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6.2525 5.55125C6.2525 5.55125 7.17375 5.2625 9.2775 6.67875C10.1575 6.43125 11.0925 6.3075 12.0275 6.3075C12.9625 6.3075 13.8975 6.43125 14.7775 6.67875C16.8813 5.24875 17.8025 5.55125 17.8025 5.55125C18.4075 7.06375 18.0225 8.19125 17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header 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1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm"> </option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="WBoDK12PathyPmUwQnpGDk8uYE1CoHHbYMdR/cYp6+YRyJ5e8IQz9kLnQ3n8RBkzyJfBip5d3DjLL2GFCoyDJQ==" /> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <input type="hidden" id="custom_scope_id" name="custom_scope_id" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesIdField"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="custom_scope_name">Name</label> <auto-check src="/search/custom_scopes/check_name" required only-validate-on-blur="false"> <input type="text" name="custom_scope_name" id="custom_scope_name" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesNameField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="github-ruby" required maxlength="50"> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="7IUzEsziMbTKiWYCEAaIUlPVCLar8SSO4836vwdRNmILGFNIY3VHQjAX2si/AD47wF7gM3AS0LvKeW6xSv4OmQ==" /> </auto-check> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="custom_scope_query">Query</label> <input type="text" name="custom_scope_query" id="custom_scope_query" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesQueryField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(repo:mona/a OR repo:mona/b) AND lang:python" required maxlength="500"> </div> <p class="text-small color-fg-muted"> To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>. </p> </form> </div> <div data-target="custom-scopes.manageCustomScopesForm"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.list"></div> </div> </div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd Overlay-footer--divided"> <button data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesCancel" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesSubmit" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesSubmitButton" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Create saved search </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> </custom-scopes> </div> </qbsearch-input> <div class="position-relative HeaderMenu-link-wrap d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-in HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 no-underline d-none d-lg-inline-flex border border-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 px-2 py-1" style="margin-left: 12px;" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="77ef760246d1e9b775092e7cf1510e43b0a9c2d6c99eb991621941d37515c55f" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to go to homepage","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header"}" > Sign in </a> </div> <a href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E&source=header-repo&source_repo=Perl-Critic%2FPPI" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-up HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 d-flex d-lg-inline-flex no-underline border color-border-default rounded px-2 py-1" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="77ef760246d1e9b775092e7cf1510e43b0a9c2d6c99eb991621941d37515c55f" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Sign up","action":"click to sign up for account","label":"ref_page:/<user-name>/<repo-name>;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out"}" > Sign up </a> <button type="button" class="sr-only js-header-menu-focus-trap d-block d-lg-none">Reseting focus</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <button id="icon-button-8aae63d6-cb19-49e1-aa1a-9366d4cbc97c" aria-labelledby="tooltip-0c2f726d-529c-4d9d-b928-fe51a6deabb7" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button><tool-tip id="tooltip-0c2f726d-529c-4d9d-b928-fe51a6deabb7" for="icon-button-8aae63d6-cb19-49e1-aa1a-9366d4cbc97c" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip> </div> </div> <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div> <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace> <template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> <div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled data-project-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" > <div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace> <div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end mb-3 px-3 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;"> <div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit"> <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2"> <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path> </svg> <span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author"> <a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="organization" data-hovercard-url="/orgs/Perl-Critic/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/Perl-Critic"> Perl-Critic </a> </span> <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span> <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch"> <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI">PPI</a> </strong> <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span> </div> </div> <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;"> <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;"> <li> <a href="/login?return_to=%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"notification subscription menu watch","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="4316e91d6d0352cf8a84536ac74101d39b338422ba4ff61d7c90b1bdce8f0d42" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2"> <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path> </svg>Notifications </a> <tool-tip id="tooltip-c4cf6b02-f3a0-4151-b9aa-cd5551eb081f" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip> </li> <li> <a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"repo details fork button","repository_id":15040249,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="e9ad059269291b4d3955afa25740c700070aaf4dc1a3395712d4a9c1b57c4e41" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg>Fork <span id="repo-network-counter" data-pjax-replace="true" data-turbo-replace="true" title="44" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">44</span> </a> </li> <li> <div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <a href="/login?return_to=%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"star button","repository_id":15040249,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="41318d2c862e583b5ba1d588b56b1a71a81704fc68aa5f7f841f5a2b0b609215" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a repository" data-view-component="true" class="tooltipped tooltipped-sw btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path> </svg><span data-view-component="true" class="d-inline"> Star </span> <span id="repo-stars-counter-star" aria-label="54 users starred this repository" data-singular-suffix="user starred this repository" data-plural-suffix="users starred this repository" data-turbo-replace="true" title="54" data-view-component="true" class="Counter js-social-count">54</span> </a></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace> <div class="d-block d-md-none mb-2 px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5"> <div class="mb-3"> <a class="Link--secondary no-underline mr-3" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI/stargazers"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star mr-1"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path> </svg> <span class="text-bold">54</span> stars </a> <a class="Link--secondary no-underline mr-3" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI/forks"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-1"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <span class="text-bold">44</span> forks </a> <a class="Link--secondary no-underline mr-3 d-inline-block" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI/branches"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch mr-1"> <path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path> </svg> <span>Branches</span> </a> <a class="Link--secondary no-underline d-inline-block" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI/tags"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-tag mr-1"> <path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path> </svg> <span>Tags</span> </a> <a class="Link--secondary no-underline d-inline-block" href="/Perl-Critic/PPI/activity"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pulse mr-1"> <path d="M6 2c.306 0 .582.187.696.471L10 10.731l1.304-3.26A.751.751 0 0 1 12 7h3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.742l-1.812 4.528a.751.751 0 0 1-1.392 0L6 4.77 4.696 8.03A.75.75 0 0 1 4 8.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.742l1.812-4.529A.751.751 0 0 1 6 2Z"></path> </svg> <span>Activity</span> </a> </div> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap gap-2"> <div class="flex-1"> <div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex"> <a href="/login?return_to=%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"star button","repository_id":15040249,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI","user_id":null}}" 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dir=\"auto\"\u003eNAME\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-name\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: NAME\" href=\"#name\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI - Parse, Analyze and Manipulate Perl (without perl)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-synopsis\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSYNOPSIS\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-synopsis\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: SYNOPSIS\" href=\"#synopsis\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"use PPI;\n\n# Create a new empty document\nmy $Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new;\n\n# Create a document from source\n$Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new(\\'print \u0026quot;Hello World!\\n\u0026quot;');\n\n# Load a Document from a file\n$Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new('Module.pm');\n\n# Does it contain any POD?\nif ( $Document-\u0026gt;find_any('PPI::Token::Pod') ) {\n print \u0026quot;Module contains POD\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\n\n# Get the name of the main package\n$pkg = $Document-\u0026gt;find_first('PPI::Statement::Package')-\u0026gt;namespace;\n\n# Remove all that nasty documentation\n$Document-\u0026gt;prune('PPI::Token::Pod');\n$Document-\u0026gt;prune('PPI::Token::Comment');\n\n# Save the file\n$Document-\u0026gt;save('Module.pm.stripped');\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003euse PPI;\n\n# Create a new empty document\nmy $Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new;\n\n# Create a document from source\n$Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new(\\'print \"Hello World!\\n\"');\n\n# Load a Document from a file\n$Document = PPI::Document-\u0026gt;new('Module.pm');\n\n# Does it contain any POD?\nif ( $Document-\u0026gt;find_any('PPI::Token::Pod') ) {\n print \"Module contains POD\\n\";\n}\n\n# Get the name of the main package\n$pkg = $Document-\u0026gt;find_first('PPI::Statement::Package')-\u0026gt;namespace;\n\n# Remove all that nasty documentation\n$Document-\u0026gt;prune('PPI::Token::Pod');\n$Document-\u0026gt;prune('PPI::Token::Comment');\n\n# Save the file\n$Document-\u0026gt;save('Module.pm.stripped');\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-description\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-description\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: DESCRIPTION\" href=\"#description\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-about-this-document\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbout this Document\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-about-this-document\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: About this Document\" href=\"#about-this-document\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is the PPI manual. It describes its reason for existing, its general structure, its use, an overview of the API, and provides a few implementation samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-background\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-background\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Background\" href=\"#background\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe ability to read, and manipulate Perl (the language) programmatically other than with perl (the application) was one that caused difficulty for a long time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe cause of this problem was Perl's complex and dynamic grammar. Although there is typically not a huge diversity in the grammar of most Perl code, certain issues cause large problems when it comes to parsing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIndeed, quite early in Perl's history Tom Christiansen introduced the Perl community to the quote \u003ci\u003e\"Nothing but perl can parse Perl\"\u003c/i\u003e, or as it is more often stated now as a truism:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\"Only perl can parse Perl\"\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne example of the sorts of things that prevent Perl from being easily parsed is function signatures, as demonstrated by the following.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"@result = (dothis $foo, $bar);\n\n# Which of the following is it equivalent to?\n@result = (dothis($foo), $bar);\n@result = dothis($foo, $bar);\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e@result = (dothis $foo, $bar);\n\n# Which of the following is it equivalent to?\n@result = (dothis($foo), $bar);\n@result = dothis($foo, $bar);\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe first line above can be interpreted in two different ways, depending on whether the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;dothis\u003c/code\u003e function is expecting one argument, or two, or several.