a><a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">S</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">C</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">B'</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">Mean lifetime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>) </th> <th class="unsortable">Commonly decays to (>5% of decays) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pion<a href="#cite_note-PDGPion+--32">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>139.57018±0.00035 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(2.6033±0.0005)×10−8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuon"> μ+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino"> ν μ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pion<a href="#cite_note-PDGPion0-33">[28]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d8243da91901dc56cc343271692d966e5dee253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.158ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"><a href="#endnote_quarkcontent">[a]</a> </td> <td>134.9766±0.0006 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0−+ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(8.4±0.6)×10−17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eta meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGEta-34">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"> η </a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}-2s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>6</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}-2s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cceee94b1d8ab5a79b9ad8b930e9ca50f09b878b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.728ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}-2s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}} \,}"><a href="#endnote_quarkcontent">[a]</a> </td> <td>547.853±0.024 </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>0−+ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(5.0±0.3)×10−19<a href="#endnote_Lifetime">[b]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eta prime meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGEtaPrime-35">[30]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta_prime_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta prime meson"> η′ </a>(958) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}+s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {3}}} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}+s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {3}}} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e457096983611bfd6f2cab47da3e8f7cd86e7b46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.906ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}+s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {3}}} \,}"><a href="#endnote_quarkcontent">[a]</a> </td> <td>957.66±0.24 </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>0−+ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(3.2±0.2)×10−21<a href="#endnote_Lifetime">[b]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> + <a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"> η </a> or (<a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a>) / (<a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a>) or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"> η </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charmed eta meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGCharmedEta-36">[31]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed eta meson"> η c</a>(1S) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark"> c </a> </td> <td>2980.3±1.2 </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>0−+ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(2.5±0.3)×10−23<a href="#endnote_Lifetime">[b]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m026.pdf">See η c decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bottom eta meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGBottomEta-37">[32]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson"> η b</a>(1S) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark"> b </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>9300±40 </td> <td>0+ </td> <td>0−+ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m171.pdf">See η b decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaon<a href="#cite_note-PDGKaon+-38">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>493.677±0.016 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(1.2380±0.0021)×10−8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuon"> μ+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino"> ν μ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron"> e+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino"> ν e</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaon<a href="#cite_note-PDGKaon0-39">[34]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark"> d </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>497.614±0.024 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="#endnote_strongforce">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="#endnote_strongforce">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K-Short<a href="#cite_note-PDGK-short-40">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 S</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/552d976a4a77e20e35ef26bdb3112400d78efea9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.8ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"><a href="#endnote_Kaon">[e]</a> </td> <td>497.614±0.024<a href="#endnote_Kaonmass">[d]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons#Notes_on_neutral_kaons" title="List of mesons">(*)</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(8.953±0.005)×10−11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K-Long<a href="#cite_note-PDGK-long-41">[36]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 L</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2783c2ea3ab6536304513941f802c8ea9d2ebdce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.8ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}"><a href="#endnote_Kaon">[e]</a> </td> <td>497.614±0.024<a href="#endnote_Kaonmass">[d]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons#Notes_on_neutral_kaons" title="List of mesons">(*)</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(5.116±0.020)×10−8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π± </a> + <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron"> e∓ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino"> ν e</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π± </a> + <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon"> μ∓ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino"> ν μ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD+-42">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>1869.62±0.20 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(1.040±0.007)×10−12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s031.pdf">See D+ decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD0-43">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark"> u </a> </td> <td>1864.84±0.17 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(4.101±0.015)×10−13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s032.pdf">See D0 decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>strange D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGDs-44">[39]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D+ s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D− s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>1968.49±0.34 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(5.00±0.07)×10−13 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s034.pdf">See D+ s decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGB+-45">[40]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5279.15±0.31 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>(1.638±0.011)×10−12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s041.pdf">See B+ decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGB0-46">[41]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark"> d </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5279.53±33 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>(1.530±0.009)×10−12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s042.pdf">See B0 decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strange B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGBs-47">[42]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B0 s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B0 s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark"> s </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5366.3±0.6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>−1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>1.470+0.026 −0.027×10−12 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s086.pdf">See B0 s decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charmed