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href="#Ecclesiological_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ecclesiological disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiological_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiological_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiological_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Ecclesiological structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiological_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_privilege_and_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_privilege_and_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Papal privilege and authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_privilege_and_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Theological issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Trinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experience_of_God_versus_scholasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experience_of_God_versus_scholasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Experience of God versus scholasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experience_of_God_versus_scholasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncreated_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncreated_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.1 Uncreated light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncreated_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_sin,_free_will,_and_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_sin,_free_will,_and_the_Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Original sin, free will, and the Immaculate Conception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_sin,_free_will,_and_the_Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Augustine's_doctrine_of_original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustine's_doctrine_of_original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.1 Augustine's doctrine of original sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustine's_doctrine_of_original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_on_original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_on_original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.2 Eastern Orthodox teaching on original sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_on_original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immaculate_Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.3 Immaculate Conception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sin,_Purgatory,_and_Hell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sin,_Purgatory,_and_Hell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Sin, Purgatory, and Hell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sin,_Purgatory,_and_Hell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purgatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purgatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4.1 Purgatory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purgatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4.2 Damnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claims_of_the_See_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_the_See_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Claims of the See of Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_the_See_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_the_See_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_the_See_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Claims of the See of Constantinople </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_the_See_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Nicaea_(325)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Nicaea_(325)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Council of Nicaea (325) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Nicaea_(325)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 First Council of Constantinople (381) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcedon_(451)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcedon_(451)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Chalcedon (451) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcedon_(451)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_the_West_from_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_the_West_from_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Separation of the West from the Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_the_West_from_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_three_patriarchates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_three_patriarchates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Decline of three patriarchates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_three_patriarchates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_in_Trullo_(Quinisext,_692)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_in_Trullo_(Quinisext,_692)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Council in Trullo (Quinisext, 692) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_in_Trullo_(Quinisext,_692)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_supremacy_and_Pentarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_supremacy_and_Pentarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Papal supremacy and Pentarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_supremacy_and_Pentarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filioque_and_primacy_issues_(867–879)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filioque_and_primacy_issues_(867–879)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Filioque and primacy issues (867–879) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filioque_and_primacy_issues_(867–879)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_excommunication_of_1054" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_excommunication_of_1054"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Mutual excommunication of 1054 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_excommunication_of_1054-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_West_since_1054" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_West_since_1054"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 East and West since 1054 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_West_since_1054-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian_tensions_in_the_Byzantine_Empire_in_the_11th–12th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_tensions_in_the_Byzantine_Empire_in_the_11th–12th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Sectarian tensions in the Byzantine Empire in the 11th–12th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_tensions_in_the_Byzantine_Empire_in_the_11th–12th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Crusade_(1204)_and_other_military_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Crusade_(1204)_and_other_military_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Fourth Crusade (1204) and other military conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Crusade_(1204)_and_other_military_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Council_of_Lyon_(1272)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Council_of_Lyon_(1272)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Second Council of Lyon (1272) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Council_of_Lyon_(1272)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Ferrara–Florence_(1439)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Ferrara–Florence_(1439)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Council of Ferrara–Florence (1439) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Ferrara–Florence_(1439)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Constantinople_(1453)_and_thereafter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Constantinople_(1453)_and_thereafter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.17 Fall of Constantinople (1453) and thereafter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Constantinople_(1453)_and_thereafter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Vatican_Council_(1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Vatican_Council_(1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.18 First Vatican Council (1870) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Vatican_Council_(1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nullification_of_mutual_anathemas_(1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nullification_of_mutual_anathemas_(1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.19 Nullification of mutual anathemas (1965) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nullification_of_mutual_anathemas_(1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Catholic_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Catholic_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Eastern Catholic Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Catholic_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_efforts_at_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_efforts_at_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Recent efforts at reconciliation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_efforts_at_reconciliation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recent efforts at reconciliation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_efforts_at_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_Theological_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Theological_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Joint Theological Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Theological_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_moves_toward_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_moves_toward_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other moves toward reconciliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_moves_toward_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospects_for_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects_for_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prospects for reconciliation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prospects_for_reconciliation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prospects for reconciliation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prospects_for_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiological_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiological_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ecclesiological reconciliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiological_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Theological reconciliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Sacraments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_reconciliation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_reconciliation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Criticism of reconciliation efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_reconciliation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">East–West Schism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Wes-skisma" title="Oos-Wes-skisma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Wes-skisma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الانشقاق العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانشقاق العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cisma_d%27Orient" title="Gran Cisma d'Orient – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Cisma d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%E2%80%93_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Արեւելեան – Արեւմտեան հերձուած – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արեւելեան – Արեւմտեան հերձուած" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisma_d%27Oriente" title="Cisma d'Oriente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cisma d'Oriente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rq_v%C9%99_Q%C9%99rb_kils%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_ayr%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Şərq və Qərb kilsələrinin ayrılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərq və Qərb kilsələrinin ayrılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="পূর্ব–পশ্চিম ধর্মবিচ্ছেদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব–পশ্চিম ধর্মবিচ্ছেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_1054_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Раскол хрысціянскай царквы 1054 года – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раскол хрысціянскай царквы 1054 года" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вялікая схізма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікая схізма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Източно-западна схизма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източно-западна схизма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkveni_raskol" title="Crkveni raskol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crkveni raskol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skism_Korn%C3%B4g-Reter" title="Skism Kornôg-Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skism Kornôg-Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cisma_d%27Orient" title="Gran Cisma d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Cisma d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_schizma" title="Velké schizma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké schizma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Sgism_Fawr" title="Y Sgism Fawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Sgism Fawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_skisma_1054" title="Det store skisma 1054 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det store skisma 1054" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgenl%C3%A4ndisches_Schisma" title="Morgenländisches Schisma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Morgenländisches Schisma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_kirikul%C3%B5he" title="Suur kirikulõhe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur kirikulõhe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1054" title="Σχίσμα του 1054 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχίσμα του 1054" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisma_de_Oriente" title="Cisma de Oriente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cisma de Oriente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_skismo" title="Orienta skismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta skismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisma_Nagusia" title="Zisma Nagusia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zisma Nagusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="جدایی شرق و غرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدایی شرق و غرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_des_%C3%89glises_d%27Orient_et_d%27Occident" title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastersk_Skisma" title="Eastersk Skisma – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastersk Skisma" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siosma_M%C3%B3r_1054" title="Siosma Mór 1054 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siosma Mór 1054" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cisma" title="Gran Cisma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Cisma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%EB%B6%84%EC%97%B4" title="교회의 대분열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교회의 대분열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="धार्मिक महाविच्छेद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धार्मिक महाविच्छेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkveni_raskol" title="Crkveni raskol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crkveni raskol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skisma_Timur%E2%80%93Barat" title="Skisma Timur–Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skisma Timur–Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkjusundrungin" title="Kirkjusundrungin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kirkjusundrungin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Scisma" title="Grande Scisma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Scisma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פילוג הכנסייה הנוצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוג הכנסייה הנוצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დიდი სქიზმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი სქიზმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farakano_la_mwaka_1054" title="Farakano la mwaka 1054 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Farakano la mwaka 1054" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9parasyon_di_s%C3%A9_L%C3%A9gliz_di_Oryan_%C3%A9_di_Oksidan" title="Séparasyon di sé Légliz di Oryan é di Oksidan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Séparasyon di sé Légliz di Oryan é di Oksidan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veqetana_d%C3%AAr%C3%AAn_rojhilat_%C3%BB_rojava" title="Veqetana dêrên rojhilat û rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Veqetana dêrên rojhilat û rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schisma_anni_1054" title="Schisma anni 1054 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schisma anni 1054" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liel%C4%81_Shizma" title="Lielā Shizma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielā Shizma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_schizma" title="Didžioji schizma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji schizma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Scisma_d%27Orient" title="Grand Scisma d'Orient – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grand Scisma d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_egyh%C3%A1zszakad%C3%A1s" title="Nagy egyházszakadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy egyházszakadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Големиот раскол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големиот раскол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisarahan%27_ny_Fiangonana_Tatsinanana_sy_Tandrefana" title="Fisarahan' ny Fiangonana Tatsinanana sy Tandrefana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fisarahan' ny Fiangonana Tatsinanana sy Tandrefana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الانشقاق الكبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانشقاق الكبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpecahan_Timur-Barat" title="Perpecahan Timur-Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perpecahan Timur-Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Cisma_de_l_Ouriente" title="Grande Cisma de l Ouriente – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grande Cisma de l Ouriente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Схизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Схизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters_Schisma" title="Oosters Schisma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oosters Schisma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पूर्व-पश्चिम शाईज्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पूर्व-पश्चिम शाईज्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教会の分裂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東西教会の分裂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_skisma_1054" title="Det store skisma 1054 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det store skisma 1054" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_skismaet" title="Det store skismaet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det store skismaet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separacion_dei_Gl%C3%A8isas_d%27Orient_e_d%27Occident" title="Separacion dei Glèisas d'Orient e d'Occident – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Separacion dei Glèisas d'Orient e d'Occident" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تفرقۂ عظیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تفرقۂ عظیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%81_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4" title="د ختیځ او لوېدیځ وېش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ختیځ او لوېدیځ وېش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iis-Wes_Skizim" title="Iis-Wes Skizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iis-Wes Skizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeksch_Schisma" title="Greeksch Schisma – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Greeksch Schisma" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_schizma_wschodnia" title="Wielka schizma wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka schizma wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Cisma" title="Grande Cisma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Cisma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Schism%C4%83" title="Marea Schismă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Schismă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Разделение Католической и Православной церквей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разделение Католической и Православной церквей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93Wast_Schism" title="East–Wast Schism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="East–Wast Schism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scisma_Granni" title="Scisma Granni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scisma Granni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism" title="East-West Schism – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="East-West Schism" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East–West Schism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A1_schizma" title="Východná schizma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východná schizma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodni_razkol" title="Vzhodni razkol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodni razkol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="لێکترازانی گەورە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێکترازانی گەورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Велики раскол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики раскол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskol_Istoka_i_Zapada" title="Raskol Istoka i Zapada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raskol Istoka i Zapada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuri_skisma" title="Suuri skisma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suuri skisma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stliga_schismen" title="Östliga schismen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östliga schismen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghahating_Silangan-Kanluran" title="Paghahating Silangan-Kanluran – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paghahating Silangan-Kanluran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="பெரும் சமயப்பிளவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரும் சமயப்பிளவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ศาสนเภทตะวันออก-ตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนเภทตะวันออก-ตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_ve_Bat%C4%B1_kiliselerinin_ayr%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Doğu ve Batı kiliselerinin ayrılması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu ve Batı kiliselerinin ayrılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_1054" title="Розкол Християнської церкви 1054 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розкол Християнської церкви 1054" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تفرقۂ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تفرقۂ عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ly_gi%C3%A1o_%C4%90%C3%B4ng%E2%80%93T%C3%A2y" title="Ly giáo Đông–Tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ly giáo Đông–Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_kerkolaheq" title="Suur kerkolaheq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suur kerkolaheq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagburublag_han_Sinirangan-Katundan" title="Pagburublag han Sinirangan-Katundan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagburublag han Sinirangan-Katundan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="东西教会大分裂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东西教会大分裂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="基督教大分裂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基督教大分裂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東西教會大分裂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51648#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Schism_of_1054&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism of 1054">Great Schism of 1054</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Split of Eastern and Western churches</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other schisms between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople, see <a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rome–Constantinople schism (disambiguation)">Rome–Constantinople schism (disambiguation)</a>. For the 1376–1419 schism in the Catholic Church, which is sometimes also called the Great Schism, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">East–West Schism</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">16 July 1054 – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Great Schism, Schism of 1054, Eastern Schism, Latin Schism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Schism#Christianity" title="Schism">Christian schism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_%E2%80%93_Roman_Catholic_ecclesiastical_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences">Ecclesiastical differences</a> <a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Theological and liturgical disputes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Split of the two churches into the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> to this day</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie (Ressourcement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  • Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminist</a> in the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms">Schisms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acacian_schism" title="Acacian schism">Acacian schism</a> (484–519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photian_schism" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a> (863–867)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Schism</a> (1054–)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Reasons for the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Schism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">Papal supremacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">differing views</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Ecclesiastical differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">differing views</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Theological differences</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Further division motives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a> (1182)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> (1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratulin_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratulin Martyrs">Pratulin Martyrs</a> (1874)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval reunification attempts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a> (1098)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1438–1445) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks" title="Bull of Union with the Greeks">Bull of Union with the Greeks</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Modern <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenic</a> relations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamand_declaration" title="Balamand declaration">Balamand declaration</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Document" title="Ravenna Document">Ravenna Document</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Havana Declaration</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_relations_with_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church">Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_International_Commission_for_Theological_Dialogue_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church">Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_church" title="Sister church">Sister church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholicism%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodoxy_sidebar" title="Template:Catholicism–Eastern Orthodoxy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholicism%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodoxy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholicism–Eastern Orthodoxy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholicism%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodoxy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholicism–Eastern Orthodoxy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> since 1054.