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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Behavior of the strong interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_of_the_strong_interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior of the strong interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_of_the_strong_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Within_hadrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_hadrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Within hadrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_hadrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_hadrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_hadrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Between hadrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_hadrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strong interaction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_wisselwerking" title="Sterk wisselwerking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterk wisselwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تآثر قوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآثر قوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nucleyar_fuerte" title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interacción nucleyar fuerte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interaición nuclear fuerte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCcl%C3%BC_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1ql%C4%B1_t%C9%99sir" title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Güclü qarşılıqlı təsir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گوجلو چکیردک گوجو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবল নিউক্লিয় বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%B4ng-la%CC%8Dt" title="Kiông-la̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiông-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A9_%D2%AF%D2%99-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8C%D2%AB%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көслө үҙ-ара тәьҫир итешеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Моцнае ўзаемадзеяньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силно ядрено взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_interakcija" title="Jaka interakcija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jaka interakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_nuclear_forta" title="Força nuclear forta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força nuclear forta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăйлă хире-хирĕç вăйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakce" title="Silná interakce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silná interakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyngweithiad_cryf" title="Rhyngweithiad cryf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyngweithiad cryf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6rk_kernekraft" title="Stærk kernekraft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stærk kernekraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Starke Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugev_vastastikm%C3%B5ju" title="Tugev vastastikmõju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tugev vastastikmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%87%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_fuerte" title="Interacción nuclear fuerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción nuclear fuerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forta_nuklea_forto" title="Forta nuklea forto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forta nuklea forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی هسته‌ای قوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kearnkr%C3%AAft" title="Sterke kearnkrêft – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sterke kearnkrêft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idirghn%C3%ADomh%C3%BA_l%C3%A1idir" title="Idirghníomhú láidir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Idirghníomhú láidir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_nuclear_forte" title="Interacción nuclear forte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción nuclear forte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="강한 상호작용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강한 상호작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուժեղ փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रबल अन्योन्य क्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-interago" title="Fort-interago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fort-interago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_forte" title="Interaction forte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Interaction forte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_fort" title="Interaction fort – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Interaction fort" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterk_v%C3%ADxlverkun" title="Sterk víxlverkun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sterk víxlverkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione forte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7" title="הכוח החזק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכוח החזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძლიერი ურთიერთქმედება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Күшті әсерлесу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күшті әсерлесу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwingiliano_madhubuti" title="Mwingiliano madhubuti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwingiliano madhubuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entèraksyon fò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entèraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A9raksyon_f%C3%B2" title="Entéraksyon fò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entéraksyon fò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_fortis" title="Vis fortis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vis fortis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipr%C4%81_mijiedarb%C4%ABba" title="Stiprā mijiedarbība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stiprā mijiedarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiprioji_s%C4%85veika" title="Stiprioji sąveika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiprioji sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%91s_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1s" title="Erős kölcsönhatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erős kölcsönhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Силно заемодејство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силно заемодејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശക്ത ന്യൂക്ലിയാർ പ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya nukleus kuat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчтэй харилцан үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားကောင်းစွာ အချင်းချင်းသက်ရောက်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_kernkracht" title="Sterke kernkracht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterke kernkracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%84%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="強い相互作用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強い相互作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargekraft" title="Fargekraft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fargekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a_nucleara_f%C3%B2rta" title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòrça nucleara fòrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchli_o%CA%BBzaro_ta%CA%BCsir" title="Kuchli oʻzaro taʼsir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuchli oʻzaro taʼsir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਕੜਾ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%DA%91%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="تکڑا میل جول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تکڑا میل جول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="قوي تعامل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قوي تعامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrang_intarakshan" title="Chrang intarakshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrang intarakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Kraft" title="Starke Kraft – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Starke Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_silne" title="Oddziaływanie silne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddziaływanie silne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_forte" title="Força forte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força forte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interac%C8%9Biune_tare" title="Interacțiune tare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Interacțiune tare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_huk%27i_sinchi_micha" title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i sinchi micha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сильное взаимодействие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сильное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABveprimi_i_fort%C3%AB" title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkëveprimi i fortë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strong interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siln%C3%A1_interakcia_hmotn%C3%BDch_objektov" title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silná interakcia hmotných objektov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dna_jedrska_sila" title="Močna jedrska sila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Močna jedrska sila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="کارلێکی بەھێز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارلێکی بەھێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јака интеракција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јака интеракција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jaka nuklearna sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_nuklir_kuat" title="Gaya nuklir kuat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gaya nuklir kuat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahva_vuorovaikutus" title="Vahva vuorovaikutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vahva vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_v%C3%A4xelverkan" title="Stark växelverkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stark växelverkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksiyong_malakas" title="Interaksiyong malakas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Interaksiyong malakas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வலிய இடைவினை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலிய இடைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Көчле тәэсир итешү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көчле тәэсир итешү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / 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searchaux" style="display:none">Binding of quarks in subatomic particles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Color force" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Color_Force" title="Color Force">Color Force</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif/330px-Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif/495px-Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>An animation of <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">color confinement</a>, a property of the strong interaction. If energy is supplied to the quarks as shown, the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a> tube connecting <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> elongates until it reaches a point where it "snaps" and the energy added to the system results in the formation of a quark–<a href="/wiki/Antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark">antiquark</a> pair. Thus single quarks are never seen in isolation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif/220px-Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Nuclear_Force_anim_smaller.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>An animation of the strong interaction between a proton and a neutron, mediated by <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pions</a>. The colored small double circles inside are <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, the <b>strong interaction</b>, also called the <b>strong force</b> or <b>strong nuclear force</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interaction</a> that confines <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> into <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a> particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton. At the range of 10<sup>−15</sup> m (1 <a href="/wiki/Femtometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Femtometer">femtometer</a>, slightly more than the radius of a <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a>), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, 10<sup>6</sup> times as strong as the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>, and 10<sup>38</sup> times as strong as <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of atomic nuclei, the force binds protons and neutrons together to form a nucleus and is called the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a> (or <i>residual strong force</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the force is mediated by massive, short lived <a href="/wiki/Mesons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesons">mesons</a> on this scale, the residual strong interaction obeys a distance-dependent behavior between nucleons that is quite different from when it is acting to bind quarks within hadrons. There are also differences in the <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energies</a> of the nuclear force with regard to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. Nuclear fusion accounts for most energy production in the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. Nuclear fission allows for decay of radioactive elements and <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, although it is often mediated by the weak interaction. Artificially, the energy associated with the nuclear force is partially released in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>-based fission weapons and in fusion weapons like the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1971, physicists were uncertain as to how the atomic nucleus was bound together. It was known that the nucleus was composed of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> and that protons possessed positive <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>, while neutrons were electrically neutral. By the understanding of physics at that time, positive charges would repel one another and the positively charged protons should cause the nucleus to fly apart. However, this was never observed. New physics was needed to explain this phenomenon. </p><p>A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound despite the protons' mutual <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_repulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic repulsion">electromagnetic repulsion</a>. This hypothesized force was called the <i>strong force</i>, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the <a href="/wiki/Nucleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleons">protons and neutrons</a> that make up the nucleus. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>, and separately <a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">George Zweig</a>, proposed that <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a>, which include protons and neutrons, and <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a> were composed of elementary particles. Zweig called the elementary particles "aces" while Gell-Mann called them "quarks"; the theory came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong attraction between nucleons was the side-effect of a more fundamental force that bound the quarks together into protons and neutrons. The theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> explains that quarks carry what is called a <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>, although it has no relation to visible color.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quarks with unlike color charge attract one another as a result of the strong interaction, and the particle that mediates this was called the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_of_the_strong_interaction">Behavior of the strong interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Behavior of the strong interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strong interaction is observable at two ranges, and mediated by different force carriers in each one. On a scale less than about 0.8 <a href="/wiki/Femtometre" title="Femtometre">fm</a> (roughly the radius of a nucleon), the force is carried by <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a> and holds <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. On a larger scale, up to about 3 fm, the force is carried by <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a> and binds nucleons (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) together to form the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former context, it is often known as the <b>color force</b>, and is so strong that if hadrons are struck by high-energy particles, they produce <a href="/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)" title="Jet (particle physics)">jets</a> of massive particles instead of emitting their constituents (quarks and gluons) as freely moving particles. This property of the strong force is called <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">color confinement</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Two layers of strong interaction </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Interaction</th> <th>range</th> <th>held</th> <th>carrier</th> <th>result </th></tr> <tr> <td>Strong</td> <td style="text-align:right">< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984800000000000000♠"></span>0.8 fm</span></td> <td>quark</td> <td>gluon</td> <td>hadron </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residual Strong</td> <td style="text-align:right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6985100000000000000♠"></span>1–3 fm</span></td> <td>hadron</td> <td>meson</td> <td>nucleus </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_hadrons">Within hadrons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Within hadrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluon_coupling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/400px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/600px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gluon_coupling.svg/800px-Gluon_coupling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>The fundamental <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(physics)" title="Coupling (physics)">couplings</a> of the strong interaction, from left to right: (a) gluon radiation, (b) gluon splitting and (c,d) gluon self-coupling.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>strong</i> is used since the strong interaction is the "strongest" of the four fundamental forces. At a distance of 10<sup>−15</sup> m, its strength is around 100 times that of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a>, some 10<sup>6</sup> times as great as that of the weak force, and about 10<sup>38</sup> times that of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a>. </p><p>The strong force is described by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> (QCD), a part of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">gauge theory</a> based on a local (gauge) <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_group" title="Symmetry group">symmetry group</a> called <a href="/wiki/SU(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(3)">SU(3)</a>. </p><p>The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless <a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">gauge boson</a>. Gluons are thought to interact with quarks and other gluons by way of a type of charge called <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>. Color charge is analogous to electromagnetic charge, but it comes in three types (±red, ±green, and ±blue) rather than one, which results in different rules of behavior. These rules are described by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> (QCD), the theory of quark–gluon interactions. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> in electromagnetism, which is neutral, the gluon carries a color charge. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles that carry non-vanishing color charge, and hence they participate in strong interactions only with each other. The strong force is the expression of the gluon interaction with other quark and gluon particles. </p><p>All quarks and gluons in QCD interact with each other through the strong force. The strength of interaction is parameterized by the strong <a href="/wiki/Coupling_constant" title="Coupling constant">coupling constant</a>. This strength is modified by the gauge color charge of the particle, a <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group-theoretical</a> property. </p><p>The strong force acts between quarks. Unlike all other forces (electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational), the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance between pairs of quarks. After a limiting distance (about the size of a <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a>) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a></span>, no matter how much farther the distance between the quarks.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsch1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsch1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> As the separation between the quarks grows, the energy added to the pair creates new pairs of matching quarks between the original two; hence it is impossible to isolate quarks. The explanation is that the amount of work done against a force of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> N</span> is enough to create particle–antiparticle pairs within a very short distance. The energy added to the system by pulling two quarks apart would create a pair of new quarks that will pair up with the original ones. In QCD, this phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">color confinement</a>; as a result only hadrons, not individual free quarks, can be observed. The failure of all experiments that have searched for <a href="/wiki/Free_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Free quark">free quarks</a> is considered to be evidence of this phenomenon. </p><p>The elementary quark and gluon particles involved in a high energy collision are not directly observable. The interaction produces jets of newly created hadrons that are observable. Those hadrons are created, as a manifestation of mass–energy equivalence, when sufficient energy is deposited into a quark–quark bond, as when a quark in one proton is struck by a very fast quark of another impacting proton during a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> experiment. However, <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasmas</a> have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_hadrons">Between hadrons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Between hadrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">Nuclear force</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg/300px-Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg/450px-Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg/600px-Pn_Scatter_Quarks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A diagram (shown by the animation in the lead) with the individual <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> constituents shown, to illustrate how the fundamental strong interaction gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>. Straight lines are quarks, while multi-colored loops are <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a> (the carriers of the fundamental force).