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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_and_early_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_early_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding and early growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_early_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birmingham_civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birmingham_civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birmingham civil rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birmingham_civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surrounding_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Surrounding suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biotechnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Construction and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_large_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_large_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Other large companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_large_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Taxes and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Largest companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_and_federal_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_federal_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>State and federal representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_federal_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_planning_in_Birmingham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning_in_Birmingham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Urban planning in Birmingham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning_in_Birmingham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Public transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passenger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.1</span> <span>Passenger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.2</span> <span>Freight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birmingham, Alabama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beormingaham_(Alabama)" title="Beormingaham (Alabama) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beormingaham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="برمنغهام (ألاباما) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمنغهام (ألاباما)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminqem_(Alabama)" title="Birminqem (Alabama) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birminqem (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="برمینقم، آلاباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برمینقم، آلاباما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE,_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বার্মিংহাম, অ্যালাবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্মিংহাম, অ্যালাবামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бірмінгем (Алабама) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бірмінгем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бірмінггэм (Алабама) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бірмінггэм (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингам (Алабама) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бирмингам (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D)" title="རྦིར་མིང་ཧམ། (ཨ་ལ་པ་མ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྦིར་མིང་ཧམ། (ཨ་ལ་པ་མ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Alabama)" title="Birmingham (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Alabama) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Birmingham (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82_Deeshchii%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Dził Deeshchiiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dził Deeshchiiʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC_(%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Μπέρμιγχαμ (Αλαμπάμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέρμιγχαμ (Αλαμπάμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alab%C3%A0ma)" title="Birmingham (Alabàma) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Birmingham (Alabàma)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabamo)" title="Birmingham (Alabamo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birmingham (Alabamo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="برمینگم، آلاباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برمینگم، آلاباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="بيرمنگام (آلاباما) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بيرمنگام (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%B0%8D%ED%96%84" title="버밍햄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버밍햄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4_(%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1)" title="Բիրմինգհեմ (Ալաբամա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիրմինգհեմ (Ալաբամա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6)" title="Бирмингем (Алабамæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабамæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94)" title="ברמינגהאם (אלבמה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברמינגהאם (אלבמה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="ბირმინგემი (ალაბამა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირმინგემი (ალაბამა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingema_(ASV)" title="Birmingema (ASV) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birmingema (ASV)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingamas_(JAV)" title="Birmingamas (JAV) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Birmingamas (JAV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82,_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ബെർമിങ്‌ഹാം, അലബാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർമിങ്‌ഹാം, അലബാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE)" title="बर्मिंगहॅम (अलाबामा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्मिंगहॅम (अलाबामा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="ბირმინგემი (ალაბამა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბირმინგემი (ალაბამა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="برمنجهام (الاباما) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برمنجهام (الاباما)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%85_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="برمینگهم (آلاباما) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برمینگهم (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE,%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बर्मिङ्गह्याम,अलाबामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बर्मिङ्गह्याम,अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बर्मिङ्गह्याम, अलाबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बर्मिङ्गह्याम, अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="バーミングハム (アラバマ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーミングハム (アラバマ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_i_Alabama" title="Birmingham i Alabama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Birmingham i Alabama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بێرمینگھام، ئالاباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێرمینگھام، ئالاباما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бермингхам (Алабама) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бермингхам (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE)" title="பர்மிங்காம் (அலபாமா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பர்மிங்காம் (அலபாமா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%A3%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Бирмиңһәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бирмиңһәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бирмингем (Алабама) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бирмингем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Бірмінгем (Алабама) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бірмінгем (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="برمنگھم، الاباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برمنگھم، الاباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminhem_(Alabam)" title="Birminhem (Alabam) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Birminhem (Alabam)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" title="Birmingham (Alabama) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Birmingham (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Birmingham, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0%EF%BC%88%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="伯明翰（阿拉巴马州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伯明翰（阿拉巴马州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E)" title="伯明翰 (阿拉巴馬州) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伯明翰 (阿拉巴馬州)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E)" title="伯明翰 (阿拉巴马州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯明翰 (阿拉巴马州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham,_Alabama&params=33_31_03_N_86_48_34_W_type:city_region:US-AL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°31′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°48′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.51750°N 86.80944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51750; -86.80944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Alabama, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birmingham (disambiguation)">Birmingham (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Alabama, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Birmingham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg/288px-Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg/432px-Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg/576px-Birmingham_cityscape_view_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div><div>Downtown Birmingham</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div style="border:1;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg/55px-Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg/83px-Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg/110px-Vulcan_statue_Birmingham_AL_2008_snow_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue"><i>Vulcan</i></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="border:1;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/151px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/227px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/302px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div style="border:1;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_City_Hall_(Alabama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg/74px-Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg/111px-Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg/148px-Birmingham_City_Hall_%28Alabama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="3311" /></a></span></div><div>City Hall</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="border:1;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/81px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/122px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/162px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Theatre" title="Alabama Theatre">Alabama Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div style="border:1;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMA-2010-screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BMA-2010-screen.jpg/203px-BMA-2010-screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BMA-2010-screen.jpg/305px-BMA-2010-screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BMA-2010-screen.jpg/406px-BMA-2010-screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Birmingham,_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Birmingham"><img alt="Flag of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/115px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/173px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/230px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Flag of Birmingham, Alabama">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Birmingham,_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Birmingham"><img alt="Official seal of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/87px-Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/131px-Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/174px-Seal_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Birmingham,_Alabama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Birmingham"><img alt="Official logo of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/115px-Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/173px-Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg/230px-Logo_of_Birmingham%2C_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Magic