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_%E2%80%93_Roman_Catholic_ecclesiastical_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences">ecclesiastical differences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">theological disputes</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a> preceded the formal split that occurred in 1054.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2008-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer2004-3">[3]</a> Prominent among these were the <a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Procession of the Holy Spirit">procession of the Holy Spirit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>), whether <a href="/wiki/Leavened" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavened">leavened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> should be used in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a> in 800, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>'s claim to <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">universal jurisdiction</a>, and the place of the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Constantinople">See of Constantinople</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembke2010-8">[7]</a> The first action that would lead to a formal schism was taken in 1053: Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a> of Constantinople ordered the closure of all Latin churches in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDragani200544-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihlmeyerTüchle1967102-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923267-11">[10]</a> In 1054, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Leo_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo IX">Leo IX</a> travelled to Constantinople in order, among other things, to deny Cerularius the title of "<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical patriarch">ecumenical patriarch</a>" and insist that he recognize the pope's claim to be the head of all of the churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> The main purposes of the papal legation were to seek help from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a>, in view of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>, and to respond to <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ohrid" title="Leo of Ohrid">Leo of Ohrid</a>'s attacks on the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010113-12">[11]</a> attacks that had the support of Cerularius. The historian Axel Bayer says that the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the emperor seeking help to organize a joint military campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">western empires</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, and the other from Cerularius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer200480-13">[12]</a> When the leader of the legation, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a>, <a href="/wiki/O.S.B." class="mw-redirect" title="O.S.B.">O.S.B.</a>, learned that Cerularius had refused to accept the demand, he <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunicated</a> him, and in response Cerularius <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> Humbert and the other legates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> According to Ware, "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them... The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196367-14">[13]</a> The validity of the Western legates' act is doubtful because Pope Leo had died and Cerularius' excommunication only applied to the legates personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed: each side occasionally accuses the other of committing <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> and of having initiated the schism. Reconciliation was made more difficult by the Latin-led <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a> in 1182, the West's retaliation via the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(1185)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (1185)">Sacking of Thessalonica in 1185</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">capture and pillaging of Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, and the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Other_historical_Latin_patriarchates" title="Patriarch">Latin patriarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> Over time, the emergence of competing Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> hierarchies in the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>, especially with two claimants to the patriarchal sees of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, made the existence of a schism clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010281-15">[14]</a> Several attempts at reconciliation did not bear fruit. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenagoras I">Athenagoras I</a> nullified the <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathemas</a> of 1054,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">[1]</a> although this was a nullification of measures taken against only a few individuals, merely as a gesture of goodwill and not constituting any sort of reunion. The absence of full communion between the Churches is even explicitly mentioned when the Code of Canon Law gives Catholic ministers permission to administer the sacraments of penance, the Eucharist, and the anointing of the sick to members of eastern churches such as the Eastern Orthodox Church (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>) and members of western churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, when those members spontaneously request these.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#844-16">[15]</a> Contacts between the two sides continue. Every year a delegation from each joins in the other's celebration of its patronal feast, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a> (29 June) for <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a> (30 November) for Constantinople, and there have been several visits by the head of each to the other. The efforts of the ecumenical patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2001149-17">[16]</a> Scholars have proposed different dates for the Great Schism, ranging from 1009 to 1204. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_underlying_the_schism">Differences underlying the schism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Differences underlying the schism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a> emphasizes that "while the East–West schism stemmed largely from political and ecclesiastical discord, this discord also reflected basic theological differences". Pelikan further argues that the antagonists in the 11th century inappropriately exaggerated their theological differences, whereas modern historians tend to minimize them. Pelikan asserts that the documents from that era evidence the "depths of intellectual alienation that had developed between the two sections of Christendom." While the two sides were technically more guilty of schism than heresy, they often charged each other with allegations of blasphemy. Pelikan describes much of the dispute as dealing with "regional differences in usages and customs," some of which were adiaphorous (i.e. neither commanded nor forbidden). However, he goes on to say that while it was easy in principle to accept the existence of adiaphora, it was difficult in actual practice to distinguish customs which were innocuously adiaphoric from those that had doctrinal implications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1971170-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiological_disputes">Ecclesiological disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecclesiological disputes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></div> Philip Sherrard, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox theologian">Eastern Orthodox theologian</a>, asserts that the underlying cause of the East–West schism was and continues to be "the clash of these two fundamentally irreconcilable ecclesiologies." Roger Haight characterizes the question of episcopal authority in the Church as "acute" with the "relative standings of Rome and Constantinople a recurrent source of tension." Haight characterizes the difference in ecclesiologies as "the contrast between a pope with universal jurisdiction and a combination of the patriarchal superstructure with an episcopal and synodal communion ecclesiology analogous to that found in <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaight2004289-19">[18]</a> However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Afansiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Afansiev (page does not exist)">Nicholas Afansiev</a> has criticized both the Catholic and Orthodox churches for "subscribing to the universal ecclesiology of St. Cyprian of Carthage according to which only one true and universal church can exist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyleFurryBazzell2012311-20">[19]</a> Another point of controversy was <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)">celibacy among Western priests</a> (both monastic and parish), as opposed to the Eastern discipline whereby parish priests could be married men. However, the Latin church has always had some priests who were legally married. They have been a small minority since the 12th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecclesiological_structure">Ecclesiological structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecclesiological structure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Roman Pontiff">Primacy of the Roman Pontiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">Eastern Orthodox Church organization</a></div> There are several different ecclesiologies: "communion ecclesiology", "eucharistic ecclesiology", "baptismal ecclesiology", "trinitarian ecclesiology", "kerygmatic theology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet201043–44-21">[20]</a> Other ecclesiologies are the "hierarchical-institutional" and the "organic-mystical",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199842-22">[21]</a> and the "congregationalist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199844-23">[22]</a> The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city-church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons, and people celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a> constituted the whole church. In this view called eucharistic ecclesiology (or more recently holographic ecclesiology), every bishop is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>'s successor in his church ("the Church"), and the churches form what <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> called a common union of churches. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishops">archbishops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a>. Within the Roman Empire, from the time of Constantine to the fall of the empire in 1453, universal ecclesiology, rather than eucharistic, became the operative principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007107–108,_209–-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerencz200621–22-25">[24]</a> The view prevailed that, "when the Roman Empire became Christian the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved: one universal empire was sovereign and coterminous with it was the one universal church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006§8-26">[25]</a> Early on, the Roman Church's ecclesiology was universal, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church/Bishop of Rome. These two views are still present in modern Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism and can be seen as foundational causes for the schisms and Great Schism between East and West. The Orthodox Church does not accept the doctrine of Papal authority set forth in the Vatican Council of 1870, and taught today in the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196327-27">[26]</a> The Orthodox Church has always maintained the original position of <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegiality</a> of the bishops resulting in the structure of the church being closer to a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a>. The Orthodox have <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> where the highest authorities in each Church community are brought together, but, unlike the Catholic Church, no central individual or figure has the absolute and infallible last word on church doctrine. In practice, this has sometimes led to divisions among Greek, Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, as no central authority can serve as an arbitrator for various internal disputes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Starting from the second half of the 20th century, eucharistic ecclesiology is upheld by Catholic theologians. <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a> writes: "The Church, like the Eucharist, is a mystery of unity – the same mystery, and one with inexhaustible riches. Both are the body of Christ – the same body."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPartlan1995xv-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a> called eucharistic ecclesiology "the real core of Vatican II's (<a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>) teaching on the cross".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199842-22">[21]</a> According to Ratzinger, the one church of God exists in no other way than in the various individual local congregations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199843-29">[28]</a> In these the eucharist is celebrated in union with the Church everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaruti200466Note_276-30">[29]</a> Eucharistic ecclesiology led the council to "affirm the theological significance of the local church. If each celebration of the Eucharist is a matter not only of Christ's sacramental presence on the altar but also of his ecclesial presence in the gathered community, then each local eucharistic church must be more than a subset of the universal church; it must be the body of Christ 'in that place'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaillardetz200646-31">[30]</a> The ecclesiological dimension of the East–West schism revolves around the authority of bishops within their dioceses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck200722-32">[31]</a> and the lines of authority between bishops of different dioceses. It is common for Catholics to insist on the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of Roman and papal authority</a> based on patristic writings and conciliar documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200040-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Papal_privilege_and_authority">Papal privilege and authority</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papal privilege and authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidore" title="Pseudo-Isidore">Pseudo-Isidore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></div> The Catholic Church's current official teachings about papal privilege and power that are unacceptable to the Eastern Orthodox churches are the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">pope's infallibility</a> when speaking officially "from the chair of Peter (ex cathedra Petri)" on matters of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church, so that such definitions are irreformable "of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church" (ex sese et non-ex consensu ecclesiae)<a href="#cite_note-VaticanI-34">[33]</a> and have a binding character for all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope's direct episcopal jurisdiction over all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope's authority to appoint (and so also to dismiss)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the bishops of all (Catholic) Christian churches except in the territory of a patriarchate;<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#181-35">[34]</a> and the affirmation that the legitimacy and authority of all (Catholic) Christian bishops in the world derive from their union with the Roman see and its bishop, the Supreme Pontiff, the unique Successor of Peter and Vicar of Christ on earth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Perhaps, but https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html ''Lumen gentium'' says: [The pastoral office or the habitual and daily care of their sheep is entrusted to them (the bishops) completely; nor are they to be regarded as vicars of the Roman Pontiffs, for they exercise an authority that is proper to them, and are quite correctly called 'prelates', heads of the people whom they govern.] (January 2009)">citation needed</a>] Principal among the ecclesiastical issues that separate the two churches is the meaning of papal primacy within any future unified church. The Orthodox insist that it should be a "primacy of honor", and not a "primacy of authority",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1963-36">[35]</a> whereas the Catholics see the pontiff's role as required for its exercise of power and authority, the exact form of which is open to discussion with other Christians.<a href="#cite_note-39">[b]</a> According to Eastern Orthodox belief, the test of <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a> is adherence to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text#Christianity" title="Religious text">Scripture</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Tradition">Holy Tradition</a> of the church. It is not defined by adherence to any particular <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a>. It is the position of the Orthodox Church that it has never accepted the pope as de jure leader of the entire church. Referring to Ignatius of Antioch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_of_Antioch1846116-40">[38]</a> Carlton says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Contrary to popular opinion, the word catholic does not mean "universal"; it means "whole, complete, lacking nothing." ...Thus, to confess the Church to be catholic is to say that She possesses the fullness of the Christian faith. To say, however, that Orthodox and Rome constitute two lungs of the same Church is to deny that either Church separately is catholic in any meaningful sense of the term. This is not only contrary to the teaching of Orthodoxy, it is flatly contrary to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which considered itself truly catholic<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFCarlton2007">Carlton 2007</a>, p. 22</cite></div></blockquote> The church is in the image of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky1976176-41">[39]</a> and reflects the reality of the incarnation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> The body of Christ must always be equal with itself... The local church which manifests the body of Christ cannot be subsumed into any larger organisation or collectivity which makes it more catholic and more in unity, for the simple reason that the principle of total catholicity and total unity is already intrinsic to it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFSherrard1996">Sherrard 1996</a>, p. 15</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_issues">Theological issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theological issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contra_Errores_Graecorum" title="Contra Errores Graecorum">Contra Errores Graecorum</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> policy enforced by a series of decrees of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> in 726–729 was resisted in the West, giving rise to friction that ended in 787, when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> reaffirmed that images are to be venerated but not worshipped. The <a href="/wiki/Libri_Carolini" title="Libri Carolini">Libri Carolini</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, criticized what a faulty translation gave as the council's decision, but their objections were rebutted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a>. From the Catholic Church's perspective, the ecclesiological issues are central, which is why they characterize the split between the two churches as a schism. In their view, the Eastern Orthodox are very close to them in theology, and the Catholic Church does not consider the Eastern Orthodox beliefs to be heretical. However, from the perspective of Eastern Orthodox theologians, there are theological issues that run much deeper than just the theology around the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of the Pope</a>. In fact, this is in contrast to Catholics, who do not generally consider the Orthodox heretical and speak instead about the Eastern "schism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1912-42">[40]</a> In the Catholic Church, too, some writers may be found, who speak pejoratively about the Eastern Orthodox Church and its theology, but these writers are marginal.<a href="#cite_note-Guimarães-43">[41]</a> The official view of the Catholic Church is the one expressed in the decree <a href="/wiki/Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio">Unitatis redintegratio</a> of Vatican II: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> In the study of revelation East and West have followed different methods, and have developed differently their understanding and confession of God's truth. It is hardly surprising, then, if from time to time one tradition has come nearer to a full appreciation of some aspects of a mystery of revelation than the other, or has expressed it to better advantage. In such cases, these various theological expressions are to be considered often as mutually complementary rather than conflicting. Where the authentic theological traditions of the Eastern Church are concerned, we must recognize the admirable way in which they have their roots in Holy Scripture, and how they are nurtured and given expression in the life of the liturgy. They derive their strength too from the living tradition of the apostles and from the works of the Fathers and spiritual writers of the Eastern Churches. Thus they promote the right ordering of Christian life and, indeed, pave the way to a full vision of Christian truth.<a href="#cite_note-Unitatis_Redintegratio-44">[42]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinity">Trinity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trinity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></div> Although the Western churches do not consider the Eastern and Western understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> to be radically different, Eastern theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Romanides" title="John Romanides">John Romanides</a> and Michael Pomazansky argue that the Filioque clause is symptomatic of a fatal flaw in the Western understanding, which they attribute to the influence of Augustine and, by extension, to that of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomazansky198414[httpwwwintratextcomIXTENG0824_P14HTM_On_the_procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit]-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romanides_Filioque-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franks-47">[45]</a> Filioque, Latin for "and (from) the Son", was added in Western Christianity to the Latin text of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a>, which also varies from the original Greek text in having the additional phrase Deum de Deo (God from God)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBindley198078-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff187724§_8._The_Nicene_Creed-49">[47]</a> and in using the singular "I believe" (Latin, Credo, Greek Πιστεύω) instead of the original "We believe" (Greek Πιστεύομεν),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff187724§_8._The_Nicene_Creed-49">[47]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> preserves.<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, which is in communion neither with the Eastern Orthodox Church nor with Oriental Orthodoxy, uses "We believe".<a href="#cite_note-assyrianchurch.org.au-55">[52]</a> Filioque states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father, a doctrine accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church199465para_246-56">[53]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb.org-57">[54]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-61">[d]</a> Christians of these groups generally include it when reciting the Nicene Creed. Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church199465para_247-62">[58]</a> and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed.<a href="#cite_note-kaldu.org-63">[59]</a> The Catholic Church does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque (καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ) to the Greek text of the Creed, including in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-PCPCU-64">[60]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">879–880 Council of Constantinople</a> the Eastern Orthodox Church anathematized the Filioque phrase, "as a novelty and augmentation of the Creed", and in their 1848 encyclical the Eastern Patriarchs spoke of it as a heresy.<a href="#cite_note-encyc1848-65">[61]</a> It was qualified as such by some of the Eastern Orthodox Church's saints, including <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>, who have been called the Three Pillars of Orthodoxy. The Eastern church believes by the Western church inserting the Filioque unilaterally (without consulting or holding council with the East) into the Creed, that the Western Church broke communion with the East.<a href="#cite_note-r1-66">[62]</a> Eastern Orthodox theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a> criticize the focus of Western theology of God in 'God in uncreated essence' as misguided, which he alleges is a <a href="/wiki/Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">modalistic</a> and therefore a speculative expression of God that is indicative of the <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellian</a> heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky1976-67">[63]</a> Eastern Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pomazansky" title="Michael Pomazansky">Michael Pomazansky</a> argues that, in order for the Holy Spirit to proceed from the Father and the Son in the Creed, there would have to be two sources in the deity (double procession), whereas in the one God there can only be one source of divinity, which is the Father hypostasis of the Trinity, not God's essence per se.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomazansky198414[httpwwwintratextcomIXTENG0824_P14HTM_On_the_procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit]-45">[43]</a> In contrast, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a> suggests that the problem is more in the area of semantics than of basic doctrinal differences: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Filioque controversy which has separated us for so many centuries is more than a mere technicality, but it is not insoluble. Qualifying the firm position taken when I wrote The Orthodox Church twenty years ago, I now believe, after further study, that the problem is more in the area of semantics than in any basic doctrinal differences.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bishop Kallistos Ware, Diakonia, <a href="#CITEREFZoghby1992">Zoghby 1992</a>, p. 43</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experience_of_God_versus_scholasticism">Experience of God versus scholasticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Experience of God versus scholasticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></div> Lossky argues the difference in East and West is because of the Catholic Church's use of pagan metaphysical philosophy (and scholasticism) rather than actual experience of God called theoria, to validate the theological dogmas of Catholic Christianity. For this reason, Lossky states that Eastern Orthodox and Catholics have become "different men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky197621-68">[64]</a> Other Eastern Orthodox theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Romanides" title="John Romanides">Romanides</a><a href="#cite_note-Franks-47">[45]</a> and Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hierotheos_(Vlachos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierotheos (Vlachos)">Hierotheos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Nafpaktos</a> have made similar pronouncements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1994Ch._VI-69">[65]</a> According to the Orthodox teachings, theoria can be achieved through ascetic practices like hesychasm, which was condemned as a heresy by <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a>. Eastern Orthodox theologians charge that, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a>, western theology is based on philosophical discourse which reduces humanity and nature to cold mechanical concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomazansky19842[httpwwwintratextcomIXTENG0824_P2NHTM_Philosophy_and_Theology]-70">[66]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Roman Catholicism rationalizes even the sacrament of the Eucharist: it interprets spiritual action as purely material and debases the sacrament to such an extent that it becomes in its view a kind of atomistic miracle. The Orthodox Church has no metaphysical theory of Transsubstantiation, and there is no need of such a theory. Christ is the Lord of the elements and it is in His power to do so that 'every thing, without in the least changing its physical substance' could become His Body. Christ's Body in the Eucharist is not physical flesh.