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \"code parser\" (something that parses for the purpose of execution) such as perl needs information that is not found in the immediate vicinity of the statement being parsed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe information might not just be elsewhere in the file, it might not even be in the same file at all. It might also not be able to determine this information without the prior execution of a \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN {}\u003c/code\u003e block, or the loading and execution of one or more external modules. Or worse the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;dothis\u003c/code\u003e function may not even have been written yet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhen parsing Perl as code, you must also execute it.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEven perl itself never really fully understands the structure of the source code after and indeed \u003cb\u003eas\u003c/b\u003e it processes it, and in that sense doesn't \"parse\" Perl source into anything remotely like a structured document. This makes it of no real use for any task that needs to treat the source code as a document, and do so reliably and robustly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor more information on why it is impossible to parse perl, see Randal Schwartz's seminal response to the question of \"Why can't you parse Perl\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=44722\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=44722\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe purpose of PPI is \u003cb\u003enot\u003c/b\u003e to parse Perl \u003ci\u003eCode\u003c/i\u003e, but to parse Perl \u003ci\u003eDocuments\u003c/i\u003e. By treating the problem this way, we are able to parse a single file containing Perl source code \"isolated\" from any other resources, such as libraries upon which the code may depend, and without needing to run an instance of perl alongside or inside the parser.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHistorically, using an embedded perl parser was widely considered to be the most likely avenue for finding a solution to parsing Perl. It has been investigated from time to time, but attempts have generally failed or suffered from sufficiently bad corner cases that they were abandoned.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-what-does-ppi-stand-for\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat Does PPI Stand For?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-does-ppi-stand-for\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What Does PPI Stand For?\" href=\"#what-does-ppi-stand-for\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePPI\u003c/code\u003e is an acronym for the longer original module name \u003ccode\u003eParse::Perl::Isolated\u003c/code\u003e. And in the spirit of the silly acronym games played by certain unnamed Open Source projects you may have \u003ci\u003ehurd\u003c/i\u003e of, it is also a reverse backronym of \"I Parse Perl\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOf course, I could just be lying and have just made that second bit up 10 minutes before the release of PPI 1.000. Besides, \u003cb\u003eall\u003c/b\u003e the cool Perl packages have TLAs (Three Letter Acronyms). It's a rule or something.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy don't you just think of it as the \u003cb\u003ePerl Parsing Interface\u003c/b\u003e for simplicity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe original name was shortened to prevent the author (and you the users) from contracting RSI by having to type crazy things like \u003ccode\u003eParse::Perl::Isolated::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick\u003c/code\u003e 100 times a day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn acknowledgment that someone may some day come up with a valid solution for the grammar problem it was decided at the commencement of the project to leave the \u003ccode\u003eParse::Perl\u003c/code\u003e namespace free for any such effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince that time I've been able to prove to my own satisfaction that it \u003cb\u003eis\u003c/b\u003e truly impossible to accurately parse Perl as both code and document at once. For the academics, parsing Perl suffers from the \"Halting Problem\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-why-parse-perl\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy Parse Perl?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-parse-perl\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why Parse Perl?\" href=\"#why-parse-perl\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce you can accept that we will never be able to parse Perl well enough to meet the standards of things that treat Perl as code, it is worth re-examining \u003ci\u003ewhy\u003c/i\u003e we want to \"parse\" Perl at all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat are the things that people might want a \"Perl parser\" for?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-documentation\"\u003eDocumentation\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnalyzing the contents of a Perl document to automatically generate documentation, in parallel to, or as a replacement for, POD documentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAllow an indexer to locate and process all the comments and documentation from code for \"full text search\" applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-structural-and-quality-analysis\"\u003eStructural and Quality Analysis\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetermine quality or other metrics across a body of code, and identify situations relating to particular phrases, techniques or locations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIndex functions, variables and packages within Perl code, and doing search and graph (in the node/edge sense) analysis of large code bases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Critic\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePerl::Critic\u003c/a\u003e, based on PPI, is a large, thriving tool for bug detection and style analysis of Perl code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-refactoring\"\u003eRefactoring\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMake structural, syntax, or other changes to code in an automated manner, either independently or in assistance to an editor. This sort of task list includes backporting, forward porting, partial evaluation, \"improving\" code, or whatever. All the sort of things you'd want from a \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Editor\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePerl::Editor\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-layout\"\u003eLayout\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eChange the layout of code without changing its meaning. This includes techniques such as tidying (like \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/perltidy\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eperltidy\u003c/a\u003e), obfuscation, compressing and \"squishing\", or to implement formatting preferences or policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-presentation\"\u003ePresentation\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis includes methods of improving the presentation of code, without changing the content of the code. Modify, improve, syntax colour etc the presentation of a Perl document. Generating \"IntelliText\"-like functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf we treat this as a baseline for the sort of things we are going to have to build on top of Perl, then it becomes possible to identify a standard for how good a Perl parser needs to be.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-how-good-is-good-enough-tm\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow good is Good Enough(TM)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-good-is-good-enoughtm\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How good is Good Enough(TM)\" href=\"#how-good-is-good-enoughtm\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI seeks to be good enough to achieve all of the above tasks, or to provide a sufficiently good API on which to allow others to implement modules in these and related areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, there are going to be limits to this process. Because PPI cannot adapt to changing grammars, any code written using source filters should not be assumed to be parsable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt one extreme, this includes anything munged by \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/Acme::Bleach\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAcme::Bleach\u003c/a\u003e, as well as (arguably) more common cases like \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/Switch\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSwitch\u003c/a\u003e. We do not pretend to be able to always parse code using these modules, although as long as it still follows a format that looks like Perl syntax, it may be possible to extend the lexer to handle them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe ability to extend PPI to handle lexical additions to the language is on the drawing board to be done some time post-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe goal for success was originally to be able to successfully parse 99% of all Perl documents contained in CPAN. This means the entire file in each case.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI has succeeded in this goal far beyond the expectations of even the author. At time of writing there are only 28 non-Acme Perl modules in CPAN that PPI is incapable of parsing. Most of these are so badly broken they do not compile as Perl code anyway.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo unless you are actively going out of your way to break PPI, you should expect that it will handle your code just fine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-internationalisation\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInternationalisation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-internationalisation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Internationalisation\" href=\"#internationalisation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI provides partial support for internationalisation and localisation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecifically, it allows the use of characters from the Latin-1 character set to be used in quotes, comments, and POD. Primarily, this covers languages from Europe and South America.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI does \u003cb\u003enot\u003c/b\u003e currently provide support for Unicode. If you need Unicode support and would like to help, contact the author. (contact details below)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-round-trip-safe\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRound Trip Safe\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-round-trip-safe\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Round Trip Safe\" href=\"#round-trip-safe\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen PPI parses a file it builds \u003cb\u003eeverything\u003c/b\u003e into the model, including whitespace. This is needed in order to make the Document fully \"Round Trip\" safe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe general concept behind a \"Round Trip\" parser is that it knows what it is parsing is somewhat uncertain, and so \u003cb\u003eexpects\u003c/b\u003e to get things wrong from time to time. In the cases where it parses code wrongly the tree will serialize back out to the same string of code that was read in, repairing the parser's mistake as it heads back out to the file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe end result is that if you parse in a file and serialize it back out without changing the tree, you are guaranteed to get the same file you started with. PPI does this correctly and reliably for 100% of all known cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat goes in, will come out. Every time.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe one minor exception at this time is that if the newlines for your file are wrong (meaning not matching the platform newline format), PPI will localise them for you. (It isn't to be convenient, supporting arbitrary newlines would make some of the code more complicated)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBetter control of the newline type is on the wish list though, and anyone wanting to help out is encouraged to contact the author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-implementation\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIMPLEMENTATION\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: IMPLEMENTATION\" href=\"#implementation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-general-layout\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGeneral Layout\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-general-layout\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: General Layout\" href=\"#general-layout\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI is built upon two primary \"parsing\" components, \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Tokenizer\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Lexer\u003c/a\u003e, and a large tree of about 70 classes which implement the various the \u003ci\u003ePerl Document Object Model\u003c/i\u003e (PDOM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PDOM is conceptually similar in style and intent to the regular DOM or other code Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), but contains some differences to handle perl-specific cases, and to assist in treating the code as a document. Please note that it is \u003cb\u003enot\u003c/b\u003e an implementation of the official Document Object Model specification, only somewhat similar to it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn top of the Tokenizer, Lexer and the classes of the PDOM, sit a number of classes intended to make life a little easier when dealing with PDOM trees.