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alt="photo of a PVC pipe disgorging a high volume of greenish-brown wastewater into a body of freshwater" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/resources/waste-deep"> Waste Deep </a> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Water pollutants from Tyson Foods' meat processing plants pose a risk to both people and the environment. </div> </article> </div> <div class="mega-submenu-description"> <h2>Food and Farms</h2> <p>The US food system should be providing healthy, sustainable food for everyone. 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data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-content"> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="wrapper-lg hero-child-image"> <figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-responsive-hero"> <img src="https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2023-11/nuclear-war-protestors.jpg?itok=Yz43Bue5" width="500" height="300" alt=" A man at a rally on London's Trafalgar Square with a sign, ‘No Nuclear War’, campaigning for nuclear disarmament, in support for the Ukrainian people at war." title="" srcset="https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-11/nuclear-war-protestors.jpg?itok=hHD7qDqx 1500w, https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2023-11/nuclear-war-protestors.jpg?itok=pCwUOx0J 1000w, https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2023-11/nuclear-war-protestors.jpg?itok=Yz43Bue5 500w" class="image-style-original" /> <figcaption> <div class="field field--name-field-caption field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item"> A man at a rally on London's Trafalgar Square with a sign, ‘No Nuclear War’, campaigning for nuclear disarmament, in support for the Ukrainian people at war.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-image-credit field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Shutterstock/RobertoBarcellona</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div id="block-ucstheme-page-title" class="block block-core block-page-title-block hero-child"> <div class="breadcrumb"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons">Nuclear Weapons</a> </div> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nuclear Weapons Solutions</span> </h1> <p class="page-subtitle"></p> <div class="field--name-field-intro-paragraph"> <p>The only way to completely eliminate nuclear risks is to eliminate nuclear weapons from the planet.</p> </div> </div> <article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="column-general"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-toc-js block-toc-js-block"> <details> <summary>Table of Contents</summary> <div id="sticky-anchor"></div> <div class="toc-js" id="toc-js-block-toc-js-block" data-id="toc_js_block" data-label="Toc.js block" data-label-display="0" data-provider="toc_js" data-selectors=".field--name-field-toc-entry" data-selectors-minimum="0" data-container="div.field--name-field-sections > div.field__item > div.paragraph" data-prefix="toc" data-list-type="ul" data-back-to-top="1" data-back-to-top-label="Back to top" data-smooth-scrolling="1" data-scroll-to-offset="100" data-highlight-on-scroll="1" data-highlight-offset="100" data-sticky="0" data-sticky-offset="0" data-sticky-stop="" data-sticky-stop-padding="0"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Table of Contents"></nav> </div> </details> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-general"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodepagefield-intro-paragraph"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-intro-paragraph field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The only way to completely eliminate nuclear risks is to eliminate nuclear weapons from the planet.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-section"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodepagefield-sections"> <div class="field field--name-field-sections field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-callout field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--fact-callout paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-statistic field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">800</div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>US nuclear weapons are on hair-trigger alert.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Roughly 9,500 nuclear weapons are hidden away in bunkers and missile siloes, stored in warehouses, at airfields and naval bases, and carried by dozens of submarines across the world.</p> <p>A single warhead can demolish a city center. A full-fledged nuclear war would threaten life as we know it.</p> <p>But with the right policies and safeguards, we can help protect against mistakes, accidents, and poor decision-making—and we can work toward a world free from the nuclear threat.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">No-first-use</div> <h2 class="section-header">No-first-use</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-callout field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--node-callout paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-related-content field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="node node--type-resource node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/resources/no-first-use-explained" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-resource-type field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Explainer</div> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2020-05/minuteman-III-icbm-test.JPG?itok=UDcF54_K" width="500" height="300" alt="unarmed Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile test launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. (" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/resources/no-first-use-explained"> No First Use Explained </a> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What's a No First Use (NFU) Nuclear Policy and would adopting one make the United States safer?</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Nuclear weapons are meant to deter nuclear attacks from other countries. However, current policy allows the United States to begin a nuclear war by being the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict—in response to a non-nuclear attack by North Korea, Russia, or China.</p> <p>A "no-first-use” policy would take this option off the table. The United States could pledge that it will never be the first to use a nuclear weapon, regardless of the circumstances. Doing so would reduce the risk of miscalculation during a crisis, and limit the possibility of a smaller, non-nuclear conflict escalating into a nuclear one.</p> <p>Without no-first-use, the US public is at greater risk of a devastating attack, either because another country—fearing the US will use nuclear weapons— decides to escalate first, or the United States chooses to start a nuclear war, leading to cataclysmic retaliation.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">Sole authority</div> <h2 class="section-header">Sole authority</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-callout field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--node-callout paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-related-content field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="node node--type-resource node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/resources/whose-finger-button" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-resource-type field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Report</div> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2019-09/missile-arc-over-sun.jpg?itok=JI3nx_KC" width="500" height="300" alt="Minuteman III ICBM being launched over the Pacific Ocean" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/resources/whose-finger-button"> Whose Finger Is on the Button? </a> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">In the United States, a single person is authorized to make the decision to use a nuclear weapon—the president.