CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portal:Physics - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1684cad9-00f0-4598-9670-c3a7f83f3f14","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Portal","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"Portal:Physics","wgTitle":"Physics","wgCurRevisionId":1246080448,"wgRevisionId":1246080448,"wgArticleId":1653925,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Manually maintained portal pages from June 2018","All manually maintained portal pages","Portals with triaged subpages from June 2018","All portals with triaged subpages","Portals with named maintainer","Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages","Random portal component with 26–30 available image subpages", "Automated article-slideshow portals with 101–200 articles in article list","All portals","Physics","Physical science portals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portal:Physics","wgRelevantArticleId":1653925,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":4000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6082802","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery.slideshow","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portal:Physics - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portal_Physics rootpage-Portal_Physics skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3APhysics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3APhysics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3APhysics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3APhysics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Portal</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Physics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Fisika" title="Portaal:Fisika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Fisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بوابة:الفيزياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:الفيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouiquip%C3%A8dia:Port%C3%A2l:Fesica" title="Vouiquipèdia:Portâl:Fesica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vouiquipèdia:Portâl:Fesica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizika" title="Portal:Fizika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizika" title="Portal:Fizika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Fizik" title="Porched:Fizik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Fizik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:F%C3%ADsica" title="Portal:Física – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Fyzika" title="Portál:Fyzika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83" title="قيسارية:لفيزيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:لفيزيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physik" title="Portal:Physik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Portaal:Füüsika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Füüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πύλη:Φυσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Φυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:F%C3%ADsica" title="Portal:Física – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="درگاه:فیزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail:Physique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="포털:물리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Պորտալ:Ֆիզիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտալ:Ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रवेशद्वार:भौतिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizika" title="Portal:Fizika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fisika" title="Portal:Fisika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פורטל:פיזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:פיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ფიზიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2tay:fizik" title="Pòtay:fizik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtay:fizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Fizika" title="Vikisritis:Fizika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Fizika" title="Portál:Fizika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوابة:الفيزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوابة:الفيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizik" title="Portal:Fizik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2:%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପୋର୍ଟାଲ:ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋର୍ଟାଲ:ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizika" title="Portal:Fizika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fisique" title="Portal:Fisique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Fisique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizyka" title="Portal:Fizyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:F%C3%ADsica" title="Portal:Física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizic%C4%83" title="Portal:Fizică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Pachaykamay" title="Punku p'anqa: Pachaykamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Pachaykamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizika" title="Portal:Fizika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portal:Fizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ද්වාරය:භෞතික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="باب:طبيعات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:طبيعات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Fyzika" title="Portál:Fyzika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fiisikis" title="Portal:Fiisikis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Fiisikis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دەروازە:فیزیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Fisika" title="Citakan:Fisika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Citakan:Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Fysiikka" title="Teemasivu:Fysiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Fysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலைவாசல்:இயற்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:இயற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Физика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Физика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีย่อย:ฟิสิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:ฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizik" title="Portal:Fizik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Фізика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портал:Фізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95ng_th%C3%B4ng_tin:V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Cổng thông tin:Vật lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổng thông tin:Vật lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="Portal:物理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Portal:物理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fizik" title="Portal:Fizik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portal:Fizik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6082802#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="View the subject page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Portal</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Physics" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal:Physics" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portal:Physics" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&oldid=1246080448" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3APhysics"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3APhysics"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portal%3APhysics&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Physics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Physics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6082802" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="portal-maintenance-status" style="display:none;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/30px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/45px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/60px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><span style="font-size:108%;"><b>Portal maintenance status:</b></span> <small>(June 2018)</small> <ul><li>This portal is <b>manually <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals#Specific_portal_maintainers" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">maintained</a></b> by <a href="/wiki/User:Northamerica1000" title="User:Northamerica1000">Northamerica1000</a>. Please contact these user(s) when you plan to make significant changes.</li> <li>This portal's <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Physics/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Physics/">subpages</a> <b>have been checked</b> by an editor, and are needed.</li></ul> <span style="font-size:90%;">Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CAREFUL">take care</a> when editing, especially if using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASSISTED">automated editing software</a>, and seek <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> before making major changes. Learn how to <a href="/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal" title="Template:Portal maintenance status">update the maintenance information here</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r888483065">.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left{float:left;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right{float:right;width:49%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide{float:left;width:60%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow{float:right;width:39%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide{float:left;width:70%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:right;width:29%}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Physics</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; vertical-align: top; border: 0px; border-spacing: 0; margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: solid 1px #A3B1BF"> </td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: solid 1px #a3b1bf; font-size: 110%; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; font-weight:bold; width: 3%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Physics Portal Main Page</b></a></td><td style="width: 2%; border-bottom: solid 1px #a3b1bf"> </td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: solid 1px #a3b1bf; font-size: 110%; background-color: #CEE0F2; width: 3%;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/Navigation" title="Portal:Physics/Navigation"><b>Physics Textbook</b></a></td><td style="width: 2%; border-bottom: solid 1px #a3b1bf"> </td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: solid 1px #a3b1bf; font-size: 110%; background-color: #CEE0F2; width: 3%;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/WikiProjects_and_things_to_do" title="Portal:Physics/WikiProjects and things to do"><b>Wikiprojects and things to do</b></a></td><td style="width: 1%; border-bottom: solid 1px #A3B1BF"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Physics_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big><i>The Physics Portal</i></big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/107px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/161px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/214px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/400px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/600px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/800px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>The expansion of the universe according to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory in physics</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">fundamental constituents</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">motion</a> and behavior through <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, and the related entities of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. </p><p>Physics is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>. Over much of the past two millennia, physics, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, but during the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> in the 17th century, these natural sciences branched into separate research endeavors. Physics intersects with many <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> areas of research, such as <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a>, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in these and other academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. </p><p>Advances in physics often enable new <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a>. For example, advances in the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> led directly to the development of technologies that have transformed modern society, such as television, computers, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic appliance">domestic appliances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>; advances in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> led to the development of industrialization; and advances in <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> inspired the development of <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_article_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/19px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/29px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/38px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span> Featured article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small><i>This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured article</a>, which represents some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</i></small></div> <hr /> <div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Noether.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/220px-Noether.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/330px-Noether.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/440px-Noether.