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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Little_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Little Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grand Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges_of_the_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges_of_the_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Privileges of the order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges_of_the_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reform movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Observants"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Observants""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>The "Observants"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Observants"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.7</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.9</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.10</span> <span>Papua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.11</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.12</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_habit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_habit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The habit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_habit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>England and Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Priories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Order of Saint Augustine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinerorden" title="Augustinerorden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Augustinerorden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Orde de San Agustín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orde de San Agustín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_ni_San_Agustin" title="Orden ni San Agustin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Orden ni San Agustin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_Sant_Agust%C3%AD" title="Orde de Sant Agustí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde de Sant Agustí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinerordenen" title="Augustinerordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Augustinerordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinerorden" title="Augustinerorden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustinerorden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τάγμα του Αγίου Αυγουστίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάγμα του Αγίου Αυγουστίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Orden de San Agustín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden de San Agustín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Agustinen_Ordena" title="San Agustinen Ordena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Agustinen Ordena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="محفل سنت آگوستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محفل سنت آگوستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_Saint_Augustin" title="Ordre de Saint Augustin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre de Saint Augustin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaist%C3%ADnigh" title="Agaistínigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Agaistínigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_Santo_Agosti%C3%B1o" title="Orde de Santo Agostiño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde de Santo Agostiño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinski_heremiti" title="Augustinski heremiti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Augustinski heremiti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Santo_Agustinus" title="Ordo Santo Agustinus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ordo Santo Agustinus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_di_Sant%27Agostino" title="Ordine di Sant'Agostino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine di Sant'Agostino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E4%BC%9A" title="聖アウグスチノ修道会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖アウグスチノ修道会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustianie" title="Augustianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augustianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_de_Santo_Agostinho" title="Ordem de Santo Agostinho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem de Santo Agostinho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Augustin" title="Ordinul Sfântului Augustin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul Sfântului Augustin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Catholic order of mendicant friars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Anglicans following the Rule of St. Augustine, see <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_nuns_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Augustinian nuns in the Anglican Communion">Augustinian nuns in the Anglican Communion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Order of Saint Augustine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la">Ordo Sancti Augustini</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_777venc.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stemma_777venc.gif/220px-Stemma_777venc.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stemma_777venc.gif/330px-Stemma_777venc.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Stemma_777venc.gif 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">OSA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1 March 1244<span class="noprint">; 780 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1244-03-01</span>)</span>, though has predating history</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant religious order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Pastoral work, missions, education, intellectual activity, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">Basilica of Saint Augustine in Campus Martius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Augustinian General Curia, Via Paolo VI, 25, 00193 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&params=41_54_2.65_N_12_27_25.18_E_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′2.65″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′25.18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.9007361°N 12.4569944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.9007361; 12.4569944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">50 countries in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,616 friars (1,852 are priests) As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Latin<b>:</b><br /><i>Anima una et cor unum in Deum</i><br />English<b>:</b><br /><i>One mind and one heart intent upon God</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Prior General</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Alejandro Moral Antón</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theaugustinians.com">https://www.theaugustinians.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em;border: 4px double BurlyWood;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Category:Augustine of Hippo">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg/170px-Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg/255px-Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg/340px-Gerard_Seghers_%28attr%29_-_The_Four_Doctors_of_the_Western_Church%2C_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo_%28354%E2%80%93430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="803" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Augustine in <i>The Four Doctors<br />of the Western Church</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFCC99"> <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian predestination">Augustinian predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Invisible church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFCC99"> Works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">On Christian Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliloquies_of_Augustine" title="Soliloquies of Augustine">Soliloquies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchiridion of Augustine">Enchiridion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_of_the_Gospels" title="Harmony of the Gospels">Harmony of the Gospels</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFCC99"> Influences and followers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Saint Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possidius" title="Possidius">Possidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Jansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFCC99"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Rule of Saint Augustine">Rule of Saint Augustine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism (historical analysis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Philosophical presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Order of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Schism_of_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism of 1054">Great Schism of 1054</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFCC99"> Related categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbar" title="Template:Navbar"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbar" title="Template talk:Navbar"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbar"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustine" title="Template:Augustine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustine" title="Template talk:Augustine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Order of Saint Augustine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini</i>), abbreviated <b>OSA</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicant order">mendicant</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It was founded in 1244 by bringing together several <a href="/wiki/Eremitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitical">eremitical</a> groups in the Tuscany region who were following the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Rule of Saint Augustine">Rule of Saint Augustine</a>, written by Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> in the fifth century. </p><p>They are also commonly known as the <b>Augustinians</b>, <b>Austin friars</b>, or <b>Friars Hermits</b> and were historically known as the <b>Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine</b> (Latin: <i lang="la">Ordo eremitarum sancti Augustini</i>; abbreviated <b>O.E.S.A</b>). </p><p>The order has, in particular, spread internationally the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary">veneration of the Virgin Mary</a> under the title of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a> (<i>Mater boni consilii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augustinian <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> believe that <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, first with some friends and afterward as bishop with his <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, led a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> community life. Regarding the use of property or possessions, Augustine did not make a virtue of poverty, but of sharing. Their manner of life led others to imitate them. Instructions for their guidance were found in several writings of Augustine, especially in <i>De opere monachorum</i>, mentioned in ancient codices of the eighth or ninth century as the "<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Augustine">Rule of St. Augustine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heimbucher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 430 and 570 this life-style was carried to Europe by monks and clergy fleeing the persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, although various forms of asceticism were already present in Europe by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-augustinemonk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustinemonk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the thirteenth century, the various eremitical groups that composed the Augustinian Hermits faced the threat of suppression by the papacy based on their lack of antiquity. To overcome this, the friars forged a historical connection to St Augustine, and made an especial point to demonstrate that they received the Rule directly from Augustine himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Augustinian rule was in use by a wide range of groups across early and high medieval Europe, and there is no historical evidence that the Augustinian Friars were in any way founded by St Augustine himself. Rather, the friars invented these links after the Order was threatened with suppression in 1274 at the Second Council of Lyons.