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBoth the major parsing components were hand-coded from scratch with only plain Perl code and a few small utility modules. There are no grammar or patterns mini-languages, no YACC or LEX style tools and only a small number of regular expressions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is primarily because of the sheer volume of accumulated cruft that exists in Perl. Not even perl itself is capable of parsing Perl documents (remember, it just parses and executes it as code).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs a result, PPI needed to be cruftier than perl itself. Feel free to shudder at this point, and hope you never have to understand the Tokenizer codebase. Speaking of which...\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-tokenizer\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Tokenizer\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-tokenizer\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The Tokenizer\" href=\"#the-tokenizer\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Tokenizer takes source code and converts it into a series of tokens. It does this using a slow but thorough character by character manual process, rather than using a pattern system or complex regexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOr at least it does so conceptually. If you were to actually trace the code you would find it's not truly character by character due to a number of regexps and optimisations throughout the code. This lets the Tokenizer \"skip ahead\" when it can find shortcuts, so it tends to jump around a line a bit wildly at times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn practice, the number of times the Tokenizer will \u003cb\u003eactually\u003c/b\u003e move the character cursor itself is only about 5% - 10% higher than the number of tokens contained in the file. This makes it about as optimal as it can be made without implementing it in something other than Perl.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn 2001 when PPI was started, this structure made PPI quite slow, and not really suitable for interactive tasks. This situation has improved greatly with multi-gigahertz processors, but can still be painful when working with very large files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe target parsing rate for PPI is about 5000 lines per gigacycle. It is currently believed to be at about 1500, and the main avenue for making it to the target speed has now become \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::XS\u003c/a\u003e, a drop-in XS accelerator for PPI.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::XS\u003c/a\u003e has only just gotten off the ground and is currently only at proof-of-concept stage, this may take a little while. Anyone interested in helping out with \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::XS\u003c/a\u003e is \u003cb\u003ehighly\u003c/b\u003e encouraged to contact the author. In fact, the design of \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::XS\u003c/a\u003e means it's possible to port one function at a time safely and reliably. So every little bit will help.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-lexer\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Lexer\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-lexer\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The Lexer\" href=\"#the-lexer\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Lexer takes a token stream, and converts it to a lexical tree. Because we are parsing Perl \u003cb\u003edocuments\u003c/b\u003e this includes whitespace, comments, and all number of weird things that have no relevance when code is actually executed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn instantiated \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Lexer\u003c/a\u003e consumes \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Tokenizer\u003c/a\u003e objects and produces \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e objects. However you should probably never be working with the Lexer directly. You should just be able to create \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e objects and work with them directly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-perl-document-object-model\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Perl Document Object Model\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-perl-document-object-model\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The Perl Document Object Model\" href=\"#the-perl-document-object-model\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PDOM is a structured collection of data classes that together provide a correct and scalable model for documents that follow the standard Perl syntax.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-pdom-class-tree\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PDOM Class Tree\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-pdom-class-tree\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The PDOM Class Tree\" href=\"#the-pdom-class-tree\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following lists all of the 72 current PDOM classes, listing with indentation based on inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"PPI::Element\n PPI::Node\n PPI::Document\n PPI::Document::Fragment\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Statement::Package\n PPI::Statement::Include\n PPI::Statement::Sub\n PPI::Statement::Scheduled\n PPI::Statement::Compound\n PPI::Statement::Break\n PPI::Statement::Given\n PPI::Statement::When\n PPI::Statement::Data\n PPI::Statement::End\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Statement::Variable\n PPI::Statement::Null\n PPI::Statement::UnmatchedBrace\n PPI::Statement::Unknown\n PPI::Structure\n PPI::Structure::Block\n PPI::Structure::Subscript\n PPI::Structure::Constructor\n PPI::Structure::Condition\n PPI::Structure::List\n PPI::Structure::For\n PPI::Structure::Given\n PPI::Structure::When\n PPI::Structure::Unknown\n PPI::Token\n PPI::Token::Whitespace\n PPI::Token::Comment\n PPI::Token::Pod\n PPI::Token::Number\n PPI::Token::Number::Binary\n PPI::Token::Number::Octal\n PPI::Token::Number::Hex\n PPI::Token::Number::Float\n PPI::Token::Number::Exp\n PPI::Token::Number::Version\n PPI::Token::Word\n PPI::Token::DashedWord\n PPI::Token::Symbol\n PPI::Token::Magic\n PPI::Token::ArrayIndex\n PPI::Token::Operator\n PPI::Token::Quote\n PPI::Token::Quote::Single\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double\n PPI::Token::Quote::Literal\n PPI::Token::Quote::Interpolate\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Command\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Regexp\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Words\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Readline\n PPI::Token::Regexp\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Match\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Substitute\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Transliterate\n PPI::Token::HereDoc\n PPI::Token::Cast\n PPI::Token::Structure\n PPI::Token::Label\n PPI::Token::Separator\n PPI::Token::Data\n PPI::Token::End\n PPI::Token::Prototype\n PPI::Token::Attribute\n PPI::Token::Unknown\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePPI::Element\n PPI::Node\n PPI::Document\n PPI::Document::Fragment\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Statement::Package\n PPI::Statement::Include\n PPI::Statement::Sub\n PPI::Statement::Scheduled\n PPI::Statement::Compound\n PPI::Statement::Break\n PPI::Statement::Given\n PPI::Statement::When\n PPI::Statement::Data\n PPI::Statement::End\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Statement::Variable\n PPI::Statement::Null\n PPI::Statement::UnmatchedBrace\n PPI::Statement::Unknown\n PPI::Structure\n PPI::Structure::Block\n PPI::Structure::Subscript\n PPI::Structure::Constructor\n PPI::Structure::Condition\n PPI::Structure::List\n PPI::Structure::For\n PPI::Structure::Given\n PPI::Structure::When\n PPI::Structure::Unknown\n PPI::Token\n PPI::Token::Whitespace\n PPI::Token::Comment\n PPI::Token::Pod\n PPI::Token::Number\n PPI::Token::Number::Binary\n PPI::Token::Number::Octal\n PPI::Token::Number::Hex\n PPI::Token::Number::Float\n PPI::Token::Number::Exp\n PPI::Token::Number::Version\n PPI::Token::Word\n PPI::Token::DashedWord\n PPI::Token::Symbol\n PPI::Token::Magic\n PPI::Token::ArrayIndex\n PPI::Token::Operator\n PPI::Token::Quote\n PPI::Token::Quote::Single\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double\n PPI::Token::Quote::Literal\n PPI::Token::Quote::Interpolate\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Command\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Regexp\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Words\n PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Readline\n PPI::Token::Regexp\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Match\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Substitute\n PPI::Token::Regexp::Transliterate\n PPI::Token::HereDoc\n PPI::Token::Cast\n PPI::Token::Structure\n PPI::Token::Label\n PPI::Token::Separator\n PPI::Token::Data\n PPI::Token::End\n PPI::Token::Prototype\n PPI::Token::Attribute\n PPI::Token::Unknown\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo summarize the above layout, all PDOM objects inherit from the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Element\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Element\u003c/a\u003e class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnder this are \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token\u003c/a\u003e, strings of content with a known type, and \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Node\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Node\u003c/a\u003e, syntactically significant containers that hold other Elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe three most important of these are the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e, the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Statement\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Structure\u003c/a\u003e classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-document-statement-and-structure\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Document, Statement and Structure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-document-statement-and-structure\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The Document, Statement and Structure\" href=\"#the-document-statement-and-structure\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt the top of all complete PDOM trees is a \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e object. It represents a complete file of Perl source code as you might find it on disk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are some specialised types of document, such as \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::File\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document::File\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::Normalized\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document::Normalized\u003c/a\u003e but for the purposes of the PDOM they are all just considered to be the same thing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEach Document will contain a number of \u003cb\u003eStatements\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eStructures\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eTokens\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Statement\u003c/a\u003e is any series of Tokens and Structures that are treated as a single contiguous statement by perl itself. You should note that a Statement is as close as PPI can get to \"parsing\" the code in the sense that perl-itself parses Perl code when it is building the op-tree.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBecause of the isolation and Perl's syntax, it is provably impossible for PPI to accurately determine precedence of operators or which tokens are implicit arguments to a sub call.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo rather than lead you on with a bad guess that has a strong chance of being wrong, PPI does not attempt to determine precedence or sub parameters at all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt a fundamental level, it only knows that this series of elements represents a single Statement as perl sees it, but it can do so with enough certainty that it can be trusted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, for specific Statement types the PDOM is able to derive additional useful information about their meaning. For the best, most useful, and most heavily used example, see \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement::Include\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Statement::Include\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Structure\u003c/a\u003e is any series of tokens contained within matching braces. This includes code blocks, conditions, function argument braces, anonymous array and hash constructors, lists, scoping braces and all other syntactic structures represented by a matching pair of braces, including (although it may not seem obvious at first) \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;READLINE\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e braces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEach Structure contains none, one, or many Tokens and Structures (the rules for which vary for the different Structure subclasses)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnder the PDOM structure rules, a Statement can \u003cb\u003enever\u003c/b\u003e directly contain another child Statement, a Structure can \u003cb\u003enever\u003c/b\u003e directly contain another child Structure, and a Document can \u003cb\u003enever\u003c/b\u003e contain another Document anywhere in the tree.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAside from these three rules, the PDOM tree is extremely flexible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-the-pdom-at-work\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PDOM at Work\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-the-pdom-at-work\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: The PDOM at Work\" href=\"#the-pdom-at-work\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo demonstrate the PDOM in use lets start with an example showing how the tree might look for the following chunk of simple Perl code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"#!