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2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon 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0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center 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href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2">Search syntax tips</a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div 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method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="iXx06nQuhKCvlZetQJz964RNHmGWaLVbeQzpx8OEPKXEesSIJ3dsHG4ao58lQUy/sw06oITh7Zw/1EvPOjzfhA==" /> <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> 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feedback\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-viper-v2-feedback\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Viper v2 feedback\" href=\"#viper-v2-feedback\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper is heading towards v2 and we would love to hear what \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eyou\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e would like to see in it. Share your thoughts here: \u003ca href=\"https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThank you!\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://private-user-images.githubusercontent.com/173412/412218194-acae9193-2974-41f3-808d-2d433f5ada5e.png?jwt=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJnaXRodWIuY29tIiwiYXVkIjoicmF3LmdpdGh1YnVzZXJjb250ZW50LmNvbSIsImtleSI6ImtleTUiLCJleHAiOjE3NDQwNzg5NTYsIm5iZiI6MTc0NDA3ODY1NiwicGF0aCI6Ii8xNzM0MTIvNDEyMjE4MTk0LWFjYWU5MTkzLTI5NzQtNDFmMy04MDhkLTJkNDMzZjVhZGE1ZS5wbmc_WC1BbXotQWxnb3JpdGhtPUFXUzQtSE1BQy1TSEEyNTYmWC1BbXotQ3JlZGVudGlhbD1BS0lBVkNPRFlMU0E1M1BRSzRaQSUyRjIwMjUwNDA4JTJGdXMtZWFzdC0xJTJGczMlMkZhd3M0X3JlcXVlc3QmWC1BbXotRGF0ZT0yMDI1MDQwOFQwMjE3MzZaJlgtQW16LUV4cGlyZXM9MzAwJlgtQW16LVNpZ25hdHVyZT01YzUxMGFjODY3OTAyYjEwNTdhOTE1NzJhOTdjNDIzNDY5Njg0YzRkOWQ2OWFlMjZjZDg5Y2Y0MTM0ZDU4MTc5JlgtQW16LVNpZ25lZEhlYWRlcnM9aG9zdCJ9.KyH5nzYiQSZ38tmUv5CFL4NGP0dm8oYjLkv2oV-yH0c\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://private-user-images.githubusercontent.com/173412/412218194-acae9193-2974-41f3-808d-2d433f5ada5e.png?jwt=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJnaXRodWIuY29tIiwiYXVkIjoicmF3LmdpdGh1YnVzZXJjb250ZW50LmNvbSIsImtleSI6ImtleTUiLCJleHAiOjE3NDQwNzg5NTYsIm5iZiI6MTc0NDA3ODY1NiwicGF0aCI6Ii8xNzM0MTIvNDEyMjE4MTk0LWFjYWU5MTkzLTI5NzQtNDFmMy04MDhkLTJkNDMzZjVhZGE1ZS5wbmc_WC1BbXotQWxnb3JpdGhtPUFXUzQtSE1BQy1TSEEyNTYmWC1BbXotQ3JlZGVudGlhbD1BS0lBVkNPRFlMU0E1M1BRSzRaQSUyRjIwMjUwNDA4JTJGdXMtZWFzdC0xJTJGczMlMkZhd3M0X3JlcXVlc3QmWC1BbXotRGF0ZT0yMDI1MDQwOFQwMjE3MzZaJlgtQW16LUV4cGlyZXM9MzAwJlgtQW16LVNpZ25hdHVyZT01YzUxMGFjODY3OTAyYjEwNTdhOTE1NzJhOTdjNDIzNDY5Njg0YzRkOWQ2OWFlMjZjZDg5Y2Y0MTM0ZDU4MTc5JlgtQW16LVNpZ25lZEhlYWRlcnM9aG9zdCJ9.KyH5nzYiQSZ38tmUv5CFL4NGP0dm8oYjLkv2oV-yH0c\" alt=\"viper logo\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#configuration\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/adb8f3e4da7635816556cc11275410d326f132ce011955a341259bc1061ff351/68747470733a2f2f617765736f6d652e72652f6d656e74696f6e65642d62616467652d666c61742e737667\" alt=\"Mentioned in Awesome Go\" data-canonical-src=\"https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge-flat.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example#main.go\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fa8e183781be4fc65db5226484ed3feebcb16b822e82a614ac7670b97314efd4/68747470733a2f2f7265706c2e69742f62616467652f6769746875622f736167696b617a61726d61726b2f56697065722d6578616d706c65\" alt=\"run on repl.it\" data-canonical-src=\"https://repl.it/badge/github/sagikazarmark/Viper-example\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/viper/actions?query=workflow%3ACI\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/c071fbafa8a6e9f171605c06a929f34bb2abadc2f502f0b5f7e4e96edb245936/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f616374696f6e732f776f726b666c6f772f7374617475732f73706631332f76697065722f63692e79616d6c3f6272616e63683d6d6173746572267374796c653d666c61742d737175617265\" alt=\"GitHub Workflow Status\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/spf13/viper/ci.yaml?branch=master\u0026amp;style=flat-square\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://gitter.im/spf13/viper?utm_source=badge\u0026amp;utm_medium=badge\u0026amp;utm_campaign=pr-badge\u0026amp;utm_content=badge\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/ef3705254e766b5edea93f49291c6d9239f29b942cfdb84f3296d0e37898b067/68747470733a2f2f6261646765732e6769747465722e696d2f4a6f696e253230436861742e737667\" alt=\"Join the chat at https://gitter.im/spf13/viper\" 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src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/2b514f011ed07d429c5de02ac585e59ea33a883ed6bdcd50221944dbd3cdca89/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f62616467652f676f25323076657273696f6e2d2533453d312e32332d3631434644442e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265\" alt=\"Go Version\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/go%20version-%3E=1.23-61CFDD.svg?style=flat-square\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/spf13/viper\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/423cf99dbb881b294919715964455b99ee6f98649c533939de6654336d249803/68747470733a2f2f706b672e676f2e6465762f62616467652f6d6f642f6769746875622e636f6d2f73706631332f7669706572\" alt=\"PkgGoDev\" data-canonical-src=\"https://pkg.go.dev/badge/mod/github.com/spf13/viper\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGo configuration with fangs!\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMany Go projects are built using Viper including:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://gohugo.io\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHugo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://rexray.readthedocs.org/en/stable/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eEMC RexRay\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/Imgur/incus\"\u003eImgur’s Incus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nanobox-io/nanobox\"\u003eNanobox\u003c/a\u003e/\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nanopack\"\u003eNanopack\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/docker/Notary\"\u003eDocker Notary\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomapi.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBloomApi\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/digitalocean/doctl\"\u003edoctl\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/jgsqware/clairctl\"\u003eClairctl\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mercure.rocks\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMercure\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/meshery/meshery\"\u003eMeshery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/bearer/bearer\"\u003eBearer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/coder/coder\"\u003eCoder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://vitess.io/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eVitess\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstall\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-install\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Install\" href=\"#install\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"go get github.com/spf13/viper\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003ego get github.com/spf13/viper\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e Viper uses \u003ca href=\"https://go.dev/wiki/Modules\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGo Modules\u003c/a\u003e to manage dependencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is Viper?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is Viper?\" href=\"#what-is-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper is a complete configuration solution for Go applications including \u003ca href=\"https://12factor.net/#the_twelve_factors\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e12-Factor apps\u003c/a\u003e.\nIt is designed to work within an application, and can handle all types of configuration needs\nand formats. It supports:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esetting defaults\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading from JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, envfile and Java properties config files\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003elive watching and re-reading of config files (optional)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading from environment variables\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading from remote config systems (etcd or Consul), and watching changes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading from command line flags\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading from buffer\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esetting explicit values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper can be thought of as a registry for all of your applications configuration needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy Viper?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why Viper?\" href=\"#why-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen building a modern application, you don’t want to worry about\nconfiguration file formats; you want to focus on building awesome software.\nViper is here to help with that.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper does the following for you:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFind, load, and unmarshal a configuration file in JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile or Java properties formats.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvide a mechanism to set default values for your different configuration options.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvide a mechanism to set override values for options specified through command line flags.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvide an alias system to easily rename parameters without breaking existing code.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMake it easy to tell the difference between when a user has provided a command line or config file which is the same as the default.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper uses the following precedence order. Each item takes precedence over the item below it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eexplicit call to \u003ccode\u003eSet\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eflag\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eenv\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003econfig\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ekey/value store\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edefault\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportant:\u003c/strong\u003e Viper configuration keys are case insensitive.\nThere are ongoing discussions about making that optional.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePutting Values into Viper\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-putting-values-into-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Putting Values into Viper\" href=\"#putting-values-into-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eEstablishing Defaults\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-establishing-defaults\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Establishing Defaults\" href=\"#establishing-defaults\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA good configuration system will support default values. A default value is not\nrequired for a key, but it’s useful in the event that a key hasn't been set via\nconfig file, environment variable, remote configuration or flag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.SetDefault(\u0026quot;ContentDir\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;content\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetDefault(\u0026quot;LayoutDir\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;layouts\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetDefault(\u0026quot;Taxonomies\u0026quot;, map[string]string{\u0026quot;tag\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;tags\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;category\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;categories\u0026quot;})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"ContentDir\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"content\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"LayoutDir\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"layouts\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Taxonomies\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e{\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"tag\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"tags\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"category\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"categories\"\u003c/span\u003e})\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReading Config Files\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reading-config-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reading Config Files\" href=\"#reading-config-files\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper requires minimal configuration so it knows where to look for config files.\nViper supports JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile and Java Properties files. Viper can search multiple paths, but\ncurrently a single Viper instance only supports a single configuration file.\nViper does not default to any configuration search paths leaving defaults decision\nto an application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere is an example of how to use Viper to search for and read a configuration file.\nNone of the specific paths are required, but at least one path should be provided\nwhere a configuration file is expected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.SetConfigName(\u0026quot;config\u0026quot;) // name of config file (without extension)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;) // REQUIRED if the config file does not have the extension in the name\nviper.AddConfigPath(\u0026quot;/etc/appname/\u0026quot;) // path to look for the config file in\nviper.AddConfigPath(\u0026quot;$HOME/.appname\u0026quot;) // call multiple times to add many search paths\nviper.AddConfigPath(\u0026quot;.\u0026quot;) // optionally look for config in the working directory\nerr := viper.ReadInConfig() // Find and read the config file\nif err != nil { // Handle errors reading the config file\n\tpanic(fmt.Errorf(\u0026quot;fatal error config file: %w\u0026quot;, err))\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigName\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"config\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// name of config file (without extension)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"yaml\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// REQUIRED if the config file does not have the extension in the name\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddConfigPath\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/etc/appname/\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// path to look for the config file in\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddConfigPath\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"$HOME/.appname\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// call multiple times to add many search paths\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddConfigPath\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\".\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// optionally look for config in the working directory\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadInConfig\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Find and read the config file\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Handle errors reading the config file\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epanic\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efmt\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eErrorf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"fatal error config file: %w\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e))\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can handle the specific case where no config file is found like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err != nil {\n\tif _, ok := err.(viper.ConfigFileNotFoundError); ok {\n\t\t// Config file not found; ignore error if desired\n\t} else {\n\t\t// Config file was found but another error was produced\n\t}\n}\n\n// Config file found and successfully parsed\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadInConfig\u003c/span\u003e(); \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eok\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e.(viper.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eConfigFileNotFoundError\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eok\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Config file not found; ignore error if desired\u003c/span\u003e\n\t} \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Config file was found but another error was produced\u003c/span\u003e\n\t}\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Config file found and successfully parsed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNOTE [since 1.6]:\u003c/em\u003e You can also have a file without an extension and specify the format programmatically. For those configuration files that lie in the home of the user without any extension like \u003ccode\u003e.bashrc\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWriting Config Files\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-writing-config-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Writing Config Files\" href=\"#writing-config-files\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eReading from config files is useful, but at times you want to store all modifications made at run time.\nFor that, a bunch of commands are available, each with its own purpose:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path, if exists. Errors if no predefined path. Will overwrite the current config file, if it exists.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSafeWriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path. Errors if no predefined path. Will not overwrite the current config file, if it exists.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will overwrite the given file, if it exists.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSafeWriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will not overwrite the given file, if it exists.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs a rule of the thumb, everything marked with safe won't overwrite any file, but just create if not existent, whilst the default behavior is to create or truncate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA small examples section:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.WriteConfig() // writes current config to predefined path set by 'viper.AddConfigPath()' and 'viper.SetConfigName'\nviper.SafeWriteConfig()\nviper.WriteConfigAs(\u0026quot;/path/to/my/.config\u0026quot;)\nviper.SafeWriteConfigAs(\u0026quot;/path/to/my/.config\u0026quot;) // will error since it has already been written\nviper.SafeWriteConfigAs(\u0026quot;/path/to/my/.other_config\u0026quot;)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eWriteConfig\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// writes current config to predefined path set by 'viper.AddConfigPath()' and 'viper.SetConfigName'\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSafeWriteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eWriteConfigAs\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/path/to/my/.config\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSafeWriteConfigAs\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/path/to/my/.config\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// will error since it has already been written\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSafeWriteConfigAs\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/path/to/my/.other_config\"\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWatching and re-reading config files\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-watching-and-re-reading-config-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Watching and re-reading config files\" href=\"#watching-and-re-reading-config-files\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper supports the ability to have your application live read a config file while running.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGone are the days of needing to restart a server to have a config take effect,\nviper powered applications can read an update to a config file while running and\nnot miss a beat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimply tell the viper instance to watchConfig.\nOptionally you can provide a function for Viper to run each time a change occurs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake sure you add all of the configPaths prior to calling \u003ccode\u003eWatchConfig()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.OnConfigChange(func(e fsnotify.Event) {\n\tfmt.Println(\u0026quot;Config file changed:\u0026quot;, e.Name)\n})\nviper.WatchConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eOnConfigChange\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e fsnotify.