B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGBc-48">[43]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B+ c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B− c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>6276±4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>(4.6±0.7)×10−13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s091.pdf">See B+ c decay modes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> [a] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_quarkcontent">^</a> Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses. [b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Lifetime">^</a> PDG reports the <a href="/wiki/Resonance_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance width">resonance width</a> (Γ). Here the conversion τ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">ħ⁄Γ is given instead. [c] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_strongforce">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">Strong</a> <a href="/wiki/Eigenstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenstate">eigenstate</a>. No definite lifetime (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons#Notes_on_neutral_kaons" title="List of mesons">kaon notes</a> below) [d] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Kaonmass">^</a> The mass of the K0 L and K0 S are given as that of the K0 . However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the K0 L and K0 S on the order of 2.2×10−11 MeV/c2 exists.<a href="#cite_note-PDGK-long-41">[36]</a> [e] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Kaon">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">Weak</a> <a href="/wiki/Eigenstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenstate">eigenstate</a>. Makeup is missing small <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP–violating</a> term (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons#Notes_on_neutral_kaons" title="List of mesons">notes on neutral kaons</a> below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vector_mesons">Vector mesons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vector mesons">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Particle name </th> <th>Particle symbol </th> <th>Antiparticle symbol </th> <th class="unsortable">Quark content </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">Rest mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">MeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">c</a>2) </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a><a href="/wiki/G_parity" class="mw-redirect" title="G parity">G</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">J</a><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P</a><a href="/wiki/C-parity" class="mw-redirect" title="C-parity">C</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">S</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">C</a> </th> <th width="50"><a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">B'</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">Mean lifetime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>) </th> <th class="unsortable">Commonly decays to (>5% of decays) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Charged rho meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGRho-49">[44]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ+ </a>(770) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ− </a>(770) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>775.4±0.4 </td> <td>1+ </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>~4.5×10−24<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a><a href="#endnote_Lifetime3">[g]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π± </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neutral rho meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGRho-49">[44]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ0 </a>(770) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afbd35809de853f71af2cebfd22b425d8a6c60ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.77ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> </td> <td>775.49±0.34 </td> <td>1+ </td> <td>1−− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>~4.5×10−24<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a><a href="#endnote_Lifetime3">[g]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Omega meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGOmegaMeson-50">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson"> ω </a>(782) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc13f9fe76219336a0d44c4cc48fb1e0abbfd706" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.77ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} }"> </td> <td>782.65±0.12 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1−− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(7.75±0.07)×10−23<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a> or <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phi meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGPhi-51">[46]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson"> ϕ </a>(1020) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark"> s </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>1019.445±0.020 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1−− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(1.55±0.01)×10−22<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K− </a> or <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 S</a> + <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 L</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson"> ρ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π </a>) / (<a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π− </a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>J/Psi<a href="#cite_note-PDGJ/Psi-52">[47]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson"> J/ψ </a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark"> c </a> </td> <td>3096.916±0.011 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1−− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(7.1±0.2)×10−21<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m070.pdf">See J/ψ (1S) decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upsilon meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGUpsilon-53">[48]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson"> ϒ </a>(1S) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Self </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark"> b </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>9460.30±0.26 </td> <td>0− </td> <td>1−− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(1.22±0.03)×10−20<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m049.pdf">See ϒ (1S) decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaon<a href="#cite_note-PDGKaon*-54">[49]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K∗+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K∗− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>891.66±0.026 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>~7.35×10−20<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a><a href="#endnote_Lifetime3">[g]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m018.pdf">See K∗ (892) decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaon<a href="#cite_note-PDGKaon*-54">[49]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K∗0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K∗0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark"> d </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>896.00±0.025 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(7.346±0.002)×10−20<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m018.pdf">See K∗ (892) decay modes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD*+-55">[50]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗+ </a>(2010) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗− </a>(2010) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark"> d </a> </td> <td>2010.27±0.17 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>(6.9±1.9)×10−21<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π+ </a> or <a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD*0-56">[51]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗0 </a>(2007) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗0 </a>(2007) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark"> u </a> </td> <td>2006.97±0.19 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>>3.1×10−22<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> or <a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>strange D meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGD*s-57">[52]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D∗+ s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_D_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange D meson"> D∗− s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark"> s </a> </td> <td>2112.3±0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>>3.4×10−22<a href="#endnote_Lifetime2">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> or <a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson"> D∗+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion"> π0 </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGB*-58">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B∗+ </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B∗− </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark"> u </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5325.1±0.