/usr/bin/perl\n\nprint( \u0026quot;Hello World!\u0026quot; );\n\nexit();\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#!/usr/bin/perl\n\nprint( \"Hello World!\" );\n\nexit();\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTranslated into a PDOM tree it would have the following structure (as shown via the included \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Dumper\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"PPI::Document\n PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\\n'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'print'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Whitespace ' '\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double '\u0026quot;Hello World!\u0026quot;'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace ' '\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'exit'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePPI::Document\n PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\\n'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'print'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Whitespace ' '\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double '\"Hello World!\"'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace ' '\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'exit'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Token::Whitespace '\\n'\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease note that in this example, strings are only listed for the \u003cb\u003eactual\u003c/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token\u003c/a\u003e that contains that string. Structures are listed with the type of brace characters they represent noted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Dumper\u003c/a\u003e module can be used to generate similar trees yourself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe can make that PDOM dump a little easier to read if we strip out all the whitespace. Here it is again, sans the distracting whitespace tokens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"PPI::Document\n PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'print'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double '\u0026quot;Hello World!\u0026quot;'\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'exit'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePPI::Document\n PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\\n'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'print'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Statement::Expression\n PPI::Token::Quote::Double '\"Hello World!\"'\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\n PPI::Statement\n PPI::Token::Word 'exit'\n PPI::Structure::List ( ... )\n PPI::Token::Structure ';'\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs you can see, the tree can get fairly deep at time, especially when every isolated token in a bracket becomes its own statement. This is needed to allow anything inside the tree the ability to grow. It also makes the search and analysis algorithms much more flexible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBecause of the depth and complexity of PDOM trees, a vast number of very easy to use methods have been added wherever possible to help people working with PDOM trees do normal tasks relatively quickly and efficiently.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-overview-of-the-primary-classes\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOverview of the Primary Classes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-overview-of-the-primary-classes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Overview of the Primary Classes\" href=\"#overview-of-the-primary-classes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe main PPI classes, and links to their own documentation, are listed here in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdl\u003e\n\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::document\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Document object, the root of the PDOM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::document::fragment\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::Fragment\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document::Fragment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA cohesive fragment of a larger Document. Although not of any real current use, it is needed for use in certain internal tree manipulation algorithms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, doing things like cut/copy/paste etc. Very similar to a \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Document\u003c/a\u003e, but has some additional methods and does not represent a lexical scope boundary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA document fragment is also non-serializable, and so cannot be written out to a file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::dumper\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Dumper\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA simple class for dumping readable debugging versions of PDOM structures, such as in the demonstration above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::element\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Element\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Element\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Element class is the abstract base class for all objects within the PDOM\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::find\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Find\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Find\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplements an instantiable object form of a PDOM tree search.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::lexer\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Lexer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PPI Lexer. Converts Token streams into PDOM trees.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::node\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Node\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Node\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Node object, the abstract base class for all PDOM objects that can contain other Elements, such as the Document, Statement and Structure objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::statement\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Statement\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe base class for all Perl statements. Generic \"evaluate for side-effects\" statements are of this actual type. Other more interesting statement types belong to one of its children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee its own documentation for a longer description and list of all of the different statement types and sub-classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::structure\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Structure\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe abstract base class for all structures. A Structure is a language construct consisting of matching braces containing a set of other elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Structure\u003c/a\u003e documentation for a description and list of all of the different structure types and sub-classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::token\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA token is the basic unit of content. At its most basic, a Token is just a string tagged with metadata (its class, and some additional flags in some cases).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::token::_quoteengine\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::_QuoteEngine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Quote\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::Quote\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::QuoteLike\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::QuoteLike\u003c/a\u003e classes provide abstract base classes for the many and varied types of quote and quote-like things in Perl. However, much of the actual quote logic is implemented in a separate quote engine, based at \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::_QuoteEngine\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eClasses that inherit from \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Quote\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::Quote\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::QuoteLike\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::QuoteLike\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Regexp\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token::Regexp\u003c/a\u003e are generally parsed only by the Quote Engine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::tokenizer\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Tokenizer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PPI Tokenizer. One Tokenizer consumes a chunk of text and provides access to a stream of \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Token\u003c/a\u003e objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Tokenizer is very very complicated, to the point where even the author treads carefully when working with it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost of the complication is the result of optimizations which have tripled the tokenization speed, at the expense of maintainability. We cope with the spaghetti by heavily commenting everything.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003cdt id=\"user-content-ppi::transform\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Transform\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePPI::Transform\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/dt\u003e\n\u003cdd\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Perl Document Transformation API. Provides a standard interface and abstract base class for objects and classes that manipulate Documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/dd\u003e\n\u003c/dl\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-installing\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eINSTALLING\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: INSTALLING\" href=\"#installing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe core PPI distribution is pure Perl and has been kept as tight as possible and with as few dependencies as possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt should download and install normally on any platform from within the CPAN and CPANPLUS applications, or directly using the distribution tarball. If installing by hand, you may need to install a few small utility modules first. The exact ones will depend on your version of perl.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are no special install instructions for PPI, and the normal \u003ccode\u003ePerl Makefile.PL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emake\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emake test\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emake install\u003c/code\u003e instructions apply.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-extending\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eEXTENDING\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-extending\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: EXTENDING\" href=\"#extending\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe PPI namespace itself is reserved for use by PPI itself. You are recommended to use the PPIx:: namespace for PPI-specific modifications or prototypes thereof, or Perl:: for modules which provide a general Perl language-related functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf what you wish to implement looks like it fits into the PPIx:: namespace, you should consider contacting the PPI maintainers on GitHub first, as what you want may already be in progress, or you may wish to consider contributing to PPI itself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-to-do\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTO DO\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-to-do\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: TO DO\" href=\"#to-do\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- Many more analysis and utility methods for PDOM classes\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- Creation of a PPI::Tutorial document\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- Add many more key functions to PPI::XS\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- We can \u003cb\u003ealways\u003c/b\u003e write more and better unit tests\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- Complete the full implementation of -\u0026gt;literal (1.200)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e- Full understanding of scoping (due 1.300)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-support\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSUPPORT\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: SUPPORT\" href=\"#support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe most recent version of PPI is available at the following address.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://metacpan.org/pod/PPI\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePPI source is maintained in a GitHub repository at the following address.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI\"\u003ehttps://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributions via GitHub pull request are welcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBug fixes in the form of pull requests or bug reports with new (failing) unit tests have the best chance of being addressed by busy maintainers, and are \u003cb\u003estrongly\u003c/b\u003e encouraged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you cannot provide a test or fix, or don't have time to do so, then regular bug reports are still accepted and appreciated via the GitHub bug tracker.