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eEvent\u003c/span\u003e) {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efmt\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePrintln\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Config file changed:\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ee\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eName\u003c/span\u003e)\n})\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eWatchConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReading Config from io.Reader\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reading-config-from-ioreader\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reading Config from io.Reader\" href=\"#reading-config-from-ioreader\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper predefines many configuration sources such as files, environment\nvariables, flags, and remote K/V store, but you are not bound to them. You can\nalso implement your own required configuration source and feed it to viper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;) // or viper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;YAML\u0026quot;)\n\n// any approach to require this configuration into your program.\nvar yamlExample = []byte(`\nHacker: true\nname: steve\nhobbies:\n- skateboarding\n- snowboarding\n- go\nclothing:\n jacket: leather\n trousers: denim\nage: 35\neyes : brown\nbeard: true\n`)\n\nviper.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlExample))\n\nviper.Get(\u0026quot;name\u0026quot;) // this would be \u0026quot;steve\u0026quot;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"yaml\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// or viper.SetConfigType(\"YAML\")\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// any approach to require this configuration into your program.\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eyamlExample\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e []\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ebyte\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e`\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eHacker: true\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003ename: steve\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003ehobbies:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e- skateboarding\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e- snowboarding\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e- go\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eclothing:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e jacket: leather\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e trousers: denim\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eage: 35\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eeyes : brown\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003ebeard: true\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e`\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadConfig\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebytes\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNewBuffer\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eyamlExample\u003c/span\u003e))\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"name\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// this would be \"steve\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSetting Overrides\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-setting-overrides\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Setting Overrides\" href=\"#setting-overrides\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese could be from a command line flag, or from your own application logic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.Set(\u0026quot;Verbose\u0026quot;, true)\nviper.Set(\u0026quot;LogFile\u0026quot;, LogFile)\nviper.Set(\u0026quot;host.port\u0026quot;, 5899) // set subset\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Verbose\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"LogFile\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eLogFile\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host.port\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5899\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// set subset\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRegistering and Using Aliases\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-registering-and-using-aliases\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Registering and Using Aliases\" href=\"#registering-and-using-aliases\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAliases permit a single value to be referenced by multiple keys\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.RegisterAlias(\u0026quot;loud\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Verbose\u0026quot;)\n\nviper.Set(\u0026quot;verbose\u0026quot;, true) // same result as next line\nviper.Set(\u0026quot;loud\u0026quot;, true) // same result as prior line\n\nviper.GetBool(\u0026quot;loud\u0026quot;) // true\nviper.GetBool(\u0026quot;verbose\u0026quot;) // true\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eRegisterAlias\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"loud\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Verbose\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"verbose\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// same result as next line\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"loud\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etrue\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// same result as prior line\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetBool\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"loud\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// true\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetBool\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"verbose\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// true\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWorking with Environment Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-working-with-environment-variables\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Working with Environment Variables\" href=\"#working-with-environment-variables\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper has full support for environment variables. This enables 12 factor\napplications out of the box. There are five methods that exist to aid working\nwith ENV:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eAutomaticEnv()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eBindEnv(string...) : error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSetEnvPrefix(string)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSetEnvKeyReplacer(string...) *strings.Replacer\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eAllowEmptyEnv(bool)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhen working with ENV variables, it’s important to recognize that Viper\ntreats ENV variables as case sensitive.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper provides a mechanism to try to ensure that ENV variables are unique. By\nusing \u003ccode\u003eSetEnvPrefix\u003c/code\u003e, you can tell Viper to use a prefix while reading from\nthe environment variables. Both \u003ccode\u003eBindEnv\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eAutomaticEnv\u003c/code\u003e will use this\nprefix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eBindEnv\u003c/code\u003e takes one or more parameters. The first parameter is the key name, the\nrest are the name of the environment variables to bind to this key. If more than\none are provided, they will take precedence in the specified order. The name of\nthe environment variable is case sensitive. If the ENV variable name is not provided, then\nViper will automatically assume that the ENV variable matches the following format: prefix + \"_\" + the key name in ALL CAPS. When you explicitly provide the ENV variable name (the second parameter),\nit \u003cstrong\u003edoes not\u003c/strong\u003e automatically add the prefix. For example if the second parameter is \"id\",\nViper will look for the ENV variable \"ID\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne important thing to recognize when working with ENV variables is that the\nvalue will be read each time it is accessed. Viper does not fix the value when\nthe \u003ccode\u003eBindEnv\u003c/code\u003e is called.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eAutomaticEnv\u003c/code\u003e is a powerful helper especially when combined with\n\u003ccode\u003eSetEnvPrefix\u003c/code\u003e. When called, Viper will check for an environment variable any\ntime a \u003ccode\u003eviper.Get\u003c/code\u003e request is made. It will apply the following rules. It will\ncheck for an environment variable with a name matching the key uppercased and\nprefixed with the \u003ccode\u003eEnvPrefix\u003c/code\u003e if set.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSetEnvKeyReplacer\u003c/code\u003e allows you to use a \u003ccode\u003estrings.Replacer\u003c/code\u003e object to rewrite Env\nkeys to an extent. This is useful if you want to use \u003ccode\u003e-\u003c/code\u003e or something in your\n\u003ccode\u003eGet()\u003c/code\u003e calls, but want your environmental variables to use \u003ccode\u003e_\u003c/code\u003e delimiters. An\nexample of using it can be found in \u003ccode\u003eviper_test.go\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlternatively, you can use \u003ccode\u003eEnvKeyReplacer\u003c/code\u003e with \u003ccode\u003eNewWithOptions\u003c/code\u003e factory function.\nUnlike \u003ccode\u003eSetEnvKeyReplacer\u003c/code\u003e, it accepts a \u003ccode\u003eStringReplacer\u003c/code\u003e interface allowing you to write custom string replacing logic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default empty environment variables are considered unset and will fall back to\nthe next configuration source. To treat empty environment variables as set, use\nthe \u003ccode\u003eAllowEmptyEnv\u003c/code\u003e method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eEnv example\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-env-example\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Env example\" href=\"#env-example\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"SetEnvPrefix(\u0026quot;spf\u0026quot;) // will be uppercased automatically\nBindEnv(\u0026quot;id\u0026quot;)\n\nos.Setenv(\u0026quot;SPF_ID\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;13\u0026quot;) // typically done outside of the app\n\nid := Get(\u0026quot;id\u0026quot;) // 13\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eSetEnvPrefix\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"spf\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// will be uppercased automatically\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eBindEnv\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"id\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eos\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetenv\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"SPF_ID\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"13\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// typically done outside of the app\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eGet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"id\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWorking with Flags\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-working-with-flags\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Working with Flags\" href=\"#working-with-flags\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper has the ability to bind to flags. Specifically, Viper supports \u003ccode\u003ePflags\u003c/code\u003e\nas used in the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/cobra\"\u003eCobra\u003c/a\u003e library.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLike \u003ccode\u003eBindEnv\u003c/code\u003e, the value is not set when the binding method is called, but when\nit is accessed. This means you can bind as early as you want, even in an\n\u003ccode\u003einit()\u003c/code\u003e function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor individual flags, the \u003ccode\u003eBindPFlag()\u003c/code\u003e method provides this functionality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"serverCmd.Flags().Int(\u0026quot;port\u0026quot;, 1138, \u0026quot;Port to run Application server on\u0026quot;)\nviper.BindPFlag(\u0026quot;port\u0026quot;, serverCmd.Flags().Lookup(\u0026quot;port\u0026quot;))\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eserverCmd\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFlags\u003c/span\u003e().\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1138\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Port to run Application server on\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eBindPFlag\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eserverCmd\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFlags\u003c/span\u003e().\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eLookup\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e))\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also bind an existing set of pflags (pflag.FlagSet):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pflag.Int(\u0026quot;flagname\u0026quot;, 1234, \u0026quot;help message for flagname\u0026quot;)\n\npflag.Parse()\nviper.BindPFlags(pflag.CommandLine)\n\ni := viper.GetInt(\u0026quot;flagname\u0026quot;) // retrieve values from viper instead of pflag\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1234\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"help message for flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eParse\u003c/span\u003e()\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eBindPFlags\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eCommandLine\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// retrieve values from viper instead of pflag\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe use of \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/pflag/\"\u003epflag\u003c/a\u003e in Viper does not preclude\nthe use of other packages that use the \u003ca href=\"https://golang.org/pkg/flag/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eflag\u003c/a\u003e\npackage from the standard library. The pflag package can handle the flags\ndefined for the flag package by importing these flags. This is accomplished\nby a calling a convenience function provided by the pflag package called\nAddGoFlagSet().\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"package main\n\nimport (\n\t\u0026quot;flag\u0026quot;\n\t\u0026quot;github.com/spf13/pflag\u0026quot;\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\n\t// using standard library \u0026quot;flag\u0026quot; package\n\tflag.Int(\u0026quot;flagname\u0026quot;, 1234, \u0026quot;help message for flagname\u0026quot;)\n\n\tpflag.CommandLine.AddGoFlagSet(flag.CommandLine)\n\tpflag.Parse()\n\tviper.BindPFlags(pflag.CommandLine)\n\n\ti := viper.GetInt(\u0026quot;flagname\u0026quot;) // retrieve value from viper\n\n\t// ...\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003epackage\u003c/span\u003e main\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eimport\u003c/span\u003e (\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flag\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"github.com/spf13/pflag\"\u003c/span\u003e\n)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e() {\n\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// using standard library \"flag\" package\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1234\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"help message for flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eCommandLine\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddGoFlagSet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eCommandLine\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eParse\u003c/span\u003e()\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eBindPFlags\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epflag\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eCommandLine\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"flagname\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// retrieve value from viper\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// ...\u003c/span\u003e\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFlag interfaces\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-flag-interfaces\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Flag interfaces\" href=\"#flag-interfaces\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper provides two Go interfaces to bind other flag systems if you don’t use \u003ccode\u003ePflags\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFlagValue\u003c/code\u003e represents a single flag. This is a very simple example on how to implement this interface:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"type myFlag struct {}\nfunc (f myFlag) HasChanged() bool { return false }\nfunc (f myFlag) Name() string { return \u0026quot;my-flag-name\u0026quot; }\nfunc (f myFlag) ValueString() string { return \u0026quot;my-flag-value\u0026quot; }\nfunc (f myFlag) ValueType() string { return \u0026quot;string\u0026quot; }\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eHasChanged\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ebool\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efalse\u003c/span\u003e }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eName\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"my-flag-name\"\u003c/span\u003e }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eValueString\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"my-flag-value\"\u003c/span\u003e }\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eValueType\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"string\"\u003c/span\u003e }\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce your flag implements this interface, you can simply tell Viper to bind it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.BindFlagValue(\u0026quot;my-flag-name\u0026quot;, myFlag{})\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eBindFlagValue\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"my-flag-name\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e{})\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFlagValueSet\u003c/code\u003e represents a group of flags. This is a very simple example on how to implement this interface:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"type myFlagSet struct {\n\tflags []myFlag\n}\n\nfunc (f myFlagSet) VisitAll(fn func(FlagValue)) {\n\tfor _, flag := range flags {\n\t\tfn(flag)\n\t}\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlagSet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eflags\u003c/span\u003e []\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlagSet\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eVisitAll\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eFlagValue\u003c/span\u003e)) {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflag\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003erange\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflags\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efn\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflag\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t}\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce your flag set implements this interface, you can simply tell Viper to bind it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"fSet := myFlagSet{\n\tflags: []myFlag{myFlag{}, myFlag{}},\n}\nviper.BindFlagValues(\u0026quot;my-flags\u0026quot;, fSet)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efSet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlagSet\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eflags\u003c/span\u003e: []\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e{\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e{}, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emyFlag\u003c/span\u003e{}},\n}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eBindFlagValues\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"my-flags\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efSet\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRemote Key/Value Store Support\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Support\" href=\"#remote-keyvalue-store-support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo enable remote support in Viper, do a blank import of the \u003ccode\u003eviper/remote\u003c/code\u003e\npackage:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eimport _ \"github.com/spf13/viper/remote\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper will read a config string (as JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL or envfile) retrieved from a path\nin a Key/Value store such as etcd or Consul. These values take precedence over\ndefault values, but are overridden by configuration values retrieved from disk,\nflags, or environment variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper supports multiple hosts. To use, pass a list of endpoints separated by \u003ccode\u003e;\u003c/code\u003e. For example \u003ccode\u003ehttp://127.0.0.1:4001;http://127.0.0.1:4002\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper uses \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt\"\u003ecrypt\u003c/a\u003e to retrieve\nconfiguration from the K/V store, which means that you can store your\nconfiguration values encrypted and have them automatically decrypted if you have\nthe correct gpg keyring. Encryption is optional.