</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the United States, the president is singlehandedly responsible for the decision to launch a nuclear weapon. They are not required to consult with anyone, and no one carries the authority to stop a legal launch order once given.</p> <p>This system of control (known as “sole authority”) isn’t the only way to handle launch decisions. Other officials could securely <a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/three-heads-are-better-one">be included</a> in the decision, providing checks and balances and a basic defense against mistakes, accidents, miscalculations, and recklessness.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">De-alerting</div> <h2 class="section-header">De-alerting</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-callout field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--node-callout paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-related-content field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="node node--type-resource node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/resources/what-hair-trigger-alert" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-resource-type field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Explainer</div> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2022-07/1500-900-nuclear-launch-panel.jpg?itok=tQzIQ1cA" width="500" height="300" alt="Nuclear launch control console." class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/resources/what-hair-trigger-alert"> What is Hair-Trigger Alert? </a> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Hundreds of US nuclear warheads are kept ready to launch within minutes—making us less safe, not safer.</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Currently, 800 nuclear-tipped missiles in the US heartland are kept on “hair-trigger alert.” If sensors show an incoming nuclear attack that threatens these missiles, it’s US policy to alert the president, who would need to order their almost immediate launch to prevent them from being destroyed—before the attack is confirmed as real.</p> <p>But sensors can be wrong. A long list of nuclear <a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/close-calls">close calls</a>—which include technical malfunctions, miscommunications, and plain bad luck—shows how close we’ve come to mistakenly starting nuclear war.</p> <p>Taking these missiles off hair-trigger alert (or “de-alerting”) would immediately remove the risk of a mistaken or accidental launch, while preserving our ability to retaliate with missiles on submarines hidden at sea.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">Smarter spending</div> <h2 class="section-header">Smarter spending</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-callout field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--node-callout paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-related-content field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="node node--type-resource node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/resources/rethinking-icbms" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-resource-type field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Report</div> <div class="field field--name-field-thumbnail-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><figure class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-standard-medium"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/2020-06/rethinking-land-based-nuclear-missiles.jpg?itok=0AJK3zFC" width="500" height="300" alt="Airmen from the 90th Missile Maintenance Squadron prepare a reentry system for removal from a launch facility" class="image-style-thumbnail" /> </div> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </a> <h3 > <a href="/resources/rethinking-icbms"> Rethinking ICBMs </a> </h3> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">The US continues to keep intercontinental ballistic missiles on high alert—creating the risk of a mistaken nuclear war in response to a false warning.</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The United States is currently planning to spend an estimated $1.7 trillion dollars over the next three decades to maintain and replace its entire nuclear arsenal with new weapons, including nuclear-armed bombers, missiles, and submarines.</p> <p>Such a tremendous investment of money and effort is unnecessary. It also encourages Russia to build more capable weapons of its own, accelerating an emerging and destabilizing international arms race.</p> <p>Instead, the United States should eliminate some types of nuclear weapons, refurbish the remaining weapons where possible, and make any necessary replacements without enhancing capabilities.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-section paragraph--view-mode--default clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-toc-entry field--type-string field--label-hidden hidden field__item">International agreements</div> <h2 class="section-header">International agreements</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A total of <a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/worldwide">nine countries</a> possess nuclear weapons. Reducing the risk of nuclear war will require domestic policy changes in all those countries, as well as cooperation and verified agreements between them.</p> <p>Diplomacy has a strong track record. Multiple treaties and agreements—and decades of dialogue and cooperation—helped reduce US and Soviet arsenals from a high of 64,000 warheads in the 1980s to a total of around 8,000 today. Unfortunately, today international nuclear arms control is in trouble.</p> <p>The Biden administration’s 5-year extension of the <a href="https://ucsusa.org/about/news/new-start-extension-should-forge-path-new-nuclear-arms-control-measures">New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> (New START) with Russia, is the last remaining bilateral arms control agreement between the two countries, but the US and Russia seem to be <a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/emacdonald/russias-suspension-of-nuclear-weapons-inspections-is-latest-blow-to-arms-control/">on a path</a> to letting the treaty expire in 2026 with no replacement, Negotiation of a new agreement, or renewal of the current agreement would reduce nuclear risk but will be difficult to achieve. A more feasible option is for the US and Russia committing to abide by the limits set out in the treaty once the Treaty expires.</p> <p>Separately, China strongly prefers international approaches to arms control rather than bilateral agreements. It is willing to work with the US government to bring the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty into force and negotiate a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty. Both agreements would make the United States and the world more secure.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-section"> <div class="main-region"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentfe20625a-20bb-44d8-841f-def5c94e1de8"> <script> var blogSourceUrl = 'https://blog.ucsusa.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/?per_page=3'; </script> <aside class="related-blog-posts"></aside> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockrelated-resources-block-1"> <h2>Related resources</h2> <div><div class="view view-related-resources view-id-related_resources view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-bcc4b1ba9cfc50caa28cdbc97b8a5dee49fdc9568b496ac77d677066d41f6037"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><article class="node node--type-resource node--promoted node--view-mode-teaser"> <a href="/resources/2024-annual-report" class="img-wrapper"> <div class="field field--name-field-resource-type field--type-list-string 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