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI/issues\"\u003ehttps://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI/issues\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eppidump\u003c/code\u003e utility that is part of the \u003ca href=\"https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Critic\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePerl::Critic\u003c/a\u003e distribution is a useful tool for demonstrating how PPI is parsing (or misparsing) small code snippets, and for providing information for bug reports.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor other issues, questions, or commercial or media-related enquiries, contact the author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-author\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAUTHOR\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-author\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: AUTHOR\" href=\"#author\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdam Kennedy \u0026lt;adamk@cpan.org\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-acknowledgments\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-acknowledgments\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\" href=\"#acknowledgments\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA huge thank you to Phase N Australia (\u003ca href=\"http://phase-n.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://phase-n.com/\u003c/a\u003e) for permitting the original open sourcing and release of this distribution from what was originally several thousand hours of commercial work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother big thank you to The Perl Foundation (\u003ca href=\"http://www.perlfoundation.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.perlfoundation.org/\u003c/a\u003e) for funding for the final big refactoring and completion run.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso, to the various co-maintainers that have contributed both large and small with tests and patches and especially to those rare few who have deep-dived into the guts to (gasp) add a feature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"- Dan Brook : PPIx::XPath, Acme::PerlML\n- Audrey Tang : \u0026quot;Line Noise\u0026quot; Testing\n- Arjen Laarhoven : Three-element -\u0026gt;location support\n- Elliot Shank : Perl 5.10 support, five-element -\u0026gt;location\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e- Dan Brook : PPIx::XPath, Acme::PerlML\n- Audrey Tang : \"Line Noise\" Testing\n- Arjen Laarhoven : Three-element -\u0026gt;location support\n- Elliot Shank : Perl 5.10 support, five-element -\u0026gt;location\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnd finally, thanks to those brave ( and foolish :) ) souls willing to dive in and use, test drive and provide feedback on PPI before version 1.000, in some cases before it made it to beta quality, and still did extremely distasteful things (like eating 50 meg of RAM a second).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI owe you all a beer. Corner me somewhere and collect at your convenience. If I missed someone who wasn't in my email history, thank you too :)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# In approximate order of appearance\n- Claes Jacobsson\n- Michael Schwern\n- Jeff T. Parsons\n- CPAN Author \u0026quot;CHOCOLATEBOY\u0026quot;\n- Robert Rotherberg\n- CPAN Author \u0026quot;PODMASTER\u0026quot;\n- Richard Soderberg\n- Nadim ibn Hamouda el Khemir\n- Graciliano M. P.\n- Leon Brocard\n- Jody Belka\n- Curtis Ovid\n- Yuval Kogman\n- Michael Schilli\n- Slaven Rezic\n- Lars Thegler\n- Tony Stubblebine\n- Tatsuhiko Miyagawa\n- CPAN Author \u0026quot;CHROMATIC\u0026quot;\n- Matisse Enzer\n- Roy Fulbright\n- Dan Brook\n- Johnny Lee\n- Johan Lindstrom\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e# In approximate order of appearance\n- Claes Jacobsson\n- Michael Schwern\n- Jeff T. Parsons\n- CPAN Author \"CHOCOLATEBOY\"\n- Robert Rotherberg\n- CPAN Author \"PODMASTER\"\n- Richard Soderberg\n- Nadim ibn Hamouda el Khemir\n- Graciliano M. P.\n- Leon Brocard\n- Jody Belka\n- Curtis Ovid\n- Yuval Kogman\n- Michael Schilli\n- Slaven Rezic\n- Lars Thegler\n- Tony Stubblebine\n- Tatsuhiko Miyagawa\n- CPAN Author \"CHROMATIC\"\n- Matisse Enzer\n- Roy Fulbright\n- Dan Brook\n- Johnny Lee\n- Johan Lindstrom\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnd to single one person out, thanks go to Randal Schwartz who spent a great number of hours in IRC over a critical 6 month period explaining why Perl is impossibly unparsable and constantly shoving evil and ugly corner cases in my face. He remained a tireless devil's advocate, and without his support this project genuinely could never have been completed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo for my schooling in the Deep Magiks, you have my deepest gratitude Randal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 id=\"user-content-copyright\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCOPYRIGHT\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: COPYRIGHT\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright 2001 - 2011 Adam Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe full text of the license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"NAME","anchor":"name","htmlText":"NAME"},{"level":1,"text":"SYNOPSIS","anchor":"synopsis","htmlText":"SYNOPSIS"},{"level":1,"text":"DESCRIPTION","anchor":"description","htmlText":"DESCRIPTION"},{"level":2,"text":"About this Document","anchor":"about-this-document","htmlText":"About this Document"},{"level":2,"text":"Background","anchor":"background","htmlText":"Background"},{"level":2,"text":"What Does PPI Stand For?","anchor":"what-does-ppi-stand-for","htmlText":"What Does PPI Stand For?"},{"level":2,"text":"Why Parse Perl?","anchor":"why-parse-perl","htmlText":"Why Parse Perl?"},{"level":2,"text":"How good is Good Enough(TM)","anchor":"how-good-is-good-enoughtm","htmlText":"How good is Good Enough(TM)"},{"level":2,"text":"Internationalisation","anchor":"internationalisation","htmlText":"Internationalisation"},{"level":2,"text":"Round Trip Safe","anchor":"round-trip-safe","htmlText":"Round Trip Safe"},{"level":1,"text":"IMPLEMENTATION","anchor":"implementation","htmlText":"IMPLEMENTATION"},{"level":2,"text":"General Layout","anchor":"general-layout","htmlText":"General Layout"},{"level":2,"text":"The Tokenizer","anchor":"the-tokenizer","htmlText":"The Tokenizer"},{"level":2,"text":"The Lexer","anchor":"the-lexer","htmlText":"The Lexer"},{"level":2,"text":"The Perl Document Object Model","anchor":"the-perl-document-object-model","htmlText":"The Perl Document Object Model"},{"level":2,"text":"The PDOM Class Tree","anchor":"the-pdom-class-tree","htmlText":"The PDOM Class Tree"},{"level":2,"text":"The Document, Statement and Structure","anchor":"the-document-statement-and-structure","htmlText":"The Document, Statement and Structure"},{"level":2,"text":"The PDOM at Work","anchor":"the-pdom-at-work","htmlText":"The PDOM at Work"},{"level":2,"text":"Overview of the Primary Classes","anchor":"overview-of-the-primary-classes","htmlText":"Overview of the Primary Classes"},{"level":1,"text":"INSTALLING","anchor":"installing","htmlText":"INSTALLING"},{"level":1,"text":"EXTENDING","anchor":"extending","htmlText":"EXTENDING"},{"level":1,"text":"TO DO","anchor":"to-do","htmlText":"TO DO"},{"level":1,"text":"SUPPORT","anchor":"support","htmlText":"SUPPORT"},{"level":1,"text":"AUTHOR","anchor":"author","htmlText":"AUTHOR"},{"level":1,"text":"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS","anchor":"acknowledgments","htmlText":"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"},{"level":1,"text":"COPYRIGHT","anchor":"copyright","htmlText":"COPYRIGHT"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPerl-Critic%2FPPI"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-708ec8ade250.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":true,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"><style data-styled="true" 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style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Code</span><span data-component="trailingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></span></span></button><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 izFOf"><button 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ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone--vW4Cq prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-testid="screen-reader-heading" id="folders-and-files">Folders and files</h2><table aria-labelledby="folders-and-files" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fdROMU"><thead class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jGKpsv"><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jdgHnn"><th colSpan="2" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bQivRW"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 ldkMIO"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th class="hide-sm"><div title="Last commit message" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit message</span></div></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jMbWeI"><div title="Last commit date" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit date</span></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gpqjiB"><td colSpan="3" class="bgColor-muted p-1 rounded-top-2"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 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aria-describedby=":Rr9ab:-loading-announcement" id=":Rr9ab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-name" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">NAME</h1><a id="user-content-name" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: NAME" href="#name"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">PPI - Parse, Analyze and Manipulate Perl (without perl)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-synopsis" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">SYNOPSIS</h1><a id="user-content-synopsis" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: SYNOPSIS" href="#synopsis"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="use PPI; # Create a new empty document my $Document = PPI::Document->new; # Create a document from source $Document = PPI::Document->new(\'print "Hello World!\n"'); # Load a Document from a file $Document = PPI::Document->new('Module.pm'); # Does it contain any POD? if ( $Document->find_any('PPI::Token::Pod') ) { print "Module contains POD\n"; } # Get the name of the main package $pkg = $Document->find_first('PPI::Statement::Package')->namespace; # Remove all that nasty documentation $Document->prune('PPI::Token::Pod'); $Document->prune('PPI::Token::Comment'); # Save the file $Document->save('Module.pm.stripped');"><pre class="notranslate"><code>use PPI; # Create a new empty document my $Document = PPI::Document->new; # Create a document from source $Document = PPI::Document->new(\'print "Hello World!\n"'); # Load a Document from a file $Document = PPI::Document->new('Module.pm'); # Does it contain any POD? if ( $Document->find_any('PPI::Token::Pod') ) { print "Module contains POD\n"; } # Get the name of the main package $pkg = $Document->find_first('PPI::Statement::Package')->namespace; # Remove all that nasty documentation $Document->prune('PPI::Token::Pod'); $Document->prune('PPI::Token::Comment'); # Save the file $Document->save('Module.pm.stripped');</code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-description" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">DESCRIPTION</h1><a id="user-content-description" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: DESCRIPTION" href="#description"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-about-this-document" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">About this Document</h2><a id="user-content-about-this-document" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: About this Document" href="#about-this-document"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This is the PPI manual. It describes its reason for existing, its general structure, its use, an overview of the API, and provides a few implementation samples.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-background" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Background</h2><a id="user-content-background" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Background" href="#background"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The ability to read, and manipulate Perl (the language) programmatically other than with perl (the application) was one that caused difficulty for a long time.</p> <p dir="auto">The cause of this problem was Perl's complex and dynamic grammar. Although there is typically not a huge diversity in the grammar of most Perl code, certain issues cause large problems when it comes to parsing.</p> <p dir="auto">Indeed, quite early in Perl's history Tom Christiansen introduced the Perl community to the quote <i>"Nothing but perl can parse Perl"</i>, or as it is more often stated now as a truism:</p> <p dir="auto"><b>"Only perl can parse Perl"</b></p> <p dir="auto">One example of the sorts of things that prevent Perl from being easily parsed is function signatures, as demonstrated by the following.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="@result = (dothis $foo, $bar); # Which of the following is it equivalent to? @result = (dothis($foo), $bar); @result = dothis($foo, $bar);"><pre class="notranslate"><code>@result = (dothis $foo, $bar); # Which of the following is it equivalent to? @result = (dothis($foo), $bar); @result = dothis($foo, $bar);</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The first line above can be interpreted in two different ways, depending on whether the <code>&dothis</code> function is expecting one argument, or two, or several.</p> <p dir="auto">A "code parser" (something that parses for the purpose of execution) such as perl needs information that is not found in the immediate vicinity of the statement being parsed.</p> <p dir="auto">The information might not just be elsewhere in the file, it might not even be in the same file at all. It might also not be able to determine this information without the prior execution of a <code>BEGIN {}</code> block, or the loading and execution of one or more external modules. Or worse the <code>&dothis</code> function may not even have been written yet.</p> <p dir="auto"><b>When parsing Perl as code, you must also execute it.