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can use remote configuration in conjunction with local configuration, or\nindependently of it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecrypt\u003c/code\u003e has a command-line helper that you can use to put configurations in your\nK/V store. \u003ccode\u003ecrypt\u003c/code\u003e defaults to etcd on \u003ca href=\"http://127.0.0.1:4001\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://127.0.0.1:4001\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ go get github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/bin/crypt\n$ crypt set -plaintext /config/hugo.json /Users/hugo/settings/config.json\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ go get github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/bin/crypt\n$ crypt \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eset\u003c/span\u003e -plaintext /config/hugo.json /Users/hugo/settings/config.json\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConfirm that your value was set:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"$ crypt get -plaintext /config/hugo.json\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e$ crypt get -plaintext /config/hugo.json\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ccode\u003ecrypt\u003c/code\u003e documentation for examples of how to set encrypted values, or\nhow to use Consul.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRemote Key/Value Store Example - Unencrypted\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-example---unencrypted\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Example - Unencrypted\" href=\"#remote-keyvalue-store-example---unencrypted\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eetcd\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-etcd\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: etcd\" href=\"#etcd\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;etcd\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;http://127.0.0.1:4001\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;/config/hugo.json\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;) // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \u0026quot;json\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;properties\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;props\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;prop\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;env\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;dotenv\u0026quot;\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"etcd\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"http://127.0.0.1:4001\"\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/config/hugo.json\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \"json\", \"toml\", \"yaml\", \"yml\", \"properties\", \"props\", \"prop\", \"env\", \"dotenv\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eetcd3\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-etcd3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: etcd3\" href=\"#etcd3\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;etcd3\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;http://127.0.0.1:4001\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;/config/hugo.json\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;) // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \u0026quot;json\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;properties\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;props\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;prop\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;env\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;dotenv\u0026quot;\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"etcd3\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"http://127.0.0.1:4001\"\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/config/hugo.json\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \"json\", \"toml\", \"yaml\", \"yml\", \"properties\", \"props\", \"prop\", \"env\", \"dotenv\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eConsul\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-consul\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Consul\" href=\"#consul\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou need to set a key to Consul key/value storage with JSON value containing your desired config.\nFor example, create a Consul key/value store key \u003ccode\u003eMY_CONSUL_KEY\u003c/code\u003e with value:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-json notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"{\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 8080,\n \u0026quot;hostname\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;myhostname.com\u0026quot;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e8080\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"hostname\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003emyhostname.com\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;consul\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;localhost:8500\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;MY_CONSUL_KEY\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;) // Need to explicitly set this to json\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\n\nfmt.Println(viper.Get(\u0026quot;port\u0026quot;)) // 8080\nfmt.Println(viper.Get(\u0026quot;hostname\u0026quot;)) // myhostname.com\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"consul\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"localhost:8500\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"MY_CONSUL_KEY\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Need to explicitly set this to json\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efmt\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePrintln\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e)) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// 8080\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efmt\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePrintln\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGet\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"hostname\"\u003c/span\u003e)) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// myhostname.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirestore\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-firestore\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Firestore\" href=\"#firestore\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;firestore\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;google-cloud-project-id\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;collection/document\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;) // Config's format: \u0026quot;json\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yml\u0026quot;\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"firestore\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"google-cloud-project-id\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"collection/document\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Config's format: \"json\", \"toml\", \"yaml\", \"yml\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOf course, you're allowed to use \u003ccode\u003eSecureRemoteProvider\u003c/code\u003e also\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNATS\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-nats\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: NATS\" href=\"#nats\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;nats\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;nats://127.0.0.1:4222\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;myapp.config\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;)\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"nats\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"nats://127.0.0.1:4222\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"myapp.config\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRemote Key/Value Store Example - Encrypted\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-example---encrypted\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Example - Encrypted\" href=\"#remote-keyvalue-store-example---encrypted\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.AddSecureRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;etcd\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;http://127.0.0.1:4001\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;/config/hugo.json\u0026quot;,\u0026quot;/etc/secrets/mykeyring.gpg\u0026quot;)\nviper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;json\u0026quot;) // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \u0026quot;json\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;properties\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;props\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;prop\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;env\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;dotenv\u0026quot;\nerr := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddSecureRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"etcd\"\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"http://127.0.0.1:4001\"\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/config/hugo.json\"\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/etc/secrets/mykeyring.gpg\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"json\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \"json\", \"toml\", \"yaml\", \"yml\", \"properties\", \"props\", \"prop\", \"env\", \"dotenv\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWatching Changes in etcd - Unencrypted\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-watching-changes-in-etcd---unencrypted\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Watching Changes in etcd - Unencrypted\" href=\"#watching-changes-in-etcd---unencrypted\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// alternatively, you can create a new viper instance.\nvar runtime_viper = viper.New()\n\nruntime_viper.AddRemoteProvider(\u0026quot;etcd\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;http://127.0.0.1:4001\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;/config/hugo.yml\u0026quot;)\nruntime_viper.SetConfigType(\u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;) // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \u0026quot;json\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yaml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;yml\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;properties\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;props\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;prop\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;env\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;dotenv\u0026quot;\n\n// read from remote config the first time.\nerr := runtime_viper.ReadRemoteConfig()\n\n// unmarshal config\nruntime_viper.Unmarshal(\u0026amp;runtime_conf)\n\n// open a goroutine to watch remote changes forever\ngo func(){\n\tfor {\n\t\ttime.Sleep(time.Second * 5) // delay after each request\n\n\t\t// currently, only tested with etcd support\n\t\terr := runtime_viper.WatchRemoteConfig()\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Errorf(\u0026quot;unable to read remote config: %v\u0026quot;, err)\n\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel\n\t\t// to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes\n\t\truntime_viper.Unmarshal(\u0026amp;runtime_conf)\n\t}\n}()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// alternatively, you can create a new viper instance.\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNew\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAddRemoteProvider\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"etcd\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"http://127.0.0.1:4001\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"/config/hugo.yml\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetConfigType\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"yaml\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are \"json\", \"toml\", \"yaml\", \"yml\", \"properties\", \"props\", \"prop\", \"env\", \"dotenv\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// read from remote config the first time.\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eReadRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// unmarshal config\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eUnmarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_conf\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// open a goroutine to watch remote changes forever\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ego\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e(){\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etime\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSleep\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003etime\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSecond\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// delay after each request\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// currently, only tested with etcd support\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eWatchRemoteConfig\u003c/span\u003e()\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elog\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eErrorf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"unable to read remote config: %v\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econtinue\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_viper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eUnmarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eruntime_conf\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t}\n}()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGetting Values From Viper\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-getting-values-from-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Getting Values From Viper\" href=\"#getting-values-from-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn Viper, there are a few ways to get a value depending on the value’s type.\nThe following functions and methods exist:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGet(key string) : any\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetBool(key string) : bool\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetFloat64(key string) : float64\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetInt(key string) : int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetIntSlice(key string) : []int\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetString(key string) : string\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetStringMap(key string) : map[string]any\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetStringMapString(key string) : map[string]string\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetStringSlice(key string) : []string\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetTime(key string) : time.Time\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGetDuration(key string) : time.Duration\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eIsSet(key string) : bool\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eAllSettings() : map[string]any\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne important thing to recognize is that each Get function will return a zero\nvalue if it’s not found. To check if a given key exists, the \u003ccode\u003eIsSet()\u003c/code\u003e method\nhas been provided.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe zero value will also be returned if the value is set, but fails to parse\nas the requested type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"viper.GetString(\u0026quot;logfile\u0026quot;) // case-insensitive Setting \u0026amp; Getting\nif viper.GetBool(\u0026quot;verbose\u0026quot;) {\n\tfmt.Println(\u0026quot;verbose enabled\u0026quot;)\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetString\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"logfile\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// case-insensitive Setting \u0026amp; Getting\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetBool\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"verbose\"\u003c/span\u003e) {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efmt\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePrintln\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"verbose enabled\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAccessing nested keys\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-accessing-nested-keys\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Accessing nested keys\" href=\"#accessing-nested-keys\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe accessor methods also accept formatted paths to deeply nested keys. For\nexample, if the following JSON file is loaded:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-json notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"{\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;address\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;localhost\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 5799\n },\n \u0026quot;datastore\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;metric\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;127.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 3099\n },\n \u0026quot;warehouse\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;198.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 2112\n }\n }\n}\n\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"address\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003elocalhost\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5799\u003c/span\u003e\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"datastore\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"metric\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e127.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3099\u003c/span\u003e\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"warehouse\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e198.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2112\u003c/span\u003e\n }\n }\n}\n\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper can access a nested field by passing a \u003ccode\u003e.\u003c/code\u003e delimited path of keys:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"GetString(\u0026quot;datastore.metric.host\u0026quot;) // (returns \u0026quot;127.0.0.1\u0026quot;)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eGetString\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"datastore.metric.host\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// (returns \"127.0.0.1\")\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis obeys the precedence rules established above; the search for the path\nwill cascade through the remaining configuration registries until found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, given this configuration file, both \u003ccode\u003edatastore.metric.host\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003edatastore.metric.port\u003c/code\u003e are already defined (and may be overridden). If in addition\n\u003ccode\u003edatastore.metric.protocol\u003c/code\u003e was defined in the defaults, Viper would also find it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, if \u003ccode\u003edatastore.metric\u003c/code\u003e was overridden (by a flag, an environment variable,\nthe \u003ccode\u003eSet()\u003c/code\u003e method, …) with an immediate value, then all sub-keys of\n\u003ccode\u003edatastore.metric\u003c/code\u003e become undefined, they are “shadowed” by the higher-priority\nconfiguration level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper can access array indices by using numbers in the path. For example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-json-comments notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"{\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;address\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;localhost\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;ports\u0026quot;: [\n 5799,\n 6029\n ]\n },\n \u0026quot;datastore\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;metric\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;127.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 3099\n },\n \u0026quot;warehouse\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;198.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 2112\n }\n }\n}\n\nGetInt(\u0026quot;host.ports.1\u0026quot;) // returns 6029\n\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"address\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003elocalhost\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"ports\"\u003c/span\u003e: [\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5799\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e6029\u003c/span\u003e\n ]\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"datastore\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"metric\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e127.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3099\u003c/span\u003e\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"warehouse\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e198.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2112\u003c/span\u003e\n }\n }\n}\n\nGetInt(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003ehost.ports.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e returns 6029\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLastly, if there exists a key that matches the delimited key path, its value\nwill be returned instead. E.g.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-json-comments notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"{\n \u0026quot;datastore.metric.host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;0.0.0.0\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;address\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;localhost\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 5799\n },\n \u0026quot;datastore\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;metric\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;127.