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Noether c. 1900–1910</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Amalie Emmy Noether</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈnøːtɐ]</a></span>; 23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who made many important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">abstract algebra</a>. She proved Noether's <a href="/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem" title="Noether's theorem">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noether%27s_second_theorem" title="Noether's second theorem">second theorems</a>, which are fundamental in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>. She was described by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrov" title="Pavel Alexandrov">Pavel Alexandrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dieudonn%C3%A9" title="Jean Dieudonné">Jean Dieudonné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a> as the most important <a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_mathematics" title="List of women in mathematics">woman in the history of mathematics</a>. As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she developed theories of <a href="/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)" title="Ring (mathematics)">rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_(mathematics)" title="Field (mathematics)">fields</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algebra_over_a_field" title="Algebra over a field">algebras</a>. In physics, <a href="/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem" title="Noether's theorem">Noether's theorem</a> explains the connection between <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry in physics">symmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_law_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation law (physics)">conservation laws</a>. </p><p>Noether was born to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish family">Jewish family</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a>; her father was the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Max_Noether" title="Max Noether">Max Noether</a>. She originally planned to teach French and English after passing the required examinations but instead studied mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen">University of Erlangen</a>, where her father lectured. After completing her doctorate in 1907 under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gordan" title="Paul Gordan">Paul Gordan</a>, she worked at the Mathematical Institute of Erlangen without pay for seven years. At the time, women were largely excluded from academic positions. In 1915, she was invited by <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> to join the mathematics department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, a world-renowned center of mathematical research. The philosophical faculty objected, however, and she spent four years lecturing under Hilbert's name. Her <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> was approved in 1919, allowing her to obtain the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of Featured articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_line_filter" title="Atomic line filter">Atomic line filter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Boyd_(scientist)" title="James E. Boyd (scientist)">James E. Boyd (scientist)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Calutron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Jürgen Ehlers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">Eye (cyclone)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Franklin" title="Ursula Franklin">Ursula Franklin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction to general relativity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">History of Mars observation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field" title="Hubble Deep Field">Hubble Deep Field</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace%E2%80%93Runge%E2%80%93Lenz_vector" title="Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector">Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter" title="Mechanical filter">Mechanical filter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)" title="Mirror symmetry (string theory)">Mirror symmetry (string theory)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal Laboratory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">Numerical weather prediction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planets beyond Neptune</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Star</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity (nuclear test)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA (fusion reactor)</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FDid_you_know%2F11&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Did_you_know_-_show_different_entries" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show different entries</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonbow,_Kula,_Hawaii..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A moonbow over Kihei, Maui, Hawaii, US"><img alt="A moonbow over Kihei, Maui, Hawaii, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg/145px-Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg/218px-Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg/290px-Moonbow%2C_Kula%2C_Hawaii..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3959" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>A moonbow over Kihei, Maui, Hawaii, US</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>...that a <a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">moonbow</a>, or night-time <b><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a></b>, can be seen on strongly-moonlit nights?</li></ul> <ul><li>...that <b><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></b> originally defined <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> as the rate of change of <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>?</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Physics/Did you know">More did you know facts</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FSelected_images%2F2&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_image_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIEdot362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NIEdot362.jpg/300px-NIEdot362.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NIEdot362.jpg/450px-NIEdot362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NIEdot362.jpg/600px-NIEdot362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Spectra of the fixed stars and nebulae compared with the sun-spectrum and other spectra</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></b> is a science that employs the methods and principles of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> in the study of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Keeler" title="James Edward Keeler">James Keeler</a>, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space–<i>what</i> they are, rather than <i>where</i> they are", which is studied in <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/Selected_images" title="Portal:Physics/Selected images"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>More selected images</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FRelated_portals&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/25px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/50px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/25px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/50px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/26px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/52px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/22px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/45px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/26px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/51px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Good_articles_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/38px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Good articles - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>These are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GA">Good articles</a>, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.</small></i></div> <hr /> <div style="font-size:105%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Two geostationary satellites in the same orbit A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. The concept of a geostationary orbit was popularised by the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in the 1940s as a way to revolutionise telecommunications, and the first satellite to be placed in this kind of orbit was launched in 1963. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 Two geostationary satellites in the same orbit A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. The concept of a geostationary orbit was popularised by the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in the 1940s as a way to revolutionise telecommunications, and the first satellite to be placed in this kind of orbit was launched in 1963. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geostationaryjava3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Two geostationary satellites in the same orbit</figcaption></figure><br />A <b><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a></b>, also referred to as a <b>geosynchronous equatorial orbit</b> (<b>GEO</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">circular</a> <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">direction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>.<br /><br />An object in such an orbit has an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> equal to Earth's rotational period, one <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal day</a>, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. The concept of a geostationary orbit was popularised by the science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> in the 1940s as a way to revolutionise telecommunications, and the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> to be placed in this kind of orbit was launched in 1963. (<b><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Title page of the first edition of the book, published in 1910 A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity is any of three books written by British mathematician Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE on the history of electromagnetic theory, covering the development of classical electromagnetism, optics, and aether theories. The book's first edition, subtitled from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, was published in 1910 by Longmans, Green. The book covers the history of aether theories and the development of electromagnetic theory up to the 20th century. A second, extended and revised, edition consisting of two volumes was released in the early 1950s by Thomas Nelson, expanding the book's scope to include the first quarter of the 20th century. The first volume, subtitled The Classical Theories, was published in 1951 and served as a revised and updated edition to the first book. The second volume, subtitled The Modern Theories (1900–1926), was published two years later in 1953, extended this work covering the years 1900 to 1926. Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whittaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of electricity and magnetism as well as classics in the history of physics. The original book was well-received, but it ran out of print by the early 1920s. Whittaker believed that a new edition should include the developments in physics that took part at the turn of the twentieth century and declined to have it reprinted. He wrote the second edition of the book after his retirement and published The Classical Theories in 1951, which also received critical acclaim. In the 1953 second volume, The Modern Theories (1900–1926), Whittaker argued that Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz developed the theory of special relativity before Albert Einstein, a claim that has been rejected by most historians of science. Though overall reviews of the book were generally positive, due to its role in this relativity priority dispute, it receives far fewer citations than the other volumes, outside of references to the controversy. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 Title page of the first edition of the book, published in 1910 A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity is any of three books written by British mathematician Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE on the history of electromagnetic theory, covering the development of classical electromagnetism, optics, and aether theories. The book's first edition, subtitled from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, was published in 1910 by Longmans, Green. The book covers the history of aether theories and the development of electromagnetic theory up to the 20th century. A second, extended and revised, edition consisting of two volumes was released in the early 1950s by Thomas Nelson, expanding the book's scope to include the first quarter of the 20th century. The first volume, subtitled The Classical Theories, was published in 1951 and served as a revised and updated edition to the first book. The second volume, subtitled The Modern Theories (1900–1926), was published two years later in 1953, extended this work covering the years 1900 to 1926. Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whittaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of electricity and magnetism as well as classics in the history of physics. The original book was well-received, but it ran out of print by the early 1920s. Whittaker believed that a new edition should include the developments in physics that took part at the turn of the twentieth century and declined to have it reprinted. He wrote the second edition of the book after his retirement and published The Classical Theories in 1951, which also received critical acclaim. In the 1953 second volume, The Modern Theories (1900–1926), Whittaker argued that Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz developed the theory of special relativity before Albert Einstein, a claim that has been rejected by most historians of science. Though overall reviews of the book were generally positive, due to its role in this relativity priority dispute, it receives far fewer citations than the other volumes, outside of references to the controversy. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._(1910)_-_Page7_(title_page)-693px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg/220px-A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg/330px-A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg/440px-A_history_of_the_theories_of_aether_and_electricity._Whittacker_E.T._%281910%29_-_Page7_%28title_page%29-693px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Title page of the first edition of the book, published in 1910</div></div></div></div><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity" title="A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity">A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity</a></b></i> is any of three books written by British mathematician <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Taylor_Whittaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker">Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/FRSE" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSE">FRSE</a> on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">history of electromagnetic theory</a>, covering the development of <a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">classical electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aether_theories" title="Aether theories">aether theories</a>. The book's first edition, subtitled <i>from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century</i>, was published in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans, Green</a>. The book covers the history of aether theories and the development of electromagnetic theory up to the 20th century. A second, extended and revised, edition consisting of two volumes was released in the early 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Thomas Nelson (publisher)">Thomas Nelson</a>, expanding the book's scope to include the first quarter of the 20th century. The first volume, subtitled <i>The Classical Theories</i>, was published in 1951 and served as a revised and updated edition to the first book. The second volume, subtitled <i>The Modern Theories (1900–1926)</i>, was published two years later in 1953, extended this work covering the years 1900 to 1926. Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whittaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of electricity and magnetism as well as <a href="/wiki/Classic_book" title="Classic book">classics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">history of physics</a>.<br /><br />The original book was well-received, but it ran out of print by the early 1920s. Whittaker believed that a new edition should include the developments in physics that took part at the turn of the twentieth century and declined to have it reprinted. He wrote the second edition of the book after his retirement and published <i>The Classical Theories</i> in 1951, which also received critical acclaim. In the 1953 second volume, <i>The Modern Theories (1900–1926)</i>, Whittaker argued that <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> before <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, a claim that has been rejected by most historians of science. Though overall reviews of the book were generally positive, due to its role in this <a href="/wiki/Relativity_priority_dispute" title="Relativity priority dispute">relativity priority dispute</a>, it receives far fewer citations than the other volumes, outside of references to the controversy. (<b><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity" title="A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 George T. Reynolds' Los Alamos wartime security badge George Thomas Reynolds (May 27, 1917 – April 19, 2005) was an American physicist best known for his accomplishments in particle physics, biophysics and environmental science. Reynolds received his PhD in physics from Princeton in 1943, writing a thesis of the propagation of shock waves. During World War II, he joined the United States Navy, and served with the Manhattan Project. He worked with George Kistiakowsky on the design of the explosive lenses required by the implosion-type nuclear weapon. He was involved in the investigation of the Port Chicago disaster, served with Project Alberta on Tinian, and was part of the Manhattan Project team sent to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to inspect the bomb damage. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 George T. Reynolds' Los Alamos wartime security badge George Thomas Reynolds (May 27, 1917 – April 19, 2005) was an American physicist best known for his accomplishments in particle physics, biophysics and environmental science. Reynolds received his PhD in physics from Princeton in 1943, writing a thesis of the propagation of shock waves. During World War II, he joined the United States Navy, and served with the Manhattan Project. He worked with George Kistiakowsky on the design of the explosive lenses required by the implosion-type nuclear weapon. He was involved in the investigation of the Port Chicago disaster, served with Project Alberta on Tinian, and was part of the Manhattan Project team sent to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to inspect the bomb damage. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_T._Reynolds_Los_Alamos_ID.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/George_T._Reynolds_Los_Alamos_ID.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">George T. Reynolds' Los Alamos wartime security badge</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/George_T._Reynolds" title="George T. Reynolds">George Thomas Reynolds </a></b> (May 27, 1917 – April 19, 2005) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> best known for his accomplishments in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>.<br /><br />Reynolds received his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in physics from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> in 1943, writing a thesis of the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock waves</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and served with the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. He worked with <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a> on the design of the <a href="/wiki/Explosive_lens" title="Explosive lens">explosive lenses</a> required by the <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a>. He was involved in the investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster" title="Port Chicago disaster">Port Chicago disaster</a>, served with <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> on Tinian, and was part of the Manhattan Project team sent to <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> to inspect the bomb damage. (<b><a href="/wiki/George_T._Reynolds" title="George T. Reynolds">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Blue plaque to physicists Frisch and Peierls on the wall of the Poynting Physics Building, University of Birmingham The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. It was written by expatriate German-Jewish physicists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls in March 1940 while they were both working for Mark Oliphant at the University of Birmingham in Britain during World War II. The memorandum contained the first calculations about the size of the critical mass of fissile material needed for an atomic bomb. It revealed that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Blue plaque to physicists Frisch and Peierls on the wall of the Poynting Physics Building, University of Birmingham The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. It was written by expatriate German-Jewish physicists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls in March 1940 while they were both working for Mark Oliphant at the University of Birmingham in Britain during World War II. The memorandum contained the first calculations about the size of the critical mass of fissile material needed for an atomic bomb. It revealed that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg/220px-University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg/330px-University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Frisch_Peierls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque to physicists Frisch and Peierls on the wall of the Poynting Physics Building, University of Birmingham</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a></b> was the first technical exposition of a practical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>. It was written by expatriate German-Jewish physicists <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> in March 1940 while they were both working for <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> in Britain during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<br /><br />The memorandum contained the first calculations about the size of the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> material needed for an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. It revealed that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons. (<b><a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Prescod-Weinstein at "Becoming Interplanetary" talk at the Library of Congress, 2018 Chanda Prescod-Weinstein (born c. 1982) is an American theoretical cosmologist and particle physicist at the University of New Hampshire. She is also an advocate of increasing diversity in science. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Prescod-Weinstein at "Becoming Interplanetary" talk at the Library of Congress, 2018 Chanda Prescod-Weinstein (born c. 1982) is an American theoretical cosmologist and particle physicist at the University of New Hampshire. She is also an advocate of increasing diversity in science. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein,_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg/220px-Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg/330px-Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg/440px-Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein%2C_Becoming_Interplanetary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Prescod-Weinstein at "Becoming Interplanetary" talk at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, 2018</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein" title="Chanda Prescod-Weinstein">Chanda Prescod-Weinstein</a></b> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1982</span>) is an American theoretical <a href="/wiki/Cosmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmologist">cosmologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physicist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a>. She is also an advocate of increasing diversity in science. (<b><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein" title="Chanda Prescod-Weinstein">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image shows some of the most remote galaxies visible to present technology (diagonal is ~1/10 apparent Moon diameter) The universe is all of space and time and their contents. It comprises all of existence, any fundamental interaction, physical process and physical constant, and therefore all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from sub-atomic particles to entire galactic filaments. Since the early 20th century, the field of cosmology establishes that space and time emerged together at the Big Bang 13.787±0.020 billion years ago and that the universe has been expanding since then. The portion of the universe that we can see is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known. Some of the earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus's work as well as Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and observations by Tycho Brahe. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image shows some of the most remote galaxies visible to present technology (diagonal is ~1/10 apparent Moon diameter) The universe is all of space and time and their contents. It comprises all of existence, any fundamental interaction, physical process and physical constant, and therefore all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from sub-atomic particles to entire galactic filaments. Since the early 20th century, the field of cosmology establishes that space and time emerged together at the Big Bang 13.787±0.020 billion years ago and that the universe has been expanding since then. The portion of the universe that we can see is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known. Some of the earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus's work as well as Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and observations by Tycho Brahe. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/300px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/450px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/600px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra-Deep Field">Hubble Ultra-Deep Field</a> image shows some of the most remote <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> visible to present technology (diagonal is ~1/10 apparent <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> diameter)</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a></b> is all of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> and their contents. It comprises all of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, any <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical process">physical process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">physical constant</a>, and therefore all forms of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and the structures they form, from <a href="/wiki/Sub-atomic_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-atomic particles">sub-atomic particles</a> to entire <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">galactic filaments</a>. Since the early 20th century, the field of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> establishes that <a href="/wiki/Space_and_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and time">space and time</a> emerged together at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001137870000000000♠"></span>13.787<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.020 billion years</span> ago and that the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">universe has been expanding</a> since then. The <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">portion of the universe that we can see</a> is approximately 93 billion <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known.<br /><br />Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">cosmological models</a> of the universe were developed by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophers</a> and were <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a>, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric model</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. In developing the <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">law of universal gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> built upon Copernicus's work as well as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">laws of planetary motion</a> and observations by <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 In a nuclear weapon, a tamper is an optional layer of dense material surrounding the fissile material. It is used in nuclear weapon design to reduce the critical mass and to delay the expansion of the reacting material through its inertia, which delays the thermal expansion of the fissioning fuel mass, keeping it supercritical longer. Often the same layer serves both as tamper and as neutron reflector. The weapon disintegrates as the reaction proceeds, and this stops the reaction, so the use of a tamper makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic and more efficient explosion. The yield can be further enhanced using a fissionable tamper. The first nuclear weapons used heavy natural uranium or tungsten carbide tampers, but a heavy tamper necessitates a larger high-explosive implosion system and makes the entire device larger and heavier. The primary stage of a modern thermonuclear weapon may instead use a lightweight beryllium reflector, which is also transparent to X-rays when ionized, allowing the primary's energy output to escape quickly to be used in compressing the secondary stage. More exotic tamper materials such as gold are used for special purposes like emitting large amounts of X-rays or altering the amount of nuclear fallout. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 In a nuclear weapon, a tamper is an optional layer of dense material surrounding the fissile material. It is used in nuclear weapon design to reduce the critical mass and to delay the expansion of the reacting material through its inertia, which delays the thermal expansion of the fissioning fuel mass, keeping it supercritical longer. Often the same layer serves both as tamper and as neutron reflector. The weapon disintegrates as the reaction proceeds, and this stops the reaction, so the use of a tamper makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic and more efficient explosion. The yield can be further enhanced using a fissionable tamper. The first nuclear weapons used heavy natural uranium or tungsten carbide tampers, but a heavy tamper necessitates a larger high-explosive implosion system and makes the entire device larger and heavier. The primary stage of a modern thermonuclear weapon may instead use a lightweight beryllium reflector, which is also transparent to X-rays when ionized, allowing the primary's energy output to escape quickly to be used in compressing the secondary stage. More exotic tamper materials such as gold are used for special purposes like emitting large amounts of X-rays or altering the amount of nuclear fallout. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">In a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>, a <b><a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">tamper</a></b> is an optional layer of dense material surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear weapon design</a> to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> and to delay the expansion of the reacting material through its <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>, which delays the thermal expansion of the fissioning fuel mass, keeping it supercritical longer. Often the same layer serves both as tamper and as <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">neutron reflector</a>. The weapon disintegrates as the reaction proceeds, and this stops the reaction, so the use of a tamper makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic and more efficient explosion. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a> can be further enhanced using a fissionable tamper.<br /><br />The first nuclear weapons used heavy <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbide</a> tampers, but a heavy tamper necessitates a larger <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">high-explosive</a> implosion system and makes the entire device larger and heavier. The primary stage of a modern <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a> may instead use a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> reflector, which is also transparent to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a>, allowing the primary's energy output to escape quickly to be used in compressing the secondary stage. More exotic tamper materials such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are used for special purposes like emitting large amounts of X-rays or altering the amount of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 The Type Ib supernova SN 2008D in galaxy NGC 2770, shown in X-ray (left) and visible light (right), at the corresponding positions of the images. (NASA image.) Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae are categories of supernovae that are caused by the stellar core collapse of massive stars. These stars have shed or been stripped of their outer envelope of hydrogen, and, when compared to the spectrum of Type Ia supernovae, they lack the absorption line of silicon. Compared to Type Ib, Type Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have lost more of their initial envelope, including most of their helium. The two types are usually referred to as stripped core-collapse supernovae. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 The Type Ib supernova SN 2008D in galaxy NGC 2770, shown in X-ray (left) and visible light (right), at the corresponding positions of the images. (NASA image.) Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae are categories of supernovae that are caused by the stellar core collapse of massive stars. These stars have shed or been stripped of their outer envelope of hydrogen, and, when compared to the spectrum of Type Ia supernovae, they lack the absorption line of silicon. Compared to Type Ib, Type Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have lost more of their initial envelope, including most of their helium. The two types are usually referred to as stripped core-collapse supernovae. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supernova_2008D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supernova_2008D.jpg/280px-Supernova_2008D.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supernova_2008D.jpg/420px-Supernova_2008D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supernova_2008D.jpg/560px-Supernova_2008D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The Type Ib supernova SN 2008D in galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_2770" title="NGC 2770">NGC 2770</a>, shown in <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> (left) and visible light (right), at the corresponding positions of the images. (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> image.)</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae</a></b> are categories of <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> that are caused by the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">stellar core</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">collapse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive star">massive stars</a>. These stars have shed or been stripped of their outer envelope of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and, when compared to the spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernovae</a>, they lack the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption line</a> of silicon. Compared to Type Ib, Type Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have lost more of their initial envelope, including most of their helium. The two types are usually referred to as <b>stripped core-collapse supernovae</b>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Mayer in 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer (German: [maˈʁiːa ˈɡœpɐt ˈmaɪɐ] ⓘ; née Göppert; June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being Marie Curie. In 1986, the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor. A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the laser in the 1960s later permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Mayer in 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer (German: [maˈʁiːa ˈɡœpɐt ˈmaɪɐ] ⓘ; née Göppert; June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being Marie Curie. In 1986, the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor. A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the laser in the 1960s later permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg/220px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Mayer in 1963</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[maˈʁiːa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡœpɐt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaɪɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/De-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.ogg\/De-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Maria Goeppert-Mayer.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/De-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.ogg/De-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.ogg" title="File:De-Maria Goeppert-Mayer.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Göppert</b></span>; June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel laureate in Physics</a> for proposing the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer_Award" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award">Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award</a> for early-career women physicists was established in her honor.<br /><br />A graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon absorption</a> by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> in the 1960s later permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon <a href="/wiki/Absorption_cross_section" title="Absorption cross section">absorption cross section</a> is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit. (<b><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 The maximum sustained wind associated with a tropical cyclone is a common indicator of the intensity of the storm. Within a mature tropical cyclone, it is found within the eyewall at a certain distance from the center, known as the radius of maximum wind, or RMW. Unlike gusts, the value of these winds are determined via their sampling and averaging the sampled results over a period of time. Wind measuring has been standardized globally to reflect the winds at 10 metres (33 ft) above mean sea level, and the maximum sustained wind represents the highest average wind over either a one-minute (US) or ten-minute time span (see the definition, below), anywhere within the tropical cyclone. Surface winds are highly variable due to friction between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, as well as near hills and mountains over land. Over the ocean, satellite imagery is often used to estimate the maximum sustained winds within a tropical cyclone. Land, ship, aircraft reconnaissance observations, and radar imagery can also estimate this quantity, when available. This value helps determine the damage potential of a tropical cyclone, through use of such scales as the Saffir–Simpson scale. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 The maximum sustained wind associated with a tropical cyclone is a common indicator of the intensity of the storm. Within a mature tropical cyclone, it is found within the eyewall at a certain distance from the center, known as the radius of maximum wind, or RMW. Unlike gusts, the value of these winds are determined via their sampling and averaging the sampled results over a period of time. Wind measuring has been standardized globally to reflect the winds at 10 metres (33 ft) above mean sea level, and the maximum sustained wind represents the highest average wind over either a one-minute (US) or ten-minute time span (see the definition, below), anywhere within the tropical cyclone. Surface winds are highly variable due to friction between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, as well as near hills and mountains over land. Over the ocean, satellite imagery is often used to estimate the maximum sustained winds within a tropical cyclone. Land, ship, aircraft reconnaissance observations, and radar imagery can also estimate this quantity, when available. This value helps determine the damage potential of a tropical cyclone, through use of such scales as the Saffir–Simpson scale. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">maximum sustained wind</a></b> associated with a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> is a common <br />indicator of the intensity of the storm. Within a mature tropical cyclone, it is found within the <a href="/wiki/Eyewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyewall">eyewall</a> at a certain distance from the center, known as the <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_maximum_wind" title="Radius of maximum wind">radius of maximum wind</a>, or RMW. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Wind_gust" title="Wind gust">gusts</a>, the value of these winds are determined via their sampling and averaging the sampled results over a period of time. Wind measuring has been standardized globally to reflect the winds at 10 metres (33 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level#Uses" title="Height above mean sea level">mean sea level</a>, and the maximum sustained wind represents the highest average wind over either a one-minute (US) or ten-minute time span (see <a href="#Definition">the definition, below</a>), anywhere within the tropical cyclone. Surface winds are highly variable due to friction between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, as well as near hills and mountains over land.<br /><br />Over the ocean, <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">imagery</a> is often used to estimate the maximum sustained winds within a tropical cyclone. Land, ship, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Hunters">aircraft reconnaissance</a> observations, and <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">radar</a> imagery can also estimate this quantity, when available. This value helps determine the damage potential of a tropical cyclone, through use of such scales as the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Margaret Eliza Maltby, circa 1908 Margaret Eliza Maltby (December 10, 1860 – May 3, 1944) was an American physicist notable for her measurement of high electrolytic resistances and the conductivity of very dilute solutions. Maltby was the first woman to earn a Bachelor of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from any German university. She taught for over 30 years at Barnard College where she introduced one of the first courses on the physics of music. Maltby was active in the American Association of University Women where she was instrumental in helping female academics receive fellowships to study and conduct research, at a time when it was uncommon for women to be eligible for such fellowships. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Margaret Eliza Maltby, circa 1908 Margaret Eliza Maltby (December 10, 1860 – May 3, 1944) was an American physicist notable for her measurement of high electrolytic resistances and the conductivity of very dilute solutions. Maltby was the first woman to earn a Bachelor of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics from any German university. She taught for over 30 years at Barnard College where she introduced one of the first courses on the physics of music. Maltby was active in the American Association of University Women where she was instrumental in helping female academics receive fellowships to study and conduct research, at a time when it was uncommon for women to be eligible for such fellowships. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Maltby,_ca_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg/220px-Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg/330px-Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg/440px-Margaret_Maltby%2C_ca_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Margaret Eliza Maltby, circa 1908</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Eliza_Maltby" title="Margaret Eliza Maltby">Margaret Eliza Maltby</a></b> (December 10, 1860 – May 3, 1944) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> notable for her measurement of high <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">resistances</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a> of very dilute <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a>. Maltby was the first woman to earn a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, and the first woman to earn a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in physics from any German university.<br /><br />She taught for over 30 years at <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> where she introduced one of the first courses on the <a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">physics of music</a>. Maltby was active in the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> where she was instrumental in helping female academics receive fellowships to study and conduct research, at a time when it was uncommon for women to be eligible for such fellowships. (<b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Eliza_Maltby" title="Margaret Eliza Maltby">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge (July 27, 1904 – July 14, 1996) was an American physicist at Harvard University who worked on cyclotron research. His accurate measurements of mass differences between nuclear isotopes allowed him to confirm Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence concept. He was the Director of the Manhattan Project's Trinity nuclear test, which took place July 16, 1945. Bainbridge described the Trinity explosion as a "foul and awesome display". He remarked to J. Robert Oppenheimer immediately after the test, "Now we are all sons of bitches." This marked the beginning of his dedication to ending the testing of nuclear weapons and to efforts to maintain civilian control of future developments in that field. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge (July 27, 1904 – July 14, 1996) was an American physicist at Harvard University who worked on cyclotron research. His accurate measurements of mass differences between nuclear isotopes allowed him to confirm Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence concept. He was the Director of the Manhattan Project's Trinity nuclear test, which took place July 16, 1945. Bainbridge described the Trinity explosion as a "foul and awesome display". He remarked to J. Robert Oppenheimer immediately after the test, "Now we are all sons of bitches." This marked the beginning of his dedication to ending the testing of nuclear weapons and to efforts to maintain civilian control of future developments in that field. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg/220px-Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg/330px-Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg/440px-Kenneth_Bainbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge</a></b> (July 27, 1904 – July 14, 1996) was an American physicist at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> who worked on <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> research. His accurate measurements of mass differences between nuclear isotopes allowed him to confirm <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> concept. He was the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trinity_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity nuclear test">Trinity nuclear test</a>, which took place July 16, 1945. Bainbridge described the Trinity explosion as a "foul and awesome display". He remarked to <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> immediately after the test, "Now we are all sons of bitches." This marked the beginning of his dedication to ending the testing of nuclear weapons and to efforts to maintain civilian control of future developments in that field. (<b><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Water bead on a fabric that has been made non-wetting by chemical treatment. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting. Wetting is important in the bonding or adherence of two materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control wetting are also responsible for other related effects, including capillary effects. Surfactants can be used to increase the wetting power of a liquid like water. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Water bead on a fabric that has been made non-wetting by chemical treatment. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting. Wetting is important in the bonding or adherence of two materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control wetting are also responsible for other related effects, including capillary effects. Surfactants can be used to increase the wetting power of a liquid like water. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up of a drop of water (almost spherical) on blue fabric, with a shadow under it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg/220px-A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg/330px-A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg/440px-A_water_droplet_DWR-coated_surface2_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Water bead on a fabric that has been made non-wetting by chemical treatment.</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">Wetting</a></b> is the ability of a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> to displace gas to maintain contact with a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">surface</a>, resulting from <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular">intermolecular</a> interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force balance between <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">cohesive</a> <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a>. There are two types of wetting: non-reactive wetting and reactive wetting.