</b></p> <p dir="auto">Even perl itself never really fully understands the structure of the source code after and indeed <b>as</b> it processes it, and in that sense doesn't "parse" Perl source into anything remotely like a structured document. This makes it of no real use for any task that needs to treat the source code as a document, and do so reliably and robustly.</p> <p dir="auto">For more information on why it is impossible to parse perl, see Randal Schwartz's seminal response to the question of "Why can't you parse Perl".</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=44722" rel="nofollow">http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=44722</a></p> <p dir="auto">The purpose of PPI is <b>not</b> to parse Perl <i>Code</i>, but to parse Perl <i>Documents</i>. By treating the problem this way, we are able to parse a single file containing Perl source code "isolated" from any other resources, such as libraries upon which the code may depend, and without needing to run an instance of perl alongside or inside the parser.</p> <p dir="auto">Historically, using an embedded perl parser was widely considered to be the most likely avenue for finding a solution to parsing Perl. It has been investigated from time to time, but attempts have generally failed or suffered from sufficiently bad corner cases that they were abandoned.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-what-does-ppi-stand-for" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What Does PPI Stand For?</h2><a id="user-content-what-does-ppi-stand-for" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What Does PPI Stand For?" href="#what-does-ppi-stand-for"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>PPI</code> is an acronym for the longer original module name <code>Parse::Perl::Isolated</code>. And in the spirit of the silly acronym games played by certain unnamed Open Source projects you may have <i>hurd</i> of, it is also a reverse backronym of "I Parse Perl".</p> <p dir="auto">Of course, I could just be lying and have just made that second bit up 10 minutes before the release of PPI 1.000. Besides, <b>all</b> the cool Perl packages have TLAs (Three Letter Acronyms). It's a rule or something.</p> <p dir="auto">Why don't you just think of it as the <b>Perl Parsing Interface</b> for simplicity.</p> <p dir="auto">The original name was shortened to prevent the author (and you the users) from contracting RSI by having to type crazy things like <code>Parse::Perl::Isolated::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick</code> 100 times a day.</p> <p dir="auto">In acknowledgment that someone may some day come up with a valid solution for the grammar problem it was decided at the commencement of the project to leave the <code>Parse::Perl</code> namespace free for any such effort.</p> <p dir="auto">Since that time I've been able to prove to my own satisfaction that it <b>is</b> truly impossible to accurately parse Perl as both code and document at once. For the academics, parsing Perl suffers from the "Halting Problem".</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-why-parse-perl" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why Parse Perl?</h2><a id="user-content-why-parse-perl" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why Parse Perl?" href="#why-parse-perl"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Once you can accept that we will never be able to parse Perl well enough to meet the standards of things that treat Perl as code, it is worth re-examining <i>why</i> we want to "parse" Perl at all.</p> <p dir="auto">What are the things that people might want a "Perl parser" for?</p> <dl> <dt id="user-content-documentation">Documentation</dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">Analyzing the contents of a Perl document to automatically generate documentation, in parallel to, or as a replacement for, POD documentation.</p> <p dir="auto">Allow an indexer to locate and process all the comments and documentation from code for "full text search" applications.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-structural-and-quality-analysis">Structural and Quality Analysis</dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">Determine quality or other metrics across a body of code, and identify situations relating to particular phrases, techniques or locations.</p> <p dir="auto">Index functions, variables and packages within Perl code, and doing search and graph (in the node/edge sense) analysis of large code bases.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Critic" rel="nofollow">Perl::Critic</a>, based on PPI, is a large, thriving tool for bug detection and style analysis of Perl code.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-refactoring">Refactoring</dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">Make structural, syntax, or other changes to code in an automated manner, either independently or in assistance to an editor. This sort of task list includes backporting, forward porting, partial evaluation, "improving" code, or whatever. All the sort of things you'd want from a <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Editor" rel="nofollow">Perl::Editor</a>.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-layout">Layout</dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">Change the layout of code without changing its meaning. This includes techniques such as tidying (like <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/perltidy" rel="nofollow">perltidy</a>), obfuscation, compressing and "squishing", or to implement formatting preferences or policies.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-presentation">Presentation</dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">This includes methods of improving the presentation of code, without changing the content of the code. Modify, improve, syntax colour etc the presentation of a Perl document. Generating "IntelliText"-like functions.</p> </dd> </dl> <p dir="auto">If we treat this as a baseline for the sort of things we are going to have to build on top of Perl, then it becomes possible to identify a standard for how good a Perl parser needs to be.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-how-good-is-good-enough-tm" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How good is Good Enough(TM)</h2><a id="user-content-how-good-is-good-enoughtm" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How good is Good Enough(TM)" href="#how-good-is-good-enoughtm"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">PPI seeks to be good enough to achieve all of the above tasks, or to provide a sufficiently good API on which to allow others to implement modules in these and related areas.</p> <p dir="auto">However, there are going to be limits to this process. Because PPI cannot adapt to changing grammars, any code written using source filters should not be assumed to be parsable.</p> <p dir="auto">At one extreme, this includes anything munged by <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Acme::Bleach" rel="nofollow">Acme::Bleach</a>, as well as (arguably) more common cases like <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Switch" rel="nofollow">Switch</a>. We do not pretend to be able to always parse code using these modules, although as long as it still follows a format that looks like Perl syntax, it may be possible to extend the lexer to handle them.</p> <p dir="auto">The ability to extend PPI to handle lexical additions to the language is on the drawing board to be done some time post-1.0</p> <p dir="auto">The goal for success was originally to be able to successfully parse 99% of all Perl documents contained in CPAN. This means the entire file in each case.</p> <p dir="auto">PPI has succeeded in this goal far beyond the expectations of even the author. At time of writing there are only 28 non-Acme Perl modules in CPAN that PPI is incapable of parsing. Most of these are so badly broken they do not compile as Perl code anyway.</p> <p dir="auto">So unless you are actively going out of your way to break PPI, you should expect that it will handle your code just fine.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-internationalisation" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Internationalisation</h2><a id="user-content-internationalisation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Internationalisation" href="#internationalisation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">PPI provides partial support for internationalisation and localisation.</p> <p dir="auto">Specifically, it allows the use of characters from the Latin-1 character set to be used in quotes, comments, and POD. Primarily, this covers languages from Europe and South America.</p> <p dir="auto">PPI does <b>not</b> currently provide support for Unicode. If you need Unicode support and would like to help, contact the author. (contact details below)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-round-trip-safe" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Round Trip Safe</h2><a id="user-content-round-trip-safe" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Round Trip Safe" href="#round-trip-safe"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When PPI parses a file it builds <b>everything</b> into the model, including whitespace. This is needed in order to make the Document fully "Round Trip" safe.</p> <p dir="auto">The general concept behind a "Round Trip" parser is that it knows what it is parsing is somewhat uncertain, and so <b>expects</b> to get things wrong from time to time. In the cases where it parses code wrongly the tree will serialize back out to the same string of code that was read in, repairing the parser's mistake as it heads back out to the file.</p> <p dir="auto">The end result is that if you parse in a file and serialize it back out without changing the tree, you are guaranteed to get the same file you started with. PPI does this correctly and reliably for 100% of all known cases.</p> <p dir="auto"><b>What goes in, will come out. Every time.</b></p> <p dir="auto">The one minor exception at this time is that if the newlines for your file are wrong (meaning not matching the platform newline format), PPI will localise them for you. (It isn't to be convenient, supporting arbitrary newlines would make some of the code more complicated)</p> <p dir="auto">Better control of the newline type is on the wish list though, and anyone wanting to help out is encouraged to contact the author.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-implementation" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">IMPLEMENTATION</h1><a id="user-content-implementation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: IMPLEMENTATION" href="#implementation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-general-layout" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">General Layout</h2><a id="user-content-general-layout" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: General Layout" href="#general-layout"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">PPI is built upon two primary "parsing" components, <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Tokenizer</a> and <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Lexer</a>, and a large tree of about 70 classes which implement the various the <i>Perl Document Object Model</i> (PDOM).</p> <p dir="auto">The PDOM is conceptually similar in style and intent to the regular DOM or other code Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), but contains some differences to handle perl-specific cases, and to assist in treating the code as a document. Please note that it is <b>not</b> an implementation of the official Document Object Model specification, only somewhat similar to it.</p> <p dir="auto">On top of the Tokenizer, Lexer and the classes of the PDOM, sit a number of classes intended to make life a little easier when dealing with PDOM trees.</p> <p dir="auto">Both the major parsing components were hand-coded from scratch with only plain Perl code and a few small utility modules. There are no grammar or patterns mini-languages, no YACC or LEX style tools and only a small number of regular expressions.</p> <p dir="auto">This is primarily because of the sheer volume of accumulated cruft that exists in Perl. Not even perl itself is capable of parsing Perl documents (remember, it just parses and executes it as code).</p> <p dir="auto">As a result, PPI needed to be cruftier than perl itself. Feel free to shudder at this point, and hope you never have to understand the Tokenizer codebase. Speaking of which...</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-tokenizer" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The Tokenizer</h2><a id="user-content-the-tokenizer" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The Tokenizer" href="#the-tokenizer"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The Tokenizer takes source code and converts it into a series of tokens. It does this using a slow but thorough character by character manual process, rather than using a pattern system or complex regexes.</p> <p dir="auto">Or at least it does so conceptually. If you were to actually trace the code you would find it's not truly character by character due to a number of regexps and optimisations throughout the code. This lets the Tokenizer "skip ahead" when it can find shortcuts, so it tends to jump around a line a bit wildly at times.</p> <p dir="auto">In practice, the number of times the Tokenizer will <b>actually</b> move the character cursor itself is only about 5% - 10% higher than the number of tokens contained in the file. This makes it about as optimal as it can be made without implementing it in something other than Perl.</p> <p dir="auto">In 2001 when PPI was started, this structure made PPI quite slow, and not really suitable for interactive tasks. This situation has improved greatly with multi-gigahertz processors, but can still be painful when working with very large files.</p> <p dir="auto">The target parsing rate for PPI is about 5000 lines per gigacycle. It is currently believed to be at about 1500, and the main avenue for making it to the target speed has now become <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS" rel="nofollow">PPI::XS</a>, a drop-in XS accelerator for PPI.