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 3099\n },\n \u0026quot;warehouse\u0026quot;: {\n \u0026quot;host\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;198.0.0.1\u0026quot;,\n \u0026quot;port\u0026quot;: 2112\n }\n }\n}\n\nGetString(\u0026quot;datastore.metric.host\u0026quot;) // returns \u0026quot;0.0.0.0\u0026quot;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"datastore.metric.host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e0.0.0.0\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"address\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003elocalhost\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e5799\u003c/span\u003e\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"datastore\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"metric\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e127.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3099\u003c/span\u003e\n },\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"warehouse\"\u003c/span\u003e: {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"host\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e198.0.0.1\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"port\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2112\u003c/span\u003e\n }\n }\n}\n\nGetString(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003edatastore.metric.host\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e returns \"0.0.0.0\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExtracting a sub-tree\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-extracting-a-sub-tree\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Extracting a sub-tree\" href=\"#extracting-a-sub-tree\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen developing reusable modules, it's often useful to extract a subset of the configuration\nand pass it to a module. This way the module can be instantiated more than once, with different configurations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, an application might use multiple different cache stores for different purposes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-yaml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"cache:\n cache1:\n max-items: 100\n item-size: 64\n cache2:\n max-items: 200\n item-size: 80\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ecache\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ecache1\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003emax-items\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eitem-size\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ecache2\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003emax-items\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e200\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eitem-size\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe could pass the cache name to a module (eg. \u003ccode\u003eNewCache(\"cache1\")\u003c/code\u003e),\nbut it would require weird concatenation for accessing config keys and would be less separated from the global config.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo instead of doing that let's pass a Viper instance to the constructor that represents a subset of the configuration:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"cache1Config := viper.Sub(\u0026quot;cache.cache1\u0026quot;)\nif cache1Config == nil { // Sub returns nil if the key cannot be found\n\tpanic(\u0026quot;cache configuration not found\u0026quot;)\n}\n\ncache1 := NewCache(cache1Config)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecache1Config\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSub\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"cache.cache1\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecache1Config\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e==\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e { \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// Sub returns nil if the key cannot be found\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epanic\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"cache configuration not found\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecache1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eNewCache\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecache1Config\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e Always check the return value of \u003ccode\u003eSub\u003c/code\u003e. It returns \u003ccode\u003enil\u003c/code\u003e if a key cannot be found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInternally, the \u003ccode\u003eNewCache\u003c/code\u003e function can address \u003ccode\u003emax-items\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eitem-size\u003c/code\u003e keys directly:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"func NewCache(v *Viper) *Cache {\n\treturn \u0026amp;Cache{\n\t\tMaxItems: v.GetInt(\u0026quot;max-items\u0026quot;),\n\t\tItemSize: v.GetInt(\u0026quot;item-size\u0026quot;),\n\t}\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eNewCache\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eViper\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCache\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCache\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eMaxItems\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"max-items\"\u003c/span\u003e),\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eItemSize\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eGetInt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"item-size\"\u003c/span\u003e),\n\t}\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe resulting code is easy to test, since it's decoupled from the main config structure,\nand easier to reuse (for the same reason).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnmarshaling\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-unmarshaling\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Unmarshaling\" href=\"#unmarshaling\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou also have the option of Unmarshaling all or a specific value to a struct, map,\netc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are two methods to do this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eUnmarshal(rawVal any) : error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eUnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any) : error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"type config struct {\n\tPort int\n\tName string\n\tPathMap string `mapstructure:\u0026quot;path_map\u0026quot;`\n}\n\nvar C config\n\nerr := viper.Unmarshal(\u0026amp;C)\nif err != nil {\n\tt.Fatalf(\u0026quot;unable to decode into struct, %v\u0026quot;, err)\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePort\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eName\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ePathMap\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e`mapstructure:\"path_map\"`\u003c/span\u003e\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eUnmarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003et\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFatalf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"unable to decode into struct, %v\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e)\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you want to unmarshal configuration where the keys themselves contain dot (the default key delimiter),\nyou have to change the delimiter:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.KeyDelimiter(\u0026quot;::\u0026quot;))\n\nv.SetDefault(\u0026quot;chart::values\u0026quot;, map[string]any{\n\t\u0026quot;ingress\u0026quot;: map[string]any{\n\t\t\u0026quot;annotations\u0026quot;: map[string]any{\n\t\t\t\u0026quot;traefik.frontend.rule.type\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;PathPrefix\u0026quot;,\n\t\t\t\u0026quot;traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;true\u0026quot;,\n\t\t},\n\t},\n})\n\ntype config struct {\n\tChart struct{\n\t\tValues map[string]any\n\t}\n}\n\nvar C config\n\nv.Unmarshal(\u0026amp;C)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNewWithOptions\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eKeyDelimiter\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"::\"\u003c/span\u003e))\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"chart::values\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eany\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"ingress\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eany\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"annotations\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eany\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"traefik.frontend.rule.type\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"PathPrefix\"\u003c/span\u003e,\n\t\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect\"\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"true\"\u003c/span\u003e,\n\t\t},\n\t},\n})\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eChart\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e{\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eValues\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003emap\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eany\u003c/span\u003e\n\t}\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ev\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eUnmarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper also supports unmarshaling into embedded structs:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"/*\nExample config:\n\nmodule:\n enabled: true\n token: 89h3f98hbwf987h3f98wenf89ehf\n*/\ntype config struct {\n\tModule struct {\n\t\tEnabled bool\n\n\t\tmoduleConfig `mapstructure:\u0026quot;,squash\u0026quot;`\n\t}\n}\n\n// moduleConfig could be in a module specific package\ntype moduleConfig struct {\n\tToken string\n}\n\nvar C config\n\nerr := viper.Unmarshal(\u0026amp;C)\nif err != nil {\n\tt.Fatalf(\u0026quot;unable to decode into struct, %v\u0026quot;, err)\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/*\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003eExample config:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003emodule:\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e enabled: true\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e token: 89h3f98hbwf987h3f98wenf89ehf\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e*/\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eModule\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eEnabled\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ebool\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emoduleConfig\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e`mapstructure:\",squash\"`\u003c/span\u003e\n\t}\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// moduleConfig could be in a module specific package\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003emoduleConfig\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eToken\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003econfig\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eUnmarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003et\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFatalf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"unable to decode into struct, %v\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e)\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper uses \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure\"\u003egithub.com/go-viper/mapstructure\u003c/a\u003e under the hood for unmarshaling values which uses \u003ccode\u003emapstructure\u003c/code\u003e tags by default.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDecoding custom formats\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-decoding-custom-formats\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Decoding custom formats\" href=\"#decoding-custom-formats\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA frequently requested feature for Viper is adding more value formats and decoders.\nFor example, parsing character (dot, comma, semicolon, etc) separated strings into slices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is already available in Viper using mapstructure decode hooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRead more about the details in \u003ca href=\"https://sagikazarmark.hu/blog/decoding-custom-formats-with-viper/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis blog post\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMarshalling to string\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-marshalling-to-string\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Marshalling to string\" href=\"#marshalling-to-string\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou may need to marshal all the settings held in viper into a string rather than write them to a file.\nYou can use your favorite format's marshaller with the config returned by \u003ccode\u003eAllSettings()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"import (\n\tyaml \u0026quot;gopkg.in/yaml.v2\u0026quot;\n\t// ...\n)\n\nfunc yamlStringSettings() string {\n\tc := viper.AllSettings()\n\tbs, err := yaml.Marshal(c)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tlog.Fatalf(\u0026quot;unable to marshal config to YAML: %v\u0026quot;, err)\n\t}\n\treturn string(bs)\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eimport\u003c/span\u003e (\n\tyaml \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"gopkg.in/yaml.v2\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// ...\u003c/span\u003e\n)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eyamlStringSettings\u003c/span\u003e() \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAllSettings\u003c/span\u003e()\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebs\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eyaml\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eMarshal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e!=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enil\u003c/span\u003e {\n\t\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elog\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eFatalf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"unable to marshal config to YAML: %v\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eerr\u003c/span\u003e)\n\t}\n\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estring\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebs\u003c/span\u003e)\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper or Vipers?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-viper-or-vipers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Viper or Vipers?\" href=\"#viper-or-vipers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper comes with a global instance (singleton) out of the box.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlthough it makes setting up configuration easy,\nusing it is generally discouraged as it makes testing harder and can lead to unexpected behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe best practice is to initialize a Viper instance and pass that around when necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe global instance \u003cem\u003eMAY\u003c/em\u003e be deprecated in the future.\nSee \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/1855\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/spf13/viper/issues/1855/hovercard\"\u003e#1855\u003c/a\u003e for more details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWorking with multiple vipers\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-working-with-multiple-vipers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Working with multiple vipers\" href=\"#working-with-multiple-vipers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also create many different vipers for use in your application. Each will\nhave its own unique set of configurations and values. Each can read from a\ndifferent config file, key value store, etc. All of the functions that viper\npackage supports are mirrored as methods on a viper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"x := viper.New()\ny := viper.New()\n\nx.SetDefault(\u0026quot;ContentDir\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;content\u0026quot;)\ny.SetDefault(\u0026quot;ContentDir\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;foobar\u0026quot;)\n\n//...\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNew\u003c/span\u003e()\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ey\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e:=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eviper\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNew\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"ContentDir\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"content\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ey\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSetDefault\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"ContentDir\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"foobar\"\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//...\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen working with multiple vipers, it is up to the user to keep track of the\ndifferent vipers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQ \u0026amp; A\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-q--a\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Q \u0026amp; A\" href=\"#q--a\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy is it called “Viper”?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-is-it-called-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why is it called “Viper”?\" href=\"#why-is-it-called-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA: Viper is designed to be a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(G.I._Joe)\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecompanion\u003c/a\u003e\nto \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/cobra\"\u003eCobra\u003c/a\u003e. While both can operate completely\nindependently, together they make a powerful pair to handle much of your\napplication foundation needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy is it called “Cobra”?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-is-it-called-cobra\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why is it called “Cobra”?\" href=\"#why-is-it-called-cobra\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIs there a better name for a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecommander\u003c/a\u003e?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDoes Viper support case sensitive keys?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-does-viper-support-case-sensitive-keys\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Does Viper support case sensitive keys?\" href=\"#does-viper-support-case-sensitive-keys\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etl;dr:\u003c/strong\u003e No.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eViper merges configuration from various sources, many of which are either case insensitive or uses different casing than the rest of the sources (eg. env vars).\nIn order to provide the best experience when using multiple sources, the decision has been made to make all keys case insensitive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere has been several attempts to implement case sensitivity, but unfortunately it's not that trivial. We might take a stab at implementing it in \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/772\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/spf13/viper/issues/772/hovercard\"\u003eViper v2\u003c/a\u003e, but despite the initial noise, it does not seem to be requested that much.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can vote for case sensitivity by filling out this feedback form: \u003ca href=\"https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIs it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-is-it-safe-to-concurrently-read-and-write-to-a-viper\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?\" href=\"#is-it-safe-to-concurrently-read-and-write-to-a-viper\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo, you will need to synchronize access to the viper yourself (for example by using the \u003ccode\u003esync\u003c/code\u003e package). Concurrent reads and writes can cause a panic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTroubleshooting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-troubleshooting\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Troubleshooting\" href=\"#troubleshooting\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/spf13/viper/blob/master/TROUBLESHOOTING.md\"\u003eTROUBLESHOOTING.md\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-development\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Development\" href=\"#development\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor an optimal developer experience, it is recommended to install \u003ca href=\"https://nixos.org/download.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNix\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://direnv.net/docs/installation.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edirenv\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternatively, install \u003ca href=\"https://go.dev/dl/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGo\u003c/a\u003e on your computer then run \u003ccode\u003emake deps\u003c/code\u003e to install the rest of the dependencies.