City", "<a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> of the South"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="33.5175" data-lon="-86.8094" data-overlays="["_804b95f33e46dd9a1c39ece2b060b93dac060cc2"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/33.5175/-86.8094/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,33.5175,-86.8094,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Birmingham%2C_Alabama&revid=1269671708&groups=_804b95f33e46dd9a1c39ece2b060b93dac060cc2" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,33.5175,-86.8094,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Birmingham%2C_Alabama&revid=1269671708&groups=_804b95f33e46dd9a1c39ece2b060b93dac060cc2 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Birmingham</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham is located in Alabama"><img alt="Birmingham is located in Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/200px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg/400px-USA_Alabama_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.745%;left:47.264%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Birmingham</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Alabama</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Alabama</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham is located in the United States"><img alt="Birmingham is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/200px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/300px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/400px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.128%;left:66.53%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Birmingham</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham,_Alabama&params=33_31_03_N_86_48_34_W_type:city_region:US-AL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°31′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°48′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.51750°N 86.80944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51750; -86.80944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">December 19, 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, UK</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Mayor – Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Woodfin" title="Randall Woodfin">Randall Woodfin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">149.54 sq mi (387.31 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">147.02 sq mi (380.77 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">2.52 sq mi (6.53 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">597 ft (182 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,733</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">196,644</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">129th</a> in the United States <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alabama" title="List of municipalities in Alabama">2nd</a> in Alabama</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,365.37/sq mi (527.17/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">774,956 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">US: 58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,521.7/sq mi (587.5/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2020Pop_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,115,289 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Birminghamian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (CDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ZIP Codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">35201-35224, 35226, 35228-35229, 35231-35238, 35242-35244, 35246, 35249, 35253-35255, 35259-35261, 35266, 35270, 35282-35283, 35285, 35287-35288, 35290-35298</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_205_and_659" title="Area codes 205 and 659">205, 659</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01-07000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">2403868<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghamal.gov/">birminghamal.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Birmingham</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BUR</span>-ming-ham</i></a>) is a city in the north central region of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, United States. Birmingham is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson County</a>, Alabama's most populous county. As of the 2023 census estimates, Birmingham had a population of 196,910 down 2% from the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it Alabama's second-most populous city after <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broader <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham metropolitan area</a> had a 2020 population of 1,115,289,<sup id="cite_ref-2020Pop_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest metropolitan area in Alabama as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">47th-most populous</a> in the US. Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Atlantic_Megaregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion">Piedmont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> regions of the nation. </p><p>Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post–<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction period</a>, through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns, notably, <a href="/wiki/Elyton,_Alabama" title="Elyton, Alabama">Elyton</a>. It grew from there, <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexing</a> many more of its smaller neighbors, into an industrial and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transportation">railroad transportation</a> center with a focus on mining, the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">iron and steel industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Railroading" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroading">railroading</a>. Birmingham was named after <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s major industrial cities. Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city may have been planned as a place where cheap, non-unionized, and often African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city's steel mills and blast furnaces, giving it a competitive advantage over industrial cities in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. The pace of Birmingham's growth during the period from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames <i>The Magic City</i> and <i>The Pittsburgh of the South</i>. Much like <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Birmingham's major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Railroading" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroading">railroading</a> industry, where rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham. In the field of railroading, the two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South were nearby <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and Birmingham, beginning in the 1860s and continuing through to the present day. The economy diversified during the later half of the twentieth century. Though the manufacturing industry maintains a strong presence in Birmingham, other businesses and industries such as <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, transportation, electrical power transmission, medical care, <a href="/wiki/College_education" class="mw-redirect" title="College education">college education</a>, and insurance have risen in stature. Mining in the Birmingham area is no longer a major industry with the exception of coal mining. Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and is also one of the largest banking centers in the US. In addition, the Birmingham area serves as headquarters to two <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies: <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions Financial">Regions Financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Materials_Company" title="Vulcan Materials Company">Vulcan Materials Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with multiple other <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a> companies. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, Birmingham has been the location of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine">University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine</a> (formerly the Medical College of Alabama) and the <a href="/wiki/UAB_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="UAB School of Dentistry">University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry</a> since 1947. In 1969 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a> was established, one of three main campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama System</a>. Birmingham is also home to two private institutions: <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_College" title="Miles College">Miles College</a>. Birmingham was also home to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Southern_College" title="Birmingham–Southern College">Birmingham-Southern College</a>, before its closure in 2024. Birmingham also has two community colleges: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_State_Community_College" title="Jefferson State Community College">Jefferson State Community College</a>, with enrollment of 8,000 plus is the largest in Alabama, and <a href="/wiki/Lawson_State_Community_College" title="Lawson State Community College">Lawson State Community College</a> with enrollment of approximately 4,000. Between these colleges and universities, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, law, engineering, and nursing. Birmingham is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a>, one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences. The <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a>, considered the premier HBCU athletic conference is also headquartered in Birmingham. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Timeline of Birmingham, Alabama">Timeline of Birmingham, Alabama</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_early_growth">Founding and early growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and early growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg/220px-OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg/330px-OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg/440px-OUR_BABY_DOFFER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4677" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>Child labor at Avondale Mills in Birmingham, 1910, photo by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birmingham was founded on June 1, 1871, by the Elyton Land Company whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the planned crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Great_Southern_Railroad#History" title="Alabama Great Southern Railroad">Alabama & Chattanooga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">South & North Alabama</a> railroads, including land formerly a part of the Benjamin P. Worthington plantation. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre & Allen. The site of the railroad crossing was notable for the nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> – the three main raw materials used in making steel. </p><p>Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the start the new city was planned as a great center of industry. The founders, organized as the Elyton Land Company, borrowed the name of Birmingham, one of England's main industrial cities, to advertise that point. The growth of the planned city was impeded by an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> crash in 1873. However, it began to develop shortly afterward at an explosive rate. </p><p>In 1911, the town of Elyton, Alabama, and several other surrounding towns were absorbed into Birmingham. The start of the 20th century brought the substantial growth that gave Birmingham the nickname "The Magic City", as the downtown area developed from a low-rise commercial and residential district into a busy grid of neoclassical mid-rise and high-rise buildings and busy streetcar lines. Between 1902 and 1912 four large office buildings were constructed at the intersection of 20th Street, the central north–south spine of the city, and 1st Avenue North, which connected the warehouses and industrial facilities stretching along the east–west railroad corridor. This impressive group of early skyscrapers was nicknamed "The <a href="/wiki/Heaviest_Corner_on_Earth" title="Heaviest Corner on Earth">Heaviest Corner on Earth</a>". </p><p>In 1916, Birmingham was hit by the <a href="/wiki/1916_Irondale_earthquake" title="1916 Irondale earthquake">Irondale earthquake</a>, with a 5.1 magnitude. A few buildings in the area were slightly damaged. The earthquake was felt as far as Atlanta and neighboring states. </p><p>While excluded from the best-paying industrial jobs, Black Americans joined the migration of residents from rural areas to the city for its opportunities. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s hit Birmingham especially hard as sources of capital that were fueling the city's growth rapidly dried up at the same time that farm laborers, driven off the land, made their way to the city in search of work. <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs put many city residents to work in WPA and CCC programs, making important contributions to the city's infrastructure and artistic legacy, including such key improvements as <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue">Vulcan's</a> tower and <a href="/wiki/Oak_Mountain_State_Park" title="Oak Mountain State Park">Oak Mountain State Park</a>. </p><p>The wartime demand for steel and the post-war building boom gave Birmingham a rapid return to prosperity. Manufacturing diversified beyond the production of raw materials. Major civic institutions such as schools, parks and museums, were able to expand their scope.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins-1981_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the growing population and wealth of the city, its residents were markedly underrepresented in the state legislature. Although the state constitution required redistricting in accordance with changes in the decennial census, the state legislature did not undertake this until the early 1970s, when forced by a federal court case to enforce "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>". In addition, the geographic basis of the senate, which gave each county one seat, gave undue influence to rural counties. Representatives of rural counties also had disproportionate power in the state house, and failed to provide support for infrastructure and other improvements in developing urban population centers such as Birmingham. At this time, the General Assembly ran county governments as extensions of the state through their legislative delegations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birmingham_civil_rights_movement">Birmingham civil rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birmingham civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a></div> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s Birmingham received national and international attention as a center of the <a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)">civil rights struggle</a> for African-Americans. Locally the movement's activists were led by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, a fiery preacher who became legendary for his fearlessness in the face of violence, notably a string of racially motivated bombings that earned Birmingham the derisive nickname "Bombingham".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/220px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/330px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG/440px-16th_Street_Baptist_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a>, now a National Historic Landmark</figcaption></figure> <p>A watershed in the civil rights movement occurred in 1963 when Shuttlesworth requested that <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC), which Shuttlesworth had co-founded, come to Birmingham, where King had once been a pastor, to help end segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-test_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they launched "Project C" (for "Confrontation"), a massive assault on the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow system</a>. In April and May daily sit-ins and mass marches organized and led by movement leader <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> were met with police repression, <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a>, attack dogs, fire hoses, and arrests. More than 3,000 people were arrested during these protests, almost all of them high-school age children. These protests were ultimately successful, leading not only to desegregation of public accommodations in Birmingham but also the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While imprisoned for having taken part in a nonviolent protest, Dr. King wrote the now famous April 16 <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>, a defining treatise in his cause against segregation. Birmingham is also known for the September 15 incident, in which four black girls were killed by a bomb planted at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church</a>. The event would inspire the African-American poet <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Randall" title="Dudley Randall">Dudley Randall</a>'s opus, "<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Birmingham" title="The Ballad of Birmingham">The Ballad of Birmingham</a>", as well as jazz musician <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>'s song "Alabama". </p><p>In 1998 the Birmingham Pledge, which local attorney James Rotch wrote, was introduced at the Martin Luther King Unity Breakfast. As a grassroots community commitment to combating racism and prejudice, it has since then been used for programs in all fifty states and in more than twenty countries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, urban-renewal efforts focused around the development of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a>, which developed into a major medical and research center. In 1971, Birmingham celebrated its <a href="/wiki/Centennial" title="Centennial">centennial</a> with a round of public-works improvements, including an upgrade of <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue">Vulcan Park</a> and the construction of a major downtown convention center containing a 2,500-seat symphony hall, theater, 19,000-seat arena, and exhibition halls. Birmingham's banking institutions enjoyed considerable growth as well and new skyscrapers started to appear in the city center for the first time since the 1920s. These projects helped diversify the city's economy but did not prevent the exodus of many of the city's residents to nearby independent suburbs. In 1979, Birmingham elected Dr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arrington_Jr." title="Richard Arrington Jr.">Richard Arrington Jr.</a> as its first African-American mayor. </p><p>The population inside Birmingham's city limits has fallen over the past few decades, due in large part to "<a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>" from the city of Birmingham proper to surrounding suburbs. The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white,<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has declined from 57.4 percent in 1970 to 21.1 percent in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its highest population of 340,887 in 1960, the population was down to 200,733 in 2020, a loss of about 41 percent. That same period saw a corresponding rise in the populations of the suburban communities of Hoover, Vestavia Hills, Alabaster, and Gardendale, none of which were incorporated as municipalities until after 1950. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg/220px-Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg/330px-Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg/440px-Birmingham_Skyline.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Birmingham skyline at night from atop the City Federal Building, July 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, the city's visitors bureau selected "the diverse city" as a new <a href="/wiki/Tag_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag line">tag line</a> for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the American Planning Association named the Highland Park neighborhood of Birmingham as a 2011 America's Great Place.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the International World Game Executive Committee selected Birmingham over <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufa,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufa, Russia">Ufa, Russia</a>, for the 2021 World Games, but the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> delayed the event by a year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2020 census, Birmingham lost its long-standing status as Alabama's largest city, with <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> overtaking Birmingham in total population, though Birmingham remains the state's largest metropolitan area. Birmingham hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Games" title="2022 World Games">2022 World Games</a> in July 2022. In September 2024 <a href="/wiki/September_2024_Birmingham_shooting" title="September 2024 Birmingham shooting">a mass shooting</a> occurred in Birmingham, killing four people.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg/170px-CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg/255px-CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg/340px-CahabaRiverNWR2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge">Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birmingham occupies Jones Valley, flanked by long parallel mountain ridges (the tailing ends of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a> foothills – see <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a>) running from north-east to south-west. The valley is drained by small creeks (Village Creek, Valley Creek) which flow into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Warrior_River" title="Black Warrior River">Black Warrior River</a>. The valley was bisected by the principal railroad corridor, along which most of the early manufacturing operations began. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_(Birmingham)" title="Red Mountain (Birmingham)">Red Mountain</a> lies immediately south of downtown. Many of Birmingham's television and radio broadcast towers are lined up along this prominent ridge. The "Over the Mountain" area, including Shades Valley, <a href="/wiki/Shades_Mountain" title="Shades Mountain">Shades Mountain</a> and beyond, was largely shielded from the industrial smoke and rough streets of the industrial city. This is the setting for Birmingham's more affluent suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>. South of Shades Valley is the <a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River" title="Cahaba River">Cahaba River</a> basin, one of the most diverse river ecosystems in the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sand_Mountain_(Alabama)" title="Sand Mountain (Alabama)">Sand Mountain</a>, a smaller ridge, flanks the city to the north and divides Jones Valley from much more rugged land to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a> (now <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>) enters the valley through Boyles Gap, a prominent gap in the long low ridge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruffner_Mountain_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruffner Mountain Park">Ruffner Mountain</a>, located due east of the heart of the city, is home to Ruffner Mountain Nature Center, one of the largest urban nature reserves in the United States. </p><p>According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 151.9 square miles (393 km<sup>2</sup>), of which, 149.9 square miles (388 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km<sup>2</sup>) (1.34%) is water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrounding_suburbs">Surrounding suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surrounding suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the metropolitan area lies outside of the city itself. In 2007, the metropolitan area was made up of 7 counties, 102 cities, and 21 school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then Alabaster and Pelham have broken away from the <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_Schools_(Alabama)" title="Shelby County Schools (Alabama)">Shelby County School System</a> to form their own school systems. Some argue that the region suffers from having so many suburbs because companies can receive large incentives to move a short distance to another city, with no net gain in the area's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birmingham suburbs (in order of population, 2020 US census): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>: Pop. 92,606</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>: Pop. 39,102</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabaster,_Alabama" title="Alabaster, Alabama">Alabaster</a>: Pop. 33,284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a>: Pop. 26,414</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trussville,_Alabama" title="Trussville, Alabama">Trussville</a>: Pop. 26,123</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a>: Pop. 26,019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Alabama" title="Pelham, Alabama">Pelham</a>: Pop. 24,318</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a>: Pop. 22,461</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Alabama" title="Helena, Alabama">Helena</a>: Pop. 19,657</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullman,_Alabama" title="Cullman, Alabama">Cullman</a>: Pop. 18,213</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueytown,_Alabama" title="Hueytown, Alabama">Hueytown</a>: Pop. 16,776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabama" title="Center Point, Alabama">Center Point</a>: Pop. 16,406</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale</a>: Pop. 16,044</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama" title="Talladega, Alabama">Talladega</a>: Pop. 15,861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Alabama" title="Chelsea, Alabama">Chelsea</a>: Pop. 14,982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Alabama" title="Jasper, Alabama">Jasper</a>: Pop. 14,572</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irondale,_Alabama" title="Irondale, Alabama">Irondale</a>: Pop. 13,497</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody,_Alabama" title="Moody, Alabama">Moody</a>: Pop. 13,170</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calera,_Alabama" title="Calera, Alabama">Calera</a>: Pop. 12,756</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama" title="Sylacauga, Alabama">Sylacauga</a>: Pop. 12,578</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a>: Pop. 12,324</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestdale,_Alabama" title="Forestdale, Alabama">Forestdale</a>: Pop. 10,409</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay,_Alabama" title="Clay, Alabama">Clay</a>: Pop. 10,291</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a>: Pop. 10,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fultondale,_Alabama" title="Fultondale, Alabama">Fultondale</a>: Pop. 9,876</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove,_Alabama" title="Pleasant Grove, Alabama">Pleasant Grove</a>: Pop. 9,544</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanton,_Alabama" title="Clanton, Alabama">Clanton</a>: Pop. 8,768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama" title="Montevallo, Alabama">Montevallo</a>: Pop. 7,229</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson,_Alabama" title="Pinson, Alabama">Pinson</a>: Pop. 7,215</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneonta,_Alabama" title="Oneonta, Alabama">Oneonta</a>: Pop. 6,938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrant,_Alabama" title="Tarrant, Alabama">Tarrant</a>, Pop. 6,124</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midfield,_Alabama" title="Midfield, Alabama">Midfield</a>, Pop. 5,211</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly,_Alabama" title="Kimberly, Alabama">Kimberly</a>, Pop. 3,841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior,_Alabama" title="Warrior, Alabama">Warrior</a>, Pop. 3,224</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiton,_Alabama" title="Sumiton, Alabama">Sumiton</a>, Pop. 2,444</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Alabama" title="Brighton, Alabama">Brighton</a>, Pop. 2,337</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb,_Alabama" title="Lipscomb, Alabama">Lipscomb</a>, Pop. 2,086</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of tallest buildings in Birmingham, Alabama">List of tallest buildings in Birmingham, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of neighborhoods in Birmingham, Alabama">List of neighborhoods in Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Tallest buildings</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Stories </th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shipt_Tower" title="Shipt Tower">Shipt Tower</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>454 ft (138 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions-Harbert_Plaza" title="Regions-Harbert Plaza">Regions-Harbert Plaza</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>437 ft (133 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_City_Center" title="AT&T City Center">AT&T City Center</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>390 ft (119 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_Center_(Birmingham)" title="Regions Center (Birmingham)">Regions Center</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>390 ft (119 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_Federal_Building" title="City Federal Building">City Federal Building</a></td> <td>27</td> <td>325 ft (99 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Power_Headquarters_Building" title="Alabama Power Headquarters Building">Alabama Power Headquarters Building</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>322 ft (98 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hotel" title="Thomas Jefferson Hotel">Thomas Jefferson Tower</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>287 ft (87 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hand_Building" title="John Hand Building">John Hand Building</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>284 ft (87 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Building" title="Daniel Building">Daniel Building</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>283 ft (86 m) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirminghamALskyline2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Birmingham skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BirminghamALskyline2.jpg/770px-BirminghamALskyline2.jpg" decoding="async" width="770" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BirminghamALskyline2.jpg/1155px-BirminghamALskyline2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BirminghamALskyline2.jpg/1540px-BirminghamALskyline2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6173" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Birmingham skyline</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, characterized by hot summers, mild winters, and abundant rainfall. January has a daily mean temperature of 43.8 °F (6.6 °C). There are an average of 47 days annually with a low at or below freezing, and 1.4 days where the high does not surpass freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> July has a daily mean temperature of 81.1 °F (27.3 °C). Highs reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 65 days per year and 100 °F (38 °C) on 2.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precipitation is relatively well-distributed throughout the year, sometimes falling in the form of snow during winter. 10.3 inches (26.2 cm) fell on March 13, 1993, during the <a href="/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century" title="1993 Storm of the Century">1993 Storm of the Century</a>, which established the highest daily snowfall, one-storm, and winter season total on record. Normal snowfall for 1981–2010 was 1.6 in (4.1 cm). For the same period, the median monthly snowfall for each month was zero.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The summer months are hot, with high humidity. Most of the precipitation that falls in the summer are from thunderstorms, most of which occur in the afternoon and evening hours. </p><p>The spring and fall months are pleasant but variable as cold fronts frequently bring strong to severe thunderstorms and occasional tornadoes to the region. The fall season (primarily October) features less rainfall and fewer storms, as well as lower humidity than the spring, but November and early December represent a secondary severe weather season. Birmingham is located in the heart of a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Alley" title="Dixie Alley">Dixie Alley</a> due to the high frequency of tornadoes in Central Alabama. The greater Birmingham area has been hit by two F5 tornadoes; one in Birmingham's northern suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Tornado_of_April_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Tornado of April 1977">1977</a>, and second in the western suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Tornado_of_April_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Tornado of April 1998">1998</a>. The area was hit by <a href="/wiki/2011_Tuscaloosa%E2%80%93Birmingham_tornado" title="2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado">an EF4 tornado</a> which was part of a <a href="/wiki/April_25%E2%80%9328,_2011_tornado_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak">larger outbreak in April 2011</a>. In late summer and fall months, Birmingham experiences occasional tropical storms and hurricanes due to its proximity to the Central Gulf Coast. </p><p>The record high temperature is 107 °F (42 °C), set on July 29, 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Jul_Averages_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jul_Averages-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record low is −10 °F (−23 °C), set on <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1899" title="Great Blizzard of 1899">February 13, 1899</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feb_Averages_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_Averages-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Shuttlesworth_International_Airport" title="Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport">Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport</a>, Alabama (1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1895–present)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.9<br />(28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.9<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.0<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107<br />(42) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107<br />(42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2<br />(24.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.6<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.9<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.0<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.2<br />(36.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.2<br />(34.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.3<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">98.6<br />(37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(19.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.0<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1<br />(31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.0<br />(32.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6<br />(32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.0<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.3<br />(23.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.8<br />(9.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.3<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9<br />(27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6<br />(24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.9<br />(17.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(7.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.1<br />(11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3<br />(21.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53.6<br />(12.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(−9.0) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(−6.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(7.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.6<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.4<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.1<br />(10.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(−3.5) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(−6.1) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4<br />(−10.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(−21.1) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10<br />(−23) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(−17.2) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10<br />(−23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.03<br />(128) </td> <td style="background: #30FF30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.95<br />(126) </td> <td style="background: #28FF28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.66<br />(144) </td> <td style="background: #38FF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.08<br />(129) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.91<br />(125) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.78<br />(121) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.45<br />(138) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.35<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.00<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.34<br />(85) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.23<br />(107) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.87<br />(124) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.62<br />(1,438) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.76) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.4<br />(3.