</p> <p dir="auto">Since <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS" rel="nofollow">PPI::XS</a> has only just gotten off the ground and is currently only at proof-of-concept stage, this may take a little while. Anyone interested in helping out with <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS" rel="nofollow">PPI::XS</a> is <b>highly</b> encouraged to contact the author. In fact, the design of <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::XS" rel="nofollow">PPI::XS</a> means it's possible to port one function at a time safely and reliably. So every little bit will help.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-lexer" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The Lexer</h2><a id="user-content-the-lexer" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The Lexer" href="#the-lexer"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The Lexer takes a token stream, and converts it to a lexical tree. Because we are parsing Perl <b>documents</b> this includes whitespace, comments, and all number of weird things that have no relevance when code is actually executed.</p> <p dir="auto">An instantiated <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Lexer</a> consumes <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Tokenizer</a> objects and produces <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a> objects. However you should probably never be working with the Lexer directly. You should just be able to create <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a> objects and work with them directly.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-perl-document-object-model" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The Perl Document Object Model</h2><a id="user-content-the-perl-document-object-model" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The Perl Document Object Model" href="#the-perl-document-object-model"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The PDOM is a structured collection of data classes that together provide a correct and scalable model for documents that follow the standard Perl syntax.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-pdom-class-tree" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The PDOM Class Tree</h2><a id="user-content-the-pdom-class-tree" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The PDOM Class Tree" href="#the-pdom-class-tree"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The following lists all of the 72 current PDOM classes, listing with indentation based on inheritance.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="PPI::Element PPI::Node PPI::Document PPI::Document::Fragment PPI::Statement PPI::Statement::Package PPI::Statement::Include PPI::Statement::Sub PPI::Statement::Scheduled PPI::Statement::Compound PPI::Statement::Break PPI::Statement::Given PPI::Statement::When PPI::Statement::Data PPI::Statement::End PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Statement::Variable PPI::Statement::Null PPI::Statement::UnmatchedBrace PPI::Statement::Unknown PPI::Structure PPI::Structure::Block PPI::Structure::Subscript PPI::Structure::Constructor PPI::Structure::Condition PPI::Structure::List PPI::Structure::For PPI::Structure::Given PPI::Structure::When PPI::Structure::Unknown PPI::Token PPI::Token::Whitespace PPI::Token::Comment PPI::Token::Pod PPI::Token::Number PPI::Token::Number::Binary PPI::Token::Number::Octal PPI::Token::Number::Hex PPI::Token::Number::Float PPI::Token::Number::Exp PPI::Token::Number::Version PPI::Token::Word PPI::Token::DashedWord PPI::Token::Symbol PPI::Token::Magic PPI::Token::ArrayIndex PPI::Token::Operator PPI::Token::Quote PPI::Token::Quote::Single PPI::Token::Quote::Double PPI::Token::Quote::Literal PPI::Token::Quote::Interpolate PPI::Token::QuoteLike PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Command PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Regexp PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Words PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Readline PPI::Token::Regexp PPI::Token::Regexp::Match PPI::Token::Regexp::Substitute PPI::Token::Regexp::Transliterate PPI::Token::HereDoc PPI::Token::Cast PPI::Token::Structure PPI::Token::Label PPI::Token::Separator PPI::Token::Data PPI::Token::End PPI::Token::Prototype PPI::Token::Attribute PPI::Token::Unknown"><pre class="notranslate"><code>PPI::Element PPI::Node PPI::Document PPI::Document::Fragment PPI::Statement PPI::Statement::Package PPI::Statement::Include PPI::Statement::Sub PPI::Statement::Scheduled PPI::Statement::Compound PPI::Statement::Break PPI::Statement::Given PPI::Statement::When PPI::Statement::Data PPI::Statement::End PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Statement::Variable PPI::Statement::Null PPI::Statement::UnmatchedBrace PPI::Statement::Unknown PPI::Structure PPI::Structure::Block PPI::Structure::Subscript PPI::Structure::Constructor PPI::Structure::Condition PPI::Structure::List PPI::Structure::For PPI::Structure::Given PPI::Structure::When PPI::Structure::Unknown PPI::Token PPI::Token::Whitespace PPI::Token::Comment PPI::Token::Pod PPI::Token::Number PPI::Token::Number::Binary PPI::Token::Number::Octal PPI::Token::Number::Hex PPI::Token::Number::Float PPI::Token::Number::Exp PPI::Token::Number::Version PPI::Token::Word PPI::Token::DashedWord PPI::Token::Symbol PPI::Token::Magic PPI::Token::ArrayIndex PPI::Token::Operator PPI::Token::Quote PPI::Token::Quote::Single PPI::Token::Quote::Double PPI::Token::Quote::Literal PPI::Token::Quote::Interpolate PPI::Token::QuoteLike PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Backtick PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Command PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Regexp PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Words PPI::Token::QuoteLike::Readline PPI::Token::Regexp PPI::Token::Regexp::Match PPI::Token::Regexp::Substitute PPI::Token::Regexp::Transliterate PPI::Token::HereDoc PPI::Token::Cast PPI::Token::Structure PPI::Token::Label PPI::Token::Separator PPI::Token::Data PPI::Token::End PPI::Token::Prototype PPI::Token::Attribute PPI::Token::Unknown</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">To summarize the above layout, all PDOM objects inherit from the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Element" rel="nofollow">PPI::Element</a> class.</p> <p dir="auto">Under this are <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token</a>, strings of content with a known type, and <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Node" rel="nofollow">PPI::Node</a>, syntactically significant containers that hold other Elements.</p> <p dir="auto">The three most important of these are the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a>, the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement" rel="nofollow">PPI::Statement</a> and the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure" rel="nofollow">PPI::Structure</a> classes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-document-statement-and-structure" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The Document, Statement and Structure</h2><a id="user-content-the-document-statement-and-structure" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The Document, Statement and Structure" href="#the-document-statement-and-structure"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">At the top of all complete PDOM trees is a <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a> object. It represents a complete file of Perl source code as you might find it on disk.</p> <p dir="auto">There are some specialised types of document, such as <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::File" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document::File</a> and <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::Normalized" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document::Normalized</a> but for the purposes of the PDOM they are all just considered to be the same thing.</p> <p dir="auto">Each Document will contain a number of <b>Statements</b>, <b>Structures</b> and <b>Tokens</b>.</p> <p dir="auto">A <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement" rel="nofollow">PPI::Statement</a> is any series of Tokens and Structures that are treated as a single contiguous statement by perl itself. You should note that a Statement is as close as PPI can get to "parsing" the code in the sense that perl-itself parses Perl code when it is building the op-tree.</p> <p dir="auto">Because of the isolation and Perl's syntax, it is provably impossible for PPI to accurately determine precedence of operators or which tokens are implicit arguments to a sub call.</p> <p dir="auto">So rather than lead you on with a bad guess that has a strong chance of being wrong, PPI does not attempt to determine precedence or sub parameters at all.</p> <p dir="auto">At a fundamental level, it only knows that this series of elements represents a single Statement as perl sees it, but it can do so with enough certainty that it can be trusted.</p> <p dir="auto">However, for specific Statement types the PDOM is able to derive additional useful information about their meaning. For the best, most useful, and most heavily used example, see <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement::Include" rel="nofollow">PPI::Statement::Include</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">A <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure" rel="nofollow">PPI::Structure</a> is any series of tokens contained within matching braces. This includes code blocks, conditions, function argument braces, anonymous array and hash constructors, lists, scoping braces and all other syntactic structures represented by a matching pair of braces, including (although it may not seem obvious at first) <code><READLINE></code> braces.</p> <p dir="auto">Each Structure contains none, one, or many Tokens and Structures (the rules for which vary for the different Structure subclasses)</p> <p dir="auto">Under the PDOM structure rules, a Statement can <b>never</b> directly contain another child Statement, a Structure can <b>never</b> directly contain another child Structure, and a Document can <b>never</b> contain another Document anywhere in the tree.</p> <p dir="auto">Aside from these three rules, the PDOM tree is extremely flexible.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-the-pdom-at-work" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">The PDOM at Work</h2><a id="user-content-the-pdom-at-work" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: The PDOM at Work" href="#the-pdom-at-work"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To demonstrate the PDOM in use lets start with an example showing how the tree might look for the following chunk of simple Perl code.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="#!/usr/bin/perl print( "Hello World!" ); exit();"><pre class="notranslate"><code>#!/usr/bin/perl print( "Hello World!" ); exit();</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Translated into a PDOM tree it would have the following structure (as shown via the included <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper" rel="nofollow">PPI::Dumper</a>).</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="PPI::Document PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\n' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'print' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Whitespace ' ' PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Token::Quote::Double '"Hello World!"' PPI::Token::Whitespace ' ' PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'exit' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n'"><pre class="notranslate"><code>PPI::Document PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\n' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'print' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Whitespace ' ' PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Token::Quote::Double '"Hello World!"' PPI::Token::Whitespace ' ' PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'exit' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Token::Whitespace '\n'</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Please note that in this example, strings are only listed for the <b>actual</b> <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token</a> that contains that string. Structures are listed with the type of brace characters they represent noted.</p> <p dir="auto">The <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper" rel="nofollow">PPI::Dumper</a> module can be used to generate similar trees yourself.</p> <p dir="auto">We can make that PDOM dump a little easier to read if we strip out all the whitespace. Here it is again, sans the distracting whitespace tokens.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="PPI::Document PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'print' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Token::Quote::Double '"Hello World!"' PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'exit' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Structure ';'"><pre class="notranslate"><code>PPI::Document PPI::Token::Comment '#!/usr/bin/perl\n' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'print' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Statement::Expression PPI::Token::Quote::Double '"Hello World!"' PPI::Token::Structure ';' PPI::Statement PPI::Token::Word 'exit' PPI::Structure::List ( ... ) PPI::Token::Structure ';'</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">As you can see, the tree can get fairly deep at time, especially when every isolated token in a bracket becomes its own statement. This is needed to allow anything inside the tree the ability to grow. It also makes the search and analysis algorithms much more flexible.</p> <p dir="auto">Because of the depth and complexity of PDOM trees, a vast number of very easy to use methods have been added wherever possible to help people working with PDOM trees do normal tasks relatively quickly and efficiently.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-overview-of-the-primary-classes" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Overview of the Primary Classes</h2><a id="user-content-overview-of-the-primary-classes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Overview of the Primary Classes" href="#overview-of-the-primary-classes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The main PPI classes, and links to their own documentation, are listed here in alphabetical order.