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLossky1969">Lossky 1969</a>, p. 87</cite></div></blockquote> Eastern Orthodox theologians argue that the mind (reason, rationality) is the focus of Western theology, whereas, in Eastern theology, the mind must be put in the heart, so they are united into what is called <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a>; this unity as heart is the focus of Eastern Orthodox Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-acrod.org-71">[67]</a> involving the unceasing <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of the heart">Prayer of the heart</a>. In Orthodox theology, in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> traditions, one of the goals of ascetic practice is to obtain sobriety of consciousness, awakeness (<a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">nepsis</a>). For humankind, this is reached via the healing of the whole person, encompassing the soul/heart. When a person's heart is reconciled with their mind, this is referred to as a healing of the nous or the "eye, focus of the heart or soul".<a href="#cite_note-Neptic_Monasticism-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1994Ch._III-73">[69]</a> Part of this process is the healing and reconciliation of humankind's <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> (logos or dianoia) with the heart or soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanides200819–23-74">[70]</a> While the human spirit and body are energies vivified by the soul, Orthodoxy teaches sin, suffering and sorrow are caused by the heart and mind being in conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1994Ch._III-73">[69]</a> According to Orthodox theology, a lack of <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noetic</a> understanding (sickness) can be neither circumvented nor satisfied by rational or discursive thought (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Systematization" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematization">systematization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Neptic_Monasticism-72">[68]</a> Denying the needs of the human heart (the needs of the soul) is seen to cause various negative or destructive manifestations such as addiction, atheism and evil thoughts etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanides1983[httpromanityorghtmrom19enjesus_christ_the_life_of_the_world01htms3_232]-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1993[httpswebarchiveorgweb20090326044427httpwwwpelagiaorghtmb05enthe_illness_and_cure_of_the_soul02htmFall_The_Fall_of_man]-76">[72]</a> A cleaned, healed or restored nous creates the condition of <a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">sobriety</a>, or nepsis of the mind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Uncreated_light">Uncreated light</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uncreated light">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kollyvades_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollyvades Movement">Kollyvades Movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tabor_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor light">Tabor light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kabasilas" title="Nicholas Kabasilas">Nicholas Kabasilas</a></div> Orthodox theologians assert that the theological division of East and West culminated into a direct theological conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesychasm controversy">Hesychasm controversy</a> during several councils at Constantinople between 1341 and 1351. They argue that this controversy highlighted the sharp contrast between what is embraced by the Catholic Church as proper (or orthodox) theological dogma and how theology is validated by the Eastern Orthodox. The essence of the disagreement is that in the East a person cannot be a true theologian or teach the knowledge of God without having experienced God, as defined as the vision of God (theoria). At the heart of the issue was the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Essence-Energies_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Energies distinction">Essence-Energies distinctions</a> (which states that while creation can never know God's uncreated essence, it can know his uncreated energies) by Gregory Palamas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_sin,_free_will,_and_the_Immaculate_Conception">Original sin, free will, and the Immaculate Conception</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Original sin, free will, and the Immaculate Conception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Augustine's_doctrine_of_original_sin">Augustine's doctrine of original sin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Augustine's doctrine of original sin">edit</a>]</div> Some Eastern Orthodox polemicists claim that Eastern Orthodox do not accept <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s teaching of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. His interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a> is rejected in the East as well. Nor is Augustine's teaching accepted in its totality in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Neuro-77">[73]</a> The Catholic Church rejects <a href="/wiki/Traducianism" title="Traducianism">traducianism</a> and affirms <a href="/wiki/Creationism_(soul)" title="Creationism (soul)">creationism</a> of the soul. Its teaching on original sin is largely based on but not identical with that of Augustine, and is opposed to the interpretation of Augustine advanced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>. Its teaching departs from Augustine's ideas in some respects.<a href="#cite_note-Neuro-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesn.d.-78">[74]</a> Another Eastern Orthodox view is expressed by <a href="/wiki/Christos_Yannaras" title="Christos Yannaras">Christos Yannaras</a>, who described Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church's truth in the West".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiannaras1984151-79">[75]</a> This view is ahistorical. In fact, Augustine's teaching on original sin was solemnly affirmed by the ecumenical Council of Ephesus,<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> and the ecumenical <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> numbered Saint Augustine among the great doctors of the Church, alongside <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a>, Theophilus, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Leo the Great">Pope Leo the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> The late modern denial by some Eastern Orthodox writers of the supposedly "Western" teaching on original sin is regarded by some traditionalist Eastern Orthodox as a form of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Christianity">modernism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_on_original_sin">Eastern Orthodox teaching on original sin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox teaching on original sin">edit</a>]</div> What the Eastern Orthodox Church accepts is that ancestral sin corrupted their existence (their bodies and environment) that each person is born into and thus we are born into a corrupted existence (by the ancestral sin of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERōmanidēsGabriel20028-85">[81]</a> and that "original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin. All of us participate in original sin because we are all descended from the same forefather, Adam."<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church is that, as a result of Adam's sin, "hereditary sin flowed to his posterity; so that everyone who is born after the flesh bears this burden, and experiences the fruits of it in this present world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratcher2018-87">[83]</a> Similarly, what the Catholic Church holds is that the sin of Adam that we inherit, and for the remission of which even babies who have no personal sin are baptized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994102para_403-88">[84]</a> is called "sin" only in an analogical sense since it is not an act committed like the personal sin of Adam and Eve, but a fallen state-contracted by the transmission of a human nature deprived of original holiness and justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994102para_405-89">[85]</a> Both East[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and West<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994102para_405-89">[85]</a> hold that each person is not called to atone for the actual sin committed by Adam and Eve. According to the Western Church, "original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994102para_405-89">[85]</a> and the Eastern Church teaches that "by these fruits and this burden we do not understand [actual] sin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBratcher2018-87">[83]</a> The Orthodox[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the Catholics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994105para_418-90">[86]</a> believe that people inherit only the spiritual sickness (in which all suffer and sin) of Adam and Eve, caused by their ancestral sin (what has flowed to them), a sickness leaving them weakened in their powers, subject to ignorance, suffering from the domination of death, and inclined to sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994105para_418-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Immaculate_Conception">Immaculate Conception</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, which claims that God protected the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> from original sin through no merit of her own,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrigilioBrighenti2011-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacquarrie200175-92">[88]</a> was dogmatically defined by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> in 1854. Orthodox theology proclaims that Mary was chosen to bear Christ, having first found favor of God by her purity and obedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199577-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzkoul1994-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-theotokos-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc_1895-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks20081363-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sin,_Purgatory,_and_Hell">Sin, Purgatory, and Hell</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sin, Purgatory, and Hell">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Purgatory">Purgatory</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purgatory">edit</a>]</div> Another point of theological contention between the western and eastern churches is the doctrine of purgatory (as it was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> and the Council of Ferrara–Florence).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauschClifford200320-99">[95]</a> It was developed in time in Western theology, according to which, "all who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994268para_1030-100">[96]</a> However, some Eastern theologians, while agreeing that there is beyond death a state in which believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization, consider that it is a state not of punishment but of growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199654-101">[97]</a> They hold that suffering cannot purify sin, since they have a different view of sin and consider suffering as a result of a spiritual sickness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzkoul1994-94">[90]</a> Western theology usually considers sin not only as a sickness that weakens and impedes but also as something that merits punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994456para_1863-102">[98]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "there is a state beyond death where believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199654-101">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although some Orthodox[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have described this intermediate state as purgatory, others distinguish it from aspects associated with it in the West: at the Council of Ferrara–Florence, the Orthodox Bishop Mark of Ephesus argued that there are in it no purifying fires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlachos1996[httpswebarchiveorgweb20090219210756httpwwwpelagiaorghtmb24enlife_after_death05htmpu2_2._The_teaching_of_St._Mark_Eugenicus_about_the_purifying_fire]_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1996[httpswebarchiveorgweb20090219210756httpwwwpelagiaorghtmb24enlife_after_death05htmpu2_2._The_teaching_of_St._Mark_Eugenicus_about_the_purifying_fire]-103">[99]</a> Some Orthodox Christians also subscribe to the belief of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_toll_house" title="Aerial toll house">aerial toll houses</a>, which states that souls are tested by demons while on their way to Heaven. This concept is not found in Roman Catholicism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Damnation">Damnation</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Damnation">edit</a>]</div> The traditional Orthodox teaching is that those who reject Christ will suffer his absence. According to the Confession of <a href="/wiki/Dositheos_II_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dositheos II of Jerusalem">Dositheus</a>, "persons go immediately to joy in Christ or to the torments of punishment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199654-101">[97]</a> In Orthodox doctrine, there is no place without God. In eternity there is no hiding from God. In Catholic theology, God is present everywhere not only by his power but in himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToner1913-104">[100]</a> Hell is a state of self-selected separation from God. Eastern theology considers the desire to sin to be the result of a spiritual sickness (caused by Adam and Eve's pride), which needs to be cured.<a href="#cite_note-OrthodoxCatechism#24-105">[101]</a> One such theologian gives his interpretation of Western theology as follows: "According to the holy Fathers of the Church, there is not an uncreated Paradise and a created Hell, as the Franco–Latin tradition teaches".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1996[httpswebarchiveorgweb20111227233654httpwwwpelagiaorghtmb24enlife_after_death07htm_Ch.7_Paradise_and_Hell]-106">[102]</a> The Eastern Church believes that hell and heaven exist with reference to being with God, and that the very same divine love (God's uncreated energies) which is a source of bliss and consolation for the righteous (because they love God, His love is heaven for them) is also a source of torment (or a "Lake of Fire") for sinners.<a href="#cite_note-OrthodoxCatechism#53-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romanides_Filioque-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1996[httpswebarchiveorgweb20111227233654httpwwwpelagiaorghtmb24enlife_after_death07htm_Ch.7_Paradise_and_Hell]-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky1976234-108">[104]</a> The Western Church speaks of heaven<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994267para_1024-109">[105]</a> and hell<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church1994269para_1033-110">[106]</a> as states of existence rather than as places, while in Eastern Orthodoxy there is no hell per se, there is a "hell" in the absence of God's grace. To quote St John of Damascus: "God does not punish but each one decides on his receiving of God, whose reception is joy and his absence a hell (Gr. κόλασις)".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>; the emperor was the supreme authority in both church and state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin201311-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanVoorst201214-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefoff200862-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2008140-114">[110]</a> "The king is not God among men but the Viceroy of God. He is not the logos incarnate but is in a special relation with the logos. He has been specially appointed and is continually inspired by God, the friend of God, the interpreter of the Word of God. His eyes look upward, to receive the messages of God. He must be surrounded with the reverence and glory that befits God's earthly copy; and he will 'frame his earthly government according to the pattern of the divine original, finding strength in its conformity with the monarchy of God'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1904-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman2004-116">[112]</a> In the East, endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>, the subordination of the church to the religious claims of the dominant political order, was most fully evident in the Byzantine Empire at the end of the first millennium,<a href="#cite_note-encarta1-117">[113]</a> while in the West, where the decline of imperial authority left the Church relatively independent,<a href="#cite_note-encarta2-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer1998118-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2014115-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1989226-121">[117]</a> there was the growth of the power of the papacy. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, only two rival powerful centres of ecclesiastical authority, Constantinople and Rome, remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowlesCunningham2019-122">[118]</a> Until this happened, Rome often tried to act as a neutral mediator in disputes among the Eastern Patriarchies. In Eastern <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, the teaching of papal supremacy is said to be based on the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrehel2017-123">[119]</a> documents attributed to early popes but actually forged, probably in the second quarter of the 9th century, with the aim of defending the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Rome">Patriarch of Rome</a>, a title that the West too does not give him. Early sources such as <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">St. Irenaeus</a> can be interpreted as describing <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Pope Linus</a> as the first bishop of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cletus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Cletus">Pope Cletus</a> the second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyWalsh20056-124">[120]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of Popes states: "In the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. the tradition identified Peter as the first bishop of Rome. This was a natural development once the monarchical episcopate, i.e. the government of the local church by a single bishop, as distinct from a group of presbyter-bishops, finally emerged in Rome in the mid-2nd cent. The earlier tradition, however, which placed Peter and Paul in a class apart as the pioneers who together established the Roman church and its ministry, was never lost sight of."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyWalsh20056-124">[120]</a> St. Peter was according to tradition <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">bishop of Antioch</a> at one point, and was then succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Evodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Evodius">Evodius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">first seven Ecumenical Councils</a> were held in the East and called by the Eastern Emperors; Roman pontiffs never presided over any of them.<a href="#cite_note-126">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="History of the East–West Schism">History of the East–West Schism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should include only a brief summary of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="History of the East–West Schism">History of the East–West Schism</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The schism between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Christians resulted from a variety of political, cultural and theological factors which transpired over centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan200037-127">[122]</a> Historians regard the mutual excommunications of 1054 as the terminal event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaight2004289-19">[18]</a> It is difficult to agree on a date for the event where the start of the schism was apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006805-128">[123]</a> It may have started as early as the[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodeciman</a> controversy at the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor of Rome</a> (c. 180). Orthodox apologists point to this incident as an example of claims by Rome to the papal primacy and its rejection by Eastern Churches. Sporadic schisms in the common unions took place under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> in the 4th and 5th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoloviev200914-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrides200968-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010227–272-131">[126]</a> Disputes about theological and other questions led to schisms between the Churches in Rome and Constantinople for 37 years from 482 to 519 (the <a href="/wiki/Acacian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacian Schism">Acacian Schism</a>). Most sources agree that the separation between East and West is clearly evident by the <a href="/wiki/Photian_schism" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a> in 863 to 867. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_the_See_of_Rome">Claims of the See of Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Claims of the See of Rome">edit</a>]</div> While the church at Rome claimed a special authority over the other churches, the extant documents of that era yield "no clear-cut claims to, or recognition, of papal primacy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKling200461-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopko2005-133">[128]</a> Towards the end of the 2nd century, Victor, the Bishop of Rome, attempted to resolve the Quartodeciman controversy. The question was whether to celebrate Easter concurrently with the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, as Christians in the Roman province of Asia did, or to wait until the following Sunday, as was decreed by synods held in other Eastern provinces, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Pontus</a>, the acts of which were still extant at the time of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, and in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1904241Ch._XXIII-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrthAns-135">[130]</a> The pope attempted to excommunicate the churches in Asia, which refused to accept the observance on Sunday. Other bishops rebuked him for doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1904242Ch._XXIV-136">[131]</a> Laurent Cleenewerck comments: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Victor obviously claimed superior authority, probably from St. Peter, and decided – or at least "attempted" to excommunicate a whole group of Churches because they followed a different tradition and refused to conform. One could therefore argue that the Great schism started with Victor, continued with Stephen and remained underground until the ninth century! But the question is this: even if Victor was not acting wisely, did he not have the power to "cut off whole Churches"? This is what Roman Catholics argue with the implication that such an excommunication would be ontologically meaningful and put someone "outside the Catholic Church". Yet, we do not see bishops "pleading" but indeed "sharply rebuking" and "admonishing" Victor. Ultimately this is why his letters of excommunication came to no effect. Nevertheless it is possible to read in Eusebius' account the possibility that St. Irenaeus recognized that Victor could indeed "cut off whole Churches" and that such excommunication would have been ontologically meaningful. ... In the end, it took some patience and <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">an Ecumenical Council</a> to achieve what Victor could not achieve by his threat to excommunicate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007156-137">[132]</a> </blockquote> Despite Victor's failure to carry out his intent to excommunicate the Asian churches, many Catholic apologists point to this episode as evidence of papal primacy and authority in the early Church, citing the fact that none of the bishops challenged his right to excommunicate but instead questioned the wisdom and charity of his action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007156-137">[132]</a> Anglican apologists question the premise that Victor even asserted what he imagined to be supremacy: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Victor’s action is inexplicable on the hypothesis that the Papal Monarchy is jure divino. If that were so, he must have adopted, in discharge of his duty as Supreme Shepherd, a very different course. He, the Supreme judge, having ‘supreme jurisdiction’ which is ‘immediate,’ ‘ordinary,’ and ‘truly Episcopal,’ over the Asiatic churches, would have commanded them by his ‘real and sovereign authority, which the whole community is bound to obey’—which could receive no increase of authority from Synods—to conform their usage to his judgment, which could not be reviewed. A man, too, of his temperament would certainly not fail to use to the uttermost whatever authority he possessed. His action shows that, however harshly he may in his intolerance have pressed the matter, he evidently had no idea that any such ‘sovereign’ power was possessed by him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </blockquote> The opinion of the bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. However, the bishop of Rome's opinion was by no means accepted automatically. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">Antiochian</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> schools of theology, and usually managed to steer a middle course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centers of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a>, the patriarch of Alexandria, appealed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Pope Celestine I</a>, as well as the other patriarchs, charging Constantinople Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> with heresy, which was dealt with at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>. He nevertheless believed Rome's capacity to excommunicate Nestorius to only be effective in the West.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 342, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Pope Julius I</a> wrote: "The custom has been for word to be written first to us [in the case of bishops under accusation, and notably in apostolic churches], and then for a just sentence to be passed from this place".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010199-138">[133]</a> This was also decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Sardica" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Sardica">Council of Sardica</a>, which declared Saint <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> to be the lawful bishop of Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916413–414Ch._IX_Council_of_Sardica-139">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">382 a synod in Rome</a> protested against the raising of Constantinople to a position above that of Alexandria and spoke of Rome as "the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">apostolic see</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010202-140">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Pope Siricius</a> (384–399) claimed for papal decretals the same binding force as decisions of synods, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (401–417) said that all major judicial cases should be reserved for the see of Rome, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Pope Boniface I</a> (418–422) declared that the church of Rome stands to "the churches throughout the world as the head to its members" and that bishops everywhere, while holding the one same episcopal office, must "recognise those to whom, for the sake of ecclesiastical discipline, they should be subject".