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun the test suite:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"make test\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003emake \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun linters:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"make lint # pass -j option to run them in parallel\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003emake lint \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e pass -j option to run them in parallel\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome linter violations can automatically be fixed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"make fmt\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003emake fmt\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe project is licensed under the \u003ca href=\"/spf13/viper/blob/master/LICENSE\"\u003eMIT License\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":2,"text":"Viper v2 feedback","anchor":"viper-v2-feedback","htmlText":"Viper v2 feedback"},{"level":2,"text":"Install","anchor":"install","htmlText":"Install"},{"level":2,"text":"What is Viper?","anchor":"what-is-viper","htmlText":"What is Viper?"},{"level":2,"text":"Why Viper?","anchor":"why-viper","htmlText":"Why Viper?"},{"level":2,"text":"Putting Values into Viper","anchor":"putting-values-into-viper","htmlText":"Putting Values into Viper"},{"level":3,"text":"Establishing Defaults","anchor":"establishing-defaults","htmlText":"Establishing Defaults"},{"level":3,"text":"Reading Config Files","anchor":"reading-config-files","htmlText":"Reading Config Files"},{"level":3,"text":"Writing Config 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Unencrypted","anchor":"watching-changes-in-etcd---unencrypted","htmlText":"Watching Changes in etcd - Unencrypted"},{"level":2,"text":"Getting Values From Viper","anchor":"getting-values-from-viper","htmlText":"Getting Values From Viper"},{"level":3,"text":"Accessing nested keys","anchor":"accessing-nested-keys","htmlText":"Accessing nested keys"},{"level":3,"text":"Extracting a sub-tree","anchor":"extracting-a-sub-tree","htmlText":"Extracting a sub-tree"},{"level":3,"text":"Unmarshaling","anchor":"unmarshaling","htmlText":"Unmarshaling"},{"level":3,"text":"Decoding custom formats","anchor":"decoding-custom-formats","htmlText":"Decoding custom formats"},{"level":3,"text":"Marshalling to string","anchor":"marshalling-to-string","htmlText":"Marshalling to string"},{"level":2,"text":"Viper or Vipers?","anchor":"viper-or-vipers","htmlText":"Viper or Vipers?"},{"level":3,"text":"Working with multiple vipers","anchor":"working-with-multiple-vipers","htmlText":"Working with multiple vipers"},{"level":2,"text":"Q \u0026 A","anchor":"q--a","htmlText":"Q \u0026amp; A"},{"level":3,"text":"Why is it called “Viper”?","anchor":"why-is-it-called-viper","htmlText":"Why is it called “Viper”?"},{"level":3,"text":"Why is it called “Cobra”?","anchor":"why-is-it-called-cobra","htmlText":"Why is it called “Cobra”?"},{"level":3,"text":"Does Viper support case sensitive keys?","anchor":"does-viper-support-case-sensitive-keys","htmlText":"Does Viper support case sensitive keys?"},{"level":3,"text":"Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?","anchor":"is-it-safe-to-concurrently-read-and-write-to-a-viper","htmlText":"Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?"},{"level":2,"text":"Troubleshooting","anchor":"troubleshooting","htmlText":"Troubleshooting"},{"level":2,"text":"Development","anchor":"development","htmlText":"Development"},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fspf13%2Fviper"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"viper","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fspf13%2Fviper"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-708ec8ade250.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":true,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Code</span><span data-component="trailingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></span></span></button><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 izFOf"><button 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style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><blockquote> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Viper v2 feedback</h2><a id="user-content-viper-v2-feedback" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Viper v2 feedback" href="#viper-v2-feedback"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper is heading towards v2 and we would love to hear what <em><strong>you</strong></em> would like to see in it. Share your thoughts here: <a href="https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9" rel="nofollow">https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9</a></p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Thank you!</strong></p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://private-user-images.githubusercontent.com/173412/412218194-acae9193-2974-41f3-808d-2d433f5ada5e.png?jwt=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJnaXRodWIuY29tIiwiYXVkIjoicmF3LmdpdGh1YnVzZXJjb250ZW50LmNvbSIsImtleSI6ImtleTUiLCJleHAiOjE3NDQwNzg5NTYsIm5iZiI6MTc0NDA3ODY1NiwicGF0aCI6Ii8xNzM0MTIvNDEyMjE4MTk0LWFjYWU5MTkzLTI5NzQtNDFmMy04MDhkLTJkNDMzZjVhZGE1ZS5wbmc_WC1BbXotQWxnb3JpdGhtPUFXUzQtSE1BQy1TSEEyNTYmWC1BbXotQ3JlZGVudGlhbD1BS0lBVkNPRFlMU0E1M1BRSzRaQSUyRjIwMjUwNDA4JTJGdXMtZWFzdC0xJTJGczMlMkZhd3M0X3JlcXVlc3QmWC1BbXotRGF0ZT0yMDI1MDQwOFQwMjE3MzZaJlgtQW16LUV4cGlyZXM9MzAwJlgtQW16LVNpZ25hdHVyZT01YzUxMGFjODY3OTAyYjEwNTdhOTE1NzJhOTdjNDIzNDY5Njg0YzRkOWQ2OWFlMjZjZDg5Y2Y0MTM0ZDU4MTc5JlgtQW16LVNpZ25lZEhlYWRlcnM9aG9zdCJ9.KyH5nzYiQSZ38tmUv5CFL4NGP0dm8oYjLkv2oV-yH0c"><img 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src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/adb8f3e4da7635816556cc11275410d326f132ce011955a341259bc1061ff351/68747470733a2f2f617765736f6d652e72652f6d656e74696f6e65642d62616467652d666c61742e737667" alt="Mentioned in Awesome Go" data-canonical-src="https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge-flat.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example#main.go" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fa8e183781be4fc65db5226484ed3feebcb16b822e82a614ac7670b97314efd4/68747470733a2f2f7265706c2e69742f62616467652f6769746875622f736167696b617a61726d61726b2f56697065722d6578616d706c65" alt="run on repl.it" data-canonical-src="https://repl.it/badge/github/sagikazarmark/Viper-example" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/spf13/viper/actions?query=workflow%3ACI"><img 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href="https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/spf13/viper" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/0ea957f5e1823b9f2c95927942c67cde8c45d93f8d1ad98572edc302108c68e3/68747470733a2f2f676f7265706f7274636172642e636f6d2f62616467652f6769746875622e636f6d2f73706631332f76697065723f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265" alt="Go Report Card" data-canonical-src="https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/spf13/viper?style=flat-square" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/2b514f011ed07d429c5de02ac585e59ea33a883ed6bdcd50221944dbd3cdca89/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f62616467652f676f25323076657273696f6e2d2533453d312e32332d3631434644442e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/2b514f011ed07d429c5de02ac585e59ea33a883ed6bdcd50221944dbd3cdca89/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f62616467652f676f25323076657273696f6e2d2533453d312e32332d3631434644442e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265" alt="Go Version" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/badge/go%20version-%3E=1.23-61CFDD.svg?style=flat-square" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/spf13/viper" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/423cf99dbb881b294919715964455b99ee6f98649c533939de6654336d249803/68747470733a2f2f706b672e676f2e6465762f62616467652f6d6f642f6769746875622e636f6d2f73706631332f7669706572" alt="PkgGoDev" data-canonical-src="https://pkg.go.dev/badge/mod/github.com/spf13/viper" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Go configuration with fangs!</strong></p> <p dir="auto">Many Go projects are built using Viper including:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://gohugo.io" rel="nofollow">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="http://rexray.readthedocs.org/en/stable/" rel="nofollow">EMC RexRay</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/Imgur/incus">Imgur’s Incus</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nanobox-io/nanobox">Nanobox</a>/<a href="https://github.com/nanopack">Nanopack</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/docker/Notary">Docker Notary</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bloomapi.com/" rel="nofollow">BloomApi</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/digitalocean/doctl">doctl</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/jgsqware/clairctl">Clairctl</a></li> <li><a href="https://mercure.rocks" rel="nofollow">Mercure</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/meshery/meshery">Meshery</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/bearer/bearer">Bearer</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/coder/coder">Coder</a></li> <li><a href="https://vitess.io/" rel="nofollow">Vitess</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Install</h2><a id="user-content-install" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Install" href="#install"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="go get github.com/spf13/viper"><pre>go get github.com/spf13/viper</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Note:</strong> Viper uses <a href="https://go.dev/wiki/Modules" rel="nofollow">Go Modules</a> to manage dependencies.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is Viper?</h2><a id="user-content-what-is-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is Viper?" href="#what-is-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper is a complete configuration solution for Go applications including <a href="https://12factor.net/#the_twelve_factors" rel="nofollow">12-Factor apps</a>. It is designed to work within an application, and can handle all types of configuration needs and formats. It supports:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>setting defaults</li> <li>reading from JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, envfile and Java properties config files</li> <li>live watching and re-reading of config files (optional)</li> <li>reading from environment variables</li> <li>reading from remote config systems (etcd or Consul), and watching changes</li> <li>reading from command line flags</li> <li>reading from buffer</li> <li>setting explicit values</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Viper can be thought of as a registry for all of your applications configuration needs.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why Viper?</h2><a id="user-content-why-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why Viper?" href="#why-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When building a modern application, you don’t want to worry about configuration file formats; you want to focus on building awesome software. Viper is here to help with that.</p> <p dir="auto">Viper does the following for you:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Find, load, and unmarshal a configuration file in JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile or Java properties formats.</li> <li>Provide a mechanism to set default values for your different configuration options.</li> <li>Provide a mechanism to set override values for options specified through command line flags.</li> <li>Provide an alias system to easily rename parameters without breaking existing code.</li> <li>Make it easy to tell the difference between when a user has provided a command line or config file which is the same as the default.</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">Viper uses the following precedence order. Each item takes precedence over the item below it:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>explicit call to <code>Set</code></li> <li>flag</li> <li>env</li> <li>config</li> <li>key/value store</li> <li>default</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong>Important:</strong> Viper configuration keys are case insensitive. There are ongoing discussions about making that optional.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Putting Values into Viper</h2><a id="user-content-putting-values-into-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Putting Values into Viper" href="#putting-values-into-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Establishing Defaults</h3><a id="user-content-establishing-defaults" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Establishing Defaults" href="#establishing-defaults"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A good configuration system will support default values. A default value is not required for a key, but it’s useful in the event that a key hasn't been set via config file, environment variable, remote configuration or flag.</p> <p dir="auto">Examples:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.SetDefault("ContentDir", "content") viper.SetDefault("LayoutDir", "layouts") viper.SetDefault("Taxonomies", map[string]string{"tag": "tags", "category": "categories"})"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"ContentDir"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"content"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"LayoutDir"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"layouts"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Taxonomies"</span>, <span class="pl-k">map</span>[<span class="pl-smi">string</span>]<span class="pl-smi">string</span>{<span class="pl-s">"tag"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"tags"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"category"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"categories"</span>})</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reading Config Files</h3><a id="user-content-reading-config-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reading Config Files" href="#reading-config-files"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper requires minimal configuration so it knows where to look for config files. Viper supports JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile and Java Properties files. Viper can search multiple paths, but currently a single Viper instance only supports a single configuration file. Viper does not default to any configuration search paths leaving defaults decision to an application.</p> <p dir="auto">Here is an example of how to use Viper to search for and read a configuration file. None of the specific paths are required, but at least one path should be provided where a configuration file is expected.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.SetConfigName("config") // name of config file (without extension) viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // REQUIRED if the config file does not have the extension in the name viper.AddConfigPath("/etc/appname/") // path to look for the config file in viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME/.appname") // call multiple times to add many search paths viper.AddConfigPath(".") // optionally look for config in the working directory err := viper.ReadInConfig() // Find and read the config file if err != nil { // Handle errors reading the config file panic(fmt.Errorf("fatal error config file: %w", err)) }"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigName</span>(<span class="pl-s">"config"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// name of config file (without extension)</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"yaml"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// REQUIRED if the config file does not have the extension in the name</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddConfigPath</span>(<span class="pl-s">"/etc/appname/"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// path to look for the config file in</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddConfigPath</span>(<span class="pl-s">"$HOME/.appname"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// call multiple times to add many search paths</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddConfigPath</span>(<span class="pl-s">"."</span>) <span class="pl-c">// optionally look for config in the working directory</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadInConfig</span>() <span class="pl-c">// Find and read the config file</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-c">// Handle errors reading the config file</span> <span class="pl-s1">panic</span>(<span class="pl-s1">fmt</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Errorf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"fatal error config file: %w"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span>)) }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can handle the specific case where no config file is found like this:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err != nil { if _, ok := err.(viper.ConfigFileNotFoundError); ok { // Config file not found; ignore error if desired } else { // Config file was found but another error was produced } } // Config file found and successfully parsed"><pre><span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadInConfig</span>(); <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">_</span>, <span class="pl-s1">ok</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span>.(viper.<span class="pl-smi">ConfigFileNotFoundError</span>); <span class="pl-s1">ok</span> { <span class="pl-c">// Config file not found; ignore error if desired</span> } <span class="pl-k">else</span> { <span class="pl-c">// Config file was found but another error was produced</span> } } <span class="pl-c">// Config file found and successfully parsed</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto"><em>NOTE [since 1.6]:</em> You can also have a file without an extension and specify the format programmatically. For those configuration files that lie in the home of the user without any extension like <code>.bashrc</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Writing Config Files</h3><a id="user-content-writing-config-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Writing Config Files" href="#writing-config-files"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Reading from config files is useful, but at times you want to store all modifications made at run time. For that, a bunch of commands are available, each with its own purpose:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path, if exists. Errors if no predefined path. Will overwrite the current config file, if it exists.</li> <li>SafeWriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path. Errors if no predefined path. Will not overwrite the current config file, if it exists.</li> <li>WriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will overwrite the given file, if it exists.</li> <li>SafeWriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will not overwrite the given file, if it exists.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">As a rule of the thumb, everything marked with safe won't overwrite any file, but just create if not existent, whilst the default behavior is to create or truncate.</p> <p dir="auto">A small examples section:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.WriteConfig() // writes current config to predefined path set by 'viper.AddConfigPath()' and 'viper.SetConfigName' viper.SafeWriteConfig() viper.WriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.config") viper.SafeWriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.config") // will error since it has already been written viper.SafeWriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.other_config")"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">WriteConfig</span>() <span class="pl-c">// writes current config to predefined path set by 'viper.AddConfigPath()' and 'viper.SetConfigName'</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SafeWriteConfig</span>() <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">WriteConfigAs</span>(<span class="pl-s">"/path/to/my/.config"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SafeWriteConfigAs</span>(<span class="pl-s">"/path/to/my/.config"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// will error since it has already been written</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SafeWriteConfigAs</span>(<span class="pl-s">"/path/to/my/.other_config"</span>)</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Watching and re-reading config files</h3><a id="user-content-watching-and-re-reading-config-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Watching and re-reading config files" href="#watching-and-re-reading-config-files"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper supports the ability to have your application live read a config file while running.</p> <p dir="auto">Gone are the days of needing to restart a server to have a config take effect, viper powered applications can read an update to a config file while running and not miss a beat.</p> <p dir="auto">Simply tell the viper instance to watchConfig. Optionally you can provide a function for Viper to run each time a change occurs.</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Make sure you add all of the configPaths prior to calling <code>WatchConfig()</code></strong></p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.OnConfigChange(func(e fsnotify.Event) { fmt.Println("Config file changed:", e.Name) }) viper.WatchConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">OnConfigChange</span>(<span class="pl-k">func</span>(<span class="pl-s1">e</span> fsnotify.