</figcaption></figure> <p>While color confinement implies that the strong force acts without distance-diminishment between pairs of quarks in compact collections of bound quarks (hadrons), at distances approaching or greater than the radius of a proton, a residual force (described below) remains. It manifests as a force between the "colorless" hadrons, and is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a></i> or <i>residual strong force</i> (and historically as the <i>strong nuclear force</i>). </p><p>The nuclear force acts between hadrons, known as <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a>. This "residual strong force", acting indirectly, transmits gluons that form part of the virtual <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">π</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">ρ</a> <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a>, which, in turn, transmit the force between nucleons that holds the nucleus (beyond <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1">hydrogen-1</a> nucleus) together.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The residual strong force is thus a minor residuum of the strong force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons. This same force is much weaker <i>between</i> neutrons and protons, because it is mostly neutralized <i>within</i> them, in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (<a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a>) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold electrons in association with the nucleus, forming the atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsch1983_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsch1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the strong force, the residual strong force diminishes with distance, and does so rapidly. The decrease is approximately as a negative exponential power of distance, though there is no simple expression known for this; see <i><a href="/wiki/Yukawa_potential" title="Yukawa potential">Yukawa potential</a></i>. The rapid decrease with distance of the attractive residual force and the less rapid decrease of the repulsive electromagnetic force acting between protons within a nucleus, causes the instability of larger atomic nuclei, such as all those with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> larger than 82 (the element lead). </p><p>Although the nuclear force is weaker than the strong interaction itself, it is still highly energetic: transitions produce <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. The mass of a nucleus is significantly different from the summed masses of the individual nucleons. This <a href="/wiki/Mass_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass defect">mass defect</a> is due to the potential energy associated with the nuclear force. Differences between mass defects power <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unification">Unification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theories</a> (GUT) aim to describe the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction as aspects of a single force, similarly to how the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified by the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model into <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak interaction</a>. The strong interaction has a property called <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>, wherein the strength of the strong force diminishes at higher energies (or temperatures). The theorized energy where its strength becomes equal to the electroweak interaction is the <a href="/wiki/Grand_unification_energy" title="Grand unification energy">grand unification energy</a>. However, no Grand Unified Theory has yet been successfully formulated to describe this process, and Grand Unification remains an <a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" title="List of unsolved problems in physics">unsolved problem in physics</a>. </p><p>If GUT is correct, after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_epoch" title="Electroweak epoch">electroweak epoch</a> of the universe, the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak force</a> separated from the strong force. Accordingly, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_unification_epoch" title="Grand unification epoch">grand unification epoch</a> is hypothesized to have existed prior to this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">Nuclear binding energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukawa_interaction" title="Yukawa interaction">Yukawa interaction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Relative strength of interaction varies with distance. See for instance <a href="/wiki/Matt_Strassler" title="Matt Strassler">Matt Strassler</a>'s essay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-known-forces-of-nature/the-strength-of-the-known-forces/">"The strength of the known forces"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/modern/forces.html#005">"The four forces: the strong interaction Duke University Astrophysics Dept website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+four+forces%3A+the+strong+interaction+Duke+University+Astrophysics+Dept+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebhome.phy.duke.edu%2F~kolena%2Fmodern%2Fforces.html%23005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagheb" class="citation web cs1">Ragheb, Magdi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195010/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">"Chapter 4 Nuclear Processes, The Strong Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20Processes%20The%20Strong%20Force.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+4+Nuclear+Processes%2C+The+Strong+Force&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.aulast=Ragheb&rft.aufirst=Magdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetfiles.uiuc.edu%2Fmragheb%2Fwww%2FNPRE%2520402%2520ME%2520405%2520Nuclear%2520Power%2520Engineering%2FNuclear%2520Processes%2520The%2520Strong%2520Force.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528145648/http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">"Lesson 13: Binding energy and mass defect"</a>. <i>Furry Elephant physics educational site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furryelephant.com/content/radioactivity/binding-energy-mass-defect/">the original</a> on 2023-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furry+Elephant+physics+educational+site&rft.atitle=Lesson+13%3A+Binding+energy+and+mass+defect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furryelephant.com%2Fcontent%2Fradioactivity%2Fbinding-energy-mass-defect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, Frank (1982). "Quantum chromodynamics: The modern theory of the strong interaction". <i>Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ARNPS..32..177W">1982ARNPS..32..177W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.32.120182.001141">10.1146/annurev.ns.32.120182.001141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nuclear+and+Particle+Science&rft.atitle=Quantum+chromodynamics%3A+The+modern+theory+of+the+strong+interaction&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.32.120182.001141&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ARNPS..32..177W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, R.P.