<sup id="cite_ref-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in early Medieval times the rule was overshadowed by other Rules, particularly <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">that of St. Benedict</a>, this system of life for cathedral clergy continued in various locations throughout Europe for centuries, and they became known as <a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a> (i.e. cathedral clergy living in community according to a rule). Augustine's Rule appears again in practice in the eleventh century as a basis for the reform of monasteries and cathedral chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-augustinemonk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustinemonk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustinians#History_of_the_Friars" title="Augustinians">Augustinians § History of the Friars</a></div> <p>Around the start of the 13th century, many eremitical communities, especially in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy, sprang up. These were often small (no more than ten) and composed of <a href="/wiki/Laymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Laymen">laymen</a>. Their foundational spirit was one of solitude and <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. At this time there were a number of <a href="/wiki/Eremitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitical">eremitical</a> groups living in such diverse places as <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 1223 four of the communities around Siena joined in a loose association, which had increased to thirteen within five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Union">Little Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Little Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Augustinian friars came into being as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant movement</a> of the 13th century, a new form of religious life which sought to bring the religious ideals of the monastic life into an urban setting which allowed the religious to serve the needs of the people in an apostolic capacity. In 1243 the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> hermits petitioned <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> to unite them all as one group. Innocent IV issued the bull <i>Incumbit Nobis</i> on 16 December 1243, an essentially pastoral letter which exhorted these hermits to adopt "the <i>Rule</i> and way of life of the Blessed Augustine," and to elect a prior general. The bull also appointed Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi as their supervisor and legal guide.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Union">Grand Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grand Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 July 1255, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> issued the bull <i>Cum quaedam salubria</i> to command a number of religious groupings to gather for the purpose of being amalgamated into a new Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine. Those summoned included the <a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_Saint_William" title="Hermits of Saint William">Williamites</a>; several unspecified houses of the Order of St. Augustine, established chiefly in Italy, including those in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, with Cardinal Annibaldi as protector; the Bonites, so called from their founder, Blessed John Buoni, a member of the Buonuomini family, and named after bishop <a href="/wiki/John_the_Good_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="John the Good (bishop of Milan)">John the Good</a>; and the Brittinians (Brictinians), so called from their oldest foundation near <a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>. </p><p>The delegates met in Rome on 1 March 1256, which resulted in a union. Lanfranc Septala of Milan, Prior of the Bonites, was appointed the first prior general of the newly constituted Order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Grand Union of 1256, some of the constituent congregations already had houses established north of the Alps. The Williamites had already expanded into Hungary. The Hermits of St. Augustine spread rapidly, partly because they did not radiate from a single parent monastery, and partly because, after conflicts in the previously existing congregations, the active life was finally adopted by the greater number of communities, following the example of the <a href="/wiki/Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars Minor">Friars Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. A few years after the reorganization of the Augustinian Order, Hermit monasteries sprang up in Germany, and Spain. Foundations were made in Mainz (1260), Zurich (1270), and Munich (1294). The first Augustinian houses in France were in the area of Provence. In 1274 the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Penitence" title="Brothers of Penitence"><i>Fratres Saccati</i></a> were dissolved and the Augustinians were given a number of their houses. By 1275 there were about a half dozen friaries stretching in a line along the southern coast. Eventually, France had four Augustinian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the Augustinian Order can be dated securely in Venetian Candia to the early fourteenth century when they rebuilt the convent of San Salvatore in Heraklion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the period of its greatest prosperity the order comprised 42 <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a> and two vicariates numbering two thousand monasteries and about 30,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heimbucher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Augustinian Friars were brought to <a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a> (Poland) in 1358 by Duke <a href="/wiki/Siemowit_III,_Duke_of_Masovia" title="Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia">Siemowit III</a>. They experienced the most turbulent times during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. From the 17th century, the Augustinians' pastoral presence was growing in the towns. The monastery – characterised by mild observance – was usually inhabited by 4 to 7 monks. It ceased to exist in 1864 when monasteries were dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many European Augustinian priories and foundations suffered serious setbacks (including suppression and destruction) from the various periods of anti-clericalism during the Reformation and other historical events. After the First World War, economic conditions were such in Germany that friars were sent to North America to teach. After 1936, with the political situation in Nazi Germany worsening, more German Augustinians departed for North America, where a separate German province had been established.<sup id="cite_ref-Auggerman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auggerman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privileges_of_the_order">Privileges of the order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Privileges of the order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> freed the order from the jurisdiction of the bishops; <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> placed the Augustinians among the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> and ranked them fourth after the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>. Since the end of the 13th century the <a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Vatican" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the Vatican">Papal Palace</a> was always to be an Augustinian friar. This privilege was ratified by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> and granted to the Order forever by a bull issued in 1497. The holder of the office was <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of the Vatican parish (of which the chapel of St. Paul is the parish church). To his office also belonged the duty of preserving in his <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> a <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">consecrated Host</a>, which had to be renewed weekly and kept in readiness in case of the pope's illness, when it was the privilege of the papal sacristan to administer the last <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> to the pope. The sacristan had always to accompany the pope when he traveled, and during a conclave it was he who celebrated <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> and administered the sacraments. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Augustinian friars still perform the duties of papal sacristans, but the appointment of an Augustinian as bishop-sacristan lapsed under Pope John Paul II with the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Canisius_Van_Lierde" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Canisius Van Lierde">Petrus Canisius Van Lierde</a> in 1991. In papal Rome the Augustinian friars always filled one of the Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">Sapienza University</a>, and one of the consultorships in the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of Rites">Congregation of Rites</a>. </p><p>In 1331 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> appointed the Augustinian Hermits guardians of the tomb of St. Augustine in the Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. They were driven from there in 1700, and evacuated to Milan. Their priory was destroyed in 1799, the church desecrated, and the remains of St. Augustine were taken back to Pavia and placed in its cathedral. The church of S. Pietro was restored, and on 7 October 1900, the body of the saint and Doctor of the church was removed from the cathedral and replaced in San Pietro. The Augustinians were subsequently restored their old church of S. Pietro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_movements">Reform movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reform movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Order of Augustinian Recollects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_"Observants""><span id="The_.22Observants.22"></span>The "Observants"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "Observants""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fourteenth century, owing to various causes such as the mitigation of the rule—either by permission of the pope, or through a lessening of fervour, but chiefly because of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Plague</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Western Schism">Great Western Schism</a>—discipline became relaxed in the Augustinian monasteries; and so reformers emerged who were anxious to restore it. These reformers were themselves Augustinians and instituted several reformed groups. The new governmental groupings were called "congregations" to distinguish them from the already-established geographical provinces. Each had its own vicar-general (vicarius-generalis), but he was under the control of the general of the order. In one country there could be two types of Augustinian houses, the conventual and the observants. </p><p>The most important of these congregations of the "Regular Observance" were those of Lecceto, near <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, established in 1385 and initially had 12 houses. The Lombardy Congregation (1430) had 56. The reform of Monte Ortono near <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> (1436) had 5 convents, the Regular Observants of the Blessed Virgin at <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> (also called Our Lady of Consolation (c. 1470) had 25. The Congregation of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a> in Rome was affiliated with Augustinians in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johannes Zachariae, an Augustinian monk of <a href="/wiki/Eschwege" title="Eschwege">Eschwege</a>, Provincial of the Order from 1419 to 1427 and professor of theology at the University of Erfurt, began a reform in 1492. The German, or Saxon, Reformed Congregation, recognized in 1493, comprised nearly all the important convents of the Augustinian Hermits in Germany. After the Reformation, German houses that remained in communion with Rome united with the Lombardic Congregation. There are no longer any officially designated observant houses or congregations in the Order of Saint Augustine in an official sense. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megerle1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Megerle1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_a_Sancta_Clara" title="Abraham a Sancta Clara">Abraham a Sancta Clara</a> (1644–1709)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> were formed in 1588 in Italy as a reform movement of the Order and have their own constitutions, differing from those of the other Augustinians. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> developed in Spain in 1592 with the same goal. Currently, though, they are primarily found serving in <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions">Missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The value set upon learning and science by the Augustinian friars is demonstrated by the care given to their missionary work, their libraries, and by the historic establishment of their own printing press in their convent at Nuremberg (1479), as well as by the numerous learned individuals produced by the order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Augustinians followed the Portuguese flag in Africa and the Gulf behind the explorer and seafarer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikolaus Teschel (d. 1371), <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Bishop">auxiliary Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ratisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a>, where he died, with some brethren preached the Gospel in Africa. He had sailed from Lisbon in 1497, and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> in March 1498. Portuguese Augustinians also arrived in Gold coast (now Ghana) in 1572 and started their missionary work, and also worked on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Tome">Sao Tome</a>, in Warri (Nigeria), and in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, in the Congo, in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> up until 1738. The Portuguese also took control of the port of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in India—giving the Augustinians a foothold there also. Besides the early Portuguese Augustinians, other Augustinian missionaries have since followed to Africa from America, Ireland, Belgium and Australia. </p><p>As of 2006, there were more than 30 other Augustinian priories in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, with over 85 friars.<sup id="cite_ref-osanet.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osanet.