<span class="pl-smi">Event</span>) { <span class="pl-s1">fmt</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Println</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Config file changed:"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">e</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Name</span>) }) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">WatchConfig</span>()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reading Config from io.Reader</h3><a id="user-content-reading-config-from-ioreader" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reading Config from io.Reader" href="#reading-config-from-ioreader"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper predefines many configuration sources such as files, environment variables, flags, and remote K/V store, but you are not bound to them. You can also implement your own required configuration source and feed it to viper.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // or viper.SetConfigType("YAML") // any approach to require this configuration into your program. var yamlExample = []byte(` Hacker: true name: steve hobbies: - skateboarding - snowboarding - go clothing: jacket: leather trousers: denim age: 35 eyes : brown beard: true `) viper.ReadConfig(bytes.NewBuffer(yamlExample)) viper.Get("name") // this would be "steve""><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"yaml"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// or viper.SetConfigType("YAML")</span> <span class="pl-c">// any approach to require this configuration into your program.</span> <span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">yamlExample</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> []<span class="pl-smi">byte</span>(<span class="pl-s">`</span> <span class="pl-s">Hacker: true</span> <span class="pl-s">name: steve</span> <span class="pl-s">hobbies:</span> <span class="pl-s">- skateboarding</span> <span class="pl-s">- snowboarding</span> <span class="pl-s">- go</span> <span class="pl-s">clothing:</span> <span class="pl-s"> jacket: leather</span> <span class="pl-s"> trousers: denim</span> <span class="pl-s">age: 35</span> <span class="pl-s">eyes : brown</span> <span class="pl-s">beard: true</span> <span class="pl-s">`</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadConfig</span>(<span class="pl-s1">bytes</span>.<span class="pl-c1">NewBuffer</span>(<span class="pl-s1">yamlExample</span>)) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Get</span>(<span class="pl-s">"name"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// this would be "steve"</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Setting Overrides</h3><a id="user-content-setting-overrides" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Setting Overrides" href="#setting-overrides"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">These could be from a command line flag, or from your own application logic.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.Set("Verbose", true) viper.Set("LogFile", LogFile) viper.Set("host.port", 5899) // set subset"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Set</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Verbose"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">true</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Set</span>(<span class="pl-s">"LogFile"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">LogFile</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Set</span>(<span class="pl-s">"host.port"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">5899</span>) <span class="pl-c">// set subset</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Registering and Using Aliases</h3><a id="user-content-registering-and-using-aliases" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Registering and Using Aliases" href="#registering-and-using-aliases"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Aliases permit a single value to be referenced by multiple keys</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.RegisterAlias("loud", "Verbose") viper.Set("verbose", true) // same result as next line viper.Set("loud", true) // same result as prior line viper.GetBool("loud") // true viper.GetBool("verbose") // true"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">RegisterAlias</span>(<span class="pl-s">"loud"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"Verbose"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Set</span>(<span class="pl-s">"verbose"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">true</span>) <span class="pl-c">// same result as next line</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Set</span>(<span class="pl-s">"loud"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">true</span>) <span class="pl-c">// same result as prior line</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetBool</span>(<span class="pl-s">"loud"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// true</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetBool</span>(<span class="pl-s">"verbose"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// true</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Working with Environment Variables</h3><a id="user-content-working-with-environment-variables" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Working with Environment Variables" href="#working-with-environment-variables"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper has full support for environment variables. This enables 12 factor applications out of the box. There are five methods that exist to aid working with ENV:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>AutomaticEnv()</code></li> <li><code>BindEnv(string...) : error</code></li> <li><code>SetEnvPrefix(string)</code></li> <li><code>SetEnvKeyReplacer(string...) *strings.Replacer</code></li> <li><code>AllowEmptyEnv(bool)</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><em>When working with ENV variables, it’s important to recognize that Viper treats ENV variables as case sensitive.</em></p> <p dir="auto">Viper provides a mechanism to try to ensure that ENV variables are unique. By using <code>SetEnvPrefix</code>, you can tell Viper to use a prefix while reading from the environment variables. Both <code>BindEnv</code> and <code>AutomaticEnv</code> will use this prefix.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>BindEnv</code> takes one or more parameters. The first parameter is the key name, the rest are the name of the environment variables to bind to this key. If more than one are provided, they will take precedence in the specified order. The name of the environment variable is case sensitive. If the ENV variable name is not provided, then Viper will automatically assume that the ENV variable matches the following format: prefix + "_" + the key name in ALL CAPS. When you explicitly provide the ENV variable name (the second parameter), it <strong>does not</strong> automatically add the prefix. For example if the second parameter is "id", Viper will look for the ENV variable "ID".</p> <p dir="auto">One important thing to recognize when working with ENV variables is that the value will be read each time it is accessed. Viper does not fix the value when the <code>BindEnv</code> is called.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>AutomaticEnv</code> is a powerful helper especially when combined with <code>SetEnvPrefix</code>. When called, Viper will check for an environment variable any time a <code>viper.Get</code> request is made. It will apply the following rules. It will check for an environment variable with a name matching the key uppercased and prefixed with the <code>EnvPrefix</code> if set.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>SetEnvKeyReplacer</code> allows you to use a <code>strings.Replacer</code> object to rewrite Env keys to an extent. This is useful if you want to use <code>-</code> or something in your <code>Get()</code> calls, but want your environmental variables to use <code>_</code> delimiters. An example of using it can be found in <code>viper_test.go</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Alternatively, you can use <code>EnvKeyReplacer</code> with <code>NewWithOptions</code> factory function. Unlike <code>SetEnvKeyReplacer</code>, it accepts a <code>StringReplacer</code> interface allowing you to write custom string replacing logic.</p> <p dir="auto">By default empty environment variables are considered unset and will fall back to the next configuration source. To treat empty environment variables as set, use the <code>AllowEmptyEnv</code> method.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Env example</h4><a id="user-content-env-example" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Env example" href="#env-example"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="SetEnvPrefix("spf") // will be uppercased automatically BindEnv("id") os.Setenv("SPF_ID", "13") // typically done outside of the app id := Get("id") // 13"><pre><span class="pl-s1">SetEnvPrefix</span>(<span class="pl-s">"spf"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// will be uppercased automatically</span> <span class="pl-s1">BindEnv</span>(<span class="pl-s">"id"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">os</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Setenv</span>(<span class="pl-s">"SPF_ID"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"13"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// typically done outside of the app</span> <span class="pl-s1">id</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">Get</span>(<span class="pl-s">"id"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// 13</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Working with Flags</h3><a id="user-content-working-with-flags" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Working with Flags" href="#working-with-flags"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper has the ability to bind to flags. Specifically, Viper supports <code>Pflags</code> as used in the <a href="https://github.com/spf13/cobra">Cobra</a> library.</p> <p dir="auto">Like <code>BindEnv</code>, the value is not set when the binding method is called, but when it is accessed. This means you can bind as early as you want, even in an <code>init()</code> function.</p> <p dir="auto">For individual flags, the <code>BindPFlag()</code> method provides this functionality.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="serverCmd.Flags().Int("port", 1138, "Port to run Application server on") viper.BindPFlag("port", serverCmd.Flags().Lookup("port"))"><pre><span class="pl-s1">serverCmd</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Flags</span>().<span class="pl-c1">Int</span>(<span class="pl-s">"port"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1138</span>, <span class="pl-s">"Port to run Application server on"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">BindPFlag</span>(<span class="pl-s">"port"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">serverCmd</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Flags</span>().<span class="pl-c1">Lookup</span>(<span class="pl-s">"port"</span>))</pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can also bind an existing set of pflags (pflag.FlagSet):</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pflag.Int("flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname") pflag.Parse() viper.BindPFlags(pflag.CommandLine) i := viper.GetInt("flagname") // retrieve values from viper instead of pflag"><pre><span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Int</span>(<span class="pl-s">"flagname"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1234</span>, <span class="pl-s">"help message for flagname"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Parse</span>() <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">BindPFlags</span>(<span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">CommandLine</span>) <span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetInt</span>(<span class="pl-s">"flagname"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// retrieve values from viper instead of pflag</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The use of <a href="https://github.com/spf13/pflag/">pflag</a> in Viper does not preclude the use of other packages that use the <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/flag/" rel="nofollow">flag</a> package from the standard library. The pflag package can handle the flags defined for the flag package by importing these flags. This is accomplished by a calling a convenience function provided by the pflag package called AddGoFlagSet().</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="package main import ( "flag" "github.com/spf13/pflag" ) func main() { // using standard library "flag" package flag.Int("flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname") pflag.CommandLine.AddGoFlagSet(flag.CommandLine) pflag.Parse() viper.BindPFlags(pflag.CommandLine) i := viper.GetInt("flagname") // retrieve value from viper // ... }"><pre><span class="pl-k">package</span> main <span class="pl-k">import</span> ( <span class="pl-s">"flag"</span> <span class="pl-s">"github.com/spf13/pflag"</span> ) <span class="pl-k">func</span> <span class="pl-s1">main</span>() { <span class="pl-c">// using standard library "flag" package</span> <span class="pl-s1">flag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Int</span>(<span class="pl-s">"flagname"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1234</span>, <span class="pl-s">"help message for flagname"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">CommandLine</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddGoFlagSet</span>(<span class="pl-s1">flag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">CommandLine</span>) <span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Parse</span>() <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">BindPFlags</span>(<span class="pl-s1">pflag</span>.<span class="pl-c1">CommandLine</span>) <span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetInt</span>(<span class="pl-s">"flagname"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// retrieve value from viper</span> <span class="pl-c">// ...</span> }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Flag interfaces</h4><a id="user-content-flag-interfaces" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Flag interfaces" href="#flag-interfaces"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper provides two Go interfaces to bind other flag systems if you don’t use <code>Pflags</code>.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>FlagValue</code> represents a single flag. This is a very simple example on how to implement this interface:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="type myFlag struct {} func (f myFlag) HasChanged() bool { return false } func (f myFlag) Name() string { return "my-flag-name" } func (f myFlag) ValueString() string { return "my-flag-value" } func (f myFlag) ValueType() string { return "string" }"><pre><span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> {} <span class="pl-k">func</span> (<span class="pl-s1">f</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>) <span class="pl-c1">HasChanged</span>() <span class="pl-smi">bool</span> { <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">false</span> } <span class="pl-k">func</span> (<span class="pl-s1">f</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>) <span class="pl-c1">Name</span>() <span class="pl-smi">string</span> { <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s">"my-flag-name"</span> } <span class="pl-k">func</span> (<span class="pl-s1">f</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>) <span class="pl-c1">ValueString</span>() <span class="pl-smi">string</span> { <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s">"my-flag-value"</span> } <span class="pl-k">func</span> (<span class="pl-s1">f</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>) <span class="pl-c1">ValueType</span>() <span class="pl-smi">string</span> { <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s">"string"</span> }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Once your flag implements this interface, you can simply tell Viper to bind it:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.BindFlagValue("my-flag-name", myFlag{})"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">BindFlagValue</span>(<span class="pl-s">"my-flag-name"</span>, <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>{})</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><code>FlagValueSet</code> represents a group of flags. This is a very simple example on how to implement this interface:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="type myFlagSet struct { flags []myFlag } func (f myFlagSet) VisitAll(fn func(FlagValue)) { for _, flag := range flags { fn(flag) } }"><pre><span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlagSet</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">flags</span> []<span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span> } <span class="pl-k">func</span> (<span class="pl-s1">f</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlagSet</span>) <span class="pl-c1">VisitAll</span>(<span class="pl-s1">fn</span> <span class="pl-k">func</span>(<span class="pl-smi">FlagValue</span>)) { <span class="pl-k">for</span> <span class="pl-s1">_</span>, <span class="pl-s1">flag</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-k">range</span> <span class="pl-s1">flags</span> { <span class="pl-s1">fn</span>(<span class="pl-s1">flag</span>) } }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Once your flag set implements this interface, you can simply tell Viper to bind it:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="fSet := myFlagSet{ flags: []myFlag{myFlag{}, myFlag{}}, } viper.BindFlagValues("my-flags", fSet)"><pre><span class="pl-s1">fSet</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-smi">myFlagSet</span>{ <span class="pl-s1">flags</span>: []<span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>{<span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>{}, <span class="pl-smi">myFlag</span>{}}, } <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">BindFlagValues</span>(<span class="pl-s">"my-flags"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">fSet</span>)</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Remote Key/Value Store Support</h3><a id="user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Support" href="#remote-keyvalue-store-support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To enable remote support in Viper, do a blank import of the <code>viper/remote</code> package:</p> <p dir="auto"><code>import _ "github.com/spf13/viper/remote"</code></p> <p dir="auto">Viper will read a config string (as JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL or envfile) retrieved from a path in a Key/Value store such as etcd or Consul. These values take precedence over default values, but are overridden by configuration values retrieved from disk, flags, or environment variables.</p> <p dir="auto">Viper supports multiple hosts. To use, pass a list of endpoints separated by <code>;</code>. For example <code>http://127.0.0.1:4001;http://127.0.0.1:4002</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Viper uses <a href="https://github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt">crypt</a> to retrieve configuration from the K/V store, which means that you can store your configuration values encrypted and have them automatically decrypted if you have the correct gpg keyring. Encryption is optional.</p> <p dir="auto">You can use remote configuration in conjunction with local configuration, or independently of it.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>crypt</code> has a command-line helper that you can use to put configurations in your K/V store. <code>crypt</code> defaults to etcd on <a href="http://127.0.0.1:4001" rel="nofollow">http://127.0.0.1:4001</a>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ go get github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/bin/crypt $ crypt set -plaintext /config/hugo.json /Users/hugo/settings/config.json"><pre>$ go get github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/bin/crypt $ crypt <span class="pl-c1">set</span> -plaintext /config/hugo.json /Users/hugo/settings/config.json</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Confirm that your value was set:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="$ crypt get -plaintext /config/hugo.json"><pre>$ crypt get -plaintext /config/hugo.json</pre></div> <p dir="auto">See the <code>crypt</code> documentation for examples of how to set encrypted values, or how to use Consul.