</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/QED:_The_Strange_Theory_of_Light_and_Matter" title="QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter"><i>QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08388-9"><bdi>978-0-691-08388-9</bdi></a>. <q>The idiot physicists, unable to come up with any wonderful Greek words anymore, call this type of polarization by the unfortunate name of 'color', which has nothing to do with color in the normal sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QED%3A+The+Strange+Theory+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08388-9&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsch1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsch1983_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsch1983_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzsch1983" class="citation book cs1">Fritzsch, H. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit"><i>Quarks: The Stuff of Matter</i></a></span>. Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksstuffofmat00frit/page/167">167–168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06781-7"><bdi>978-0-465-06781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarks%3A+The+Stuff+of+Matter&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06781-7&rft.aulast=Fritzsch&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksstuffofmat00frit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030724/http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm">"Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter"</a>. <i>About.com Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm">the original</a> on 2017-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=About.com+Education&rft.atitle=Quark%E2%80%93gluon+plasma+is+the+most+primordial+state+of+matter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.about.com%2Fod%2Fphysicsqtot%2Ffl%2FQuark-Gluon-Plasma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022113145/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf">"3. The Strong Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/pp/pp3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3.+The+Strong+Force&rft.pub=Department+of+Applied+Mathematics+and+Theoretical+Physics%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damtp.cam.ac.uk%2Fuser%2Ftong%2Fpp%2Fpp3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristman2001" class="citation web cs1">Christman, J.R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf">"MISN-0-280: <i>The Strong Interaction</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MISN-0-280%3A+The+Strong+Interaction&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physnet.org%2Fmodules%2Fpdf_modules%2Fm280.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Griffiths (physicist)">Griffiths, David</a> (1987). <i>Introduction to Elementary Particles</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60386-3"><bdi>978-0-471-60386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-471-60386-3&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalzenMartin1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Halzen" title="Francis Halzen">Halzen, F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Martin_(physicist)" title="Alan Martin (physicist)">Martin, A.D.</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarksleptonsint0000halz"><i>Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-88741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-88741-6"><bdi>978-0-471-88741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarks+and+Leptons%3A+An+Introductory+Course+in+Modern+Particle+Physics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-471-88741-6&rft.aulast=Halzen&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Martin%2C+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarksleptonsint0000halz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._Kane" title="Gordon L. Kane">Kane, G.L.</a> (1987). <i>Modern Elementary Particle Physics</i>. Perseus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11749-3"><bdi>978-0-201-11749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Elementary+Particle+Physics&rft.pub=Perseus+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-201-11749-3&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation book cs1">Morris, R. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr"><i>The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table</i></a></span>. Joseph Henry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-50593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-50593-2"><bdi>978-0-309-50593-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sorcerers%3A+The+Path+from+Alchemy+to+the+Periodic+Table&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-309-50593-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastsorcererspat0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrong+interaction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_interaction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fundamental_interactions" title="Template talk:Fundamental interactions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fundamental_interactions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fundamental interactions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fundamental_interactions_of_physics180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interactions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Physical forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strong interaction</a> <ul><li>fundamental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">residual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypothetical forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_force" title="Fifth force">Fifth force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Glossary of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standard_Model377" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Template:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Template talk:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_model_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard model of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standard_Model377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strong interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">Fermi's interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_hypercharge" title="Weak hypercharge">Weak hypercharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_isospin" title="Weak isospin">Weak isospin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/150px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/225px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Beyond the<br />Standard Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evidence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem" title="Cosmological constant problem">problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">Strong CP problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">MSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">NMSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_supersymmetry" title="Split supersymmetry">Split supersymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Model" title="Category:Standard Model">Category</a></b></li> 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