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also Augustinians working in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg/220px-Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg/330px-Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg/440px-Convento_san_agustin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Monastery of San Agustin of Yuriria, Mexico, founded in 1550.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sent by their Provincial St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a>, the first group of Spanish/Castilian Augustinians arrived in Mexico in 1533<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the subjugation of Aztec Mexico by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>. They were later instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_Mexico" title="Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico">Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico</a>. By 1562 there were nearly 300 Spanish Augustinians in Mexico, and they had established some 50 priories. Their history in Mexico was not to be an easy one, given the civil strife of events like the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>, periodic <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and suppression of the church that was to follow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish Augustinians first went to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> in 1551. From there they went to <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> in 1573, and from Ecuador in 1575 to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The order founded the Ecuadorean University of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> in 1586. Augustinians also entered Argentina via Chile between 1617 and 1626. Political events in these countries prevented the order from prospering and hindered the success of its undertakings. The order had considerable <a href="/wiki/State-Church_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="State-Church relations in Argentina">property confiscated by the Argentinian government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> laws in the 19th century, and were entirely suppressed for 24 years until 1901 when they returned. In the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Iquitos" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Iquitos">Prefecture Apostolic of San León de Amazonas</a>, in June, 1904, Bernardo Calle, the lay brother Miguel Vilajoli, and more than 70 Christians were murdered at a then recently erected mission station, Huabico, in Upper Maranon and the station itself was destroyed. The Augustinian Province of the Netherlands later also founded houses in Bolivia from 1930. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order (from Mexico) arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1608. It was suppressed by force in 1842. From 1892 the province of the United States had care of St. Augustine's College at Havana, Cuba, where there were 5 priests and 3 lay brothers in 1900 before they were expelled in 1961 by the government of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. </p><p>In Central and South America, the Augustinians remain established as of 2000 in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, and Peru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin de Hereda penetrated into the interior of China in 1577, to study Chinese literature with the intention of bringing it into Europe. Portuguese Augustinians served in the colonial port of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> from 1586 until 1712. </p><p>In about 1681, the Filipino Augustinian Alvaro de Benevente arrived in China and established the first of the Augustinian houses in China at <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Kan-chou</a>. Benevente was made bishop and became head of the newly created Vicariate of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Kiang-si</a> in 1699. The Augustinian missionaries had success in propagating Catholicism, but in 1708, during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a> they were forced to withdraw from China. </p><p>In 1879 Spanish Augustinians<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Manila (Elias Suarez and Agostino Villanueva) entered China to re-establish an Augustinian mission. In 1900 the order possessed the mission of Northern Hu-nan, China. The mission comprised about 3000 baptized Christians and 3500 catechumens in a population of 11 million. </p><p>By 1947 the Augustinian mission counted 24,332 baptised Catholics as well as 3,250 preparing for baptism. They had established 20 major churches and 90 satellite churches. All foreign missionaries were expelled or imprisoned from 1953 by the Communist government. Chinese-born Augustinians were dispersed by government order and directed not to live the monastic life. Church officials were arrested, schools and other church institutions closed or confiscated by the State. Many priests, religious brothers and sisters, as well as leaders among the Christian laity were sent to labour camps. </p><p>Since the re-unification of the former colonies of Macau and Hong-Kong with the central Chinese government and further developments in government religious policy, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholicism in China</a>—including clergy, Catholic bishops, and a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Zen">Cardinal</a>—once again exists openly alongside the members of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Patriotic_Catholic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association">Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association</a> and their co-religionists in the continuing underground Church. </p><p>The Augustinian have recently re-established friendly relations with Chinese educational organisations through school-placement programmes<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as through the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="University of the Incarnate Word">University of the Incarnate Word</a> Chinese campus founded by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word. While there are Chinese Augustinian friars, there is not yet a priory in mainland China re-established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an extensive period of expansion in India from the 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Portuguese Augustinians had not only established the order but also provided sixteen Indian bishops between 1579 and 1840. The order subsequently disappeared in India, cut off from its usual governance after the suppression of Portuguese monasteries in 1838, and the friars were forced to become secular priests. The order had failed successfully to establish an autonomous indigenous Indian foundation. </p><p>However, the Augustinians were re-established by Andrés G. Niño, Spanish Augustinian, named coordinator of the project by the General Chapter of the Order in 1971 .... (cf., Estudio Agustiniano, 45 (2010) 279-303) ....... and the Indian Augustinians took on further responsibilities in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian delegation currently has 16 ordained friars and 8 in simple vows. The order is growing numerically in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the close of the sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a>, Count of Cantanheda (d. 1617), a member of the order, appointed Archbishop of Goa in 1595, and of Braga in 1612, Primate of the East Indies, and several times Viceroy of India, sent several Augustinians as missionaries to Iran (Persia) while he himself laboured for the reunion of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Christians">Thomas Christians</a>, especially at the Synod of Diamper, in 1599, and for the conversion of the Muslims and the non-Christians of Malabar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Augustinian missions in the Philippines provided missionaries for the East since their first establishment. In 1602 some of them penetrated into Japan, where several were martyred during a period of Christian persecution. Among those martyred, Augustinians include: Ferdinand of Saint Joseph, Andrew Yoshida, and Peter Zuñiga.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustinian Ferdinand of Saint Joseph, along with Andrew Yoshida, a catechist who worked with him, were beheaded in 1617.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1653 others entered China, where, in 1701, the order had six missionary stations before their expulsion. </p><p>Despite a vigorous early <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki#Medieval_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Christian foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> Augustinians<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the many 17th century <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422112412/http://www.osa-west.org/japanesemartyrs.html">Japanese Augustinian martyrs</a>, the earlier Augustinian mission attempts eventually failed after the repression of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada" title="Tokugawa Hidetada">Tokugawa Hidetada</a> (ruled 1605–1623; second Tokugawa shogun of Japan) and the expulsion of Christians under <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemitsu" title="Tokugawa Iemitsu">Tokugawa Iemitsu</a> (ruled 1623 to 1651; third Tokugawa shogun of Japan). </p><p>However, American Augustinian friars returned to Japan in 1954, establishing their first priory in 1959 at Nagasaki. They then established priories in <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka, Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> (1964), and Tokyo (1968). As of 2006, there are seven American Augustinian friars and five Japanese Augustinian friars in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 20th century, the Augustinians established missions in Oceania. The Spanish Augustinians took over the missions founded by Spanish and German Jesuits in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Ladrones</a>, which then numbered 7 stations with about 10,000 people on <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and about 2500 on each of the German islands of <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rota_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota (island)">Rota</a> and Tinian. The mission on the German islands was separated from the Diocese of Cebú on 1 October 1906, and made a <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture Apostolic">prefecture Apostolic</a> on 18 June 1907, with Saipan as its seat of administration, and the mission given in charge to the German <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Papua">Papua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Papua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Augustinian Delegation of Papua has operated since 1953. It presently contains five Dutch-born Augustinians and thirty-three Indonesian-born Augustinians. The order of friars and affiliated orders are growing in the Indonesian territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two Dutch Augustinian friars re-established the order in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) in 1953 while it was still a Dutch colony. In 1956 the order took responsibility for the area that was to become the Diocese of <a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a>. As of 2006, the Augustinian Vicariate of Indonesia has 15 friars in solemn profession, and 7 in simple vows. It is now predominantly Papuan. The order of friars and affiliated orders are growing in Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Region of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was founded in 1985 by Australian, English and Scottish friars. Filipinos later replaced the UK friars. In 1985 it became the Delegation of Korea, with members working in the Dioceses of Incheon and Ui-Jeong-Bu.<sup id="cite_ref-osaau_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaau-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Order minister in over 50 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Order of St Augustine, which follows the Rule of St. Augustine, is also governed by its Constitutions, first drawn up by prior general Augustinus Novellus in 1298. The Constitutions have been periodically updated and revised.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the head is the prior general. Currently, the prior general is Alejandro Moral, who was elected in September 2013 and re-elected in 2019. The prior general is elected every six years by the <a href="/wiki/General_chapter" class="mw-redirect" title="General chapter">general chapter</a>. The prior general is aided by six assistants and a secretary, also elected by the general chapter. These form the <i>Curia Generalitia</i>. Each province is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial</a>, each commissariate by a <a href="/wiki/Commissary_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissary general">commissary general</a>, each of the two congregations by a <a href="/wiki/Vicar-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar-general">vicar-general</a>, and every monastery by a <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> (only the Czech monastery of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Abbey,_Brno" title="St Thomas's Abbey, Brno">Alt-Brunn</a>, in Moravia, is under an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>) and every college by a rector. The members of the order are divided into priests and brothers. The Augustinians, like most religious orders, have a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">cardinal protector</a>. </p><p>The chief house of the order remains the International College of St. Monica at Rome, Via S. Uffizio No. 1. It is also the residence of the general of the order (prior generalis) and of the curia generalis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_habit">The habit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The habit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choir and outdoor dress of the monks is of black woollen material, with long, wide sleeves, a black leather <a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">cincture</a> and a long pointed <a href="/wiki/Capuche" title="Capuche">capuche</a> reaching to the cincture. The indoor dress consists of a black <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a> with capuche and cincture. In many Augustinian houses white is used in summer and also worn in public, usually in places where there were no <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. Shoes and out of doors (prior to Vatican II) a black hat or biretta completed the habit. </p><p>The Order of Saint Augustine holds the status of an NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation) with the United Nations. The Holy See Observer requested that the representatives of the aid the work of the Holy See in studying the drafts of documents that the United Nations publishes on the occasion of major World Summits.