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010203-141">[136]</a> Celestine I (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 422–432) considered that the condemnation of Nestorius by his own Roman synod in 430 was sufficient, but consented to the general council as "of benefit in manifesting the faith".<a href="#cite_note-143">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> and his successors rejected canon 28 of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, as a result of which it was not officially recorded even in the East until the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalopulos2009-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010208-145">[139]</a> The Acacian schism, when, "for the first time, West lines up against East in a clear-cut fashion",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010209–210-146">[140]</a> ended with acceptance of a declaration insisted on by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Pope Hormisdas</a> (514–523) that "I hope I shall remain in communion with the apostolic see in which is found the whole, true, and perfect stability of the Christian religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010210-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead2000244–-148">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyer1941537-149">[143]</a> Yet, "the vast majority of the Eastern Bishops subscribed quite a different Formula."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Earlier, in 494, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a> (492–496) wrote to Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius</a>, distinguishing the power of civil rulers from that of the bishops (called "priests" in the document), with the latter supreme in religious matters; he ended his letter with: "And if it is fitting that the hearts of the faithful should submit to all priests in general who properly administer divine affairs, how much the more is obedience due to the bishop of that see which the Most High ordained to be above all others, and which is consequently dutifully honoured by the devotion of the whole Church."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson190572–73-150">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> (858–867) made it clear that he believed the power of the papacy extended "over all the earth, that is, over every church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196351-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli1997-152">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_the_See_of_Constantinople">Claims of the See of Constantinople</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Claims of the See of Constantinople">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG/220px-Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG/330px-Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG/440px-Ayasofya_2006-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, the cathedral of Constantinople at the time of the schism</figcaption></figure> In 330, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> moved the imperial capital to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERautman200617-153">[147]</a> The centre of gravity in the empire was fully recognised to have completely shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a>. Rome lost the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to Constantinople and lost its status and gravitas as imperial capital.<a href="#cite_note-154">[g]</a> The bishop of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> was under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan archbishop">metropolitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Heraclea</a> when Constantine moved there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1963-36">[35]</a> Thereafter, the bishop's connection with the imperial court meant that he was able to free himself from ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain recognition of next-after-Rome ranking from the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), held in the new capital. It decreed: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916178Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople,_Canon_III-142">[137]</a> thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch. This has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome that was a factor leading to the schism between East and West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1989172-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerLanders2005110-156">[149]</a> The website of the Orthodox Church in America says that the Bishop of Byzantium was elevated to <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> already in the time of Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-oca.org-157">[150]</a> Disunion in the Roman Empire contributed to disunion in the Church. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a>, who in 380 established <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicene</a> Christianity as the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">official religion of the Roman Empire</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>), was the last Emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire. Following the death of Theodosius in 395, the Empire was divided for the final time into western and eastern halves. In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>, the Roman emperor (reigning in Constantinople) started to control the Church in his territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns2002162–164-158">[151]</a> The patriarchs of Constantinople often tried to adopt a commanding position over the other patriarchs, provoking their resistance. For example, in 431 Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria impeached for heresy Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin1994173-159">[152]</a> Alexandria's objections to Constantinople's promotion, which led to a constant struggle between the two sees in the first half of the 5th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchatz1990Part_II-160">[153]</a> were supported by Rome, which proposed the theory that the most important sees were the three Petrine ones, of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaillardetzWilson2003211-161">[154]</a> with Rome in the first place. However, the power of the patriarch of Constantinople continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-patriarchate.org-162">[155]</a> Eastern Orthodox state that the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916287Ch._V._The_Council_of_Chalcedon,_Canon_XXVIII-163">[156]</a> explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916287Ch._V._The_Council_of_Chalcedon,_Canon_XXVIII-163">[156]</a> The patriarch of the imperial capital succeeded in his efforts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2014115-120">[116]</a> to become the leading bishop in the Byzantine Empire: he "headed a vast curia and other bishops who resided in Constantinople constituted <a href="/wiki/Endemic_synod" title="Endemic synod">a permanent synod</a>, which became the real governing body of the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">church</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006§8-26">[25]</a> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Constantinople" title="John IV of Constantinople">John IV of Constantinople</a>, who died in 595, assumed the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalopulos2009-144">[138]</a> The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople, primacy in the Church was also transferred, is found in undeveloped form as early as <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a> (c. 490 – c. 570). It was enunciated in its most advanced form by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a> (c. 810 – c. 893). Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates and, like the emperor, had the right to govern them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnastos2001-164">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Nicaea_(325)">Council of Nicaea (325)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Council of Nicaea (325)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/330px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/440px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">the Emperor Constantine</a> (centre) and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) holding the <a href="/wiki/Niceno-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed">Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381</a></figcaption></figure> After the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> legalized Christianity (with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>), he summoned the <a href="/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ecumenical Council">First Ecumenical Council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> in 325. The bishops at the council confirmed the position of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan sees</a> of Rome and Alexandria as having authority outside their own province, and also the existing privileges of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff191615Ch._I:_The_First_Council_of_Nice-165">[158]</a> These sees were later called <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These were given an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">order of precedence</a>: Rome, as the capital of the empire, was naturally given first place, then came Alexandria and Antioch. In a separate canon the Council also approved the special honor given to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> over other sees subject to the same metropolitan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff191617The_First_Council_of_Nice,_Canon_VII-166">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)">First Council of Constantinople (381)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: First Council of Constantinople (381)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Roman dominate</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor_(Dominate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor (Dominate)">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> convened the <a href="/wiki/Second_ecumenical_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second ecumenical council">second ecumenical council</a> (Constantinople I) at the imperial capital city in 381. The council elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome, thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-167">[h]</a> This action has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome which was ultimately a factor leading to the schism between East and West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1989172-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerLanders2005110-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916178Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople,_Canon_III-142">[137]</a> It demarcated the territory within the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">praetorian prefecture of the East</a> into five canonical territories corresponding to the five <a href="/wiki/Civil_diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil diocese">civil dioceses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolis</a> in Alexandria), <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a> (metropolis in Antioch), <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Ephesus" title="Metropolis of Ephesus">Metropolis of Ephesus</a>), Diocese of Pontus (metropolis in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Cappadociae" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Cappadociae">Caesarea Cappadociae</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a> (metropolis in <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Heraclea</a>, later under Constantinople);[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916176–177Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople,_Canon_II-168">[160]</a> The council mentioned the churches in the civil dioceses of Asia, Pontus, and Thrace, decreeing that the synod of each province should manage the ecclesiastical affairs of that province alone, except for the privileges already recognized for the sees of Alexandria and Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916176–177Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople,_Canon_II-168">[160]</a> Generally, no Western bishops attended the council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1911-169">[161]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Ascholius" title="Ascholius">Ascholius</a> of Thessalonica (a city under Roman jurisdiction at that time) did attend and was tasked by Pope Damasus to "insure that an utterly blameless bishop" be elected for Constantinople.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Latin Church appears to have initially accepted the canons of this council as evidenced to one of them being cited by a Roman legate during the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and all extant sources include these canons.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcedon_(451)">Chalcedon (451)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chalcedon (451)">edit</a>]</div> Rome's <a href="/wiki/Tome_of_Leo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tome of Leo">Tome of Leo</a> (449) was highly regarded and formed the basis for the Council of Chalcedon formulation. But it was not universally accepted and was even called "impious" and "blasphemous" by those who condemned the council that approved and accepted it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeverus1903254-171">[163]</a> The next ecumenical council corrected a possible imbalance in Pope Leo's presentation. Although the Bishop of Rome was well respected even at this early date, the East holds that the concept of the primacy of the Roman See and <a href="/wiki/Papal_Infallibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Infallibility">Papal Infallibility</a> were only developed much later. The disputed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalopulos2009-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxytoday.org2005.02.01-172">[164]</a> canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, confirming the authority already held by Constantinople, granted its archbishop jurisdiction over Pontus and Thrace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916287Ch._V._The_Council_of_Chalcedon,_Canon_XXVIII-163">[156]</a> The council also ratified an agreement between Antioch and Jerusalem, whereby Jerusalem held jurisdiction over three provinces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916266Ch._V._The_Council_of_Chalcedon,_Decree_on_the_Jurisdiction_of_Jerusalem_and_Antioch-173">[165]</a> numbering it among the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">five great sees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196334-174">[166]</a> As thus interpreted, there were now five patriarchs presiding over the Church within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, in the following order of precedence: the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Rome">Patriarch of Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>. Although Leo I, whose delegates were absent when this resolution was passed, recognized the council as ecumenical and confirmed its doctrinal decrees, he rejected its canon 28 on the ground that it contravened the sixth canon of Nicaea and infringed the rights of Alexandria and Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1911-169">[161]</a> This canon would remain a constant source of friction between East and West until the mutual excommunications of 1054 made it irrelevant in that regard;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin201032,_137-175">[167]</a> but controversy about its applicability to the authority of the patriarchate of Constantinople still continues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuckin2010137-176">[168]</a> The same disputed canon also recognized the authority of Constantinople over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians", which has been variously interpreted as referring either to all areas outside the Byzantine Empire or only to those in the vicinity of Pontus, Asia and Thrace or to non-Greeks within the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalopulos2009-144">[138]</a> Canon 9 of the Council also declared: "If a bishop or clergyman should have a difference with the metropolitan of the province, let him have recourse to the Exarch of the Diocese, or to the throne of the Imperial City of Constantinople, and there let it be tried." This has been interpreted as conferring on the see of Constantinople a greater privilege than what any council ever gave Rome, or as of much lesser significance than that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916274Ch._V._The_Council_of_Chalcedon,_Canon_IX,_Notes-177">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_the_West_from_the_Roman_Empire">Separation of the West from the Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Separation of the West from the Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div> In 476, when the last emperor of the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was <a href="/wiki/Deposition_of_Romulus_Augustulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition of Romulus Augustulus">deposed</a> and the western imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople, there was once again a single Roman Emperor. However, he had little power in the West, which was ruled almost entirely by various Germanic tribes. In the opinion of Randall R. Cloud, the permanent separation of the Greek East from the Latin West was "the fundamental reason for the estrangement that soon followed between the Greek and the Latin Christians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloud2009222-178">[170]</a> The dominant language of the West was <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, while that of the East was <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. Soon after the fall of the West to invaders, the number of individuals who spoke both languages dwindled, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">rites</a> and had different approaches to religious doctrines. Although the schism was still centuries away, its outlines were already perceptible.<a href="#cite_note-orthodox.org.ph-179">[171]</a> In the areas under his control, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> established <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">caesaropapism</a> as the constitution of the Church in a scheme according to which the emperor "had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest detail of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyer1941325-180">[172]</a> According to the Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, this caesaropapism was "a source of contention between Rome and Constantinople that led to the schism of 1054".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKim199635-181">[173]</a> Explicit approval of the emperor in Constantinople was required for consecration of bishops within the empire. During the period called the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a>, this applied to the bishops of Rome, most of whom were of Greek or Syrian origin. Resentment in the West against the Byzantine emperor's governance of the Church is shown as far back as the 6th century, when "the tolerance of the <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoderic the Great">Arian Gothic king</a> was preferred to the caesaropapist claims of Constantinople".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1990328-182">[174]</a> The origins of the distinct attitudes in West and East are sometimes traced back even to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who "saw the relationship between church and state as one of tension between the 'city of God' and the 'city of the world'", and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, who "saw the state as the protector of the church and the emperor as God's vicar on earth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolz201173-183">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_three_patriarchates">Decline of three patriarchates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Decline of three patriarchates">edit</a>]</div> By 661, Muslim Arabs had <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">taken over</a> the territories assigned to the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, which thereafter were never more than partially and temporarily recovered. In 732, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a>, in revenge for the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a> to the emperor's <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclasm (Byzantine)">iconoclast</a> policies, transferred Sicily, Calabria and Illyria from the patriarchate of Rome (whose jurisdiction until then extended as far east as Thessalonica) to that of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2019-184">[176]</a> The Constantinople Patriarchate, after expanding eastward at the time of the Council of Chalcedon to take in Pontus and the Roman province of Asia, which at that time were still under the emperor's control, thus expanded equally to the west and was practically coextensive with the Byzantine Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_in_Trullo_(Quinisext,_692)">Council in Trullo (Quinisext, 692)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Council in Trullo (Quinisext, 692)">edit</a>]</div> The West's rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> of 692 led to pressure from the Eastern Empire on the West to reject many Latin customs as non-Orthodox. The Latin practices that had got the attention of the other Patriarchates[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and that had been condemned by this Council included the practice of celebrating <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> on weekdays in <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Lent</a> (rather than having <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Pre-Sanctified Liturgies</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916391Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LII-185">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> on Saturdays throughout the year;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916389Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LV-186">[178]</a> omitting the "<a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a>" in Lent; depicting Christ as a <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">lamb</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916401Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LXXXII-187">[179]</a> using unleavened bread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916370Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_XI-188">[180]</a> Larger disputes were revealed regarding Eastern and Western attitudes toward <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">celibacy</a> for priests and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, with the Council affirming the right of married men to become priests (though forbidding priests to marry and forbidding bishops to live with their wives)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916364Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_VI-189">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916370Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_XII-190">[182]</a> and prescribing deposition for anyone who attempted to separate a clergyman other than a bishop from his wife, or for any cleric other than a bishop who dismissed his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916371Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_XIII-191">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a>, who was of Syrian ancestry, rejected the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkonomou2007222-192">[184]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> ordered his arrest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkonomou2007223-193">[185]</a> but this was thwarted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkonomou2007224-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllmann200464-195">[187]</a> In 694, in <a href="/wiki/Visigothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic">Visigothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a>, the council was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Council_of_Toledo" title="Eighteenth Council of Toledo">Eighteenth Council of Toledo</a> at the urging of the king, <a href="/wiki/Wittiza" title="Wittiza">Wittiza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fruela_I_of_Asturias" title="Fruela I of Asturias">Fruela I of Asturias</a> reversed the decision of Toledo sometime during his reign (757–768).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_supremacy_and_Pentarchy">Papal supremacy and Pentarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Papal supremacy and Pentarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></div> The primary causes of the schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal authority</a>—<a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Pope Leo IX</a> claimed he held authority over the four Eastern <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a>—and over the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">Filioque clause</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> by the Western patriarch in 1014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapadakisMeyendorff199414-196">[188]</a> Eastern Orthodox today state that Council of Chalcedon canon 28 explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannPennington201263-197">[189]</a> Council of Ephesus canon 7 declared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be <a href="/wiki/Anathematized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anathematized">anathematized</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFSchaff1916">Schaff 1916</a>, p. 197, Ch. IV The Council of Ephesus, Session I Extracts from the Acts</cite></div></blockquote> Eastern Orthodox today state that this canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">first Ecumenical Council</a> in 325, the wording of which, it is claimed, but not the substance, had been modified by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">second Ecumenical Council</a>, making additions such as "who proceeds from the Father". Eastern Orthodox argue that the First Council of Ephesus canon 7 explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed by any man (not by ecumenical church council) drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916161Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople-198">[190]</a> In reality, the Council made no exception for an ecumenical council or any other body of bishops,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916231Ch._IV_The_Council_of_Ephesus,_Canon_VII-199">[191]</a> and the Greeks participating in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> emphatically denied that even an ecumenical council had the power to add anything to the creed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916232Ch._IV_The_Council_of_Ephesus,_Excursus_on_the_words_πίστιν_ἑτέραν-200">[192]</a> The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus of 431 (the third ecumenical council) is that of the first ecumenical council without the modifications that the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">second ecumenical council</a>, held in Constantinople in 381, is understood to have made to it, such as the addition of "who proceeds from the Father".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916197Ch._IV_The_Council_of_Ephesus,_Session_I_Extracts_from_the_Acts-201">[193]</a> Eastern Orthodox theologians state this change of the wording of the churches' original creed was done to address various teachings outside of the church—specifically, that of <a href="/wiki/Macedonius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Macedonius I of Constantinople">Macedonius I of Constantinople</a>, which the council claimed was a distortion of the church's teaching on the Holy Spirit. This was not a change of the orthodoxy of the churches' original creed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomazansky198417[httpwwwintratextcomIXTENG0824_P17HTM_The_equality_of_honor_and_the_Divinity_of_the_Holy_Spirit.]