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B+ </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGB*-58">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B∗0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B∗0 </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark"> d </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5325.1±0.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"> B0 </a> + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strange B meson<a href="#cite_note-PDGBs*-59">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B∗0 s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B∗0 s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark"> s </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>5412.8±1.3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>−1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strange_B_meson" title="Strange B meson"> B0 s</a>+<a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon"> γ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charmed B meson† </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B∗+ c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charmed_B_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed B meson"> B∗− c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark"> c </a><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark"> b </a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1− </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> [f] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Lifetime2">^</a> PDG reports the <a href="/wiki/Resonance_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance width">resonance width</a> (Γ). Here the conversion τ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">ħ⁄Γ is given instead. [g] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Lifetime3">^</a> The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_on_neutral_kaons">Notes on neutral kaons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes on neutral kaons">edit</a>]</div> There are two complications with <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">kaons</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Cronin-60">[55]</a> <ul><li>Due to <a href="/wiki/Kaon#Neutral_kaon_mixing" title="Kaon">neutral kaon mixing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 S</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 L</a> are not <a href="/wiki/Eigenstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenstate">eigenstates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a>. However, they are eigenstates of the <a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">weak force</a>, which determines how they <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a>, so these are the particles with definite <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">lifetime</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Linear_combination" title="Linear combination">linear combinations</a> given in the table for the <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 S</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon"> K0 L</a> are not exactly correct, since there is a small correction due to <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Kaon#CP_violation" title="Kaon">CP violation in kaons</a>.</li></ul> Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral, <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)" title="Flavour (particle physics)">flavored</a> mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-Cronin-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The ħ is often dropped because it is the "fundamental" unit of spin, and it is implied that "spin 1" means "spin 1 ħ". In some systems of <a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">natural units</a>, ħ is chosen to be 1, and therefore drops out of equations. The remainder of this article uses the "assume ħ units" convention for all types of spin. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-D._Griffiths_(2008)-1"><a href="#cite_ref-D._Griffiths_(2008)_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2008" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, D. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discretesymmetri00msoz/page/n104">88</a>–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929666-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charge+Conjugation&rft.btitle=Discrete+Symmetries+and+CP+Violation%3A+From+Experiment+to+Theory&rft.pages=88-120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929666-8&rft.aulast=Sozzi&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscretesymmetri00msoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.W._Cronin_(1980)-17"><a href="#cite_ref-J.W._Cronin_(1980)_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1980" class="citation web cs1">Cronin, J.W. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/cronin-lecture.pdf">"CP Symmetry Violation—The Search for its origin"</a> (PDF). The Nobel Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CP+Symmetry+Violation%E2%80%94The+Search+for+its+origin&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Fcronin-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-V.L._Fitch_(1980)-18"><a href="#cite_ref-V.L._Fitch_(1980)_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch1980" class="citation web cs1">Fitch, V.L. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/fitch-lecture.pdf">"The Discovery of Charge—Conjugation Parity Asymmetry"</a> (PDF). The Nobel Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Charge%E2%80%94Conjugation+Parity+Asymmetry&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=V.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Ffitch-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M.S._Sozzi_(2008c)-19"><a href="#cite_ref-M.S._Sozzi_(2008c)_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSozzi2008c" class="citation book cs1">Sozzi, M. S. (2008c). 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(2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s008.pdf">Particle listings – π± </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGPion0-33"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGPion0_33-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s009.pdf">Particle listings – π0 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGEta-34"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGEta_34-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s014.pdf">Particle listings – η </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGEtaPrime-35"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGEtaPrime_35-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m002.pdf">Particle listings – η′ </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGCharmedEta-36"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGCharmedEta_36-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m026.pdf">Particle listings – η c</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGBottomEta-37"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGBottomEta_37-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m171.pdf">Particle listings – η b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGKaon+-38"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGKaon+_38-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s010.pdf">Particle listings – K± </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGKaon0-39"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGKaon0_39-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s011.pdf">Particle listings – K0 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGK-short-40"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGK-short_40-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s012.pdf">Particle listings – K0 S</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGK-long-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDGK-long_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDGK-long_41-1">b</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s013.pdf">Particle listings – K0 L</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD+-42"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD+_42-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s031.pdf">Particle listings – D± </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD0-43"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD0_43-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s032.pdf">Particle