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australasia">Australasia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel</i> </p><p>In 1838, <a href="/wiki/James_Alipius_Goold" title="James Alipius Goold">James Alipius Goold</a> became the first Augustinian to arrive in the Australian colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneil_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneil-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goold began his missionary work in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> under Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Bede_Polding" title="John Bede Polding">John Bede Polding</a>, becoming parish priest at <a href="/wiki/Campbelltown,_New_South_Wales" title="Campbelltown, New South Wales">Campbelltown</a>. He went on in 1848 to become the founding bishop and first <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Melbourne">Archdiocese of Melbourne</a>. The first Australian priory was founded by Irish Augustinian friars at <a href="/wiki/Echuca" title="Echuca">Echuca</a>, Victoria, in 1886. Priories were established at <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Victoria" title="Rochester, Victoria">Rochester</a> in 1889 and <a href="/wiki/Kyabram" title="Kyabram">Kyabram</a> in 1903. Matthew Downing tried to calm the miners who were part of the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka Stockade">Eureka Stockade</a> in 1854. </p><p>The order presently serves in parishes, at <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_College_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Augustine's College (New South Wales)">St Augustine's College (New South Wales)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_College_(Australia)" title="Villanova College (Australia)">Villanova College, Brisbane</a>. They have a special ministry to the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal community</a>, and work with migrants and refugees in Thailand. They are also training a few Vietnamese Augustinians to serve in their own country. They also sponsor Augustine Volunteers Australia (AVA). As of 2021 there were 7 Augustinian priories in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-osaau_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaau-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Province of St. Joseph</i> </p><p>The order established the first of their Canadian houses at Tracadie, Nova Scotia, in Canada in 1938. It was founded by German Augustinians who had previously emigrated to the US. Among other Canadian foundations, the order also established Marylake Shrine of Our Lady of Grace and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_College_(Canada)" title="Villanova College (Canada)">St. Thomas of Villanova College</a> in <a href="/wiki/King_City,_Ontario" title="King City, Ontario">King City, Ontario</a>, near Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college was founded in 1999 in cooperation with the Order of Saint Augustine's friars of Toronto and Marylake Augustinian Monastery. Augustinians continue to serve at Sacred Heart Parish, <a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta, British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Scotland">England and Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: England and Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Province_of_England_and_Scotland" title="Augustinian Province of England and Scotland">Augustinian Province of England and Scotland</a></div> <p><i>Province of St. John Stone</i> </p><p>In 1248 <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_6th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester">Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester</a> invited the Augustinians in Normandy to open their first English friary at Clare in Suffolk. In England and Ireland of the 14th century the Augustinian order had had over 800 friars, but these priories had declined to around 300 friars before the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> laws of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1559" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy 1559">Act of Supremacy</a>. The friaries were dispersed from 1538 in the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of monasteries</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partial <a href="/wiki/List_of_monasteries_dissolved_by_Henry_VIII_of_England" title="List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England">List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England</a> includes a number of Augustinian houses, including friaries at <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Austin_Friary" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester Austin Friary">Leicester</a><sup id="cite_ref-BH_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BH-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, in the Welsh Marches. </p><p>The Augustinians were re-established in England in the 1860s with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">priory</a>, school and <a href="/wiki/St_Monica%27s_Church,_Hoxton" title="St Monica's Church, Hoxton">Church of St Monica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hoxton_Square" title="Hoxton Square">Hoxton Square</a>, London, N1 (architect: <a href="/wiki/E._W._Pugin" title="E. W. Pugin">E. W. Pugin</a>) built 1864–66.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Clare_Priory" title="Clare Priory">Clare Priory</a> – one of the houses dissolved by King Henry VIII – was re-acquired by the order in 1953, with help from the family who then owned it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>province of Our Lady, Mother of Good Counsel</i> </p><p>The English Province of the friars founded their first house in Dublin some time around 1280.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dungarvan" title="Dungarvan">Dungarvan</a> followed in 1290. For a considerable time the Augustinians of Ireland were all English, effectively serving the English settlers in Ireland. The Irish branch was relatively poor, but the fortunes of the Irish order changed in 1361 when <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel</a>, became viceroy of Ireland. He favoured the order, and soon established an Augustinian professor of theology based at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a>, and the Irish order then grew significantly until the time of the English Reformation. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> that began in 1529, the Augustinian houses in <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungarvan" title="Dungarvan">Dungarvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> were soon suppressed. The houses in <a href="/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo" title="Ballina, County Mayo">Ardnaree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballinrobe" title="Ballinrobe">Ballinrobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballyhaunis" title="Ballyhaunis">Ballyhaunis</a>, Banada and <a href="/wiki/Murrisk" title="Murrisk">Murrisk</a> managed to remain functioning until 1610. By decree in 1542 the English parliament had allowed the Augustinian community at <a href="/wiki/Dunmore,_County_Galway" title="Dunmore, County Galway">Dunmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>, Ireland to continue. After 1610 the Dunmore community was the only surviving foundation, probably because Lord Bermingham's ancestors had founded the House.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1620 the Irish Province of the Augustinians was given pastoral charge of both England (where all houses had been forcibly closed) and Ireland. Around 1641, the order received permission to occupy monasteries of the Canons Regular, who were no longer in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Augustinian students were sent to the Continent to study, and the Irish Augustinians continued their work in Ireland under the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">Penal laws</a>. A number were executed—including <a href="/wiki/William_Tirry" title="William Tirry">William Tirry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, in response to the persecution at home, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Pope Alexander VII</a> established the Irish Augustinians in Rome in the church and priory of San Matteo in Merulana. Many Augustinians though remained in Ireland. Others left to work in America and after the 1830s to Australia. After the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> Act of 1829, the order began to re-organise more openly in Ireland. The Irish friars took the order back to England, establishing a priory at <a href="/wiki/Hoxton" title="Hoxton">Hoxton</a>, London in 1864. They further turned their attention to Nigeria, Australia, America and missionary work. The contemporary Irish order conducts parishes, a school in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_College_(Dungarvan)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine's College (Dungarvan)">Dungarvan</a> (founded 1874), a school in <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_and_Good_Counsel_College,_New_Ross" title="St Augustine's and Good Counsel College, New Ross">New Ross</a> and special ministries in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Province of Santo Niño de Cebu</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Province_of_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu" title="Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu">Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Province_of_the_Most_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_of_the_Philippines" title="Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines">Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines</a></div> <p>The Augustinian friars were the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> to settle in the Philippines. They were led by navigator and Augustine friar <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a> who, with four other friars, arrived at Cebu in 1565. <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="San Agustin Church, Manila">San Agustín Church and Monastery</a> in Manila was established in 1571 and became the centre of Augustinian efforts to evangelize the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heimbucher-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines</b> was officially formed on December 31, 1575. </p><p>In 1575, under the leadership of Alfonso Gutierez, twenty-four Spanish Augustinians landed in the islands and, with the respective provincials Diego de Herrera and Martin de Rado, worked very successfully, at first as wandering preachers. The Augustinian settlements in Brazil of the 19th century then belonged to the Philippine province. </p><p>The rise of Filipino nationalism stoked antipathy toward the Spanish clergy. During the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> of 1896, six Augustinian priests were killed and about 200 imprisoned. By the beginning of 1900, 46 Calced and 120 Discalced Augustinians had been imprisoned. Many Spanish Augustinians were forced to leave the country for Spain or Latin America, repopulating the Augustinian houses in Spain and reinforcing Augustinian missionary work in South America. </p><p>In 1904 members of the order belonging to the Philippine province established the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Agustin" title="University of San Agustin">University of San Agustin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a>, Philippines. In 1968 friars of the Philippine province re-established the Augustinian presence on the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>The presence of the province in the country was reduced to a Vicariate in 1926, the Augustinian Vicariate of the Philippines, and the provincial seat moved to Madrid. The province of the United States sent about sixty members to supply the vacancies in the Philippines. As the number of Filipino Augustinians increased, they requested the creation of a new Province. The <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Province_of_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu" title="Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu">Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu</a> was canonically established on December 25, 1983. The Order in the 21st century still has responsibility for one of the oldest churches in the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica Minore del Santo Niño">Basilica del Santo Niño de Cebu</a> in Cebu. The Augustinian Recollects are also present in the Philippines. </p><p>As of 2006 (and not counting Spanish Augustinian priories) there were more than 21 other Augustinian houses across the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, India, Korea, Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, with more than 140 friars.<sup id="cite_ref-osanet.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osanet.