-202">[194]</a> Thus the word ἑτέραν in the seventh canon of the later Council of Ephesus is understood as meaning "different" or "contradictory" and not "another" in the sense of mere explanatory additions to the already existing creed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916232Ch._IV_The_Council_of_Ephesus,_Excursus_on_the_words_πίστιν_ἑτέραν-200">[192]</a> Some scholars hold that the additions attributed to the First Council of Constantinople were adopted only with the 451 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, 20 years after that of Ephesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006296-203">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith198231-204">[196]</a> and even that the Council of Ephesus, in which Alexandrian influence was dominant, was by this canon excluding the Constantinopolitan Creed, which eventually annexed the name and fame of the creed adopted at Nicaea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey1967177-205">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filioque_and_primacy_issues_(867–879)">Filioque and primacy issues (867–879)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Filioque and primacy issues (867–879)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(867)" title="Council of Constantinople (867)">Council of Constantinople (867)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)</a></div> Three councils were held, two by Constantinople, one by Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm1908-206">[198]</a> Rome attempted to replace a seated Patriarch with one amenable to the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> dispute. The Orthodox responded by denouncing the replacement and excommunicating the pope convening the Roman council, denouncing the pope's attempt to control affairs outside the purview of Rome, and denouncing the addition of <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> as a heresy. Each church recognizes its own council(s) as legitimate and does not recognize the other's council(s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907147–148-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2007171-208">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199769-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010103-210">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907147–148-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVauchezLapidge20001016-211">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_excommunication_of_1054">Mutual excommunication of 1054</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mutual excommunication of 1054">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/450px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/675px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Changes in the extent of the Empire ruled from Constantinople. 476 End of the Western Empire; 550 Conquests of Justinian I; 717 Accession of Leo the Isaurian; 867 Accession of Basil I; 1025 Death of Basil II; 1095 Eve of the First Crusade; 1170 Under Manuel I; 1270 Under Michael VIII Palaiologos; 1400 Before the fall of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> In 1053 <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ohrid" title="Leo of Ohrid">Leo of Ohrid</a>, at the instigation, according to <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cerularius" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Cerularius">Michael Cerularius</a> of Constantinople,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923200-212">[204]</a> wrote to Bishop John of Trani a letter, intended for all the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> bishops, including the pope, in which he attacked Western practices such as using <a href="/wiki/Azymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Azymes">unleavened bread</a> for the Eucharist, and fasting rules that differed from those in Constantinople, while Cerularius himself closed all Latin churches in Constantinople. In response, Leo IX wrote the letter In terra pax of 2 September 1053,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1882744–769-213">[205]</a> addressed to Cerularius and Leo of Ohrid, in which he speaks at length of the privileges granted through Saint Peter to the see of Rome. In one of the 41 sections of his letter he also speaks of privileges granted by the emperors, quoting from the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> document, which he believed to be genuine (section 20).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2013208–213-214">[206]</a> Some scholars say that this letter was never actually dispatched, but was set aside and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter Scripta tuae of January 1054.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESettonBaldwin1969209–210-215">[207]</a> The advance of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a> constituted a threat to the possessions of both the Byzantine Empire and the papacy, each of which sought the support of the other. Accordingly, conciliatory letters, the texts of which have not been preserved, were written to the pope by the emperor and Cerularius. In his January 1054 reply to the emperor, Quantas gratias,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1882744–769-213">[205]</a> Leo IX asks for his assistance against the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Normans</a> and complains of what the pope saw as Caerularius's arrogance. In his reply to Caerularius,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1882773–777-216">[208]</a> he upbraided the patriarch for trying to subject the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch to himself and for adopting the title of Ecumenical Patriarch and insisted on the primacy of the see of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2013208–213-214">[206]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_christianity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/200px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/300px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Expansion_of_christianity.jpg/400px-Expansion_of_christianity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1131" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The division between the Eastern and Western Churches<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1915Plate_58A-217">[209]</a></div></div></div></div></div> These two letters were entrusted to a delegation of three legates, headed by the undiplomatic cardinal <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a>, and also including <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Lorraine_(cardinal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick of Lorraine (cardinal)">Frederick of Lorraine</a>, who was papal secretary and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Deacon">Cardinal-Deacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">Santa Maria in Domnica</a>, and Peter, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Amalfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Amalfi">Archbishop of Amalfi</a>. They were given friendship and support by the emperor but were spurned by the patriarch. Finally, on 16 July 1054, three months after Pope Leo's death in April 1054 and nine months before the next pope took office,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESettonBaldwin1969209–210-215">[207]</a> they laid on the altar of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, which was prepared for the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>, a bull of excommunication of Cerularius and his supporters. At a synod held on 20 July 1054, Cerularius in turn excommunicated the legates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd2013208–213-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1975276-218">[210]</a> In reality, only Michael may have been excommunicated along with his then-living adherents.<a href="#cite_note-219">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_West_since_1054">East and West since 1054</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: East and West since 1054">edit</a>]</div> There was no single event that marked the breakdown. Rather, the two churches slid into and out of schism over a period of several centuries, punctuated with temporary reconciliations. Efforts were made in subsequent centuries by emperors, popes and patriarchs to heal the rift between the churches. However, a number of factors and historical events worked to widen the separation over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreysHaldonCormack2008596-220">[211]</a> It is estimated that in 1054, a slim majority of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christians worldwide</a> were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christians</a>; most of the rest were Western Christians.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> Few of these would have noticed any difference as noted by Timothy Ware: "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. ... The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196367-14">[13]</a> At the time of the excommunications, many contemporary historians, including Byzantine chroniclers, did not consider the event significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns2002203-222">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorník194529–30-223">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing20066-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196367-14">[13]</a> Relations continued as usual, for instance <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endownments</a> made towards churches in the East such as the Holy Sepulchre were kept in place and Pope Gregory VII confirmed the proprietorship of the Patriarch of Jerusalem over a church in Le Marche in the Pyrenees.<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> When Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a> asked in the 1080s whether a canonical decision had been made to break relations with Rome, the participants of the synod of Constantinople said no.<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> Interactions in the 12th century between the Latin crusaders and the indigenous population show that rather than the former considering the latter as heretics or schismatics, they incorporated local hierarchies into their own.<a href="#cite_note-MacEvitt-227">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectarian_tensions_in_the_Byzantine_Empire_in_the_11th–12th_centuries">Sectarian tensions in the Byzantine Empire in the 11th–12th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sectarian tensions in the Byzantine Empire in the 11th–12th centuries">edit</a>]</div> Starting from the late 11th century, the dependency of the Byzantine Empire on the navies of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a>, led to the predominance of Catholic merchants in Byzantium—which had received major trading concessions since the 1080s—subsequently causing economic and social upheaval. Together with the perceived arrogance of the Italians, it fueled popular resentment amongst the middle and lower classes both in the countryside and in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFossier1986506–508-228">[219]</a> By the second half of the 12th century, the practically uncontrollable rivalry among competitors from the different city-states devolved to the point that Italians were raiding the quarters of other Italians in the capital, and retaliatory draconian measures by the Byzantine authorities led to the deterioration of inter-religious relations in the city. When in 1182 the regency of the <a href="/wiki/Empress_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress mother">empress mother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a>, an ethnic French notorious for the favouritism shown to Latin merchants and the big aristocratic land-owners, was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> in the wake of popular support, the new emperor allowed mobs to <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">massacre the hated foreigners</a>. Henceforth Byzantine foreign policy was invariably perceived as sinister and anti-Latin in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006112-229">[220]</a> Byzantine theologian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Theodore Balsamon</a> wrote in 1190 that no Latin should be given sacraments unless he first declares that he will abstain from Latin dogmas and customs and conform to Eastern practices. However, he was still criticized for excessive harshness by contemporaries such as Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chomatenos" title="Demetrios Chomatenos">Demetrios Chomatenos</a>, who pointed out that Latins had not been condemned as heretics and were not in complete schism, although he did not state whether Latins should be given Communion or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Crusade_(1204)_and_other_military_conflicts">Fourth Crusade (1204) and other military conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fourth Crusade (1204) and other military conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Siege of Constantinople (1204)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a></div> Motivated in part by lingering resentment over the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">massacre of the Latins</a> in Constantinople 22 years earlier, ill-fated dynamics in the organization of the crusade (originally intended to recapture Jerusalem), and <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios Angelos'</a> request that his father's rule be reestablished in Constantinople, the fourth crusader army arrived in Constantinople in April of 1203. Latin crusaders and Venetian merchants sacked <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> itself (1204), looting <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">the Church of Holy Wisdom</a> and various other Orthodox holy sites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1913320-231">[222]</a> and converting them to Latin Catholic worship. The Norman Crusaders also destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward201121-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray200953-233">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford20133-234">[225]</a> Various holy artifacts from these Orthodox holy places were taken to the West. The crusaders also appointed a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Constantinople">Latin Patriarch of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1913320-231">[222]</a> The conquest of Constantinople and the <a href="/wiki/Partitio_terrarum_imperii_Romaniae" title="Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae">final treaty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire of the East</a> and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (with various other <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>). Later some religious artifacts were sold in Europe to finance or fund the Latin Empire in Byzantium – as when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II of Constantinople</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1228–1261) sold the relic of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns#Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a> while in France trying to raise new funds to maintain his hold on Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993169-235">[226]</a> In 1261 the Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> brought the Latin Empire to an end. However, the Western attack on the heart of the Byzantine Empire is seen[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as a factor that led eventually to its conquest by Ottoman Muslims in the 15th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many scholars believe that the 1204 sacking of Constantinople contributed more to the schism than the events of 1054.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> In northern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, after their 12th- and 13th-century successes in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristiansen1997287-237">[228]</a> attempted (1240) to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Russian Republics of <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>, an enterprise somewhat endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristiansen1997287-237">[228]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1227–1241). One of the major defeats the Teutonic Knights suffered was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Ice">Battle of the Ice</a> in 1242. Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> also undertook several <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Novgorodian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Novgorodian Wars">campaigns against Orthodox Novgorod</a>. There were also <a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">conflicts</a> between Catholic <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Orthodox Russia, which helped solidify the schism between East and West. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Council_of_Lyon_(1272)">Second Council of Lyon (1272)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Second Council of Lyon (1272)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> was convoked to act on a pledge by Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetterau1994-238">[229]</a> Wishing to end the Great Schism that divided <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, Gregory X had sent an embassy to Michael VIII, who had reconquered Constantinople, putting an end to the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in the East, and he asked Latin despots in the East to curb their ambitions. On 29 June (the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a>, a patronal feast of the Popes), Gregory X celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Cathedral" title="Lyon Cathedral">St John's Church</a>, where both sides took part. The council declared that the Roman church possessed "the supreme and full primacy and authority over the universal Catholic Church." The union effected was "a sham and a political gambit", a fiction maintained by the emperor to prevent westerners from recovering the city of Constantinople, which they had lost just over a decade before, in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199638-239">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1975735-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199363-241">[232]</a> It was fiercely opposed by clergy and people<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199379-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1975735-240">[231]</a> and never put into effect,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold19732-243">[234]</a> in spite of a sustained campaign by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_XI_of_Constantinople" title="John XI of Constantinople">John XI of Constantinople</a> (John Bekkos), a convert to the cause of union, to defend the union intellectually, and vigorous and brutal repression of opponents by Michael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199379-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1910a§18_The_Council_of_Ferrara–Florence._1438–1445-244">[235]</a> In 1278 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a>, learning of the fictitious character of Greek conformity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-245">[236]</a> sent legates to Constantinople, demanding the personal submission of every Orthodox cleric and adoption of the Filioque,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010140-246">[237]</a> as already the Greek delegates at Lyon had been required to recite the Creed with the inclusion of Filioque and to repeat it two more times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010137-247">[238]</a> Emperor Michael's attempts to resolve the schism ended when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Pope Martin IV</a>, seeing that the union was only a sham, excommunicated Michael VIII in 1281 in support of <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>'s attempts to mount a new campaign to retake the Eastern Roman provinces lost to Michael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199379-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200437-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2007134-249">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes197929-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson200424-251">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1971136-252">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2006107-253">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt1910-254">[245]</a> Michael VIII's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronicus II</a> repudiated the union, and Bekkos was forced to abdicate, being eventually exiled and imprisoned until his death in 1297. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Ferrara–Florence_(1439)">Council of Ferrara–Florence (1439)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Council of Ferrara–Florence (1439)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks" title="Bull of Union with the Greeks">Bull of Union with the Greeks</a></div> In the 15th century, the eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>, pressed hard by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, was keen to ally himself with the West, and to do so he arranged with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> for discussions about the reunion to be held again, this time at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ferrara-Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ferrara-Florence">Council of Ferrara-Florence</a>. After several long discussions, the emperor managed to convince the Eastern representatives to accept the Western doctrines of Filioque, Purgatory and the supremacy of the Papacy. On 6 June 1439, an agreement was signed by all the Eastern bishops present but one, <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a>, who held that Rome continued in both <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>. It seemed that the Great Schism had been ended. However, upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the populace and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> two decades later). The union signed at Florence has never been accepted by the Eastern churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Constantinople_(1453)_and_thereafter">Fall of Constantinople (1453) and thereafter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fall of Constantinople (1453) and thereafter">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> to the invading <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in May 1453, Orthodox Christianity was already entrenched in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, whose political and de facto religious centre had shifted from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Church</a>, a part of the Church of Constantinople until the mid-15th century, was granted full independence (<a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a>) and elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarchate</a> in 1589. The Russian political and ecclesiastical elite came to view Moscow as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a>, a legitimate heir to Constantinople and Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199372-245">[236]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, the Orthodox Church acquired the status of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a>. The Ecumenical Patriarch became the ruler (<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">millet başı</a>) of all the Orthodox Christian subjects of the empire, including non-Greeks. Upon conquering Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> assumed the legal function of the Byzantine emperors and appointed Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gennadius II">Gennadius II</a>. The sultans enhanced the temporal powers of the Greek orthodox hierarchy that came to be politically beholden solely to the Ottoman sultan and, along with other <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Greek">Ottoman Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">nobles</a>, came to run the Balkan Orthodox domains of the Ottoman Empire. In Russia, the anti-Catholic sentiments came to be entrenched by the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish intervention</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> in the early 17th century, which was seen as an attempt to convert Moscow to Catholicism. The modern Russian national holiday, <a href="/wiki/Unity_Day_(Russia)" title="Unity Day (Russia)">Unity Day</a>, was established on the day of church celebration in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan" title="Our Lady of Kazan">Our Lady of Kazan</a> icon, which is believed to have miraculously saved Moscow from outright Polish conquest in 1612. <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Hermogenes_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow">Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow</a> was executed by the Poles and their supporters during this period (see also <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton18543-255">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouravieff1842165-256">[247]</a> In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were various attempts at unions between the Roman Church and various groups within Eastern Orthodoxy. The final separation between the Catholic Church on one hand and the Eastern Orthodox Churches on the other came only in the 18th century: in 1729, the Roman Church under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> prohibited communion with Orthodox Churches, and in 1755, the patriarchs of Alexandria, Jerusalem and Constantinople in retaliation declared the final interruption of sacral communion with the Roman Church and declared Catholicism heretical.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Vatican_Council_(1870)">First Vatican Council (1870)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: First Vatican Council (1870)">edit</a>]</div> The doctrine of papal primacy was further developed at the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, which declared that "in the disposition of God the Roman church holds the preeminence of ordinary power over all the other churches". This council also affirmed the dogma of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, declaring that the infallibility of the Christian community extends to the pope himself when he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church. This new dogma, as well as the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, promulgated in <a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a> a few years prior, are unequivocally rejected by the Eastern Church as heretical.<a href="#cite_note-encyc1848-65">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nullification_of_mutual_anathemas_(1965)">Nullification of mutual anathemas (1965)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nullification of mutual anathemas (1965)">edit</a>]</div> A major event of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (Vatican II), was the issuance by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and Orthodox Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople" title="Athenagoras I of Constantinople">Athenagoras I of Constantinople</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965</a>. At the same time, they lifted the mutual excommunications dating from the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_VI1965-258">[249]</a> The act did not result in the restoration of communion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Catholic_Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Eastern Catholic Churches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">Union of Uzhhorod</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, historically referred to as "uniate" by the Orthodox, consider themselves to have reconciled the East and West Schism by having accepted the primacy of the Bishop of Rome while retaining some of the canonical rules and liturgical practices in line with the Eastern tradition such as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> that is prevalent in the Orthodox Churches. Some Eastern Orthodox charge that joining in this unity comes at the expense of ignoring critical doctrinal differences and past atrocities. There have been periodic conflicts between the Orthodox and Eastern Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, then under <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPospielovsky199896-259">[250]</a> and later also in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church_United_with_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church United with Rome">Romanian Greek Catholic Church United with Rome</a>). Pressure and government-sponsored reprisals were used against Eastern Catholic Churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> in the Russian Empire and later in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-risu.org.ua-260">[251]</a> Since the late 1980s, the Moscow Patriarchate (the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>) has criticised the methods of restoration of the "uniate" church structures in Ukraine as well as what it called Catholic <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikarev2010-261">[252]</a> In 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Balamand_declaration" title="Balamand declaration">report</a> written by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_International_Commission_for_Theological_Dialogue_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church">Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church</a> during its 7th plenary session at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">Balamand School of Theology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> stated:<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-262">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[j]</a> "Because of the way in which Catholics and Orthodox once again consider each other in their relationship to the mystery of the Church and discover each other once again as Sister Churches, this form of 'missionary apostolate' described above, and which has been called '<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">uniatism</a>', can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking". At the same time, the document inter alia stated: <ul><li>Concerning the Oriental Catholic Churches, it is clear that they, as part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in answer to the spiritual needs of their faithful.