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.2 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1<br />(14.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3<br />(10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(6.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.7<br />(10.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C3C30E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.8 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.6 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">280.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.8 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,641 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990, sun 1961-1989)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsun_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_RH_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_RH-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (Extremes for 1961-1990)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Birmingham area is not prone to frequent earthquakes; its historical activity level is 59% less than the US average. Earthquakes are generally minor and the Birmingham area can feel an earthquake from the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone. The magnitude 5.1 Irondale earthquake in 1916 caused damage in the Birmingham area and was felt in the neighboring states and as far as the Carolinas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2003_Alabama_earthquake" title="2003 Alabama earthquake">2003 Alabama earthquake</a> centered in northeastern Alabama (magnitude 4.6–4.9) was also felt in Birmingham, Atlanta, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and both Carolina states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>3,086</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>26,178</td><td></td><td>748.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>38,415</td><td></td><td>46.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>132,685</td><td></td><td>245.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>178,806</td><td></td><td>34.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>259,678</td><td></td><td>45.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>267,583</td><td></td><td>3.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>326,037</td><td></td><td>21.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>340,887</td><td></td><td>4.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>300,910</td><td></td><td>−11.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>284,413</td><td></td><td>−5.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>265,968</td><td></td><td>−6.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>242,840</td><td></td><td>−8.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>212,237</td><td></td><td>−12.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>200,733</td><td></td><td>−5.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">196,644</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td>−2.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1990<sup id="cite_ref-1990Census_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1990Census-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Birmingham city, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 1990<sup id="cite_ref-1990Census_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1990Census-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 1990 </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>95,123 </td> <td>57,096 </td> <td>44,819 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">45,993 </td> <td>35.76% </td> <td>23.51% </td> <td>21.12% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">22.91% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>168,002 </td> <td>177,709 </td> <td>155,258 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">136,731 </td> <td>63.17% </td> <td>73.19% </td> <td>73.15% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">68.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>313 </td> <td>383 </td> <td>361 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">346 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,431 </td> <td>1,900 </td> <td>2,132 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3,255 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td>1.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>x </td> <td>49 </td> <td>48 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">109 </td> <td>x </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Other race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>61 </td> <td>138 </td> <td>150 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">575 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>x </td> <td>1,781 </td> <td>1,765 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4,450 </td> <td>x </td> <td>0.73% </td> <td>0.83% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>1,038 </td> <td>3,764 </td> <td>7,704 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">9,274 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>1.55% </td> <td>3.63% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>265,968</b> </td> <td><b>242,820</b> </td> <td><b>212,237</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>200,733</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, there were 200,733 people, 93,300 households, and 46,816 families living in Birmingham. </p> <dl><dt>2010</dt></dl> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 U.S. census</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>73.4% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American (Black)</a></li> <li>22.3% <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></li> <li>0.0% <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a></li> <li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></li> <li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States census)">Other races</a></li> <li>3.6% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_(5559862755).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Birmingham_%285559862755%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>A racial distribution map of Birmingham, 2010 U.S. census</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>2000</dt></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, there were 242,820 people, 98,782 households, and 59,269 families living in Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population density was 1,619.7 inhabitants per square mile (625.4/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 111,927 housing units at an average density of 746.6 per square mile (288.3/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 62.46% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a>, 35.07% <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a>, 0.17% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>, 0.80% <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a>, 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.62% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States census)">other races</a>, and 0.83% from <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">two or more races</a>. 1.55% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino American">Hispanic or Latino</a> of any race. </p><p>There were 98,782 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.1% were married couples living together, 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. </p><p>In Birmingham, 25.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 11.1% was from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 85.7 males. </p><p>The median income for a household in the city was $31,898, and the median income for a family was $38,776. Males had a median income of $36,031 versus $30,367 for females. The city's per capita income was $19,962. About 22.5% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.9% of those under the age of 18 and 18.3% of those age 65 or over.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Paul_05.jpg/170px-St_Paul_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Paul_05.jpg/255px-St_Paul_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Paul_05.jpg/340px-St_Paul_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Cathedral of Saint Paul (Birmingham, Alabama)">St. Paul's Cathedral</a> in downtown Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>The Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies published data showing that in 2010, among metro areas with a greater than one million population, Birmingham had the second highest ratio of Christians, and the greatest ratio of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> adherents, in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> has 673 congregations and 336,000 members in the Birmingham Metro area. The United Methodists have 196 congregations and 66,759 members. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a> had been in Birmingham until the early 1980s; the PCA has more than 30 congregations and almost 15,000 members in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan area with megachurches like <a href="/wiki/Briarwood_Presbyterian_Church" title="Briarwood Presbyterian Church">Briarwood Presbyterian Church</a>. The National Baptist Convention has 126 congregations and 69,800 members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Birmingham_in_Alabama" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama">Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham</a>, covering 39 counties and comprising 75 parishes and missions as well as seven Catholic high schools and nineteen elementary schools; there are also two <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> parishes in the Birmingham area.<sup id="cite_ref-RCDiocese_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCDiocese-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic television network <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> is headquartered in metropolitan Birmingham. There are three Eastern Orthodox Churches in the Metro Area as well, Greek, Russian and American. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalist</a> church in the Birmingham area. </p><p>The main campus of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Highlands" title="Church of the Highlands">Church of the Highlands</a> is located in Birmingham. The church operates schools and churches across Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the corporate office complex: <a href="/wiki/Liberty_National_Life_Complex" title="Liberty National Life Complex">Liberty National Life Complex</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel">Steel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Birmingham's early days onward, the steel industry has always played a crucial role in the local economy. Though the steel industry no longer has the same prominence it once held in Birmingham, steel production and processing continue to play a key role in the economy. Steel products manufacturers <a href="/wiki/American_Cast_Iron_Pipe_Company" title="American Cast Iron Pipe Company">American Cast Iron Pipe Company</a> (ACIPCO) and <a href="/wiki/McWane" title="McWane">McWane</a> are based in the city. Several of the nation's largest steelmakers, including <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Metals_Company" title="Commercial Metals Company">CMC Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucor" title="Nucor">Nucor</a>, also have a major presence in Birmingham. In recent years, local steel companies have announced about $100 million worth of investment in expansions and new plants in and around the city. <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Materials_Company" title="Vulcan Materials Company">Vulcan Materials Company</a>, a major provider of crushed stone, sand, and gravel used in construction, is based in Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biotechnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, Birmingham's economy was transformed by investments in bio-technology and medical research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a> (UAB) and its adjacent hospital. The <a href="/wiki/UAB_Hospital" title="UAB Hospital">UAB Hospital</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Level_I_trauma_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level I trauma center">Level I trauma center</a> providing health care and breakthrough medical research. UAB is now the area's largest employer and the second largest in Alabama with a workforce of about 18,750 as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health care services providers <a href="/wiki/HealthSouth" class="mw-redirect" title="HealthSouth">HealthSouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_Care_Affiliates" title="Surgical Care Affiliates">Surgical Care Affiliates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_Health_Corporation" title="Diagnostic Health Corporation">Diagnostic Health Corporation</a> are headquartered in the city. <a href="/wiki/Caremark_Rx" class="mw-redirect" title="Caremark Rx">Caremark Rx</a> was also founded in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is a leading banking center and is the location of the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a>. Banks with over a 5% market share of deposits in Birmingham are <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a>, Servisfirst Bank, and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly a dozen smaller banks have been headquartered in the Magic City, such as <a href="/wiki/Superior_Bancorp" title="Superior Bancorp">Superior Bancorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Bank" title="Cadence Bank">Cadence Bank</a>. As of 2009, the finance & banking sector in Birmingham employed 1,870 financial managers, 1,530 loan officers, 680 securities commodities and financial services sales agents, 380 financial analysts, 310 financial examiners, 220 credit analysts, and 130 loan counselors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Birmingham was the 9th largest banking hub in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by the amount of locally headquartered deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Birmingham was the 10th largest banking center.