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Remote Key/Value Store Example - Unencrypted</h3><a id="user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-example---unencrypted" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Example - Unencrypted" href="#remote-keyvalue-store-example---unencrypted"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">etcd</h4><a id="user-content-etcd" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: etcd" href="#etcd"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd", "http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json") viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv" err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"etcd"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"http://127.0.0.1:4001"</span>,<span class="pl-s">"/config/hugo.json"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">etcd3</h4><a id="user-content-etcd3" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: etcd3" href="#etcd3"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd3", "http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json") viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv" err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"etcd3"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"http://127.0.0.1:4001"</span>,<span class="pl-s">"/config/hugo.json"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Consul</h4><a id="user-content-consul" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Consul" href="#consul"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You need to set a key to Consul key/value storage with JSON value containing your desired config. For example, create a Consul key/value store key <code>MY_CONSUL_KEY</code> with value:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-json notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="{ "port": 8080, "hostname": "myhostname.com" }"><pre>{ <span class="pl-ent">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">8080</span>, <span class="pl-ent">"hostname"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>myhostname.com<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> }</pre></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddRemoteProvider("consul", "localhost:8500", "MY_CONSUL_KEY") viper.SetConfigType("json") // Need to explicitly set this to json err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig() fmt.Println(viper.Get("port")) // 8080 fmt.Println(viper.Get("hostname")) // myhostname.com"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"consul"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"localhost:8500"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"MY_CONSUL_KEY"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// Need to explicitly set this to json</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>() <span class="pl-s1">fmt</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Println</span>(<span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Get</span>(<span class="pl-s">"port"</span>)) <span class="pl-c">// 8080</span> <span class="pl-s1">fmt</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Println</span>(<span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Get</span>(<span class="pl-s">"hostname"</span>)) <span class="pl-c">// myhostname.com</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Firestore</h4><a id="user-content-firestore" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Firestore" href="#firestore"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddRemoteProvider("firestore", "google-cloud-project-id", "collection/document") viper.SetConfigType("json") // Config's format: "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml" err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"firestore"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"google-cloud-project-id"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"collection/document"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// Config's format: "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml"</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>()</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Of course, you're allowed to use <code>SecureRemoteProvider</code> also</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">NATS</h4><a id="user-content-nats" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: NATS" href="#nats"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddRemoteProvider("nats", "nats://127.0.0.1:4222", "myapp.config") viper.SetConfigType("json") err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"nats"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"nats://127.0.0.1:4222"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"myapp.config"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Remote Key/Value Store Example - Encrypted</h3><a id="user-content-remote-keyvalue-store-example---encrypted" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Remote Key/Value Store Example - Encrypted" href="#remote-keyvalue-store-example---encrypted"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.AddSecureRemoteProvider("etcd","http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json","/etc/secrets/mykeyring.gpg") viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv" err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddSecureRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"etcd"</span>,<span class="pl-s">"http://127.0.0.1:4001"</span>,<span class="pl-s">"/config/hugo.json"</span>,<span class="pl-s">"/etc/secrets/mykeyring.gpg"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"json"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Watching Changes in etcd - Unencrypted</h3><a id="user-content-watching-changes-in-etcd---unencrypted" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Watching Changes in etcd - Unencrypted" href="#watching-changes-in-etcd---unencrypted"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// alternatively, you can create a new viper instance. var runtime_viper = viper.New() runtime_viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd", "http://127.0.0.1:4001", "/config/hugo.yml") runtime_viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv" // read from remote config the first time. err := runtime_viper.ReadRemoteConfig() // unmarshal config runtime_viper.Unmarshal(&runtime_conf) // open a goroutine to watch remote changes forever go func(){ for { time.Sleep(time.Second * 5) // delay after each request // currently, only tested with etcd support err := runtime_viper.WatchRemoteConfig() if err != nil { log.Errorf("unable to read remote config: %v", err) continue } // unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel // to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes runtime_viper.Unmarshal(&runtime_conf) } }()"><pre><span class="pl-c">// alternatively, you can create a new viper instance.</span> <span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">New</span>() <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AddRemoteProvider</span>(<span class="pl-s">"etcd"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"http://127.0.0.1:4001"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"/config/hugo.yml"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetConfigType</span>(<span class="pl-s">"yaml"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"</span> <span class="pl-c">// read from remote config the first time.</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">ReadRemoteConfig</span>() <span class="pl-c">// unmarshal config</span> <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Unmarshal</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-s1">runtime_conf</span>) <span class="pl-c">// open a goroutine to watch remote changes forever</span> <span class="pl-k">go</span> <span class="pl-k">func</span>(){ <span class="pl-k">for</span> { <span class="pl-s1">time</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Sleep</span>(<span class="pl-s1">time</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Second</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-c1">5</span>) <span class="pl-c">// delay after each request</span> <span class="pl-c">// currently, only tested with etcd support</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">WatchRemoteConfig</span>() <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-s1">log</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Errorf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"unable to read remote config: %v"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span>) <span class="pl-k">continue</span> } <span class="pl-c">// unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel</span> <span class="pl-c">// to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes</span> <span class="pl-s1">runtime_viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Unmarshal</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-s1">runtime_conf</span>) } }()</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Getting Values From Viper</h2><a id="user-content-getting-values-from-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Getting Values From Viper" href="#getting-values-from-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In Viper, there are a few ways to get a value depending on the value’s type. The following functions and methods exist:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>Get(key string) : any</code></li> <li><code>GetBool(key string) : bool</code></li> <li><code>GetFloat64(key string) : float64</code></li> <li><code>GetInt(key string) : int</code></li> <li><code>GetIntSlice(key string) : []int</code></li> <li><code>GetString(key string) : string</code></li> <li><code>GetStringMap(key string) : map[string]any</code></li> <li><code>GetStringMapString(key string) : map[string]string</code></li> <li><code>GetStringSlice(key string) : []string</code></li> <li><code>GetTime(key string) : time.Time</code></li> <li><code>GetDuration(key string) : time.Duration</code></li> <li><code>IsSet(key string) : bool</code></li> <li><code>AllSettings() : map[string]any</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">One important thing to recognize is that each Get function will return a zero value if it’s not found. To check if a given key exists, the <code>IsSet()</code> method has been provided.</p> <p dir="auto">The zero value will also be returned if the value is set, but fails to parse as the requested type.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="viper.GetString("logfile") // case-insensitive Setting & Getting if viper.GetBool("verbose") { fmt.Println("verbose enabled") }"><pre><span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetString</span>(<span class="pl-s">"logfile"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// case-insensitive Setting & Getting</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetBool</span>(<span class="pl-s">"verbose"</span>) { <span class="pl-s1">fmt</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Println</span>(<span class="pl-s">"verbose enabled"</span>) }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Accessing nested keys</h3><a id="user-content-accessing-nested-keys" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Accessing nested keys" href="#accessing-nested-keys"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The accessor methods also accept formatted paths to deeply nested keys. For example, if the following JSON file is loaded:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-json notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="{ "host": { "address": "localhost", "port": 5799 }, "datastore": { "metric": { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": 3099 }, "warehouse": { "host": "198.0.0.1", "port": 2112 } } } "><pre>{ <span class="pl-ent">"host"</span>: { <span class="pl-ent">"address"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>localhost<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-ent">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">5799</span> }, <span class="pl-ent">"datastore"</span>: { <span class="pl-ent">"metric"</span>: { <span class="pl-ent">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>127.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-ent">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">3099</span> }, <span class="pl-ent">"warehouse"</span>: { <span class="pl-ent">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>198.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-ent">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">2112</span> } } } </pre></div> <p dir="auto">Viper can access a nested field by passing a <code>.</code> delimited path of keys:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="GetString("datastore.metric.host") // (returns "127.0.0.1")"><pre><span class="pl-s1">GetString</span>(<span class="pl-s">"datastore.metric.host"</span>) <span class="pl-c">// (returns "127.0.0.1")</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">This obeys the precedence rules established above; the search for the path will cascade through the remaining configuration registries until found.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, given this configuration file, both <code>datastore.metric.host</code> and <code>datastore.metric.port</code> are already defined (and may be overridden). If in addition <code>datastore.metric.protocol</code> was defined in the defaults, Viper would also find it.</p> <p dir="auto">However, if <code>datastore.metric</code> was overridden (by a flag, an environment variable, the <code>Set()</code> method, …) with an immediate value, then all sub-keys of <code>datastore.metric</code> become undefined, they are “shadowed” by the higher-priority configuration level.</p> <p dir="auto">Viper can access array indices by using numbers in the path. For example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-json-comments notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="{ "host": { "address": "localhost", "ports": [ 5799, 6029 ] }, "datastore": { "metric": { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": 3099 }, "warehouse": { "host": "198.0.0.1", "port": 2112 } } } GetInt("host.ports.1") // returns 6029 "><pre>{ <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"address"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>localhost<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"ports"</span>: [ <span class="pl-c1">5799</span>, <span class="pl-c1">6029</span> ] }, <span class="pl-s">"datastore"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"metric"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>127.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">3099</span> }, <span class="pl-s">"warehouse"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>198.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">2112</span> } } } GetInt(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>host.ports.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>) <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> returns 6029</span> </pre></div> <p dir="auto">Lastly, if there exists a key that matches the delimited key path, its value will be returned instead. E.g.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-json-comments notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="{ "datastore.metric.host": "0.0.0.0", "host": { "address": "localhost", "port": 5799 }, "datastore": { "metric": { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": 3099 }, "warehouse": { "host": "198.0.0.1", "port": 2112 } } } GetString("datastore.metric.host") // returns "0.0.0.0""><pre>{ <span class="pl-s">"datastore.metric.host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>0.0.0.0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"address"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>localhost<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">5799</span> }, <span class="pl-s">"datastore"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"metric"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>127.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">3099</span> }, <span class="pl-s">"warehouse"</span>: { <span class="pl-s">"host"</span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>198.0.0.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>, <span class="pl-s">"port"</span>: <span class="pl-c1">2112</span> } } } GetString(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>datastore.metric.host<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>) <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> returns "0.0.0.0"</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Extracting a sub-tree</h3><a id="user-content-extracting-a-sub-tree" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Extracting a sub-tree" href="#extracting-a-sub-tree"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When developing reusable modules, it's often useful to extract a subset of the configuration and pass it to a module. This way the module can be instantiated more than once, with different configurations.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, an application might use multiple different cache stores for different purposes:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-yaml notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="cache: cache1: max-items: 100 item-size: 64 cache2: max-items: 200 item-size: 80"><pre><span class="pl-ent">cache</span>: <span class="pl-ent">cache1</span>: <span class="pl-ent">max-items</span>: <span class="pl-c1">100</span> <span class="pl-ent">item-size</span>: <span class="pl-c1">64</span> <span class="pl-ent">cache2</span>: <span class="pl-ent">max-items</span>: <span class="pl-c1">200</span> <span class="pl-ent">item-size</span>: <span class="pl-c1">80</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">We could pass the cache name to a module (eg. <code>NewCache("cache1")</code>), but it would require weird concatenation for accessing config keys and would be less separated from the global config.</p> <p dir="auto">So instead of doing that let's pass a Viper instance to the constructor that represents a subset of the configuration:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="cache1Config := viper.Sub("cache.cache1") if cache1Config == nil { // Sub returns nil if the key cannot be found panic("cache configuration not found") } cache1 := NewCache(cache1Config)"><pre><span class="pl-s1">cache1Config</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Sub</span>(<span class="pl-s">"cache.cache1"</span>) <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">cache1Config</span> <span class="pl-c1">==</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-c">// Sub returns nil if the key cannot be found</span> <span class="pl-s1">panic</span>(<span class="pl-s">"cache configuration not found"</span>) } <span class="pl-s1">cache1</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">NewCache</span>(<span class="pl-s1">cache1Config</span>)</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Note:</strong> Always check the return value of <code>Sub</code>. It returns <code>nil</code> if a key cannot be found.</p> <p dir="auto">Internally, the <code>NewCache</code> function can address <code>max-items</code> and <code>item-size</code> keys directly:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="func NewCache(v *Viper) *Cache { return &Cache{ MaxItems: v.GetInt("max-items"), ItemSize: v.GetInt("item-size"), } }"><pre><span class="pl-k">func</span> <span class="pl-s1">NewCache</span>(<span class="pl-s1">v</span> <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-smi">Viper</span>) <span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-smi">Cache</span> { <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-smi">Cache</span>{ <span class="pl-s1">MaxItems</span>: <span class="pl-s1">v</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetInt</span>(<span class="pl-s">"max-items"</span>), <span class="pl-s1">ItemSize</span>: <span class="pl-s1">v</span>.<span class="pl-c1">GetInt</span>(<span class="pl-s">"item-size"</span>), } }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The resulting code is easy to test, since it's decoupled from the main config structure, and easier to reuse (for the same reason).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Unmarshaling</h3><a id="user-content-unmarshaling" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Unmarshaling" href="#unmarshaling"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You also have the option of Unmarshaling all or a specific value to a struct, map, etc.