</li> <li>The Oriental Catholic Churches who have desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations which are connected with this communion. The principles determining their attitude towards Orthodox Churches are those which have been stated by the Second Vatican Council and have been put into practice by the Popes who have clarified the practical consequences flowing from these principles in various documents published since then. These Churches, then, should be inserted, on both local and universal levels, into the dialogue of love, in mutual respect and reciprocal trust found once again, and enter into the theological dialogue, with all its practical implications.</li></ul> In February 2016, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a> of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), had a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and signed a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">joint declaration</a> that stated inter alia: "It is our hope that our meeting may also contribute to reconciliation wherever tensions exist between Greek Catholics and Orthodox. It is today clear that the past method of 'uniatism', understood as the union of one community to the other, separating it from its Church, is not the way to re-establish unity. Nonetheless, the ecclesial communities which emerged in these historical circumstances have the right to exist and to undertake all that is necessary to meet the spiritual needs of their faithful, while seeking to live in peace with their neighbours. Orthodox and Greek Catholics are in need of reconciliation and of mutually acceptable forms of co-existence."<a href="#cite_note-bbcnews2016-02-13-264">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-VIS2016-265">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-KirillFrancis-266">[256]</a> Meanwhile, in the interview published on the eve of the meeting in Cuba, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_(Alfeyev)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarion (Alfeyev)">Hilarion Alfeyev</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_External_Church_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of External Church Relations">Department of External Church Relations</a> and a permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_ROC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Synod of the ROC">Holy Synod of the ROC</a>, said that tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">ROC's Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> had been recently heightened mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Ukrainian war">Russo-Ukrainian war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alfeevinterv-267">[257]</a> The declaration was sharply criticised by <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a>, the Primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, who said that his flock felt "betrayed" by the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com-268">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2016-269">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsrushevchuk-270">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_efforts_at_reconciliation">Recent efforts at reconciliation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Recent efforts at reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_Theological_Commission">Joint Theological Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Joint Theological Commission">edit</a>]</div> Inspired by Vatican II that adopted the <a href="/wiki/Unitatis_Redintegratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitatis Redintegratio">Unitatis Redintegratio</a> decree on <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> in 1964 as well as the change of heart toward Ecumenism on the part of the Moscow Patriarchate that had occurred in 1961, the Vatican and 14 universally recognised autocephalous Orthodox Churches established the <a href="/wiki/Joint_International_Commission_for_Theological_Dialogue_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church">Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church</a> that first met in Rhodes in 1980 and is an ongoing endeavour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_moves_toward_reconciliation">Other moves toward reconciliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other moves toward reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> On a number of occasions, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> recited the Nicene Creed with patriarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in Greek according to the original text.<a href="#cite_note-usccb.org-271">[261]</a> Both he and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Demetrius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Demetrius I of Constantinople">Demetrius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I">Bartholomew I</a> in Greek without the Filioque clause, "according to the usage of the Byzantine Churches".<a href="#cite_note-vati_Sole-272">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube-273">[263]</a> This accords with the Catholic Church's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin,<a href="#cite_note-274">[264]</a> but not when reciting it in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated347-275">[265]</a> In June 1995, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew I">Patriarch Bartholomew I</a>, of Constantinople, visited <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> for the first time, and joined in the historic inter-religious day of prayer for peace at <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>. John Paul II and Bartholomew I explicitly stated their mutual "desire to relegate the excommunications of the past to oblivion and to set out on the way to re-establishing full communion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II2004-276">[266]</a> In May 1999, John Paul II was the first pope since the Great Schism to visit an Eastern Orthodox country: <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. Upon greeting John Paul II, the Romanian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Teoctist_Ar%C4%83pa%C5%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoctist Arăpaşu">Teoctist</a> stated: "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity." John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that healing the divisions between Western and Eastern Christianity was one of his fondest wishes. In June 2004, Bartholomew I's visit to Rome for the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> (29 June) afforded him the opportunity for another personal meeting with John Paul II, for conversations with the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a> and for taking part in the celebration for the feast day in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. The Patriarch's partial participation in the Eucharistic liturgy at which the Pope presided followed the program of the past visits of Patriarch Dimitrios (1987) and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew I">Patriarch Bartholomew I</a> himself: full participation in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of the Word">Liturgy of the Word</a>, a joint proclamation by the Pope and by the Patriarch of the profession of faith according to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a> in Greek and as the conclusion, the final Blessing imparted by both the Pope and the Patriarch at the Altar of the Confessio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortino200511-277">[267]</a> The Patriarch did not fully participate in the Liturgy of the Eucharist involving the consecration and distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II2004-276">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prospects_for_reconciliation">Prospects for reconciliation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Prospects for reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> Despite efforts on the part of Catholic popes and Orthodox patriarchs to heal the schism, only limited progress towards reconciliation has been made over the last half-century. One stumbling block is the fact that the Orthodox and the Catholics have different perceptions of the nature of the divide. The official Catholic teaching is that the Orthodox are schismatic, meaning that there is nothing heretical about their theology, and their unwillingness to accept the <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supremacy of the Pope</a> is presented in Catholic teaching as chiefly an ecclesiological issue, not so much a theological one. The Orthodox object to the Catholic doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">immaculate conception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, among others, as heretical doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-VatIns-278">[268]</a> With respect to primacy of the pope, the two churches agree that the pope, as Bishop of Rome, has primacy although they continue to have different interpretations of what that primacy entails. The Catholic Church's attitude was expressed by John Paul II in the image of the Church "breathing with her two lungs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1995para_54-279">[269]</a> He meant that there should be a combination of the more rational, juridical, organization-minded "Latin" temperament with the intuitive, mystical and contemplative spirit found in the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanfordHebblethwaiteHebblethwaite2005-280">[270]</a> In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> without the power of jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClapsis2005-281">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiological_reconciliation">Ecclesiological reconciliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ecclesiological reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> The Eastern Orthodox insist that the primacy is largely one of honor, the Pope being "<a href="/wiki/First_among_equals" class="mw-redirect" title="First among equals">first among equals</a>" primus inter pares. The Catholic Church, on the other hand, insists on the doctrine of supremacy. It is widely understood that, if there is to be reconciliation, both sides will have to compromise on this doctrine. Although some commentators have proposed ways in which such compromise can be achieved, there is no official indication that such compromise is being contemplated. In his book Principles of Catholic Theology, Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Ratzinger) assessed the range of "possibilities that are open to Christian ecumenism." He characterized the "maximum demand" of the West as the recognition by the East of and submission to the "primacy of the bishop of Rome in the full scope of the definition of 1870..." The "maximum demand" of the East was described as a declaration by the West of the 1870 doctrine of papal primacy as erroneous along with the "removal of the Filioque from the Creed and including the Marian dogmas of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Ratzinger asserted that "(n)one of the maximum solutions offers any real hope of unity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007120-282">[272]</a> Ratzinger wrote that "Rome must not require more from the East than had been formulated and what was lived in the first millennium." He concluded that "Reunion could take place in this context if, on the one hand, the East would cease to oppose as heretical the developments that took place in the West in the second millennium and would accept the Catholic Church as legitimate and orthodox in the form she had acquired in the course of that development, while on the other hand, the West would recognize the Church of the East as orthodox in the form she has always had."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatzingerBoeveMannion2010162-283">[273]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ravenna">declaration of Ravenna</a> in 2007 re-asserted the belief that the bishop of Rome is indeed the protos, although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_reconciliation">Theological reconciliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Theological reconciliation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="Special:EditPage/East–West Schism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some scholars such as Jeffrey Finch assert that "the future of East–West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenWittung2007244-284">[274]</a> These doctrinal issues center around the Orthodox perception that the Catholic theologians lack the actual experience of God called <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a> and thereby fail to understand the importance of the heart as a <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noetic</a> or intuitive faculty. It is what they consider to be the Catholic Church's reliance on pagan metaphysical philosophy and rational methods such as <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> rather than on the intuitive experience of God (theoria) that causes Orthodox to consider the Catholic Church heretical. Other points of doctrinal difference include a difference regarding human nature as well as a difference regarding <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, purgatory, and the <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christian_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell in Christian beliefs">nature of Hell</a>. One point of theological difference is embodied in the dispute regarding the inclusion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed. In the view of the Catholic Church, what it calls the legitimate complementarity of the expressions "from the Father" and "from the Father and the Son" does not provide it does not become rigid, affect the identity of faith in the reality of the same mystery confessed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatholic_Church199464para_248-285">[275]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The Orthodox, on the other hand, view inclusion of the phrase to be almost heretical (see also the <a href="#Trinity">Trinity section</a>). More importantly, the Orthodox see the Filioque as just the tip of the iceberg and really just a symptom of a much more deeply rooted problem of theology, one so deeply rooted that they consider it to be heretical and even, by some characterizations, an inability to "see God" and know God. This heresy is allegedly rooted in <a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomist</a> rational and objective Scholasticism. In opposition to what they characterize as pagan, heretical and "godless" foundations, the Orthodox rely on intuitive and mystical knowledge and vision of God (theoria) based on <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:noesis">noesis</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Catholics accept as valid the Eastern Orthodox intuitive and mystical understanding of God and consider it complementary to the rational Western reflection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanfordHebblethwaiteHebblethwaite2005-280">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1996264–275-286">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sacraments">edit</a>]</div> Most Orthodox Churches through <a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">economy</a> do not require baptism in the Orthodox Church for one who has been previously baptized in the Catholic Church. Most Orthodox jurisdictions, based on that same principle of economy, allow a sacramental marriage between an Orthodox Christian and some non-Orthodox Christians. The Catholic Church allows its clergy to administer the sacraments of Penance, the Eucharist and Anointing of the Sick to members of the Eastern Orthodox Church, if these spontaneously ask for the sacraments and are properly disposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassidyDuprey1993-287">[277]</a> It also allows Catholics who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive these three sacraments from the clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whenever necessity requires or a genuine spiritual advantage commends it, and provided the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassidyDuprey1993-287">[277]</a> Catholic canon law allows marriage between a Catholic and an Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#813-288">[278]</a> The Orthodox Church will only administer the sacraments to Christians who aren't Orthodox if there is an emergency. The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches authorizes the local Catholic bishop to permit a Catholic priest, of whatever rite, to bless the marriage of Orthodox faithful who being unable without great difficulty to approach a priest of their own Church, ask for this spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#833-289">[279]</a> In exceptional circumstances Catholics may, in the absence of an authorized priest, marry before witnesses. If a priest who is not authorized for the celebration of the marriage is available, he should be called in, although the marriage is valid even without his presence.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#ChV-290">[280]</a> The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches specifies that, in those exceptional circumstances, even a "non-Catholic" priest (and so not necessarily one belonging to an Eastern Church) may be called in.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO#ChV-290">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_reconciliation_efforts">Criticism of reconciliation efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Criticism of reconciliation efforts">edit</a>]</div> The efforts of Orthodox patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece, in November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-mkka-291">[281]</a> In 2010, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I">Bartholomew I</a> issued an encyclical lauding the ongoing dialogue between the Orthodox Church and other Christian churches and lamenting that the dialogues between the two churches were being criticized in "an unacceptably fanatical way" by some who claim to be defenders of Orthodoxy despite the fact that these dialogues are being conducted "with the mutual agreement and participation of all local Orthodox Churches". The Patriarch warned that "such opponents raise themselves above episcopal synods and risk creating schisms". He further accused some critics of distorting reality to "deceive and arouse the faithful" and of depicting theological dialogue not as a pan-Orthodox effort, but an effort of the Ecumenical Patriarchate alone. As an example, he pointed to "false rumors that union between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches is imminent" claiming that the disseminators of such rumors were fully aware that "the differences discussed in these theological dialogues remain numerous and require lengthy debate". The Patriarch re-emphasized that "union is not decided by theological commissions but by Church Synods".<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Agency-292">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> A late 11th-century pamphlet, Against the Franks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalatianosn.d.-4">[4]</a> that was falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a> lists this as the second point, right after the Filioque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHergenröther186962–71-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1982245–247-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> In 1995, John Paul II wrote: "With the power and the authority without which such an office would be illusory, the Bishop of Rome must ensure the communion of all the Churches." He invited "Church leaders and their theologians to examine with me in a patient and fraternal dialogue on this subject, a dialogue in which, leaving useless controversies behind, we could listen to one another, keeping before us only the will of Christ for his Church and allowing ourselves to be deeply moved by his plea 'that they may all be one ... so that the world may believe that you have sent me'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1995para_96-37">[36]</a> The Ravenna document of 13 October 2007<a href="#cite_note-orthodoxeurope.org-38">[37]</a> is one response to this invitation. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Oriental Orthodox churches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a><a href="#cite_note-armenianchurchlibrary.com-50">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a><a href="#cite_note-saintmaryhouston.org-51">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a><a href="#cite_note-EOTC-52">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a><a href="#cite_note-sor.cua.edu-53">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Protestant churches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><a href="#cite_note-bookofconcord.org-58">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a><a href="#cite_note-saintandrewsrpcga.org-59">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a><a href="#cite_note-umc-60">[57]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> The Orthodox attitude to the papacy is expressed by a 12th-century writer, <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_of_Nicomedia" title="Nicetas of Nicomedia">Nicetas</a>, Archbishop of Nicomedia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My dearest brother, we do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy amongst the five sister Patriarchates; and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at an Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds, when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office... How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman Pontiff, seated on the lofty throne of his glory, wishes to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high, and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our Churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure, what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves, not the sons, of such a Church, and the Roman See would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 stated that it condemned Nestorius "compelled thereto by the canons and by the letter of our most holy father and fellow-servant <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Coelestine</a>, the Roman bishop"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916178Ch._III_The_First_Council_of_Constantinople,_Canon_III-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010203-141">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See also the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">Fall of Rome</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Following the establishment of Constantinople (the ancient city of Byzantium) as the state capital of the Roman Empire in the early part of the 4th century, a series of significant ecclesiastical events saw the status of the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a> (as Constantinople was then called) elevated to its current position and privilege.<a href="#cite_note-patriarchate.org-162">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> "[...] the Roman legates excommunicated him [...] But [...] there was no [...] general excommunication of the Byzantine Church, still less of all the East. The legates carefully provided against that in their Bull. [...] They excommunicated Caerularius, Leo of Achrida, and their adherents. [...] The real tragedy is that gradually all the other Eastern patriarchs took sides with Caerularius, [...] and chose [...] to share his schism. [...] The emperor (not <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX</a>, but his successor) was on the side of his patriarch and they had learned too well to consider the emperor as their over-lord in spiritual matters too. [...] it was the usurped authority of Constantinople, the Erastianism of the East that turned a personal quarrel into a great schism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1912-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> The report contains unofficial suggestions of the commission, "until the competent organs of the Catholic Church and of the Orthodox Churches express their judgement in regard to it."<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-262">[253]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005706_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2008-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2008_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2008">D'Agostino 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer2004-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer2004_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayer2004">Bayer 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalatianosn.d.-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalatianosn.d._4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalatianosn.d.">Palatianos n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHergenröther186962–71-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHergenröther186962–71_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHergenröther1869">Hergenröther 1869</a>, pp. 62–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1982245–247-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1982245–247_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1982">Beck 1982</a>, pp. 245–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembke2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembke2010_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLembke2010">Lembke 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDragani200544-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDragani200544_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDragani2005">Dragani 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihlmeyerTüchle1967102-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBihlmeyerTüchle1967102_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBihlmeyerTüchle1967">Bihlmeyer & Tüchle 1967</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923267-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923267_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010113-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010113_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiecienski2010">Siecienski 2010</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer200480-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer200480_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayer2004">Bayer 2004</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196367-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare196367_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare196367_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare196367_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWare1963">Ware 1963</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010281-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2010281_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNichols2010">Nichols 2010</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-CCEO#844-16"><a href="#cite_ref-CCEO#844_16-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P51.HTM">"Canon 844 §3"</a>. Code of Canons of Oriental Churches. 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canons+of+Oriental+Churches&rft.atitle=Canon+844+%C2%A73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1199%2F_P51.