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Augustinian friars came to Poland in 1342, and settled at Kraków in southern Poland. They had been invited there from Bohemia by a Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazimierz the Great">Kazimierz the Great</a>. The Augustinian Friars were brought to Ciechanów in 1358 by Duke Siemowit III.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaiah Boner was a delegate of the Polish community during some Provincial Chapters of the Province of Bavaria. In 1438, he was elected a province inspector and in 1452 as vicar general assisted the prior general during the Provincial Chapter that was held in Ratisbon, Germany. One of the key moments for the Polish Augustinians in the sixteenth century happened on 31 December 1547. At that time the prior general, Jerome Seripando O.S.A., separated the Polish Augustinians from the Province of Bavaria, which had suffered ill effects of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish Province was placed under the invocation of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i> Province of St. John of Sahagun</i> </p><p>A significant Augustinian missionary college was established at the former Spanish capital of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061115/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=945">Valladolid</a> in 1759—and this house was exempted from the suppression of monastic houses in Spain c.1835, later becoming the centre of restoration for the order in Spain. In 1885 <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> Augustinians took charge of the famous <a href="/wiki/Escorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Escorial">Escorial</a>, and friars continue to administer it today. The modern Augustinian province of Spain was refounded in 1926—largely through Spanish and Filipino friars from the Philippines. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) ninety eight Augustinians were murdered—sixty five friars from the Escorial alone were executed. As of 2006 there were 177 Spanish Augustinian friars, with 23 in simple profession.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 The Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines of Spain was formally merged with three other Spanish Augustinian Provinces (Province of Castille, Province of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Matritense, and Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of Spain) to create a unified Spanish Augustinian Province of St. John of Sahagun, a move which aims to restore the Augustinian Order in Spain, which has been in decline prior to the decision. As a consequence to the unification of these provinces, some of the province's circumscriptions or dependents have been elevated, like the Augustinian Vicariate of the Orient, which has been elevated as The Augustinian Province of the Philippines (a new, separate province from the Province of Cebu). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKSM_EM_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AKSM_EM_2005.jpg/200px-AKSM_EM_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AKSM_EM_2005.jpg/300px-AKSM_EM_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AKSM_EM_2005.jpg/400px-AKSM_EM_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>St. Thomas of Villanova Church, on the Villanova University campus.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Province of St. Thomas of Villanova</i> (Eastern United States) The North American foundation of the Order took place in 1796, when <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> friars arrived in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-omgcprov_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omgcprov-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine Church, Philadelphia">Olde St. Augustine's Church</a> in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hurley_(19th-century_priest)" title="Michael Hurley (19th-century priest)">Michael Hurley</a> was the first American to join the Order, the following year. In May 1844 anti-Catholic rioters burned the Church of Saint Augustine to the ground, together with the friary. </p><p>The province increased in the end of the 19th century as the Augustinians were driven out of many European countries, and in 1848 sought refuge in the USA. The Province of St. Thomas of Villanova was established in 1874. The <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novitiate</a> of Our Mother of Good Counsel Priory in <a href="/wiki/New_Hamburg,_New_York" title="New Hamburg, New York">New Hamburg, New York</a> was canonically established on July 23, 1925 on the 200 acre estate of Isaac Untermyer. The location on the Hudson River was considered ideal for prayer, inner reflection, and vocational discernment. It remained in use for more than 50 years. But, as the number of men considering the religious declined, the Novitiate moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine, Wisconsin</a>, and to its current location at the intersection of Upper Gulph Road and County Line Road in <a href="/wiki/Wayne,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne, Pennsylvania">Wayne, Pennsylvania</a> in the former home of the Colleran Family.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When four <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Rita" title="Sisters of St Rita">Sisters of St Rita</a>, a community aggregated to the Augustines, completed their missionary assignment in Bolivia, they found they could not return to Germany due to the impending outbreak of World War II. Instead, they went to the novitiate to work for the priests and seminarians. They later continued this ministry in Racine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> was founded in 1843; <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_College" title="Merrimack College">Merrimack College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in 1947. The following high schools were also established: <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Preparatory_School" title="Malvern Preparatory School">Malvern Preparatory School</a> in Pennsylvania (1842); Augustinian Academy, Staten Island, NY (1899 – closed in 1969). <a href="/wiki/Monsignor_Bonner_High_School" title="Monsignor Bonner High School">Monsignor Bonner High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Drexel_Hill,_Pennsylvania" title="Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania">Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania</a> (1953); <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Carroll_High_School_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Archbishop Carroll High School (Washington, D.C.)">Archbishop John Carroll High School</a> (1958), Washington, DC; <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_College_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine College Preparatory School">St. Augustine College Preparatory School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richland,_New_Jersey" title="Richland, New Jersey">Richland, New Jersey</a> (1959); <a href="/wiki/Austin_Preparatory_School" title="Austin Preparatory School">Austin Preparatory School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading, Massachusetts</a> (1961). </p><p>As of 2014, the province had 174 professed members, living in 27 communities in the U.S., and 5 in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel</i> (central US) </p><p>In 1905 <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Quigley" title="James Edward Quigley">James Edward Quigley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago">Archbishop of Chicago</a> invited the Order to Chicago to start its first foundation west of the Appalachian Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-midwest_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midwest-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Rita_of_Cascia_High_School" title="St. Rita of Cascia High School">St. Rita of Cascia High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> was founded in 1909. Other parished were then established, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cascia_Hall_Preparatory_School" title="Cascia Hall Preparatory School">Cascia Hall Preparatory School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a> in 1926 and <a href="/wiki/Providence_Catholic_High_School" title="Providence Catholic High School">Providence Catholic High Schoolin</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Lenox,_Illinois" title="New Lenox, Illinois">New Lenox, Illinois</a> in 1962. In 1941, The Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel was split off to cover the central Us, leaving the east coast to the Villanova Province.<sup id="cite_ref-omgcprov_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omgcprov-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> asked for religious orders in the United States to send 10% of their members to evangelize Latin America. He later specifically invited the Augustinians of the Midwest Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, headquartered near Chicago, to care for missionary territory in Northern Peru. The Augustinians accepted the invitation and began their missionary service in 1964. Their primary assignment was to the newly created Prelature of Chulucanas, which was later erected to become the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chulucanas" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chulucanas">Diocese of Chulucanas</a>. The Augustinians also began new service in the nation's capital of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2016, the Midwest Province of Augustinians had 76<sup id="cite_ref-midwest_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midwest-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustinians. </p><p><i>Province of St. Augustine</i> (western US) </p><p>In 1922, Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Cantwell" title="John Joseph Cantwell">John Joseph Cantwell</a> of the Diocese of Los Angeles and San Diego, asked the Order of Saint Augustine to establish a school for boys in the diocese. <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_High_School_(San_Diego)" title="St. Augustine High School (San Diego)">St. Augustine High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a> (1922); followed by <a href="/wiki/Villanova_Preparatory_School" title="Villanova Preparatory School">Villanova Preparatory School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ojai,_California" title="Ojai, California">Ojai, California</a> (1925); and <a href="/wiki/Cascia_Hall_Preparatory_School" title="Cascia Hall Preparatory School">Cascia Hall Preparatory School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a> (1926).<sup id="cite_ref-osanet.org_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osanet.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members serve at three parishes, for schools and the Casa Hogar La Gloria Orphanage in Tijuana, Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priories">Priories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Priories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006 there were 148 active Augustinian priories in Europe, including Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Ireland, England, Scotland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain and Spanish houses in the Philippines. This includes 1,031 friars<sup id="cite_ref-osanet.org_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osanet.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in solemn vows, and 76 in simple vows. As of 2021, the German Province had eleven priories, and about 110 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Auggerman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auggerman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide there are nearly 2,800 Augustinian friars working in: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Algeria</li> <li>Argentina</li> <li>Austria</li> <li>Belgium</li> <li>Benin</li> <li>Bolivia</li> <li>Brazil</li> <li>Chile</li> <li>China</li> <li>Colombia</li> <li>Dem. Rep. Congo</li> <li>Costa Rica</li> <li>Cuba</li> <li>Czech Republic</li> <li>Dominican Republic</li> <li>Ecuador</li> <li>Guinea</li> <li>India</li> <li>Indonesia</li> <li>Italy</li> <li>Japan</li> <li>Kenya</li> <li>Madagascar</li> <li>Malta</li> <li>Mexico</li> <li>Netherlands</li> <li>Nicaragua</li> <li>Nigeria</li> <li>Panama</li> <li>Papua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Our_Lady_of_Grace_of_Peru" title="Province of Our Lady of Grace of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>Poland</li> <li>Portugal</li> <li>Puerto Rico</li> <li>South Africa</li> <li>South Korea</li> <li>Taiwan</li> <li>Tanzania</li> <li>Togo</li> <li>United States</li> <li>Uruguay</li> <li>Vatican City</li> <li>Venezuela</li> <li>Vietnam</li></ul> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Secondary_Education_Association" title="Augustinian Secondary Education Association">Augustinian Secondary Education Association</a> (ASEA) is an organization founded in 1986 to "foster unity, efficiency, and continued development within the Augustinian ministry to secondary education" in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It operates without a budget, acting as a forum for member institutions to share resources, implement Augustinian ideals in the curriculum of its institutions, and to ensure that its member institutions present an "authentic Augustinian identity".