</p> <dl> <dt id="user-content-ppi::document"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The Document object, the root of the PDOM.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::document::fragment"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document::Fragment" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document::Fragment</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">A cohesive fragment of a larger Document. Although not of any real current use, it is needed for use in certain internal tree manipulation algorithms.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, doing things like cut/copy/paste etc. Very similar to a <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Document" rel="nofollow">PPI::Document</a>, but has some additional methods and does not represent a lexical scope boundary.</p> <p dir="auto">A document fragment is also non-serializable, and so cannot be written out to a file.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::dumper"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Dumper" rel="nofollow">PPI::Dumper</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">A simple class for dumping readable debugging versions of PDOM structures, such as in the demonstration above.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::element"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Element" rel="nofollow">PPI::Element</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The Element class is the abstract base class for all objects within the PDOM</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::find"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Find" rel="nofollow">PPI::Find</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">Implements an instantiable object form of a PDOM tree search.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::lexer"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Lexer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Lexer</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The PPI Lexer. Converts Token streams into PDOM trees.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::node"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Node" rel="nofollow">PPI::Node</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The Node object, the abstract base class for all PDOM objects that can contain other Elements, such as the Document, Statement and Structure objects.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::statement"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Statement" rel="nofollow">PPI::Statement</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The base class for all Perl statements. Generic "evaluate for side-effects" statements are of this actual type. Other more interesting statement types belong to one of its children.</p> <p dir="auto">See its own documentation for a longer description and list of all of the different statement types and sub-classes.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::structure"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure" rel="nofollow">PPI::Structure</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The abstract base class for all structures. A Structure is a language construct consisting of matching braces containing a set of other elements.</p> <p dir="auto">See the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Structure" rel="nofollow">PPI::Structure</a> documentation for a description and list of all of the different structure types and sub-classes.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::token"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">A token is the basic unit of content. At its most basic, a Token is just a string tagged with metadata (its class, and some additional flags in some cases).</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::token::_quoteengine"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Quote" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::Quote</a> and <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::QuoteLike" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::QuoteLike</a> classes provide abstract base classes for the many and varied types of quote and quote-like things in Perl. However, much of the actual quote logic is implemented in a separate quote engine, based at <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::_QuoteEngine</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Classes that inherit from <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Quote" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::Quote</a>, <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::QuoteLike" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::QuoteLike</a> and <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token::Regexp" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token::Regexp</a> are generally parsed only by the Quote Engine.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::tokenizer"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Tokenizer" rel="nofollow">PPI::Tokenizer</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The PPI Tokenizer. One Tokenizer consumes a chunk of text and provides access to a stream of <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Token" rel="nofollow">PPI::Token</a> objects.</p> <p dir="auto">The Tokenizer is very very complicated, to the point where even the author treads carefully when working with it.</p> <p dir="auto">Most of the complication is the result of optimizations which have tripled the tokenization speed, at the expense of maintainability. We cope with the spaghetti by heavily commenting everything.</p> </dd> <dt id="user-content-ppi::transform"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI::Transform" rel="nofollow">PPI::Transform</a></dt> <dd> <p dir="auto">The Perl Document Transformation API. Provides a standard interface and abstract base class for objects and classes that manipulate Documents.</p> </dd> </dl> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-installing" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">INSTALLING</h1><a id="user-content-installing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: INSTALLING" href="#installing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The core PPI distribution is pure Perl and has been kept as tight as possible and with as few dependencies as possible.</p> <p dir="auto">It should download and install normally on any platform from within the CPAN and CPANPLUS applications, or directly using the distribution tarball. If installing by hand, you may need to install a few small utility modules first. The exact ones will depend on your version of perl.</p> <p dir="auto">There are no special install instructions for PPI, and the normal <code>Perl Makefile.PL</code>, <code>make</code>, <code>make test</code>, <code>make install</code> instructions apply.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-extending" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">EXTENDING</h1><a id="user-content-extending" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: EXTENDING" href="#extending"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The PPI namespace itself is reserved for use by PPI itself. You are recommended to use the PPIx:: namespace for PPI-specific modifications or prototypes thereof, or Perl:: for modules which provide a general Perl language-related functions.</p> <p dir="auto">If what you wish to implement looks like it fits into the PPIx:: namespace, you should consider contacting the PPI maintainers on GitHub first, as what you want may already be in progress, or you may wish to consider contributing to PPI itself.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-to-do" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">TO DO</h1><a id="user-content-to-do" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: TO DO" href="#to-do"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">- Many more analysis and utility methods for PDOM classes</p> <p dir="auto">- Creation of a PPI::Tutorial document</p> <p dir="auto">- Add many more key functions to PPI::XS</p> <p dir="auto">- We can <b>always</b> write more and better unit tests</p> <p dir="auto">- Complete the full implementation of ->literal (1.200)</p> <p dir="auto">- Full understanding of scoping (due 1.300)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-support" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">SUPPORT</h1><a id="user-content-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: SUPPORT" href="#support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The most recent version of PPI is available at the following address.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI" rel="nofollow">https://metacpan.org/pod/PPI</a></p> <p dir="auto">PPI source is maintained in a GitHub repository at the following address.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI">https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI</a></p> <p dir="auto">Contributions via GitHub pull request are welcome.</p> <p dir="auto">Bug fixes in the form of pull requests or bug reports with new (failing) unit tests have the best chance of being addressed by busy maintainers, and are <b>strongly</b> encouraged.</p> <p dir="auto">If you cannot provide a test or fix, or don't have time to do so, then regular bug reports are still accepted and appreciated via the GitHub bug tracker.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI/issues">https://github.com/Perl-Critic/PPI/issues</a></p> <p dir="auto">The <code>ppidump</code> utility that is part of the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Perl::Critic" rel="nofollow">Perl::Critic</a> distribution is a useful tool for demonstrating how PPI is parsing (or misparsing) small code snippets, and for providing information for bug reports.</p> <p dir="auto">For other issues, questions, or commercial or media-related enquiries, contact the author.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-author" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">AUTHOR</h1><a id="user-content-author" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: AUTHOR" href="#author"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Adam Kennedy <adamk@cpan.org></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-acknowledgments" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h1><a id="user-content-acknowledgments" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" href="#acknowledgments"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A huge thank you to Phase N Australia (<a href="http://phase-n.com/" rel="nofollow">http://phase-n.com/</a>) for permitting the original open sourcing and release of this distribution from what was originally several thousand hours of commercial work.</p> <p dir="auto">Another big thank you to The Perl Foundation (<a href="http://www.perlfoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.perlfoundation.org/</a>) for funding for the final big refactoring and completion run.</p> <p dir="auto">Also, to the various co-maintainers that have contributed both large and small with tests and patches and especially to those rare few who have deep-dived into the guts to (gasp) add a feature.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="- Dan Brook : PPIx::XPath, Acme::PerlML - Audrey Tang : "Line Noise" Testing - Arjen Laarhoven : Three-element ->location support - Elliot Shank : Perl 5.10 support, five-element ->location"><pre class="notranslate"><code>- Dan Brook : PPIx::XPath, Acme::PerlML - Audrey Tang : "Line Noise" Testing - Arjen Laarhoven : Three-element ->location support - Elliot Shank : Perl 5.10 support, five-element ->location</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">And finally, thanks to those brave ( and foolish :) ) souls willing to dive in and use, test drive and provide feedback on PPI before version 1.000, in some cases before it made it to beta quality, and still did extremely distasteful things (like eating 50 meg of RAM a second).</p> <p dir="auto">I owe you all a beer. Corner me somewhere and collect at your convenience. If I missed someone who wasn't in my email history, thank you too :)</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# In approximate order of appearance - Claes Jacobsson - Michael Schwern - Jeff T. Parsons - CPAN Author "CHOCOLATEBOY" - Robert Rotherberg - CPAN Author "PODMASTER" - Richard Soderberg - Nadim ibn Hamouda el Khemir - Graciliano M. P. - Leon Brocard - Jody Belka - Curtis Ovid - Yuval Kogman - Michael Schilli - Slaven Rezic - Lars Thegler - Tony Stubblebine - Tatsuhiko Miyagawa - CPAN Author "CHROMATIC" - Matisse Enzer - Roy Fulbright - Dan Brook - Johnny Lee - Johan Lindstrom"><pre class="notranslate"><code># In approximate order of appearance - Claes Jacobsson - Michael Schwern - Jeff T. Parsons - CPAN Author "CHOCOLATEBOY" - Robert Rotherberg - CPAN Author "PODMASTER" - Richard Soderberg - Nadim ibn Hamouda el Khemir - Graciliano M. P. - Leon Brocard - Jody Belka - Curtis Ovid - Yuval Kogman - Michael Schilli - Slaven Rezic - Lars Thegler - Tony Stubblebine - Tatsuhiko Miyagawa - CPAN Author "CHROMATIC" - Matisse Enzer - Roy Fulbright - Dan Brook - Johnny Lee - Johan Lindstrom</code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">And to single one person out, thanks go to Randal Schwartz who spent a great number of hours in IRC over a critical 6 month period explaining why Perl is impossibly unparsable and constantly shoving evil and ugly corner cases in my face. He remained a tireless devil's advocate, and without his support this project genuinely could never have been completed.</p> <p dir="auto">So for my schooling in the Deep Magiks, you have my deepest gratitude Randal.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 id="user-content-copyright" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">COPYRIGHT</h1><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: COPYRIGHT" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 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width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>