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2001149-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2001149_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2001">Anon. 2001</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1971170-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1971170_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPelikan1971">Pelikan 1971</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaight2004289-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaight2004289_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaight2004289_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaight2004">Haight 2004</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyleFurryBazzell2012311-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyleFurryBazzell2012311_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyleFurryBazzell2012">Doyle, Furry & Bazzell 2012</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet201043–44-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet201043–44_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillet2010">Millet 2010</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199842-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolf199842_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolf199842_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolf1998">Volf 1998</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199844-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolf199844_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolf1998">Volf 1998</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007107–108,_209–-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleenewerck2007107–108,_209–_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleenewerck2007">Cleenewerck 2007</a>, pp. 107–108, 209–. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerencz200621–22-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerencz200621–22_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerencz2006">Ferencz 2006</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006§8-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006§8_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecchioSchadé2006§8_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBecchioSchadé2006">Becchio & Schadé 2006</a>, §8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare196327-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare196327_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWare1963">Ware 1963</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPartlan1995xv-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPartlan1995xv_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcPartlan1995">McPartlan 1995</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolf199843-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolf199843_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolf1998">Volf 1998</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaruti200466Note_276-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaruti200466Note_276_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaruti2004">Garuti 2004</a>, p. 66, Note 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaillardetz200646-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaillardetz200646_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaillardetz2006">Gaillardetz 2006</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleenewerck200722-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleenewerck200722_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleenewerck2007">Cleenewerck 2007</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200040-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw200040_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2000">Shaw 2000</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanI-34"><a href="#cite_ref-VaticanI_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207151342/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.htm#4">"Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ, Chapter 4 – On Faith and Reason"</a>. First Vatican Council (1869–1870). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.htm#6">the original</a> on 7 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Vatican+Council+%281869%E2%80%931870%29&rft.atitle=Dogmatic+Constitution+on+the+Church+of+Christ%2C+Chapter+4+%E2%80%93+On+Faith+and+Reason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FV1.htm%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCEO#181-35"><a href="#cite_ref-CCEO#181_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P51.HTM">"Canon 181"</a>. Code of Canons of Oriental Churches. 2007. 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VIII The Canons of the Council in Trullo, Canon LII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916389Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LV-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1916389Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LV_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaff1916">Schaff 1916</a>, p. 389, Ch. VIII The Canons of the Council in Trullo, Canon LV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916401Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LXXXII-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1916401Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_LXXXII_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaff1916">Schaff 1916</a>, p. 401, Ch. VIII The Canons of the Council in Trullo, Canon LXXXII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1916370Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_XI-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1916370Ch._VIII_The_Canons_of_the_Council_in_Trullo,_Canon_XI_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaff1916">Schaff 1916</a>, p. 370, Ch. 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InterVarsity Press. pp. 100, 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Church%3A+History%2C+Trends+and+Possibilities&rft.pages=100%2C+115&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns2002203-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinns2002203_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinns2002">Binns 2002</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorník194529–30-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvorník194529–30_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvorník1945">Dvorník 1945</a>, pp. 29–30: In spite of what happened in 1054, the faithful of both church remained long unaware of any change in their relations and acts of intercommunion were so numerous that 1054 as the date of the schism becomes inadmissible. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing20066-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing20066_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2006">King 2006</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlKramer2021" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Walter; Kramer, Rutger (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3BEEAAAQBAJ">Empires and Communities in the Post-Roman and Islamic World, C. 400-1000 CE</a>. 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Variorum Collected Studies. Ashgate Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-840-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-840-7"><bdi>0-86078-840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Mind+of+Byzantium+%28Political+Theory%2C+Theology%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Relations+with+the+See+of+Rome%29&rft.series=Variorum+Collected+Studies&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-86078-840-7&rft.aulast=Anastos&rft.aufirst=Milton+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myriobiblos.gr%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmilton1_21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anon. (2001). "Chronicle of the Eastern Churches". Eastern Churches Journal. 8 (1–2). Society of Saint John Chrysostom: 147–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Churches+Journal&rft.atitle=Chronicle+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=147-&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Anon.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyer1941" class="citation book cs1">Ayer, Joseph Cullen (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fM9y0Db-88wC&pg=PT315">A source book for ancient church history...</a> Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+source+book+for+ancient+church+history...&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Ayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfM9y0Db-88wC%26pg%3DPT315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzkoul1994" class="citation journal cs1">Azkoul, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603064944/http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html">"What are the differences between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism"</a>. The Orthodox Christian Witness. 27 (48). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2004. Retrieved 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+Witness&rft.atitle=What+are+the+differences+between+Orthodoxy+and+Roman+Catholicism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Azkoul&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocf.org%2FOrthodoxPage%2Freading%2Fortho_cath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerLanders2005" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Robert Andrew; Landers, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQvCL1STfaAC&pg=PA110">A Summary of Christian History</a>. B&H. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-3288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-3288-6"><bdi>978-0-8054-3288-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Summary+of+Christian+History&rft.pub=B%26H&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-3288-6&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Robert+Andrew&rft.au=Landers%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQvCL1STfaAC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayer2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bayer, Axel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYD7XoGwafAC&pg=PA80">Spaltung der Christenheit: das sogenannte Morgenländische Schisma von 1054</a> [Christianity split : the so-called Oriental Schism of 1054] (in German). Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-14204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-14204-9"><bdi>978-3-412-14204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaltung+der+Christenheit%3A+das+sogenannte+Morgenl%C3%A4ndische+Schisma+von+1054&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-412-14204-9&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYD7XoGwafAC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchioSchadé2006" class="citation book cs1">Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&pg=PT805">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Foreign Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7"><bdi>978-1-60136-000-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Foreign+Media+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-000-7&rft.aulast=Becchio&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Schad%C3%A9%2C+Johannes+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRkfKdho-5cC%26pg%3DPT805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1982" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beck, Hans-Georg (1982), Byzantinisches Lesebuch (in German), München</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantinisches+Lesebuch&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihlmeyerTüchle1967" class="citation book cs1">Bihlmeyer, Karl; Tüchle, Hermann (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqgNAQAAMAAJ">Church History: The Middle Ages</a>. Newman Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Newman+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Bihlmeyer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=T%C3%BCchle%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqgNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindley1980" class="citation book cs1">Bindley, Thomas Herbert (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA78">The Oecumenical Documents of the Faith</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22197-2"><bdi>978-0-313-22197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oecumenical+Documents+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-313-22197-2&rft.aulast=Bindley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lAOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2002" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA144">An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches</a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66738-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Orthodox+Churches&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66738-8&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOA5vfSl3dwC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2013" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkS916lwXScC&pg=PT3+">The Great Betrayal: The Great Siege of Constantinople</a>. E-Reads. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61756-800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61756-800-8"><bdi>978-1-61756-800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Betrayal%3A+The+Great+Siege+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=E-Reads&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61756-800-8&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkS916lwXScC%26pg%3DPT3%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratcher2018" class="citation web cs1">Bratcher, Dennis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/creeddositheus.html">"The Confession of Dositheus (Eastern Orthodox)"</a>. crivoice.org. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crivoice.org&rft.atitle=The+Confession+of+Dositheus+%28Eastern+Orthodox%29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bratcher&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crivoice.org%2Fcreeddositheus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrujić2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brujić, Dragan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpZsNgAACAAJ">Vodič kroz svet Vizantije: od Konstantina do pada Carigrada</a> [A guide to the world of Byzantium: from Constantine to the fall of Constantinople] (in Bosnian). Beograd: Dina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-85275-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-85275-02-9"><bdi>978-86-85275-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodi%C4%8D+kroz+svet+Vizantije%3A+od+Konstantina+do+pada+Carigrada&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Dina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-86-85275-02-9&rft.aulast=Bruji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbpZsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYC&pg=PA24">OSV's Encyclopedia of Catholic History</a>. Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-026-8"><bdi>978-1-59276-026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSV%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+History&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59276-026-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWpO1--eMrYC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2014" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC&pg=PA115">Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</a>. Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1027-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1027-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-1027-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1027-1&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5tic2VunRoC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bagnell Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70261/page/n305/mode/2up">The Cambridge Medieval History</a>. 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Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25650-0"><bdi>978-0-664-25650-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Confessions%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25650-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2mUxxxGt_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Clark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oA53PQAACAAJ">The Truth: What Every Roman Catholic Should Know about the Orthodox Church</a>. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026653-5"><bdi>978-0-14-026653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Crusades&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026653-5&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnortherncrusades00eric%2Fpage%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenWittung2007" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Michael J.; Wittung, Jeffery A. 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Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4111-8"><bdi>978-0-8386-4111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partakers+of+the+Divine+Nature%3A+The+History+and+Development+of+Deificiation+in+the+Christian+Traditions&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4111-8&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Wittung%2C+Jeffery+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgtUoMqm594C%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. 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"it". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkrZAAAAMAAJ">Il primato della sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049-1054): studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano</a> [The primacy of the Roman see in Leo IX (1049–54). Study of the Latin texts in the Greek-Roman controversy in the pre-Gregorian period]. San Paolo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-215-6062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-215-6062-0"><bdi>978-88-215-6062-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470997792">470997792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=it&rft.btitle=Il+primato+della+sede+di+Roma+in+Leone+IX+%281049-1054%29%3A+studio+dei+testi+latini+nella+controversia+greco-romana+nel+periodo+pregregoriano&rft.pub=San+Paolo&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470997792&rft.isbn=978-88-215-6062-0&rft.aulast=D%27Agostino&rft.aufirst=Michele+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjkrZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2008" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wS78LsGaZpkC&pg=PA140">The Formation of Christendom</a>. 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Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-217-5"><bdi>978-1-60833-217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiology+and+Exclusion%3A+Boundaries+of+Being+and+Belonging+in+Postmodern+Times&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60833-217-5&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Michael&rft.au=Furry%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Bazzell%2C+Pascal+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_lvImfHGhYC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragani2005" class="citation book cs1">Dragani, Anthony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sU1WvgAACAAJ&pg=PA44">Adrian Fortescue and the Eastern Christian Churches</a>. Gorgias. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-345-4"><bdi>978-1-59333-345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adrian+Fortescue+and+the+Eastern+Christian+Churches&rft.pub=Gorgias&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-345-4&rft.aulast=Dragani&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsU1WvgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorník1945" class="citation book cs1">Dvorník, František (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqQLMwEACAAJ">The Study of Church History and Christian Reunion ... 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Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-1977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes%3A+Eastern+Influences+on+Rome+and+the+Papacy+from+Gregory+the+Great+to+Zacharias%2C+A.D.+590-752&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1977-8&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzomZk6DbFTIC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerencz2006" class="citation book cs1">Ferencz, Nicholas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh4VnseTNZkC&pg=PA21">American Orthodoxy and Parish Congregationalism</a>. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-195-5"><bdi>978-1-59333-195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Orthodoxy+and+Parish+Congregationalism&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-195-5&rft.aulast=Ferencz&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUh4VnseTNZkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Fortescue, Adrian</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxeasternc00fort/page/146/mode/2up">The Orthodox Eastern Church</a>. 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Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4276-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Making%3A+Lumen+Gentium%2C+Christus+Dominus%2C+Orientalium+Ecclesiarum&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4276-7&rft.aulast=Gaillardetz&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iFSYQskQPUC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli1997" class="citation web cs1">Galli, Mark (1 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914171457/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1997/issue54/54h010.html">"The Great Divorce"</a>. Ctlibrary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1997/issue54/54h010.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ctlibrary.com&rft.atitle=The+Great+Divorce&rft.date=1997-04-01&rft.aulast=Galli&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctlibrary.com%2Fch%2F1997%2Fissue54%2F54h010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaruti2004" class="citation book cs1">Garuti, Adriano (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primacyofbishopo0000garu">The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome and the Ecumenical Dialogue</a>. 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Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6"><bdi>978-0-299-11884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+and+the+West%3A+Essays+on+the+Late+Byzantine+%28Palaeologan%29+and+Italian+Renaissances+and+the+Byzantine+and+Roman+Churches&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11884-6&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6PYWPWWhrUC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannaras1984" class="citation book cs1">Giannaras, Chrēstos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x68bAQAAMAAJ">The Freedom of Morality</a>. 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A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7220-7983-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7220-7983-6"><bdi>978-0-7220-7983-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7220-7983-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2nvpmOLdLwC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1967" class="citation book cs1">Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177">The Cambridge Medieval History</a>. Vol. 8. Cambridge: University Press. 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NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-9568-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Temples+and+Christian+Churches%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Religious+Cultures+of+Greece+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2&rft.aulast=Makrides&rft.aufirst=Vasilios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKOY5NsekfkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrien1995" class="citation book cs1">McBrien, Richard P. 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John Henry Parker. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchurcho00mouriala/page/165">165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+of+Russia&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=John+Henry+Parker&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Mouravieff&rft.aufirst=Andre%C4%AD+Nikolaevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchurcho00mouriala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCP9kHegLOcC&pg=PA53">The Library: An Illustrated History</a>. Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCP9kHegLOcC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1971" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfM8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136">"The Byzantine Reaction to the Second Council of Lyons, 1274"</a>. In Cuming, G.J.; Baker, Derek (eds.). Councils and Assemblies: Papers Read at the Eighth Summer Meeting and the Ninth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Byzantine+Reaction+to+the+Second+Council+of+Lyons%2C+1274&rft.btitle=Councils+and+Assemblies%3A+Papers+Read+at+the+Eighth+Summer+Meeting+and+the+Ninth+Winter+Meeting+of+the+Ecclesiastical+History+Society&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08038-5&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfM8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC">Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34157-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34157-4"><bdi>0-521-34157-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+Venice%3A+A+Study+in+Diplomatic+and+Cultural+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-34157-4&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrymIUITIYdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC">The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</a> (Second ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-10559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-246-10559-3"><bdi>0-246-10559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart-Davis+Ltd.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-246-10559-3&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr7WFLexQyIC">The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45531-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45531-6"><bdi>0-521-45531-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Lady%3A+Ten+Portraits%2C+1250%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-45531-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLr7WFLexQyIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1996" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PThFM3RS3h0C&pg=PA38">The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500</a>. 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New Blackfriars. 77 (905): 264–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1996.tb01555.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1996.tb01555.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43249880">43249880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Blackfriars&rft.atitle=A+Catholic+View+of+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=905&rft.pages=264-275&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1996.tb01555.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43249880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christendom-awake.org%2Fpages%2Fanichols%2Forthodox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Aidan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC">Rome and the Eastern Churches: a study in schism</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617282-4"><bdi>978-1-58617282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+a+study+in+schism&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58617282-4&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2016" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Carl E. (14 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2016/02/14/his-beatitude-sviatoslav-disappointed-in-joint-declaration-laments-vaticans-weaker-team/">"His Beatitude Sviatoslav disappointed in Joint Declaration; laments Vatican's "weaker team""</a>. catholicworldreport.com. 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Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09976-9"><bdi>978-0-521-09976-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09976-9&rft.aulast=Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXU5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzingerBoeveMannion2010" class="citation book cs1">Ratzinger, Joseph; Boeve, Lieven; Mannion, Gerard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEaxgHlMQbcC&pg=PA162">The Ratzinger Reader: Mapping a Theological Journey</a>. Continuum International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03214-0"><bdi>978-0-567-03214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ratzinger+Reader%3A+Mapping+a+Theological+Journey&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03214-0&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Boeve%2C+Lieven&rft.au=Mannion%2C+Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEaxgHlMQbcC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauschClifford2003" class="citation book cs1">Rausch, Thomas P.; Clifford, Catherine E. 