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_impact">Legacy and impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work of the Augustinians includes teaching, scientific study, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">parish and pastoral work</a> and missions. <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Ciasca" title="Agostino Ciasca">Agostino Ciasca</a> (d. 1902), <a href="/wiki/Titular_Archbishop_of_Larissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular Archbishop of Larissa">titular Archbishop of Larissa</a> and cardinal, established a special faculty for <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> at the Roman Seminary, published an Arabic translation of <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s "Diatessaron" and wrote "Bibliorum Fragmenta Copto-Sahidica". The missionaries of the order have also given us valuable descriptive works on foreign countries and peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of education makes frequent mention of Augustinians who distinguished themselves particularly as professors of philosophy and theology at the great universities of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, amongst others. Others taught successfully in the schools of the order, which controlled a number of secondary schools, colleges, and other educational institutions. In 1685 the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Würzburg">Bishop of Würzburg</a>, Johann Gottfried II, confided to the care of the Augustinians the parish and the gymnasium of Munnerstadt in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> (Bavaria), a charge that they still retain; connected with the monastery of St. Michael in that place is a monastic school, while the seminary directed by the Augustinians forms another convent, that of St. Joseph. The order possesses altogether fifteen colleges, academies and seminaries in Italy, Spain and America. The chief institutions of this kind in Spain are that at <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> and that in the Escorial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustinians#Saints_and_Blesseds" title="Augustinians">Augustinians § Saints and Blesseds</a></div> <p>The Augustianian Order has produced a number of notable members, especially theologians and writers, including: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_da_Gualdo_Cattaneo" title="Ugolino da Gualdo Cattaneo">Ugolino da Gualdo Cattaneo</a> (d. 1260), founder of the convent of <a href="/wiki/Gualdo_Cattaneo" title="Gualdo Cattaneo">Gualdo Cattaneo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a> (d. 1316), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bourges" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Bourges">Archbishop of Bourges</a>, a General of the Order, and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> theologian and philosopher. Known as the founder of the <i>Augustinian School of Theology</i>. Called <i>Doctor fundatissimus</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_a_S._Elpideo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander a S. Elpideo">Alexander a S. Elpideo</a> (d. 1326), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Melfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Melfi">Bishop of Melfi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinus_Triumphus" title="Augustinus Triumphus">Augustinus Triumphus</a> (d. 1328).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionigi_di_Borgo_San_Sepolcro" title="Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro">Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro</a> (d. 1342), known for his influence on <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Egglescliffe" title="John de Egglescliffe">John de Egglescliffe</a> (d. 1347), a bishop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Strasburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Strasburg">Thomas of Strasburg</a> (d. 1357), a General of the Order, and a prominent Scholastic theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Rimini" title="Gregory of Rimini">Gregory of Rimini</a> (d. 1358), a General of the Order, and a prominent Scholastic theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Laun" title="Nikolaus von Laun">Nikolaus von Laun</a> (d. 1371), a notable theologian and bishop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugolino_of_Orvieto" title="Hugolino of Orvieto">Hugolino of Orvieto</a> (d. 1373), a notable theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Klenkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Klenkok">Johann Klenkok</a> (Klenke) (d. 1374), author of the <i>Decadicon</i>, an attack on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sachsenspiegel" title="Sachsenspiegel">Sachsenspiegel</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cremona" title="Simon of Cremona">Simon of Cremona</a> (d. 1390), a well-known preacher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hiltalinger" title="Johann Hiltalinger">Johann Hiltalinger</a> (d. 1392), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lombez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lombez">Bishop of Lombez</a> and a theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edwardston" title="Thomas Edwardston">Thomas Edwardston</a> (d. 1396), a bishop and theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a> (d. 1396), a prominent <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">mystic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a> (d. 1429), a prominent philosopher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Biglia" title="Andrea Biglia">Andrea Biglia</a> (d. 1435), a prominent Humanist writer and historian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza" title="Gabriele Sforza">Gabriele Sforza</a> (d. 1457), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a> (d. 1475), a theologian, argued to have been a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Peraudi" title="Raymond Peraudi">Raymond Peraudi</a> (d. 1505), a Cardinal and Papal legate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Blackleach" title="Huan Blackleach">Huan Blackleach</a> (d. 1509), held the episcopal post of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sodor_and_Man" title="Bishop of Sodor and Man">Bishop of Sodor and Man</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Calepino" title="Ambrogio Calepino">Ambrogio Calepino</a> (d. 1510), a notable lexicographer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Coelde" title="Dietrich Coelde">Dietrich Coelde</a> (d. 1515), known for producing one of the first <a href="/wiki/Catechisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechisms">catechisms</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, became a Franciscan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Filippo_Foresti" title="Giacomo Filippo Foresti">Giacomo Filippo Foresti</a> (d. 1520), a Biblical commentator and chronicler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Andr%C3%A9" title="Bernard André">Bernard André</a> (d. 1522), a poet in the court of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_of_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegidius of Viterbo">Aegidius of Viterbo</a> (d. 1532), a Cardinal, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Viterbo">Bishop of Viterbo</a>, theologian, orator, poet and <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">Humanist</a> scholar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a> (d. 1532), a theologian and an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Pratensis" title="Felix Pratensis">Felix Pratensis</a> (d. 1539), a <a href="/wiki/Proselytiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytiser">proselytiser</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (d. 1546), a theologian and a seminal figure in the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li>Johannes Hoffmeister (d. 1547), a theologian and an opponent of the Protestant Reformation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Seripando" title="Girolamo Seripando">Girolamo Seripando</a> (d. 1563), a Cardinal, a reformer of the Order, and a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onofrio_Panvinio" title="Onofrio Panvinio">Onofrio Panvinio</a> (d. 1568), a notable historian and antiquary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Rada" title="Martín de Rada">Martín de Rada</a> (d. 1578), a missionary to <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Alonso Gutiérrez">Alonso Gutiérrez</a> (d. 1584), a student of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> and advocate of human rights in the Americas.</li> <li>Caspar Casal (d. 1587), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Coimbra">Bishop of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a> (d. 1591), a notable poet, theologian, and academic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Anunciaci%C3%B3n" title="Juan de la Anunciación">Juan de la Anunciación</a> (d. 1594), a missionary to the Americas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a> (d. 1617), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Goa">Archbishop of Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Portugal">Viceroy of Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a> (d. 1618), a bishop and an historian of China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Rocca" title="Angelo Rocca">Angelo Rocca</a> (d. 1620), titular <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Tagaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Tagaste">Bishop of Tagaste</a> and Papal sacristan, known for founding the Angelica Library, which became the Augustinians' public library in Rome, and for his liturgical and archaeological research.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Nu%C3%B1ez_Coronel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Nuñez Coronel">Gregorio Nuñez Coronel</a> (d. 1620).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lancilottus" title="Cornelius Lancilottus">Cornelius Lancilottus</a> (d. 1622), a spiritual writer and biographer of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrante_Pallavicino" title="Ferrante Pallavicino">Ferrante Pallavicino</a> (d. 1644), a controversial writer and satirist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Brulius" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim Brulius">Joachim Brulius</a> (d. after 1652), a historian who wrote on the Christianisation and colonisation of Peru, and wrote a history of China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Calancha" title="Antonio de la Calancha">Antonio de la Calancha</a> (d. 1684), an <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> of the peoples of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payo_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Rivera" title="Payo Enríquez de Rivera">Payo Enríquez de Rivera</a> (d. 1684), a missionary, Bishop, and administrator within the Americas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skerrett_(Augustinian)" title="John Skerrett (Augustinian)">John Skerrett</a>, a missionary to the Americas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Noris" title="Henry Noris">Henry Noris</a> (d. 1704), a Cardinal, ecclesiastical historian and theologian. Accused of advocating <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_D%C3%ADaz" title="Casimiro Díaz">Casimiro Díaz</a> (d. 1746), a missionary to and writer of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lorenzo_Berti" title="Giovanni Lorenzo Berti">Giovanni Lorenzo Berti</a> (d. 1766), a prominent theologian, accused of advocating Jansenism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Florez" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Florez">Enrique Florez</a> (d. 1773), a prominent historian who wrote on the history of Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Pohlin" title="Marko Pohlin">Marko Pohlin</a> (d. 1801), a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Risco" title="Manuel Risco">Manuel Risco</a>, (d. 1801) a historian and author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Joseph_Jagemann" title="Christian Joseph Jagemann">Christian Joseph Jagemann</a> (d. 1804), later converted to Protestantism and became a courtier to <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Anna_Amalia_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_Doyle" title="James Warren Doyle">James Warren Doyle</a> (d. 1834), a campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_Blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Manuel Blanco">Francisco Manuel Blanco</a> (d. 1845), a botanist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> (d. 1884), a prominent scientist, known for his work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEkovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Křížkovský">Pavel Křížkovský</a> (d. 1885), a composer and conductor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Ciasca" title="Agostino Ciasca">Agostino Ciasca</a> (d. 1902), a Cardinal, Orientalist and archivist of the Vatican Archives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Keller" title="Pius Keller">Pius Keller</a> (d. 1904), helped to revitalise the Order in Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Eduard_%C5%A0ilinger" title="Tomáš Eduard Šilinger">Tomáš Eduard Šilinger</a> (d. 1913), a <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> politician and journalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooke_Middleton" title="Thomas Cooke Middleton">Thomas Cooke Middleton</a> (d. 1923).