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_engineering">Construction and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Construction and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is a powerhouse of construction and engineering companies, including <a href="/wiki/BE%26K" title="BE&K">BE&K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasfield_%26_Gorrie" title="Brasfield & Gorrie">Brasfield & Gorrie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robins_%26_Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robins & Morton (page does not exist)">Robins & Morton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B.L._Harbert_International" title="B.L. Harbert International">B.L. Harbert International</a> which routinely are included in the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_News-Record" title="Engineering News-Record">Engineering News-Record</a> lists of top design and international construction firms.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of the largest soft-drink bottlers in the United States, each with more than $500 million in sales per year, are located in Birmingham. The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Rock_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Rock Company">Buffalo Rock Company</a>, founded in 1901, was formerly a maker of just <a href="/wiki/Ginger_ale" title="Ginger ale">ginger ale</a>, but now it is a major bottler for the <a href="/wiki/Pepsi_Cola_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsi Cola Company">Pepsi Cola Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Bottling_Company_United" title="Coca-Cola Bottling Company United">Coca-Cola Bottling Company United</a>, founded in 1902, is the third-largest bottler of Coca-Cola products in the U.S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_large_companies">Other large companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other large companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_building,_Birmingham,_AL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg/170px-AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg/255px-AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg/340px-AT%26T_building%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_City_Center" title="AT&T City Center">AT&T City Center</a> in downtown</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> has a major nexus in Birmingham, supported by a skyscraper downtown as well as several large operational center buildings and a data center. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_and_Blue_Shield_of_Alabama" title="Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama">Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protective_Life" title="Protective Life">Protective Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/ProAssurance" title="ProAssurance">ProAssurance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty National">Liberty National</a> are headquartered in Birmingham. </p><p>Birmingham has seen a noticeable decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies headquartered in the city, due to mergers, moves, and buy-outs. In 2000, there were ten Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the city, while in 2014 there was only one, <a href="/wiki/Regions_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions Bank">Regions Bank</a>. Birmingham used to be home to more than thirty publicly traded companies, but in 2011 there were only fifteen.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number has increased since, but not significantly. Some companies such as <a href="/wiki/Zoe%27s_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe's Kitchen">Zoe's Kitchen</a> were founded and operated in Birmingham, but have since moved their headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birmingham has rebounded with the growth of companies like <a href="/wiki/Encompass_Health_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Encompass Health Corporation">Encompass Health Corporation</a> (formerly Healthsouth), <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Power_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Power Company">Alabama Power Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hibbett_Sports" title="Hibbett Sports">Hibbett Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autocar_Company" title="Autocar Company">Autocar Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Books-A-Million" title="Books-A-Million">Books-A-Million</a>. Food companies such as <a href="/wiki/Chester%27s" title="Chester's">Chester's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack%27s" title="Jack's">Jack's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapico" title="Grapico">Grapico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Diamond" title="Red Diamond">Red Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milo%27s_Hamburgers" title="Milo's Hamburgers">Milo's Hamburgers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt_Mountain" title="Yogurt Mountain">Yogurt Mountain</a> are also based in Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes_and_government">Taxes and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taxes and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham's sales tax, which also applies fully to groceries, is 10% and is the highest tax rate of the nation's 100 largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/2011_Jefferson_County_Alabama_Bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Jefferson County Alabama Bankruptcy">Jefferson County's bankruptcy filing</a> was the largest government bankruptcy in U.S. history in 2011, Birmingham remains solvent.<sup id="cite_ref-JeffBankrupt_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeffBankrupt-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_companies">Largest companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Largest companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Birmingham's largest public companies by <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> were Regions Bank (RF, $14.61 billion), Vulcan Materials (VMC, $8.45 billion), Energen (EGN, $6.47 billion), Protective Life (PL, $5.47 billion), and HealthSouth (HLS, $3.15 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were listed on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>. </p><p>Energen sold one of its largest subsidiaries, <a href="/wiki/Alagasco" title="Alagasco">Alagasco</a>, and Protective Life was bought by <a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a> and removed from stock exchanges. If <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Power" title="Alabama Power">Alabama Power</a> were considered to be independent of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a> (headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>), it would be the largest company with more than $5.9 billion in revenue in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Birmingham's largest private companies by annual revenue and employees were <a href="/wiki/O%27Neal_Steel" title="O'Neal Steel">O'Neal Steel</a> ($2.66 billion; 550 employees), <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Industries" title="EBSCO Industries">EBSCO Industries</a> ($2.5 billion; 1,220 employees), <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Drummond Coal">Drummond Coal</a> ($2.4 billion; 1,380 employees), <a href="/wiki/Brasfield_%26_Gorrie,_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasfield & Gorrie, LLC">Brasfield & Gorrie, LLC</a> ($2.2 billion; 973 employees), and <a href="/wiki/McWane" title="McWane">McWane</a> ($1.7 billion, 620 employees).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of songs about Birmingham, Alabama">List of songs about Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <p>Birmingham is the cultural and entertainment capital of Alabama with numerous art galleries in the area including the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a>, the largest art museum in the Southeast. Downtown Birmingham is currently experiencing a cultural and economic rejuvenation, with several new independent shops and restaurants opening in the area. Birmingham is also home to the state's major ballet, opera, and symphony orchestra companies such the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Ballet" title="Alabama Ballet">Alabama Ballet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Alabama Symphony Orchestra">Alabama Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham Ballet (page does not exist)">Birmingham Ballet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_Concert_Chorale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham Concert Chorale (page does not exist)">Birmingham Concert Chorale</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera Birmingham (page does not exist)">Opera Birmingham</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/170px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/255px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_Theatre.jpg/340px-Alabama_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Theatre" title="Alabama Theatre">Alabama Theatre</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs">Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs</a> was established in Birmingham in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The historic <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Theatre" title="Alabama Theatre">Alabama Theatre</a> hosts film screenings, concerts and performances.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alys_Stephens_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alys Stephens Center">Alys Stephens Center</a> for the Performing Arts is home to <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Alabama Symphony Orchestra">Alabama Symphony Orchestra</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera Birmingham (page does not exist)">Opera Birmingham</a> as well as several series of concerts and lectures. It is located on the campus of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Jefferson_Convention_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex">Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex</a> (BJCC), houses a theater, concert hall, exhibition halls, and a sports and concert arena. The BJCC is home to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Birmingham Children's Theatre">Birmingham Children's Theatre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the oldest and largest children's theatres in the country, and hosts major concert tours and sporting events. Adjacent to the BJCC is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheraton_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheraton Birmingham (page does not exist)">Sheraton Birmingham</a>, the largest hotel in the state. A new <a href="/wiki/Westin_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Westin Hotel">Westin Hotel</a> anchors the nearby Uptown entertainment district of downtown Birmingham, which opened in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The historic <a href="/wiki/Carver_Theatre_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Carver Theatre (Birmingham, Alabama)">Carver Theatre</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Jazz_Hall_of_Fame" title="Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame">Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame</a>, offers concerts, plays, jazz classes (free to any resident of the state of Alabama) and many other events in the Historic 4th Avenue District, near the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Public_Library" title="Birmingham Public Library">Birmingham Public Library</a>, the downtown hub of a 40-branch metro library system, presents programs for children and adults.