</p> <p dir="auto">There are two methods to do this:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>Unmarshal(rawVal any) : error</code></li> <li><code>UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any) : error</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="type config struct { Port int Name string PathMap string `mapstructure:"path_map"` } var C config err := viper.Unmarshal(&C) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("unable to decode into struct, %v", err) }"><pre><span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">Port</span> <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-c1">Name</span> <span class="pl-smi">string</span> <span class="pl-c1">PathMap</span> <span class="pl-smi">string</span> <span class="pl-s">`mapstructure:"path_map"`</span> } <span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">C</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Unmarshal</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-s1">C</span>) <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-s1">t</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Fatalf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"unable to decode into struct, %v"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span>) }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">If you want to unmarshal configuration where the keys themselves contain dot (the default key delimiter), you have to change the delimiter:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.KeyDelimiter("::")) v.SetDefault("chart::values", map[string]any{ "ingress": map[string]any{ "annotations": map[string]any{ "traefik.frontend.rule.type": "PathPrefix", "traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect": "true", }, }, }) type config struct { Chart struct{ Values map[string]any } } var C config v.Unmarshal(&C)"><pre><span class="pl-s1">v</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">NewWithOptions</span>(<span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">KeyDelimiter</span>(<span class="pl-s">"::"</span>)) <span class="pl-s1">v</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"chart::values"</span>, <span class="pl-k">map</span>[<span class="pl-smi">string</span>]<span class="pl-smi">any</span>{ <span class="pl-s">"ingress"</span>: <span class="pl-k">map</span>[<span class="pl-smi">string</span>]<span class="pl-smi">any</span>{ <span class="pl-s">"annotations"</span>: <span class="pl-k">map</span>[<span class="pl-smi">string</span>]<span class="pl-smi">any</span>{ <span class="pl-s">"traefik.frontend.rule.type"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"PathPrefix"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect"</span>: <span class="pl-s">"true"</span>, }, }, }) <span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">Chart</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span>{ <span class="pl-c1">Values</span> <span class="pl-k">map</span>[<span class="pl-smi">string</span>]<span class="pl-smi">any</span> } } <span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">C</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-s1">v</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Unmarshal</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-s1">C</span>)</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Viper also supports unmarshaling into embedded structs:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="/* Example config: module: enabled: true token: 89h3f98hbwf987h3f98wenf89ehf */ type config struct { Module struct { Enabled bool moduleConfig `mapstructure:",squash"` } } // moduleConfig could be in a module specific package type moduleConfig struct { Token string } var C config err := viper.Unmarshal(&C) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("unable to decode into struct, %v", err) }"><pre><span class="pl-c">/*</span> <span class="pl-c">Example config:</span> <span class="pl-c"></span> <span class="pl-c">module:</span> <span class="pl-c"> enabled: true</span> <span class="pl-c"> token: 89h3f98hbwf987h3f98wenf89ehf</span> <span class="pl-c">*/</span> <span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">Module</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">Enabled</span> <span class="pl-smi">bool</span> <span class="pl-smi">moduleConfig</span> <span class="pl-s">`mapstructure:",squash"`</span> } } <span class="pl-c">// moduleConfig could be in a module specific package</span> <span class="pl-k">type</span> <span class="pl-smi">moduleConfig</span> <span class="pl-k">struct</span> { <span class="pl-c1">Token</span> <span class="pl-smi">string</span> } <span class="pl-k">var</span> <span class="pl-s1">C</span> <span class="pl-smi">config</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Unmarshal</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&</span><span class="pl-s1">C</span>) <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-s1">t</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Fatalf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"unable to decode into struct, %v"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span>) }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Viper uses <a href="https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure">github.com/go-viper/mapstructure</a> under the hood for unmarshaling values which uses <code>mapstructure</code> tags by default.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Decoding custom formats</h3><a id="user-content-decoding-custom-formats" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Decoding custom formats" href="#decoding-custom-formats"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A frequently requested feature for Viper is adding more value formats and decoders. For example, parsing character (dot, comma, semicolon, etc) separated strings into slices.</p> <p dir="auto">This is already available in Viper using mapstructure decode hooks.</p> <p dir="auto">Read more about the details in <a href="https://sagikazarmark.hu/blog/decoding-custom-formats-with-viper/" rel="nofollow">this blog post</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Marshalling to string</h3><a id="user-content-marshalling-to-string" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Marshalling to string" href="#marshalling-to-string"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You may need to marshal all the settings held in viper into a string rather than write them to a file. You can use your favorite format's marshaller with the config returned by <code>AllSettings()</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="import ( yaml "gopkg.in/yaml.v2" // ... ) func yamlStringSettings() string { c := viper.AllSettings() bs, err := yaml.Marshal(c) if err != nil { log.Fatalf("unable to marshal config to YAML: %v", err) } return string(bs) }"><pre><span class="pl-k">import</span> ( yaml <span class="pl-s">"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"</span> <span class="pl-c">// ...</span> ) <span class="pl-k">func</span> <span class="pl-s1">yamlStringSettings</span>() <span class="pl-smi">string</span> { <span class="pl-s1">c</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AllSettings</span>() <span class="pl-s1">bs</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">yaml</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Marshal</span>(<span class="pl-s1">c</span>) <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">err</span> <span class="pl-c1">!=</span> <span class="pl-c1">nil</span> { <span class="pl-s1">log</span>.<span class="pl-c1">Fatalf</span>(<span class="pl-s">"unable to marshal config to YAML: %v"</span>, <span class="pl-s1">err</span>) } <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">string</span>(<span class="pl-s1">bs</span>) }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Viper or Vipers?</h2><a id="user-content-viper-or-vipers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Viper or Vipers?" href="#viper-or-vipers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Viper comes with a global instance (singleton) out of the box.</p> <p dir="auto">Although it makes setting up configuration easy, using it is generally discouraged as it makes testing harder and can lead to unexpected behavior.</p> <p dir="auto">The best practice is to initialize a Viper instance and pass that around when necessary.</p> <p dir="auto">The global instance <em>MAY</em> be deprecated in the future. See <a href="https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/1855" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/spf13/viper/issues/1855/hovercard">#1855</a> for more details.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Working with multiple vipers</h3><a id="user-content-working-with-multiple-vipers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Working with multiple vipers" href="#working-with-multiple-vipers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You can also create many different vipers for use in your application. Each will have its own unique set of configurations and values. Each can read from a different config file, key value store, etc. All of the functions that viper package supports are mirrored as methods on a viper.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-go notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="x := viper.New() y := viper.New() x.SetDefault("ContentDir", "content") y.SetDefault("ContentDir", "foobar") //..."><pre><span class="pl-s1">x</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">New</span>() <span class="pl-s1">y</span> <span class="pl-c1">:=</span> <span class="pl-s1">viper</span>.<span class="pl-c1">New</span>() <span class="pl-s1">x</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"ContentDir"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"content"</span>) <span class="pl-s1">y</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SetDefault</span>(<span class="pl-s">"ContentDir"</span>, <span class="pl-s">"foobar"</span>) <span class="pl-c">//...</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">When working with multiple vipers, it is up to the user to keep track of the different vipers.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Q & A</h2><a id="user-content-q--a" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Q & A" href="#q--a"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why is it called “Viper”?</h3><a id="user-content-why-is-it-called-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why is it called “Viper”?" href="#why-is-it-called-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A: Viper is designed to be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(G.I._Joe)" rel="nofollow">companion</a> to <a href="https://github.com/spf13/cobra">Cobra</a>. While both can operate completely independently, together they make a powerful pair to handle much of your application foundation needs.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why is it called “Cobra”?</h3><a id="user-content-why-is-it-called-cobra" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why is it called “Cobra”?" href="#why-is-it-called-cobra"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Is there a better name for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander" rel="nofollow">commander</a>?</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Does Viper support case sensitive keys?</h3><a id="user-content-does-viper-support-case-sensitive-keys" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Does Viper support case sensitive keys?" href="#does-viper-support-case-sensitive-keys"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>tl;dr:</strong> No.</p> <p dir="auto">Viper merges configuration from various sources, many of which are either case insensitive or uses different casing than the rest of the sources (eg. env vars). In order to provide the best experience when using multiple sources, the decision has been made to make all keys case insensitive.</p> <p dir="auto">There has been several attempts to implement case sensitivity, but unfortunately it's not that trivial. We might take a stab at implementing it in <a href="https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/772" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/spf13/viper/issues/772/hovercard">Viper v2</a>, but despite the initial noise, it does not seem to be requested that much.</p> <p dir="auto">You can vote for case sensitivity by filling out this feedback form: <a href="https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9" rel="nofollow">https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?</h3><a id="user-content-is-it-safe-to-concurrently-read-and-write-to-a-viper" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?" href="#is-it-safe-to-concurrently-read-and-write-to-a-viper"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">No, you will need to synchronize access to the viper yourself (for example by using the <code>sync</code> package). Concurrent reads and writes can cause a panic.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Troubleshooting</h2><a id="user-content-troubleshooting" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Troubleshooting" href="#troubleshooting"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See <a href="/spf13/viper/blob/master/TROUBLESHOOTING.md">TROUBLESHOOTING.md</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Development</h2><a id="user-content-development" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Development" href="#development"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>For an optimal developer experience, it is recommended to install <a href="https://nixos.org/download.html" rel="nofollow">Nix</a> and <a href="https://direnv.net/docs/installation.html" rel="nofollow">direnv</a>.</strong></p> <p dir="auto"><em>Alternatively, install <a href="https://go.dev/dl/" rel="nofollow">Go</a> on your computer then run <code>make deps</code> to install the rest of the dependencies.</em></p> <p dir="auto">Run the test suite:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="make test"><pre>make <span class="pl-c1">test</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Run linters:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="make lint # pass -j option to run them in parallel"><pre>make lint <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> pass -j option to run them in parallel</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Some linter violations can automatically be fixed:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="make fmt"><pre>make fmt</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The project is licensed under the <a href="/spf13/viper/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT License</a>.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div>   <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="CRMRXMh9KMJItFlGV5vwQfr/RzTqJ/UzwcUTL6aJRSwfLcXDjDigxa1ZRyoPemQo5zG+JXWbmSrT8YQSuWOwbw==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Go configuration with fangs </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository 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class="mt-2"> <a href="/spf13/viper/stargazers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star mr-2"> <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path> </svg> <strong>28.2k</strong> stars</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Watchers</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/spf13/viper/watchers" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <strong>2k</strong> forks</a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fspf13%2Fviper&report=spf13+%28user%29"> Report repository </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <a href="/spf13/viper/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link">Releases <span title="34" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">34</span></a></h2> <a class="Link--primary d-flex no-underline" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/spf13/viper/releases/tag/v1.20.1"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-tag flex-shrink-0 mt-1 color-fg-success"> <path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path> </svg> <div class="ml-2 min-width-0"> <div class="d-flex"> <span class="css-truncate css-truncate-target text-bold mr-2" style="max-width: none;">v1.20.1</span> <span title="Label: Latest" data-view-component="true" class="Label Label--success flex-shrink-0"> Latest </span> </div> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted"><relative-time datetime="2025-03-26T17:33:00Z" class="no-wrap">Mar 26, 2025</relative-time></div> </div> </a> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/spf13/viper/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link">+ 33 releases</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/users/spf13/packages?repo_name=viper" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Packages <span title="0" hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">0</span></a></h2> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted" > No packages published <br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row" > <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/spf13/viper/network/dependents" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link">Used by <span title="171,417" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">171k</span></a> </h2> <a class="d-flex flex-items-center" href="/spf13/viper/network/dependents"> <ul class="hx_flex-avatar-stack list-style-none min-width-0"> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/160419984?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@eamonnk418" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/139635799?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@kratos069" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3095419?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@satishThakur" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/70242740?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@drizzleEnt" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/205056945?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@sagar-rathod-devops" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/136607495?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@javakhiryu" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2269421?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@ethanzhrepo" /> </li> <li class="hx_flex-avatar-stack-item"> <img class="avatar avatar-user" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90347573?s=64&v=4" width="32" height="32" alt="@PriyanshuSharma23" /> </li> </ul> <span class="px-2 text-bold text-small no-wrap"> + 171,409 </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/spf13/viper/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Contributors <span title="171" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">171</span></a></h2> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap mb-n2"> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/sagikazarmark" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/sagikazarmark/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1226384?s=64&v=4" alt="@sagikazarmark" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/apps/dependabot" class="" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/29110?s=64&v=4" alt="@dependabot[bot]" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/spf13" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/spf13/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/173412?s=64&v=4" alt="@spf13" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/bep" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/bep/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/394382?s=64&v=4" alt="@bep" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/kzvezdarov" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/kzvezdarov/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1070962?s=64&v=4" alt="@kzvezdarov" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/alexandear" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/alexandear/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3228886?s=64&v=4" alt="@alexandear" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/bketelsen" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/bketelsen/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/37492?s=64&v=4" alt="@bketelsen" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/anthonyfok" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/anthonyfok/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1274764?s=64&v=4" alt="@anthonyfok" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/akutz" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/akutz/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/101085?s=64&v=4" alt="@akutz" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/benoitmasson" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/benoitmasson/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10956459?s=64&v=4" alt="@benoitmasson" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/n10v" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/n10v/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13235519?s=64&v=4" alt="@n10v" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/jackspirou" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/jackspirou/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5687406?s=64&v=4" alt="@jackspirou" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/didenko" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/didenko/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/99670?s=64&v=4" alt="@didenko" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> <li class="mb-2 mr-2" > <a href="https://github.com/xcoulon" class="" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/xcoulon/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" > <img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/178502?s=64&v=4" alt="@xcoulon" size="32" height="32" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="avatar circle" /> </a> </li> </ul> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" href="/spf13/viper/graphs/contributors" data-view-component="true" class="Link--inTextBlock Link">+ 157 contributors</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3">Languages</h2> <div class="mb-2"> <span data-view-component="true" class="Progress"> <span style="background-color:#00ADD8 !important;;width: 97.7%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#427819 !important;;width: 1.4%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> <span style="background-color:#ededed !important;;width: 0.9%;" itemprop="keywords" data-view-component="true" class="Progress-item color-bg-success-emphasis"></span> </span></div> <ul class="list-style-none"> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/spf13/viper/search?l=go" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#00ADD8;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Go</span> <span>97.7%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <a class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap Link--secondary no-underline text-small mr-3" href="/spf13/viper/search?l=makefile" data-ga-click="Repository, language stats search click, location:repo overview"> <svg style="color:#427819;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Makefile</span> <span>1.4%</span> </a> </li> <li class="d-inline"> <span class="d-inline-flex flex-items-center flex-nowrap text-small mr-3"> <svg style="color:#ededed;" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill mr-2"> <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path> </svg> <span class="color-fg-default text-bold mr-1">Other</span> <span>0.9%</span> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-shrink-0 mx-2"> <a aria-label="Homepage" title="GitHub" class="footer-octicon mr-2" href="https://github.com"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M12 1C5.9225 1 1 5.9225 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