listings – D0 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGDs-44"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGDs_44-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s034.pdf">Particle listings – D± s</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGB+-45"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGB+_45-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s041.pdf">Particle listings – B± </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGB0-46"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGB0_46-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s042.pdf">Particle listings – B0 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGBs-47"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGBs_47-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s086.pdf">Particle listings – B0 s</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGBc-48"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGBc_48-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s091.pdf">Particle listings – B± c</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGRho-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDGRho_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDGRho_49-1">b</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m009.pdf">Particle listings – ρ </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGOmegaMeson-50"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGOmegaMeson_50-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m001.pdf">Particle listings – ω (782)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGPhi-51"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGPhi_51-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m004.pdf">Particle listings – ϕ </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGJ/Psi-52"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGJ/Psi_52-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m070.pdf">Particle listings – J/Ψ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGUpsilon-53"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGUpsilon_53-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m049.pdf">Particle listings – ϒ (1S)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGKaon*-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDGKaon*_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDGKaon*_54-1">b</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m018.pdf">Particle listings – K∗ (892)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD*+-55"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD*+_55-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m062.pdf">Particle listings – D∗± (2010)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD*0-56"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD*0_56-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/m061.pdf">Particle listings – D∗0 (2007)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGD*s-57"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGD*s_57-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s074.pdf">Particle listings – D∗± s</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGB*-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDGB*_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDGB*_58-1">b</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s085.pdf">Particle listings – B∗ </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDGBs*-59"><a href="#cite_ref-PDGBs*_59-0">^</a> C. Amsler et al. (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s087.pdf">Particle listings – B∗ s</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronin-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_60-1">b</a> J.W. Cronin (1980) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave,_C.R.2005" class="citation web cs1">Nave, C.R., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/meson.html#c1">"A table of some mesons and their properties"</a>. Department of Physics and Astronomy. Hyperphysics. Atlanta, GA: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyperphysics&rft.atitle=A+table+of+some+mesons+and+their+properties&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fparticles%2Fmeson.html%23c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov">"Particle Data Group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a> (main page). Lawrence, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Particle+Data+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"> — Compiles authoritative information on particle properties</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_BeverenRuppPetropoulosKleefeld2003" class="citation book cs1">van Beveren, E.; Rupp, G.; Petropoulos, N.; Kleefeld, F. (2003). "The light scalar mesons within quark models". Hadron Physics: Effective Theories of Low Energy QCD. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 660. pp. 353–366. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0211411">hep-ph/0211411</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AIPC..660..353V">2003AIPC..660..353V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570585">10.1063/1.1570585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6295609">6295609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+light+scalar+mesons+within+quark+models&rft.btitle=Hadron+Physics%3A+Effective+Theories+of+Low+Energy+QCD&rft.series=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0211411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6295609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570585&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AIPC..660..353V&rft.aulast=van+Beveren&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Rupp%2C+G.&rft.au=Petropoulos%2C+N.&rft.au=Kleefeld%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2004/reviews/namingrpp.pdf">"Naming scheme for hadrons"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>. Lawrence, CA: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Particle+Data+Group&rft.atitle=Naming+scheme+for+hadrons&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2004%2Freviews%2Fnamingrpp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/mesons.php">"Mesons made thinkable"</a>. thingsmadethinkable.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thingsmadethinkable.com&rft.atitle=Mesons+made+thinkable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thingsmadethinkable.com%2Fitem%2Fmesons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"> — An interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerricone,_Mike2006" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Perricone, Mike (22 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.fnal.gov/2006/03/happened-antimatter-fermilabs-dzero-experiment-finds-clues-quick-change-meson/">"What happened to the antimatter? Fermilab's DZero experiment finds clues in quick-change meson"</a> (Press release). Batavia, IL: <a href="/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (Fermilab).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+happened+to+the+antimatter%3F+Fermilab%27s+DZero+experiment+finds+clues+in+quick-change+meson&rft.place=Batavia%2C+IL&rft.pub=Fermi+National+Accelerator+Laboratory+%28Fermilab%29&rft.date=2006-03-22&rft.au=Perricone%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.fnal.gov%2F2006%2F03%2Fhappened-antimatter-fermilabs-dzero-experiment-finds-clues-quick-change-meson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerricone,_Mike2006" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Perricone, Mike (25 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/CDF_meson.html">"Fermilab's CDF scientists make it official: They have discovered the quick-change behavior of the B-sub-s meson, which switches between matter and antimatter 3 trillion times a second"</a> (Press release). Batavia, IL: <a href="/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> (Fermilab).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fermilab%27s+CDF+scientists+make+it+official%3A+They+have+discovered+the+quick-change+behavior+of+the+B-sub-s+meson%2C+which+switches+between+matter+and+antimatter+3+trillion+times+a+second&rft.place=Batavia%2C+IL&rft.pub=Fermi+National+Accelerator+Laboratory+%28Fermilab%29&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.au=Perricone%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnal.gov%2Fpub%2Fpresspass%2Fpress_releases%2FCDF_meson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Pauli, Wolfgang (1948) Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces, Interscience Publishers, Inc. New York</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particles" title="Template:Particles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particles" title="Template talk:Particles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particles_in_physics237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a 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