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._X._Martin" title="F. X. Martin">F. X. Martin</a> (d. 2000), a historian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Galea" title="Egidio Galea">Egidio Galea</a> (d. 2005), involved within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic Resistance to Nazism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Campbell_(bishop)" title="Michael Campbell (bishop)">Michael Campbell</a> (1941– ), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Lancaster" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Lancaster">Bishop of Lancaster</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Thomas_Turley_Murphy" title="Daniel Thomas Turley Murphy">Daniel Thomas Turley Murphy</a> (1943– ), <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chulucanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Chulucanas">Bishop of Chulucanas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Luis_R._Centina_III" title="Gilbert Luis R. Centina III">Gilbert Luis R. Centina III</a>, a poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Donohue" title="Peter M. Donohue">Peter M. Donohue</a>, a President of <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fahey" title="Patrick Fahey">Patrick Fahey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liturgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgist">liturgist</a> and musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wies%C5%82aw_Dawidowski" title="Wiesław Dawidowski">Wiesław Dawidowski</a> (1964– ), a journalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dodaro" title="Robert Dodaro">Robert Dodaro</a>, former President of the <a href="/wiki/Patristic_Institute_Augustinianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic Institute Augustinianum">Patristic Institute Augustinianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Prevost" title="Robert Francis Prevost">Robert Francis Prevost</a>, prefect of <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Bishops" title="Dicastery for Bishops">Dicastery for Bishops</a> (2023- ) and Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chiclayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Chiclayo">Diocese of Chiclayo</a>, Peru (2015-2023).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephano_Lameck_Musomba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephano Lameck Musomba (page does not exist)">Stephano Lameck Musomba</a> (2021 - ), Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dar_es_Salaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Order of Augustinian Recollects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Society of Saint Augustine">Society of Saint Augustine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqosa.html">"Order of St. Augustine (Institute of Consecrated Life - Men) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+St.+Augustine+%28Institute+of+Consecrated+Life+-+Men%29+%26%2391%3BCatholic-Hierarchy%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdqosa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/o/our-lady-of-good-counsel.php">"Frisk, M. Jean. "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Marian Library, University of Dayton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014528/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/o/our-lady-of-good-counsel.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frisk%2C+M.+Jean.+%22Our+Lady+of+Good+Counsel%22%2C+Marian+Library%2C+University+of+Dayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fo%2Four-lady-of-good-counsel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heimbucher-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heimbucher_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07281a.htm">Heimbucher, Max. "Hermits of St. Augustine." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507035355/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07281a.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 May 2021 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-augustinemonk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-augustinemonk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-augustinemonk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaugustinians.com/sermons">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Augustine's Monasticism", The Order of Saint Augustine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213933/https://www.theaugustinians.com/sermons">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Augustine%27s+Monasticism%22%2C+The+Order+of+Saint+Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaugustinians.com%2Fsermons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forging_the_Augustinian_Past:_The_R_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlko2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ilko, Krisztina (2023). "Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual". <i>Gesta</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 95–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F723217">10.1086/723217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=Forging+the+Augustinian+Past%3A+The+Rule-Giving+of+St+Augustine+in+a+Duecento+Gradual&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-126&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F723217&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rano, Balbino, <i>Augustinian Origins, Charism, and Spirituality</i>, Villanova, Augustinian Press, 1994, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4823-france/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"France", Augnet 4824"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604005218/http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4823-france/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22France%22%2C+Augnet+4824&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augnet.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fregional-history%2F4823-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlko2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ilko, Krisztina (2021). "Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia". <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 267–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046920000755">10.1017/s0022046920000755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228866606">228866606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Recovering+the+Augustinian+Convent+of+San+Salvatore+in+Venetian+Candia&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-268&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022046920000755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228866606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórczyk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48950332">"Augustianie w Ciechanowie. Zarys dziejów konwentu do kasaty w 1864 r."</a> <i>Notatki Płockie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notatki+P%C5%82ockie&rft.atitle=Augustianie+w+Ciechanowie.+Zarys+dziej%C3%B3w+konwentu+do+kasaty+w+1864+r.&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rczyk&rft.aufirst=Wojciech+Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F48950332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auggerman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auggerman_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auggerman_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4826-germany/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Germany", Augnet - 4826"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604023657/http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4826-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Germany%22%2C+Augnet+-+4826&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augnet.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fregional-history%2F4826-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://augustinians.ie/history/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Irish Augustinians in History", Augustinians Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604030358/https://augustinians.ie/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Irish+Augustinians+in+History%22%2C+Augustinians+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faugustinians.ie%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722061458/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=625">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Africa", <i>Augnet</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=625">the original</a> on 2008-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Africa%22%2C+Augnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augnet.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fipageid%3D625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osanet.org-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osanet.org_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osanet.org_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osanet.org_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osanet.org_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">N.B.<cite> Augustinian friars</cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osanet.org">International Order of St. Augustine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210016/http://www.osanet.org/">Archived</a> 2011-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f.<cite> Augustinians in the Americas </cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=700">Augnet historical information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722094332/http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=700">Archived</a> 2008-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f.<cite> Augustinians in China </cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=640&iparentid=638">Augnet historical information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722114557/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=640&iparentid=638">Archived</a> 2008-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f. <cite> Australian Augustinian School Principal from <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_College,_Brookvale" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine's College, Brookvale">St. Augustine's College, Brookvale</a> visits China </cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinians.org.au/news/the_augustinian0312.html">Augnet News in 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040203112138/http://www.augustinians.org.au/news/the_augustinian0312.html">Archived</a> 2004-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f. <cite> Augustinians in India</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=659">Augnet historical information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724025107/http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=659">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f. Augustinian news<cite> Indian Augustinians </cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinians.org.au/apac/bulletin_02.html">Augustinians.org.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011120145/http://www.augustinians.org.au/apac/bulletin_02.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midwestaugustinians.org/augustinian-martyrs-of-japan">"Augustinian Martyrs of Japan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123023055/http://midwestaugustinians.org/augustinian-martyrs-of-japan">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustinian+Martyrs+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidwestaugustinians.org%2Faugustinian-martyrs-of-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midwestaugustinians.org/augustinian-martyrs-of-japan">"Augustinian Martyrs of Japan"</a>. <i>Midwest Augustinians</i>. Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Augustinians&rft.atitle=Augustinian+Martyrs+of+Japan&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidwestaugustinians.org%2Faugustinian-martyrs-of-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f.<cite> Augustinians in Japan </cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=679&iparentid=678">Augnet.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722114850/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=679&iparentid=678">Archived</a> 2008-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osaau-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osaau_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osaau_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osa.org.au/">"Augustinians of the Province of Australasia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604065739/https://www.osa.org.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustinians+of+the+Province+of+Australasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinian.org/order">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Augustinian Order", The Augustinians"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604005216/https://www.augustinian.org/order">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Augustinian+Order%22%2C+The+Augustinians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustinian.org%2Forder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328013645/http://www.osa-west.org/blessedclementofosimo.html">"Osa-West.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa-west.org/blessedclementofosimo.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osa-West.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa-west.org%2Fblessedclementofosimo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101080241/http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=478">Augnet.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arneil-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arneil_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arneil, Stan <cite>pp. 34 "Out Where the Dead Men Lie" (The Augustinians in Australia 1838–1992) </cite>Augustinian Press Brookvale (1992). pp37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949826-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-949826-03-0">0-949826-03-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824051017/http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=636">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Canada" <i>Augnet</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=636">the original</a> on 2006-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Canada%22+Augnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augnet.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fipageid%3D636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marylake.com/">"Marylake Shrine of Our Lady of Grace, Ontario"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603003339/https://www.marylake.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marylake+Shrine+of+Our+Lady+of+Grace%2C+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marylake.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midwestaugustinians.org/st-john-stone">"St. John Stone"</a>. <i>Midwest Augustinians</i>. Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Augustinians&rft.atitle=St.+John+Stone&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidwestaugustinians.org%2Fst-john-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BH-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BH_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38172">Friaries in Leicester</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711064419/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38172">Archived</a> 2014-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>A History of the County of Leicestershire: Volume 2</i> (1954), pp. 33-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taking-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Archdiocese-of-Westminster/Hoxton-St-Monica-s-Priory">Hoxton - St Monica's Priory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005020024/http://taking-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Archdiocese-of-Westminster/Hoxton-St-Monica-s-Priory">Archived</a> 2018-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>' in <i>Taking Stock: Catholic Churches of England and Wales</i>, online resource, accessed 28 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723080435/http://augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=819">"William Tirry | St Augustine of Hippo | Order of St Augustine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=819">the original</a> on 2008-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Tirry+%26%23124%3B+St+Augustine+of+Hippo+%26%23124%3B+Order+of+St+Augustine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augnet.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fipageid%3D819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Górczyk, W. J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48950332/Augustianie_w_Ciechanowie_Zarys_dziej%C3%B3w_konwentu_do_kasaty_w_1864_r">Augustianie w Ciechanowie. Zarys dziejów konwentu do kasaty w 1864 r. (THE AUGUSTINIAN FRIARS IN CIECHANÓW. AN OUTLINE OF THE MONASTERY’S HISTORY UNTIL ITS DISSOLUTION IN 1864. )</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906225210/https://www.academia.edu/48950332/Augustianie_w_Ciechanowie_Zarys_dziej%C3%B3w_konwentu_do_kasaty_w_1864_r">Archived</a> 2021-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Notatki Płockie, 1 (2021), p. 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Górczyk, W. J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48950332/Augustianie_w_Ciechanowie_Zarys_dziej%C3%B3w_konwentu_do_kasaty_w_1864_r">Augustianie w Ciechanowie. Zarys dziejów konwentu do kasaty w 1864 r. (THE AUGUSTINIAN FRIARS IN CIECHANÓW. AN OUTLINE OF THE MONASTERY’S HISTORY UNTIL ITS DISSOLUTION IN 1864.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906225210/https://www.academia.edu/48950332/Augustianie_w_Ciechanowie_Zarys_dziej%C3%B3w_konwentu_do_kasaty_w_1864_r">Archived</a> 2021-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Notatki Płockie , 1 (2021), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f.<cite> Augustinians in Spain </cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120043/http://www.osanet.org/whereweare/en/default.asp?page=europe.asp&language=en&section=whe">[1]</a> International Order of St. Augustine]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omgcprov-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omgcprov_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omgcprov_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midwestaugustinians.org/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>Midwest Augustinians</i>. Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Augustinians&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidwestaugustinians.org%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/tour/st-augustine.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Olde St. Augustine's Church", USHistory.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018103136/http://www.ushistory.org/tour/st-augustine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Olde+St.+Augustine%27s+Church%22%2C+USHistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Ftour%2Fst-augustine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/accentcom/docs/aug_mag_fall_2019_issuu">"<i>Augustinian Magazine</i> (Fall 2019):10-11"</a>. 8 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustinian+Magazine+%28Fall+2019%29%3A10-11&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Faccentcom%2Fdocs%2Faug_mag_fall_2019_issuu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.org/local/sisters-of-st-rita-celebrate-100-years/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sisters of St. Rita celebrate 100 years", <i>Catholic Herald</i>, Archdiocese of Milwaukee, April 20, 2011"</a>. 20 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215626/https://catholicherald.org/local/sisters-of-st-rita-celebrate-100-years/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Sisters+of+St.+Rita+celebrate+100+years%22%2C+Catholic+Herald%2C+Archdiocese+of+Milwaukee%2C+April+20%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.org%2Flocal%2Fsisters-of-st-rita-celebrate-100-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinian.org/province">"Province of St. Thomas of Villanova"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605064311/https://www.augustinian.org/province">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Province+of+St.+Thomas+of+Villanova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustinian.org%2Fprovince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-midwest-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-midwest_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-midwest_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midwestaugustinians.org/our-history">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Our History", Midwest Augustinians"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605190923/https://www.midwestaugustinians.org/our-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Our+History%22%2C+Midwest+Augustinians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midwestaugustinians.org%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midwestaugustinians.org/foreign-missions/">"Foreign Missions"</a>. <i>Midwest Augustinians</i>. Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Augustinians&rft.atitle=Foreign+Missions&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidwestaugustinians.org%2Fforeign-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiaaugustinians.org/">"Province of St. Augustine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605202058/https://www.californiaaugustinians.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Province+of+St.+Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiaaugustinians.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerSlack1994" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Gregory S.; Slack, James D. (1994). <i>U.S. Educational Policy Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles</i>. Greenwood reference volumes on American public policy formation. 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(1913). "Hermits of St. Augustine". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermits+of+St.+Augustine&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). <i><a href="/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i> (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116043125/http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=559">Bibliography for the Augustinian official website</a></li> <li>"Histoire Orient. de grands progrès de l'eglise Romaine en la réduction des anciens chrestiens dit de St. Thomas" translated from the Spanish of Francois Munoz by Jean Baptiste de Glen, Brussels, 1609</li> <li>"Histoire Orient. de grands progrès de l'eglise Romaine en la réduction des anciens chrestiens dit de St. Thomas" translated from the Spanish of François Munoz by Jean Baptiste de Glen, Brussels, 1609</li> <li>Joa. a S. Facundo Raulin, "Historia ecclesiae malabaricae", Rome, 1745.</li> <li>Augustine of Hippo, The Rule of St Augustine <i>Constitutiones Ordinis Fratrum S. Augustini</i> (Rome 1968)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Augustinians (1244–1994): Our History in Pictures</i>. Pubblicazioni Agostiniane, Via Paolo VI, 25, Roma, Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustinians+%281244%E2%80%931994%29%3A+Our+History+in+Pictures&rft.pub=Pubblicazioni+Agostiniane%2C+Via+Paolo+VI%2C+25%2C+Roma%2C+Italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanning,_R.1984" class="citation book cs1">Canning, R. (1984). <i>The Rule of St Augustine</i>. 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"Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual". <i>Gesta</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 95–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F723217">10.1086/723217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=Forging+the+Augustinian+Past%3A+The+Rule-Giving+of+St+Augustine+in+a+Duecento+Gradual&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-126&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F723217&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlko2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ilko, Krisztina (2021). "Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia". <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 259–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046920000755">10.1017/S0022046920000755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Recovering+the+Augustinian+Convent+of+San+Salvatore+in+Venetian+Candia&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-279&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046920000755&rft.aulast=Ilko&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_O.S.A,_F.X.Clare_O'Reilly" class="citation book cs1">Martin O.S.A, F.X. & Clare O'Reilly. <i>The Irish Augustinians in Rome, 1656–1994 and Irish Augustinian Missions throughout the World</i>. St. Patrick's College, Via Piemonte 60, Roma, Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Augustinians+in+Rome%2C+1656%E2%80%931994+and+Irish+Augustinian+Missions+throughout+the+World&rft.pub=St.+Patrick%27s+College%2C+Via+Piemonte+60%2C+Roma%2C+Italy&rft.au=Martin+O.S.A%2C+F.X.&rft.au=Clare+O%27Reilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm"><i>Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum O. Erem. S. A. chorographica et topographica descriptio</i></a> Augustino Lubin, Paris, 1659, 1671, 1672.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRano1994" class="citation book cs1">Rano, Balbino (1994). <i>Augustinian Origins, Charism, and Spirituality</i>. Villanova, PA: Augustinian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustinian+Origins%2C+Charism%2C+and+Spirituality&rft.place=Villanova%2C+PA&rft.pub=Augustinian+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rano&rft.aufirst=Balbino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Regle de S. Augustin pour lei religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congregation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarne et du Saint-Sacrament</i> (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp. 22–24. English edition, <i>The Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions of the Order of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament</i> (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp. 33–35.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumkeller,_Adolar1986" class="citation book cs1">Zumkeller, Adolar (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustinesidealo00zumk"><i>Augustine's ideal of Religious life</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+ideal+of+Religious+life&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Zumkeller%2C+Adolar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustinesidealo00zumk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumkeller,_Adolar1987" class="citation book cs1">Zumkeller, Adolar (1987). <i>Augustine's Rule</i>. Augustinian Press, Villanova, Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Rule&rft.pub=Augustinian+Press%2C+Villanova%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Zumkeller%2C+Adolar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Saint+Augustine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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friars in Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findingaugustinians.org/en.aspx">Historical bibliography of the Augustinian Order</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinian.org/links">Augustinian Provinces</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiaaugustinians.org/augustinians-around-the-world">Augustinian communities</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template talk:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male<br />and<br />female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29075#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012291395X">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417646182">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139103893">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Augustiner"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120991297X">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80119539">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866719q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866719q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Augustiniáni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148854&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258182405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618247106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012616">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&oldid=1257054064">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustine&oldid=1257054064</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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