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Missiologian ja Ekumeniikan Seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9519520643" title="Special:BookSources/978-9519520643"><bdi>978-9519520643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ+%E2%80%93+The+Life+of+the+World&rft.btitle=Xenia+Oecumenica+in+Honorem+Joannis+Metropolitae+Helsingiensis+Sexagenarii&rft.pub=Missiologian+ja+Ekumeniikan+Seura&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-9519520643&rft.aulast=Romanides&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQssAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRōmanidēsGabriel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Romanides" title="John Romanides">Rōmanidēs, Iōannēs S.</a>; Gabriel, George S. 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Zephyr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9707303-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9707303-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9707303-1-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50239361">50239361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestral+Sin&rft.pub=Zephyr&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50239361&rft.isbn=978-0-9707303-1-2&rft.aulast=R%C5%8Dmanid%C4%93s&rft.aufirst=I%C5%8Dann%C4%93s+S.&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTttVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanides2008" class="citation book cs1">Romanides, John (2008). 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Echter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-01274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-429-01274-8"><bdi>978-3-429-01274-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankt-georgen.de/leseraum/schatz2-2.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2012. 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7536-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-7536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%2C+Faith%2C+and+Dogma%3A+Essays+by+V.+S.+Soloviev+on+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7536-2&rft.aulast=Soloviev&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftjKBRToMygC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2008" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Jack Norman, ed. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10811-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10811-4"><bdi>90-04-10811-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Politics+and+People&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10811-4&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPquae5A4zIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1973" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Donald W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westinrussiachin0000trea">The West in Russia and China: Russia, 1472–1917</a>. Cambridge: University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westinrussiachin0000trea/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09725-3"><bdi>978-0-521-09725-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+in+Russia+and+China%3A+Russia%2C+1472%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09725-3&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestinrussiachin0000trea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigilioBrighenti2011" class="citation book cs1">Trigilio, John; Brighenti, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9V9GsP3FXMC">Catholicism For Dummies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05378-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05378-2"><bdi>978-1-118-05378-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05378-2&rft.aulast=Trigilio&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Brighenti%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9V9GsP3FXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Ullmann, Walter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdB64ytwmaQC&pg=PA64">A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-34952-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-34952-6"><bdi>978-0-203-34952-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Papacy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-34952-6&rft.aulast=Ullmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdB64ytwmaQC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanVoorst2012" class="citation book cs1">VanVoorst, Jenny Fretland (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyOoBQiCm88C&pg=PA14">The Byzantine Empire</a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-4565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-4565-9&rft.aulast=VanVoorst&rft.aufirst=Jenny+Fretland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyOoBQiCm88C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauchezLapidge2000" class="citation book cs1">Vauchez, André; Lapidge, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=om4olQhrE84C&pg=PA1016">Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</a>. Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-282-1"><bdi>978-1-57958-282-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-282-1&rft.aulast=Vauchez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dom4olQhrE84C%26pg%3DPA1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlachos1993" class="citation book cs1">Vlachos, Hierotheos (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F27IAAAACAAJ">The Illness and Cure of the Soul in the Orthodox Tradition</a>. Birth of the Theotokos Monastery Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-18-0"><bdi>978-960-7070-18-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illness+and+Cure+of+the+Soul+in+the+Orthodox+Tradition&rft.pub=Birth+of+the+Theotokos+Monastery+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-960-7070-18-0&rft.aulast=Vlachos&rft.aufirst=Hierotheos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF27IAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlachos1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hierotheos_Vlachos" title="Hierotheos Vlachos">Vlachos, Hierotheos</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225105941/http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b02.en.orthodox_psychotherapy.03.htm#in">Orthodox Psychotherapy: (the Science of the Fathers)</a>. Translated by Esther Williams. Birth of the Theotokos Monastery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-27-2"><bdi>978-960-7070-27-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b02.en.orthodox_psychotherapy.03.htm#in">the original</a> on 25 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Psychotherapy%3A+%28the+Science+of+the+Fathers%29&rft.pub=Birth+of+the+Theotokos+Monastery&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-960-7070-27-2&rft.aulast=Vlachos&rft.aufirst=Hierotheos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pelagia.org%2Fhtm%2Fb02.en.orthodox_psychotherapy.03.htm%23in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlachos1996" class="citation book cs1">Vlachos, Hierotheos (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyJxAAAAMAAJ">Life After Death</a>. Birth of the Theotokos Monastery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-34-0"><bdi>978-960-7070-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+After+Death&rft.pub=Birth+of+the+Theotokos+Monastery&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-960-7070-34-0&rft.aulast=Vlachos&rft.aufirst=Hierotheos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzyJxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Volf" title="Miroslav Volf">Volf, Miroslav</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-s7xzugXqkC&pg=PA42">After Our Likeness: The Church as the Image of the Trinity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4440-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Our+Likeness%3A+The+Church+as+the+Image+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4440-8&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-s7xzugXqkC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolz2011" class="citation book cs1">Volz, Carl A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_g1S4pyyOIC&pg=PT73">The Medieval Church: From the Dawn of the Middle Ages to the Eve of the Reformation</a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2477-0"><bdi>978-1-4267-2477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Church%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Eve+of+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-2477-0&rft.aulast=Volz&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_g1S4pyyOIC%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWP_K-lZCB0C&pg=PA107">Pocket Dictionary of Popes</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-420-7"><bdi>978-0-86012-420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Dictionary+of+Popes&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-420-7&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWP_K-lZCB0C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1963" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Timothy (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchac00ware">The Orthodox Church</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140205923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140205923"><bdi>978-0140205923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0140205923&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxchurchac00ware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1995" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Timothy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxway0000ware">The Orthodox Way</a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxway0000ware/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-58-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-58-3"><bdi>978-0-913836-58-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Way&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-58-3&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxway0000ware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetterau1994" class="citation book cs1">Wetterau, Bruce (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistorydict00wett">World History: A Dictionary of Important People, Places, and Events from Ancient Times to the Present</a>. H. Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2350-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-2350-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-2350-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Important+People%2C+Places%2C+and+Events+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-2350-3&rft.aulast=Wetterau&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistorydict00wett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2000" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, K. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5V1xelf69XAC&pg=PT244">One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic: The Early Church was the Catholic Church</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-802-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-802-8"><bdi>978-0-89870-802-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One%2C+Holy%2C+Catholic%2C+and+Apostolic%3A+The+Early+Church+was+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-802-8&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5V1xelf69XAC%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilhelm, Joseph (1908). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/General_Councils">"General Councils" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Councils&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA37">Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2071-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Genealogy%3A+The+Families+and+Descendants+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2071-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mq7ctwMNdoC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1990" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Wolfram (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC&pg=PA328">History of the Goths</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06983-1&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsQxcJvaLjAC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoghby1992" class="citation book cs1">Zoghby, Elias (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYs2AgAACAAJ">A Voice from the Byzantine East</a>. Educational Services, Diocese of Newton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56125-018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56125-018-9"><bdi>978-1-56125-018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voice+from+the+Byzantine+East&rft.pub=Educational+Services%2C+Diocese+of+Newton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56125-018-9&rft.aulast=Zoghby&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYs2AgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bremer, Thomas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-west-as-enemy/thomas-bremer-the-west-as-the-archetypal-enemy-in-the-theological-and-philosophical-discourse-of-orthodox-christianity?set_language=en&-C=">The "West" as the Archetypal Enemy in the Theological and Philosophical Discourse of Orthodox Christianity</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1149294663/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Henry Chadwick. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence. Oxford University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Chrysostom Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitypublishing.com/Newsletter/OrthodoxCatholic.htm">Orthodox–Catholic Relations: An Orthodox Reflection</a>. 1998</li> <li>Joseph P. Farrell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialectic.wordpress.com/ghd/">God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences</a>. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21421032">"The Prerogratives of the Papal Office as the Prime Perpetuating Cause of the East–West Schism in the Modern Day"</a>. Academia.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Prerogratives+of+the+Papal+Office+as+the+Prime+Perpetuating+Cause+of+the+East%E2%80%93West+Schism+in+the+Modern+Day&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21421032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>John Romanides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanity.org/htm/rom.02.en.the_cure_of_the_neurobiological_sickness_of_rel.03.htm">The Cure of the Neurobiological Sickness of Religion, the Hellenic Civilization of the Roman Empire, Charlemagne's Lie of 794 and His Lie Today</a></li> <li>Eugene Webb. In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West. University of Missouri Press, 2014.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=East%E2%80%93West_Schism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Ware, Bp. Kallistos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/history_timothy_ware_1.htm#n4">Byzantium: The Great Schism</a>, Father Alexander</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Great+Schism&rft.pub=Father+Alexander&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Bp.+Kallistos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatheralexander.org%2Fbooklets%2Fenglish%2Fhistory_timothy_ware_1.htm%23n4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587056/Schism-of-1054">Encyclopædia Britannica: Schism of 1054</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208192705/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19651207_common-declaration_en.html">Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20031016.shtml">BBC Radio 4 round table: In Our Time: Schism (16 October 2003)</a> (audio)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905202235/http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/">East–West Schism</a>, Orthodox Church in the Philippines, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/">the original</a> on 5 September 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East%E2%80%93West+Schism&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox.org.ph%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F211%2F50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx">The Great Schism</a>, Orthodox SCOBA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Schism&rft.pub=Orthodox+SCOBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Fgreatschism.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast%E2%80%93West+Schism" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephalous and autonomous churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Four ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch" title="John X of Antioch">John X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilos III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-293">[a]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch">Porfirije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_of_Bulgaria" title="Daniil of Bulgaria">Daniil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Daniel of Romania">Daniel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archdioceses</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Cyprus">George III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania" title="Anastasios of Albania">Anastasios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawa_(Hrycuniak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa (Hrycuniak)">Sawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastislav_(Gont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastislav (Gont)">Rastislav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Mollard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Mollard)">Tikhon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan,_Archbishop_of_Ohrid_and_Macedonia" title="Stefan, Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia">Stefan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineCross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/60px-ByzantineCross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/90px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/120px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="581" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n3-295">[c]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-294">[b]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Semi-autonomous churches</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-296">[d]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-296">[d]</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_episcopal_assemblies" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox episcopal assemblies">Diaspora Assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East–West Schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></dd> <dd>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Mark</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Unrecognized_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-293"><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_293-0">^</a> The ROC <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">severed full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_294-7">h</a> Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n3-295"><a href="#cite_ref-note_n3_295-0">^</a> UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n2-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_296-1">b</a> Semi-autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> whose autonomy is not universally recognized. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a> Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Preceding</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Early (330–717)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Middle (717–1204)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Late (1204–1453)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">East–West Schism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:East%E2%80%93West_Schism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:East–West Schism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Eastern_Schism" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Eastern Schism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51648" class="extiw" title="d:Q51648">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51648#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51648#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51648#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1106692/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130393-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85118130">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119787783">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119787783">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph264905&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560591905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East–West_Schism&oldid=1258388842">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East–West_Schism&oldid=1258388842</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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Template:Navbox"," 6.44% 200.824 27 Template:Fix"," 4.83% 150.532 13 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.45% 138.809 1 Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer"," 3.59% 112.020 4 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.994","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21932606,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Edward_Siecienski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgence_France-Presse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnastos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_P._Roach,_James_R._Simpson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyer1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzkoul1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerLanders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecchioSchadé2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBihlmeyerTüchle1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBindley1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinns2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBratcher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrujić2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidyDuprey1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatholic_Church1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensenWittung2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristiansen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapsis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleenewerck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloud2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Agostino2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikarev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleFurryBazzell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDragani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvorník1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkonomou2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerencz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFossier1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaillardetz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaillardetzWilson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaruti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeanakoplos1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiosn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannaras1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuimarães\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaight2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmannPennington2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHergenröther1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopko2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussey1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatius_of_Antioch1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffreysHaldonCormack2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaegi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellyWalsh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidd2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKling2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowlesCunningham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrehel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLembke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLossky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLossky1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacEvitt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacquarrie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakrides2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBrien1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKim1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPartlan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetropolitan_of_Kalavryta_and_Aigialia_Ambrosio2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalopulos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigne1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouravieff1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtt1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalatianosn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapadakisMeyendorff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatriarch_Alexis_of_Moscow_and_All_Russia2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_VI1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelikan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohlKramer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomazansky1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPospielovsky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrevité-Orton1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzingerBoeveMannion2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauschClifford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRautman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomaniden.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanides\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRomanides1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanides2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRōmanidēsGabriel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1910a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchatz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSettonBaldwin1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverus1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherrard1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiecienski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoloviev2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanfordHebblethwaiteHebblethwaite2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStopka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToner1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTougher1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrigilioBrighenti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanVoorst2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVauchezLapidge2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlachos1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlachos1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlachos1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolf1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetterau1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoghby1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Byzantine Empire topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations\"] = 1,\n [\"CN\"] = 6,\n [\"Catholicism\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholicism–Eastern Orthodoxy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian History\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 13,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 128,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 56,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:East-West Schism\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Eastern Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Orthodox Church footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"Historical Christian theology\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox event\"] = 1,\n [\"Interp\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Middle Ages\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Not in refs\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 266,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Summarize\"] = 1,\n [\"The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500\"] = 1,\n [\"The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFNicol1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","23.5"],["?","300","13.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","1.7"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","1.7"],["[others]","620","27.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5695644f9d-5dsnn","timestamp":"20241128015822","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> 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