<br /><br />Wetting is important in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adherence</a> of two materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control wetting are also responsible for other related effects, including <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary</a> effects. <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactants</a> can be used to increase the wetting power of a liquid like water. (<b><a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Foster's reactance theorem is an important theorem in the fields of electrical network analysis and synthesis. The theorem states that the reactance of a passive, lossless two-terminal (one-port) network always strictly monotonically increases with frequency. It is easily seen that the reactances of inductors and capacitors individually increase with frequency and from that basis a proof for passive lossless networks generally can be constructed. The proof of the theorem was presented by Ronald Martin Foster in 1924, although the principle had been published earlier by Foster's colleagues at American Telephone & Telegraph. The theorem can be extended to admittances and the encompassing concept of immittances. A consequence of Foster's theorem is that zeros and poles of the reactance must alternate with frequency. Foster used this property to develop two canonical forms for realising these networks. Foster's work was an important starting point for the development of network synthesis. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Foster's reactance theorem is an important theorem in the fields of electrical network analysis and synthesis. The theorem states that the reactance of a passive, lossless two-terminal (one-port) network always strictly monotonically increases with frequency. It is easily seen that the reactances of inductors and capacitors individually increase with frequency and from that basis a proof for passive lossless networks generally can be constructed. The proof of the theorem was presented by Ronald Martin Foster in 1924, although the principle had been published earlier by Foster's colleagues at American Telephone & Telegraph. The theorem can be extended to admittances and the encompassing concept of immittances. A consequence of Foster's theorem is that zeros and poles of the reactance must alternate with frequency. Foster used this property to develop two canonical forms for realising these networks. Foster's work was an important starting point for the development of network synthesis. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_reactance_theorem" title="Foster's reactance theorem">Foster's reactance theorem</a></b> is an important theorem in the fields of electrical <a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">network analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_synthesis_filters" title="Network synthesis filters">synthesis</a>. The theorem states that the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">reactance</a> of a passive, lossless two-terminal (<a href="/wiki/One-port" class="mw-redirect" title="One-port">one-port</a>) network always strictly <a href="/wiki/Monotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic">monotonically</a> increases with frequency. It is easily seen that the reactances of <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> individually increase with frequency and from that basis a proof for passive lossless networks generally can be constructed. The proof of the theorem was presented by <a href="/wiki/R._M._Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. Foster">Ronald Martin Foster</a> in 1924, although the principle had been published earlier by Foster's colleagues at <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a>.<br /><br />The theorem can be extended to <a href="/wiki/Admittance" title="Admittance">admittances</a> and the encompassing concept of <a href="/wiki/Immittance" title="Immittance">immittances</a>. A consequence of Foster's theorem is that <a href="/wiki/Zeros_and_poles" title="Zeros and poles">zeros and poles</a> of the reactance must alternate with frequency. Foster used this property to develop two <a href="/wiki/Canonical_form" title="Canonical form">canonical forms</a> for realising these networks. Foster's work was an important starting point for the development of <a href="/wiki/Network_synthesis" title="Network synthesis">network synthesis</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_reactance_theorem" title="Foster's reactance theorem">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Boyce McDaniel at Los Alamos Boyce Dawkins McDaniel (June 11, 1917 – May 8, 2002) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later directed the Cornell University Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (LNS). McDaniel was skilled in constructing "atom smashing" devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful particle accelerators of his time. Together with his graduate student, he invented the pair spectrometer. During World War II, McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop cyclotrons used to separate Uranium isotopes. McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test, during a lightning storm. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 Boyce McDaniel at Los Alamos Boyce Dawkins McDaniel (June 11, 1917 – May 8, 2002) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later directed the Cornell University Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (LNS). McDaniel was skilled in constructing "atom smashing" devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful particle accelerators of his time. Together with his graduate student, he invented the pair spectrometer. During World War II, McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop cyclotrons used to separate Uranium isotopes. McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test, during a lightning storm. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mcdaniel-boyce_d.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mcdaniel-boyce_d.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Boyce McDaniel at Los Alamos</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Boyce_McDaniel" title="Boyce McDaniel">Boyce Dawkins McDaniel</a></b> (June 11, 1917 – May 8, 2002) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and later directed the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (LNS). McDaniel was skilled in constructing "atom smashing" devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> of his time. Together with his graduate student, he invented the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pair_spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pair spectrometer (page does not exist)">pair spectrometer</a>.<br /><br />During World War II, McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotrons</a> used to separate <a href="/wiki/Uranium_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium isotopes">Uranium isotopes</a>. McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a>, during a lightning storm. (<b><a href="/wiki/Boyce_McDaniel" title="Boyce McDaniel">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/Good_articles" title="Portal:Physics/Good articles">More good articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FAnniversaries%2FNovember&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="November_anniversaries" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">November anniversaries</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li>1952 - detonation of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">first Hydrogen bomb</a>, code named "Ivy Mike".</li> <li>1947 - invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, between November 17 to December 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200011/history.cfm">APS</a>.</li> <li>1930 - Patent granted for <a href="/wiki/Einstein-Szilard_refrigerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein-Szilard refrigerator">Einstein-Szilard refrigerator</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201011/physicshistory.cfm">APS</a>.</li> <li>1919 - <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Imes" title="Elmer Imes">Elmer Imes</a>'s published work presented the first accurate measurement of the distance between atoms in molecules with high resolution <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200811/physicshistory.cfm">APS</a>.</li> <li>1915 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s presentation to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Academy of Science">Prussian Academy of Science</a> specifies how the geometry of space and time is influenced by whatever <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> is present. (see: <a href="/wiki/General_relativity#History" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200505/history.cfm">APS</a>)</li> <li>1895 - <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen">Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>.</li> <li>1887 - <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a> provided strong evidence against the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminiferous ether">luminiferous ether</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200711/physicshistory.cfm">APS</a>.</li> <li>1872 - death of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a> who gained an international reputation as a scientist in the intervals of raising a family of six children. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200211/history.cfm">APS</a></li> <li>1783 - <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> predicted the existence of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, and the possibility of a luminous twin to aid in detection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200911/physicshistory.cfm">APS</a></li> <li>1676 – using his first quantitative measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8mer" title="Ole Rømer">Ole Rømer</a> accurately predicts the delay of <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Births">Births</h3></div> <ul><li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li>1932 - <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a></li> <li>1929 - <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard E. Taylor</a></li> <li>1925 - <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a></li> <li>1902 - <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li>1837 - <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a></li> <li>1867 - <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (Nov. 7)</li> <li>1828 - <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a></li> <li>1878 - <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> (Nov. 7)</li> <li>1887 - <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></li> <li>1888 - <a href="/wiki/C_V_Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="C V Raman">C V Raman</a> (Nov. 7)</li> <li>1892 - <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Skobeltsyn" title="Dmitri Skobeltsyn">Dmitri Skobeltsyn</a> (Nov. 24)</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics/Anniversaries" title="Portal:Physics/Anniversaries">More anniversaries</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various physics-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modernphysicsfields.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Classical physics is usually concerned with everyday conditions: speeds are much lower than the speed of light, sizes are much greater than that of atoms, yet very small in astronomical terms. Modern physics, however, is concerned with high velocities, small distances, and very large energies. (from Modern physics)"><img alt="Image 1Classical physics is usually concerned with everyday conditions: speeds are much lower than the speed of light, sizes are much greater than that of atoms, yet very small in astronomical terms. Modern physics, however, is concerned with high velocities, small distances, and very large energies. (from Modern physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/120px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/180px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/240px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical physics</a> is usually concerned with everyday conditions: speeds are much lower than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, sizes are much greater than that of atoms, yet very small in astronomical terms. Modern physics, however, is concerned with high velocities, small distances, and very large energies. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2The Standard Model (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 2The Standard Model (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/120px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/180px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824–1907) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 3William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824–1907) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/89px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/133px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg/178px-Baron_Kelvin_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)</a><br />(1824–1907)</span> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu-arabic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4The Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The inscriptions on the edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) display this number system being used by the Imperial Mauryas. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 4The Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The inscriptions on the edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) display this number system being used by the Imperial Mauryas. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hindu-arabic1.jpg/112px-Hindu-arabic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hindu-arabic1.jpg/168px-Hindu-arabic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hindu-arabic1.jpg/224px-Hindu-arabic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>The Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The inscriptions on the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts of Ashoka</a> (3rd century BCE) display this number system being used by the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chien-Shiung_Wu_(1912-1997)_in_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Chien-Shiung Wu worked on parity violation in 1956 and announced her results in January 1957. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 5Chien-Shiung Wu worked on parity violation in 1956 and announced her results in January 1957. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/94px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/142px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg/189px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span>Chien-Shiung Wu worked on parity violation in 1956 and announced her results in January 1957. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6Computer simulation of nanogears made of fullerene molecules. It is hoped that advances in nanoscience will lead to machines working on the molecular scale. (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 6Computer simulation of nanogears made of fullerene molecules. It is hoped that advances in nanoscience will lead to machines working on the molecular scale. (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/120px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/180px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/240px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>Computer simulation of <i>nanogears</i> made of <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> molecules. It is hoped that advances in nanoscience will lead to machines working on the molecular scale. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7A Feynman diagram representing (left to right) the production of a photon (blue sine wave) from the annihilation of an electron and its complementary antiparticle, the positron. The photon becomes a quark–antiquark pair and a gluon (green spiral) is released. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 7A Feynman diagram representing (left to right) the production of a photon (blue sine wave) from the annihilation of an electron and its complementary antiparticle, the positron. The photon becomes a quark–antiquark pair and a gluon (green spiral) is released. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/120px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/180px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/240px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a> representing (left to right) the production of a photon (blue <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a> of an electron and its complementary <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiparticle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>. The photon becomes a <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quark</a>–<a href="/wiki/Antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark">antiquark</a> pair and a <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a> (green spiral) is released. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8A replica of the first point-contact transistor in Bell labs (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 8A replica of the first point-contact transistor in Bell labs (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/120px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/180px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/240px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span>A replica of the first <a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">point-contact transistor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bell_labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell labs">Bell labs</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_body.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Classical physics (Rayleigh–Jeans law, black line) failed to explain black-body radiation – the so-called ultraviolet catastrophe. The quantum description (Planck's law, colored lines) is said to be modern physics. (from Modern physics)"><img alt="Image 9Classical physics (Rayleigh–Jeans law, black line) failed to explain black-body radiation – the so-called ultraviolet catastrophe. The quantum description (Planck's law, colored lines) is said to be modern physics. (from Modern physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/120px-Black_body.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/180px-Black_body.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/240px-Black_body.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>Classical physics (<a href="/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Jeans_law" title="Rayleigh–Jeans law">Rayleigh–Jeans law</a>, black line) failed to explain <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">black-body radiation</a> – the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe" title="Ultraviolet catastrophe">ultraviolet catastrophe</a>. The quantum description (<a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a>, colored lines) is said to be <i>modern physics</i>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Aristotle (384–322 BCE) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 10Aristotle (384–322 BCE) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/90px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/134px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/179px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><br />(384–322 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11One possible signature of a Higgs boson from a simulated proton–proton collision. It decays almost immediately into two jets of hadrons and two electrons, visible as lines. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 11One possible signature of a Higgs boson from a simulated proton–proton collision. It decays almost immediately into two jets of hadrons and two electrons, visible as lines. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/120px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/180px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/240px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>One possible signature of a Higgs boson from a simulated <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>–proton collision. It decays almost immediately into two jets of <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> and two electrons, visible as lines. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) is remembered for his development of a heliocentric model of the Solar System. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 12The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) is remembered for his development of a heliocentric model of the Solar System. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/120px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/180px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/240px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span>The Polish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (1473–1543) is remembered for his development of a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> model of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPB_circling_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13Einstein proposed that gravitation is a result of masses (or their equivalent energies) curving ("bending") the spacetime in which they exist, altering the paths they follow within it. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 13Einstein proposed that gravitation is a result of masses (or their equivalent energies) curving ("bending") the spacetime in which they exist, altering the paths they follow within it. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/120px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/180px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/240px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>Einstein proposed that <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a> is a result of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> (or their equivalent energies) <a href="/wiki/Curvature_of_spacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvature of spacetime">curving ("bending")</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> in which they exist, altering the paths they follow within it. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heisenberg_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 14Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Heisenberg_10.jpg/81px-Heisenberg_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Heisenberg_10.jpg/122px-Heisenberg_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Heisenberg_10.jpg/162px-Heisenberg_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a><br />(1901–1976) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariecurie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15Marie Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934) She was awarded two Nobel prizes, Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 15Marie Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934) She was awarded two Nobel prizes, Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mariecurie.jpg/93px-Mariecurie.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mariecurie.jpg/139px-Mariecurie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mariecurie.jpg/185px-Mariecurie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a><br />(1867–1934) She was awarded two Nobel prizes, Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16The quantum Hall effect: Components of the Hall resistivity as a function of the external magnetic field (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 16The quantum Hall effect: Components of the Hall resistivity as a function of the external magnetic field (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png/113px-Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png/169px-Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png/225px-Quantum_Hall_effect_-_Russian.png 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">quantum Hall effect</a>: Components of the Hall resistivity as a function of the external magnetic field (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17A composite montage comparing Jupiter (lefthand side) and its four Galilean moons (top to bottom: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 17A composite montage comparing Jupiter (lefthand side) and its four Galilean moons (top to bottom: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg/84px-Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg/126px-Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg/168px-Jupiter_and_the_Galilean_Satellites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>A composite montage comparing <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (lefthand side) and its four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> (top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynman-richard_p.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18Richard Feynman's Los Alamos ID badge (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 18Richard Feynman's Los Alamos ID badge (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Feynman-richard_p.jpg/88px-Feynman-richard_p.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Feynman-richard_p.jpg/132px-Feynman-richard_p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Feynman-richard_p.jpg/176px-Feynman-richard_p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>'s Los Alamos ID badge (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Bernoulli,_Daniel_(1700-1782)-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 19Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-ETH-BIB-Bernoulli%2C_Daniel_%281700-1782%29-Portrait-Portr_10971.tif_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="4510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a><br />(1700–1782) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Clerk_Maxwell.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 20James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Clerk_Maxwell.png/100px-James_Clerk_Maxwell.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Clerk_Maxwell.png/150px-James_Clerk_Maxwell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/James_Clerk_Maxwell.png/200px-James_Clerk_Maxwell.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a><br />(1831–1879) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21René Descartes (1596–1650) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 21René Descartes (1596–1650) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/98px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/147px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/196px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a><br />(1596–1650) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boltzmann2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 22Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Boltzmann2.jpg/98px-Boltzmann2.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Boltzmann2.jpg/147px-Boltzmann2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Boltzmann2.jpg/196px-Boltzmann2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a><br />(1844–1906) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 23Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/91px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/137px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/183px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span>Christiaan Huygens<br />(1629–1695) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Albert Einstein (1879–1955), photographed here in around 1905 (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 24Albert Einstein (1879–1955), photographed here in around 1905 (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/92px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/138px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/183px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4360" data-file-height="5699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1879–1955), photographed here in around 1905 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25The ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, developer of ideas regarding fluid mechanics and buoyancy. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 25The ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, developer of ideas regarding fluid mechanics and buoyancy. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/90px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/135px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/180px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>The ancient Greek mathematician <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, developer of ideas regarding <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26A Newton's cradle, named after physicist Isaac Newton (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 26A Newton's cradle, named after physicist Isaac Newton (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif/120px-Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif/180px-Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif/240px-Newtons_cradle_animation_book_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</a>, named after physicist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27The first Bose–Einstein condensate observed in a gas of ultracold rubidium atoms. The blue and white areas represent higher density. (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 27The first Bose–Einstein condensate observed in a gas of ultracold rubidium atoms. The blue and white areas represent higher density. (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/120px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/180px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/240px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>The first <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> observed in a gas of ultracold <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> atoms. The blue and white areas represent higher density. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 28A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 28A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg/76px-Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg/113px-Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg/151px-Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 28</span></span>A page from <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī">al-Khwārizmī</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing">Algebra</a></i>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysozym_diffraction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 29Image of X-ray diffraction pattern from a protein crystal (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 29Image of X-ray diffraction pattern from a protein crystal (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lysozym_diffraction.png/120px-Lysozym_diffraction.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lysozym_diffraction.png/180px-Lysozym_diffraction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lysozym_diffraction.png/240px-Lysozym_diffraction.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 29</span></span>Image of X-ray diffraction pattern from a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> crystal (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 30Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 30Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/97px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/146px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/195px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 30</span></span><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a><br />(1745–1827) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 31Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 31Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/85px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/128px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/171px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 31</span></span>Sir Isaac Newton<br />(1642–1727) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 32A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor. Today some physicists are working to understand high-temperature superconductivity using the AdS/CFT correspondence. (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="A magnet levitating over a superconducting material." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/120px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/180px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/240px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 32</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">levitating</a> above a <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="High-temperature superconductor">high-temperature superconductor</a>. Today some physicists are working to understand high-temperature superconductivity using the AdS/CFT correspondence. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 33Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Johannes van der Waals with the helium liquefactor at Leiden in 1908 (from Condensed matter physics)"><img alt="Image 33Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Johannes van der Waals with the helium liquefactor at Leiden in 1908 (from Condensed matter physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/84px-Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/127px-Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/169px-Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes_and_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 33</span></span><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_der_Waals" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes van der Waals">Johannes van der Waals</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <i>liquefactor</i> at Leiden in 1908 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 34Michael Faraday (1791–1867) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 34Michael Faraday (1791–1867) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/90px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/135px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg/180px-Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 34</span></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a><br />(1791–1867) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz,_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 35Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 35Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/97px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/146px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg/194px-Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz%2C_Bernhard_Christoph_Francke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="5538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 35</span></span><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a><br />(1646–1716) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 36Star maps by the 11th-century Chinese polymath Su Song are the oldest known woodblock-printed star maps to have survived to the present day. This example, dated 1092, employs the cylindrical equirectangular projection. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 36Star maps by the 11th-century Chinese polymath Su Song are the oldest known woodblock-printed star maps to have survived to the present day. This example, dated 1092, employs the cylindrical equirectangular projection. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/120px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/180px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/240px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 36</span></span><a href="/wiki/Star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Star map">Star maps</a> by the 11th-century Chinese <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> are the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock-printed</a> star maps to have survived to the present day. This example, dated 1092, employs the cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Equirectangular_projection" title="Equirectangular projection">equirectangular projection</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 37Galileo Galilei, early proponent of the modern scientific worldview and method (1564–1642) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 37Galileo Galilei, early proponent of the modern scientific worldview and method (1564–1642) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/98px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/147px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/195px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 37</span></span>Galileo Galilei, early proponent of the modern scientific worldview and method <br />(1564–1642) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1878.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 38Max Planck (1858–1947) (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 38Max Planck (1858–1947) (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/90px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/135px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/181px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 38</span></span><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a><br />(1858–1947) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 39Ibn al-Haytham (c. 965–1040). (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 39Ibn al-Haytham (c. 965–1040). (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/102px-Hazan.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/153px-Hazan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/203px-Hazan.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 39</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 965–1040</span>). (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J.J_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 40J. J. Thomson (1856–1940) discovered the electron and isotopy and also invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906. (from History of physics)"><img alt="Image 40J. J. Thomson (1856–1940) discovered the electron and isotopy and also invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906. (from History of physics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/77px-J.J_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/115px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/153px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 40</span></span><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1856–1940) discovered the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopy</a> and also invented the <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1906. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FCategories&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Categories</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Category puzzle"><img alt="Category puzzle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/38px-C_Puzzle.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/57px-C_Puzzle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/76px-C_Puzzle.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Category puzzle</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fundamentals</b>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_physics" title="Category:Concepts in physics">Concepts in physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Constants" title="Category:Constants">Constants</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_quantities" title="Category:Physical quantities">Physical quantities</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_measurement" title="Category:Units of measurement">Units of measure</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass" title="Category:Mass">Mass</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Length" title="Category:Length">Length</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Time</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Space" title="Category:Space">Space</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy">Energy</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Matter" title="Category:Matter">Matter</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Force" title="Category:Force">Force</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Gravity" title="Category:Gravity">Gravity</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Electricity" title="Category:Electricity">Electricity</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Magnetism" title="Category:Magnetism">Magnetism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Waves" title="Category:Waves">Waves</a> </p><p><b>Basic physics</b>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanics" title="Category:Mechanics">Mechanics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Electromagnetism" title="Category:Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_mechanics" title="Category:Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Thermodynamics" title="Category:Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_mechanics" title="Category:Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Optics" title="Category:Optics">Optics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Acoustics" title="Category:Acoustics">Acoustics</a> </p><p><b>Specific fields</b>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Acoustics" title="Category:Acoustics">Acoustics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrophysics" title="Category:Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Atomic_physics" title="Category:Atomic physics">Atomic physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_physics" title="Category:Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Optics" title="Category:Optics">Optical physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Computational_physics" title="Category:Computational physics">Computational physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Condensed_matter_physics" title="Category:Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_physics" title="Category:Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Particle_physics" title="Category:Particle physics">Particle physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Plasma_physics" title="Category:Plasma physics">Plasma physics</a> </p><p><b>Tools</b>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Detectors" title="Category:Detectors">Detectors</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Interferometry" title="Category:Interferometry">Interferometry</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Measurement" title="Category:Measurement">Measurement</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiometry" title="Category:Radiometry">Radiometry</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Spectroscopy" title="Category:Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Transducers" title="Category:Transducers">Transducers</a> </p><p><b>Background</b>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Physicists" title="Category:Physicists">Physicists</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_physics" title="Category:History of physics">History of physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_physics" title="Category:Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_education" title="Category:Physics education">Physics education</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_journals" title="Category:Physics journals">Physics journals</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_organizations" title="Category:Physics organizations">Physics organizations</a> </p><p><b>Other</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Physics_in_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Physics in fiction (page does not exist)">Physics in fiction</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics-related_lists" title="Category:Physics-related lists">Physics lists</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_software" title="Category:Physics software">Physics software</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_stubs" title="Category:Physics stubs">Physics stubs</a> </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Physics" title="Category:Physics">All physics categories</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FTopics&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Physics_topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Physics topics</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical physics</a> traditionally includes the fields of <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>. The term <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a> is normally used for fields which rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> are usually considered to be part of modern physics as well. </p> <table class="wiki table" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fundamental Concepts </th> <th>Classical Physics </th> <th>Modern Physics </th> <th>Cross Discipline Topics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Mechanics">Solid Mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid Mechanics">Fluid Mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">Motion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mechanics">Classical Mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Physics">Mathematical Physics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_chain" title="Kinematic chain">Kinematic chain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">Classical states</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">Modern states</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Physics">Chemical Physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma Physics">Plasma Physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Materials_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials Science">Materials Science</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">Cryophysics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport Phenomena">Transport Phenomena</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">Phase transitions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">Annihilation physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Waves</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">Oscillation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Quantum oscillation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Gravitation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">Vacuum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">Pressure physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum state">Vacuum state physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">Quantum fluctuation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">Random</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">Stochastic process</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Relativity">Special Relativity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General Relativity">General Relativity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">Black holes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">Quantum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">Electrons</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state physics">Solid State</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Condensed_Matter_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed Matter Physics">Condensed Matter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking" title="Symmetry breaking">Symmetry breaking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_circuit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit analysis">Electrical circuit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodynamics">Electrodynamics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Electrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Electrodynamics">Quantum Electrodynamics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Bonds">Chemical Bonds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics">Nuclear Physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Chromodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Chromodynamics">Quantum Chromodynamics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Physics">Atomic Physics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak theory">Electroweak theory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interaction</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Biology">Quantum Biology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_brain_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum brain dynamics">Quantum brain dynamics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">Cosmos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" title="Mathematical universe hypothesis">Mathematical universe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory" title="Perturbation theory">Perturbation theory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">Complexity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">Dynamical system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Complex_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex System">Complex system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(physics)" title="Quantization (physics)">Quantization</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantization" title="Canonical quantization">Canonical quantization</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">Unification</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Everything" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Everything">Theory of Everything</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APhysics%2FRecognized_content&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="More_recognized_content" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More recognized content</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:lightblue; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Extended content</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/38px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/57px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/76px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="font-size:97%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This is a list of recognized content, updated weekly by <a href="/wiki/User:JL-Bot_(RECOG)" class="mw-redirect" title="User:JL-Bot (RECOG)">JL-Bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:JL-Bot" title="User talk:JL-Bot">talk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/JL-Bot" title="Special:Contributions/JL-Bot">contribs</a>) (typically on Saturdays). There is no need to edit the list yourself. If an article is missing from the list, make sure it is <a href="/wiki/User:JL-Bot/Project_content#Project_parameter" title="User:JL-Bot/Project content">tagged</a> (e.g. <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Physics" title="Template:WikiProject Physics">WikiProject Physics</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>) or <a href="/wiki/User:JL-Bot/Project_content#Project_parameter" title="User:JL-Bot/Project content">categorized</a>  correctly and wait for the next update. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RECOG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RECOG">WP:RECOG</a> for configuration options.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_articles">Good articles</h3></div> <div style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Agnew" title="Harold Agnew">Harold Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_King_Allison" title="Samuel King Allison">Samuel King Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elda_Emma_Anderson" title="Elda Emma Anderson">Elda Emma Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimetric_electrical_network" title="Antimetric electrical network">Antimetric electrical network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere of Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">History of atomic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Kenneth Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch (geophysicist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball" title="Bouncing ball">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Christy" title="Robert F. Christy">Robert F. Christy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Coutard" title="Henri Coutard">Henri Coutard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Creutz" title="Edward Creutz">Edward Creutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Curran" title="Joan Curran">Joan Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">Cyclotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU_spectrophotometer" title="DU spectrophotometer">DU spectrophotometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_May_Dent" title="Beryl May Dent">Beryl May Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_damping" title="Diffusion damping">Diffusion damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_delta_function" title="Dirac delta function">Dirac delta function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron" title="Discovery of the neutron">Discovery of the neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_of_the_celestial_spheres" title="Dynamics of the celestial spheres">Dynamics of the celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastance" title="Elastance">Elastance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">Electron backscatter diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fedkiw" title="Ronald Fedkiw">Ronald Fedkiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiveling" title="Fiveling">Fiveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_measurements_of_the_speed_of_light" title="Foucault's measurements of the speed of light">Foucault's measurements of the speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fizeau_experiment" title="Fizeau experiment">Fizeau experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_Clouds_(artwork)" title="Floating Clouds (artwork)">Floating Clouds (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_reactance_theorem" title="Foster's reactance theorem">Foster's reactance theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_battery" title="Frog battery">Frog battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gelders" title="Joseph Gelders">Joseph Gelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Geostationary orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleason%27s_theorem" title="Gleason's theorem">Gleason's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_bong" title="Gravity bong">Gravity bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hayward" title="John T. Hayward">John T. Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbert_space" title="Hilbert space">Hilbert space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity" title="A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity">A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History of the metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid_Ahmed_Ijaz" title="Mujaddid Ahmed Ijaz">Mujaddid Ahmed Ijaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">Insect flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">Interferometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jackson_(engineer)" title="Mary Jackson (engineer)">Mary Jackson (engineer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_William_Kerst" title="Donald William Kerst">Donald William Kerst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">Kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">Laser Inertial Fusion Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilde_Levi" title="Hilde Levi">Hilde Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Levine" title="Joel S. Levine">Joel S. Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">Magnetic resonance imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_satellite_communications" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 satellite communications">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Eliza_Maltby" title="Margaret Eliza Maltby">Margaret Eliza Maltby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marburger" title="John Marburger">John Marburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_H._Martin" title="Leslie H. Martin">Leslie H. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">Maximum sustained wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyce_McDaniel" title="Boyce McDaniel">Boyce McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_analogy" title="Mobility analogy">Mobility analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morrison" title="Philip Morrison">Philip Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Neddermeyer" title="Seth Neddermeyer">Seth Neddermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">Negative resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_of_revolving_orbits" title="Newton's theorem of revolving orbits">Newton's theorem of revolving orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">Noctilucent cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon_magnetic_moment" title="Nucleon magnetic moment">Nucleon magnetic moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ocampo" title="Adriana Ocampo">Adriana Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Optical properties of carbon nanotubes">Optical properties of carbon nanotubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1937%2B21" title="PSR B1937+21">PSR B1937+21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">William Penney, Baron Penney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Pontecorvo" title="Bruno Pontecorvo">Bruno Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein" title="Chanda Prescod-Weinstein">Chanda Prescod-Weinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Reality" title="Quantum Reality">Quantum Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group" title="Representation theory of the Lorentz group">Representation theory of the Lorentz group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Reynolds" title="George T. Reynolds">George T. Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sands" title="Matthew Sands">Matthew Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiehallion_experiment" title="Schiehallion experiment">Schiehallion experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Slettebak" title="Arne Slettebak">Arne Slettebak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_devil" title="Steam devil">Steam devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Carl Størmer">Carl Størmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord" title="Subtle is the Lord">Subtle is the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">Tamper (nuclear weapon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man (nuclear bomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Allen Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Titterton" title="Ernest Titterton">Ernest Titterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Tropical cyclone scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic supernovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">John Clive Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Way" title="Katharine Way">Katharine Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_M._Weinberg" title="Alvin M. Weinberg">Alvin M. Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">Wetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhonghua" title="Wu Zhonghua">Wu Zhonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_experiment" title="Wu experiment">Wu experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Zinn" title="Walter Zinn">Walter Zinn</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Physics">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Physics">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Physics">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Physics">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Physics">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Physics">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Physics">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Special:Search/Physics">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Physics">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Sources" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Sources</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D6FC;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Portals_on_Wikipedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Portals on Wikipedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #bbbbbb;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#ffffff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/35px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/53px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/70px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">WikiProject Portals</a></span></div> </li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <p><i class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Special:Purge/Portal:Physics" title="Special:Purge/Portal:Physics"><small>Purge server cache</small></a></i> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&oldid=1246080448">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&oldid=1246080448</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals" title="Category:All portals">All portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physics" title="Category:Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_science_portals" title="Category:Physical science portals">Physical science portals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manually_maintained_portal_pages_from_June_2018" title="Category:Manually maintained portal pages from June 2018">Manually maintained portal pages from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_manually_maintained_portal_pages" title="Category:All manually maintained portal pages">All manually maintained portal pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_triaged_subpages_from_June_2018" title="Category:Portals with triaged subpages from June 2018">Portals with triaged subpages from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals_with_triaged_subpages" title="Category:All portals with triaged subpages">All portals with triaged subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_named_maintainer" title="Category:Portals with named maintainer">Portals with named maintainer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_11%E2%80%9315_available_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages">Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_26%E2%80%9330_available_image_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 26–30 available image subpages">Random portal component with 26–30 available image subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automated_article-slideshow_portals_with_101%E2%80%93200_articles_in_article_list" title="Category:Automated article-slideshow portals with 101–200 articles in article list">Automated article-slideshow portals with 101–200 articles in article list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 September 2024, at 19:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Physics&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qmvs7","wgBackendResponseTime":121,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.286","walltime":"3.794","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4699,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":196505,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12852,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":150463,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3462.402 1 -total"," 87.91% 3043.739 1 Template:Flex_columns"," 55.31% 1915.013 10 Template:Main_other"," 55.28% 1913.866 1 Template:Transclude_files_as_random_slideshow"," 18.55% 642.185 1 Template:Transclude_list_item_excerpts_as_random_slideshow"," 8.55% 295.911 2 Template:Transclude_random_excerpt"," 8.11% 280.797 1 Portal:Physics/Featured_articles"," 4.72% 163.290 2 Template:IPA"," 3.49% 120.669 1 Template:Portal_maintenance_status"," 2.28% 78.898 2 Template:Random_portal_component"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.788","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28696747,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","1300","45.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","340","11.8"],["?","300","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","220","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","140","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","60","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","0.7"],["matchAny \u003CModule:Excerpt/portals:153\u003E","20","0.7"],["[others]","140","4.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-6dk46","timestamp":"20241124025505","ttl":594301,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> </body> </html>