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutwell_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Boutwell Auditorium">Boutwell Auditorium</a> (formerly Municipal Auditorium) is located at Linn Park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Mountain_Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Mountain Amphitheater">Oak Mountain Amphitheater</a> is a large outdoor venue with two stages, located in the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Alabama" title="Pelham, Alabama">Pelham</a> just south of Birmingham.</li></ul> <p>Other entertainment venues in the area include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_CrossPlex" title="Birmingham CrossPlex">Birmingham CrossPlex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fair_Park_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Park Arena">Fair Park Arena</a>, on the west side of town, hosts sporting events, local concerts and community programs.</li> <li>Workplay,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the Southside community, is a multi-purpose facility with offices, audio and film production space, a lounge, and a theater and concert stage for visiting artists and film screenings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Moving_Picture_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival">Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival</a>, a celebration of new independent cinema in downtown Birmingham, was named one of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's "Film Festivals for the Rest of Us" in the June 5, 2006, issue.</li> <li>The Wright Center Concert Hall, a 2,500-seat facility at <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a>, is home to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham Ballet (page does not exist)">Birmingham Ballet</a>.</li></ul> <p>Birmingham's nightlife is primarily clustered around Five Points South and Lakeview. In addition, a $55-million "Uptown" entertainment district has recently opened adjacent to the BJCC featuring a number of restaurants and a Westin hotel. </p><p>The Cultural Alliance of Greater Birmingham<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains Birmingham365.org,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "a one-stop source for finding out what's going on where around" Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is home to several museums. The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a>, which is also the largest municipal art museum in the Southeast. The area's history museums include the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a>, which houses a detailed and emotionally charged narrative exhibit putting Birmingham's history into the context of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. It is located on <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a> adjacent to the 16th Street Baptist Church. </p><p>Other history museums include the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Museum_of_Flight" title="Southern Museum of Flight">Southern Museum of Flight</a>, Bessemer Hall of History,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sloss_Furnaces" title="Sloss Furnaces">Sloss Furnaces</a> National Historic Landmark, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Museum_of_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Museum of Health Sciences">Alabama Museum of Health Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Antebellum_Home_%26_Gardens" title="Arlington Antebellum Home & Gardens">Arlington Home</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Jazz_Hall_of_Fame" title="Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame">Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame</a> is housed in the historic <a href="/wiki/Carver_Theatre_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Carver Theatre (Birmingham, Alabama)">Carver Theatre</a>, and offers exhibits about the numerous notable jazz musicians from the state of Alabama. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/McWane_Science_Center" title="McWane Science Center">McWane Science Center</a> is a regional science museum with hands-on science exhibits, temporary exhibitions, and an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> dome theater. The center also houses a major collection of fossil specimens for use by researchers. Other unique museums include the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame; the <a href="/wiki/Barber_Vintage_Motorsports_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum">Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum</a>, which contains the largest collection of motorcycles in the world; the Iron & Steel Museum of Alabama at <a href="/wiki/Tannehill_Ironworks" title="Tannehill Ironworks">Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/McCalla,_Alabama" title="McCalla, Alabama">McCalla</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Alabama Sports Hall of Fame">Alabama Sports Hall of Fame</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a> International Motorsports Hall of Fame museum. </p><p>South of downtown, on <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mountain (Alabama)">Red Mountain</a>, Vulcan Park features the world's largest cast iron <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue">statue</a>, depicting Vulcan at his forge. It was cast for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 St. Louis Exposition</a>, and erected at Vulcan Park in 1938. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg/170px-Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg/255px-Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg/340px-Sloss_Furnaces_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sloss_Furnaces" title="Sloss Furnaces">Sloss Furnaces</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birmingham is home to numerous cultural festivals showcasing music, films, and regional heritage. Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival brings filmmakers from all over the world to Birmingham to have their films viewed and judged. This festival usually is scheduled in late August at eight venues around downtown. Screenings are concentrated at the Alabama Theatre. </p><p>Another musical festival is the <a href="/wiki/Taste_of_4th_Avenue_Jazz_Festival" title="Taste of 4th Avenue Jazz Festival">Taste of 4th Avenue Jazz Festival</a>, presented at the end of August each year, concurrent with the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival. This all day festival features national and local jazz acts. In 2007, the festival drew an estimated 6,000 people. The Birmingham Folk Festival is an annual event held since 2006. It moved to <a href="/wiki/Avondale_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avondale (Birmingham, Alabama)">Avondale Park</a> in 2008. In 2009 the festival featured nine local bands and three touring "headliner bands".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg/170px-JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg/255px-JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg/340px-JoeMinter%27sAfricanVillageInAmerica1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Joe Minter's <i>African Village in America</i> is a half-acre <a href="/wiki/Visionary_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Visionary environments">visionary art environment</a> near downtown Birmingham.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Heritage_Festival" title="Southern Heritage Festival">Southern Heritage Festival</a> began in the 1960s as a music, arts, and entertainment festival for the African-American community to attract mostly younger demographics. <a href="/wiki/Do_Dah_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Dah Day">Do Dah Day</a> is an annual pet parade held around the end of May. The Schaeffer Eye Center Crawfish Boil, an annual music festival event held in May to benefit local charities, always includes an all-star cast of talent. It typically draws more than 30,000 spectators for the annual two-day event. The annual Greek Festival, a celebration of Greek heritage, culture, and especially cuisine, is a charity fundraiser hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Trinity_-_Holy_Cross_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Trinity - Holy Cross Cathedral (page does not exist)">Holy Trinity - Holy Cross Cathedral</a>. The Greek Festival draws 20,000 patrons annually.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lebanese Food Festival is held at St. Elias Maronite Church. Magic City Brewfest is an annual festival benefiting local grassroots organization, Free the Hops, and focusing on craft beer. Alabama Bound is an annual book and author fair that celebrates Alabama authors and publishers. Hosted by the Birmingham Public Library, it is an occasion when fans may meet their favorite authors, buy their books, and hear them read from and talk about their work. Book signings follow each presentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attractions">Other attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of public art in Birmingham, Alabama">List of public art in Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcan_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vulcan_statue.jpg/170px-Vulcan_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vulcan_statue.jpg/255px-Vulcan_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vulcan_statue.jpg/340px-Vulcan_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue">Vulcan statue</a> on a pedestal in Vulcan Park atop Red Mountain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_statue" title="Vulcan statue">Vulcan statue</a> is a cast iron representation of the Roman god of fire, iron, and blacksmiths that is the symbol of Birmingham. The statue stands high above the city looking down from a tower at the top of <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_(Birmingham)" title="Red Mountain (Birmingham)">Red Mountain</a>. Open to visitors, the tower offers views of the city below. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Zoo" title="Birmingham Zoo">Birmingham Zoo</a> is a large regional zoo with more than 700 animals and an interactive children's zoo. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Botanical Gardens (USA)">Birmingham Botanical Gardens</a> is a 67-acre (270,000 m<sup>2</sup>) park displaying a wide variety of plants in interpretive gardens, including formal rose gardens, tropical greenhouses, and a large Japanese garden. The facility also includes a white-tablecloth restaurant, meeting rooms, and an extensive reference library. It is complemented by Hoover's 30-acre (120,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Aldridge_Botanical_Gardens" title="Aldridge Botanical Gardens">Aldridge Botanical Gardens</a>, an ambitious project open since 2002. Aldridge offers a place to stroll, and is to add unique displays in coming years. <a href="/wiki/Splash_Adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splash Adventure">Splash Adventure</a> (formerly VisionLand and Alabama Adventure) in Bessemer serves as the Birmingham area's water and theme park, featuring numerous slides, and water-themed attractions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a> is the site of notable civil rights protests, and is adjacent to the historic <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Park" title="Railroad Park">Railroad Park</a> opened in 2010 in downtown Birmingham's Railroad Reservation District. Oak Mountain State Park is about 10 miles (16 km) south of Birmingham. Red Mountain is one of the southernmost wrinkles in the Appalachian chain, and a scenic drive to the top provides views reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> further north. To the west of the city is located Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park, a 1,500-acre (6.1 km<sup>2</sup>) Civil War site which includes the well-preserved ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Tannehill_Ironworks" title="Tannehill Ironworks">Tannehill Iron Furnaces</a> and the John Wesley Hall Grist Mill. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit (Birmingham)">The Summit</a> is an upscale <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_center_(retail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle center (retail)">lifestyle center</a> with many stores and restaurants. It is located in Southeast Birmingham off of U.S. Highway 280, parallel to Interstate 459. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Sports in Birmingham, Alabama">Sports in Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Current professional teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sports Franchise</th> <th>League</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>Stadium (capacity) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Barons" title="Birmingham Barons">Birmingham Barons</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League (AA)</a></td> <td>Baseball</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a> (8,500) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Legion_FC" title="Birmingham Legion FC">Birmingham Legion FC</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USLC</a></td> <td>Soccer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a> (47,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Squadron" title="Birmingham Squadron">Birmingham Squadron</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a></td> <td>Basketball</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Arena" title="Legacy Arena">Legacy Arena</a> (17,654) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions_(2022)" title="Birmingham Stallions (2022)">Birmingham Stallions</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a></td> <td>Football</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a> (47,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(SPHL)" title="Birmingham Bulls (SPHL)">Birmingham Bulls</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/SPHL" title="SPHL">SPHL</a></td> <td>Hockey</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Civic_Center" title="Pelham Civic Center">Pelham Civic Center</a> (4,100) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Birmingham is home to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Barons" title="Birmingham Barons">Birmingham Barons</a>, the AA minor league affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, which plays at <a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southside_(Birmingham)" title="Southside (Birmingham)">Southside</a> adjacent to Railroad Park.</li> <li>In 2019, Birmingham became home to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Legion_FC" title="Birmingham Legion FC">Birmingham Legion FC</a>, a professional soccer team that competes in the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> and plays its home matches at <a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a>.</li> <li>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Squadron" title="Birmingham Squadron">Birmingham Squadron</a>, a minor league basketball team affiliated with the NBA's <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> features 8 teams, including the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions_(2022)" title="Birmingham Stallions (2022)">Birmingham Stallions</a>, and also played its <a href="/wiki/2022_USFL_season" title="2022 USFL season">inaugural season</a> in Birmingham from April to June 2022 at <a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legion_Field" title="Legion Field">Legion Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions" title="Birmingham Stallions">Birmingham Stallions</a> posted a 9–1 record in its inaugural season, and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stars_(2022)" title="Philadelphia Stars (2022)">Philadelphia Stars</a> on July 3, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Benson_Hall_of_Fame_Stadium" title="Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium">Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/2022_USFL_Championship_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 USFL Championship Game">2022 USFL Championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> sports, Birmingham is home to the University of Alabama at Birmingham (<a href="/wiki/UAB_Blazers" title="UAB Blazers">UAB Blazers</a>) and Samford University (<a href="/wiki/Samford_Bulldogs" title="Samford Bulldogs">Samford Bulldogs</a>) Division I athletic programs. Birmingham has hosted several college football postseason bowl games, including the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Bowl" title="Dixie Bowl">Dixie Bowl</a> (1948–49), the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_Classic_(college_football_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of Fame Classic (college football game)">Hall of Fame Classic</a> (1977–85), the <a href="/wiki/All-American_Bowl" title="All-American Bowl">All-American Bowl</a> (1986–90), the <a href="/wiki/SEC_Championship_Game" title="SEC Championship Game">SEC Championship Game</a> (1992–93), the <a href="/wiki/SWAC_Championship_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="SWAC Championship Game">SWAC Championship Game</a> (1999–present), the <a href="/wiki/Magic_City_Classic" title="Magic City Classic">Magic City Classic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bowl" title="Birmingham Bowl">Birmingham Bowl</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Metropolitan_Stadium" title="Hoover Metropolitan Stadium">Hoover Metropolitan Stadium</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament">Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference" title="Gulf South Conference">Gulf South Conference</a> are headquartered in Birmingham.</li> <li>Birmingham was home to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Black_Barons" title="Birmingham Black Barons">Black Barons</a>, a very successful Negro League team. The Black Barons played home games at <a href="/wiki/Rickwood_Field" title="Rickwood Field">Rickwood Field</a>, which is still standing in the Rising-West Princeton neighborhood, and is the oldest baseball field in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Legion_Field" title="Legion Field">Legion Field</a> hosted early rounds of Olympic soccer where it drew record crowds. The field has also hosted <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">women's World Cup</a> qualifiers and friendlies. A switch from natural grass to an artificial surface has left the stadium's role as a soccer venue in doubt.</li> <li>Motorsports are very popular in the Birmingham area and across the state, and the area is home to numerous annual motorsport races. The <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_499" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's 499">Aaron's 499</a> and <a href="/wiki/AMP_Energy_500" class="mw-redirect" title="AMP Energy 500">AMP Energy 500</a> are NASCAR <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Cup Series">Sprint Cup</a> races that occur in April and October at the <a href="/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indy_Grand_Prix_of_Alabama" title="Indy Grand Prix of Alabama">Indy Grand Prix of Alabama</a> shares the <a href="/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park" title="Barber Motorsports Park">Barber Motorsports Park</a> road course with <a href="/wiki/Superbike_racing" title="Superbike racing">Superbike</a> and sports car <a href="/wiki/GrandAm" class="mw-redirect" title="GrandAm">GrandAm</a> races.<sup id="cite_ref-July_27,_2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July_27,_2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The PGA <a href="/wiki/Champions_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Champions Tour">Champions Tour</a> has had a regular stop in the Birmingham area since 1992, with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_Charity_Classic" title="Regions Charity Classic">Bruno's Memorial Classic</a>, later renamed the Regions Charity Classic. In 2011 the tournament will be replaced by <a href="/wiki/The_Tradition" title="The Tradition">The Tradition</a>, one of the Champions Tour's five "major" tour events.</li> <li>Birmingham has been selected to host the <a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Games" title="2022 World Games">World Games</a> was delayed and held in 2022 from July 7–17. It was the first time that an American city has hosted the event since the inaugural games were held in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a> in 1981.</li> <li>Recreational fishing is also immensely popular in the Birmingham area. Fish have been caught in 14 separate Alabama lakes which would be state records in 35 other states. Recently, Birmingham was named "Bass Capital of the World" by <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bassmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassmaster">Bassmaster</a></i> magazine. Over the last several years, Birmingham has been home to numerous major fishing tournaments, including the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Masters_Classic" title="Bass Masters Classic">Bass Masters Classic</a>. Some of the more popular recreational lakes around Birmingham include: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Smith_Lake" title="Lewis Smith Lake">Smith Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lay_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay Lake">Lay Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neely_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Neely Henry">Lake Neely Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Logan_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Logan Martin">Lake Logan Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Purdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Purdy">Lake Purdy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bankhead_Lake" title="Bankhead Lake">Bankhead Reservoir</a>.</li> <li>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Paralympic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic">Paralympic</a> Training Facility is located in Birmingham and was a primary filming location for the 2005 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Murderball_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murderball (documentary)">Murderball</a></i>, about <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">wheelchair rugby</a> players.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Road running events such as the Vulcan 10K Run<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mercedes Marathon/Half Marathon are popular for both locals and out-of-state runners.</li> <li>Cycling (both mountain biking and road) is popular in the area. Nearby Oak Mountain State Park annually hosts the Bump N' Grind mountain bike (1995–present) race<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Xterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Xterra">Xterra</a> Southeast Championship triathlon as well as other endurance competitions.</li> <li>Birmingham was home to a World Hockey Association franchise, the Birmingham Bulls, between 1975 and 1979, and then between 1979 and 1981 in the Central Hockey League.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Regions Field is the home of the Birmingham Barons baseball team." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg/660px-Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg/990px-Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Regions_Field_western_elevation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a> is the home to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Barons" title="Birmingham Barons">Birmingham Barons</a> baseball team</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartow_Arena" title="Bartow Arena">Bartow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutwell_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Boutwell Auditorium">Boutwell Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Park_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Park Arena">Fair Park Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Metropolitan_Stadium" title="Hoover Metropolitan Stadium">Hoover Metropolitan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Arena" title="Legacy Arena">Legacy Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Field" title="Legion Field">Legion Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Civic_Center" title="Pelham Civic Center">Pelham Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNC_Field_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="PNC Field (Birmingham, Alabama)">PNC Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_Stadium" title="Protective Stadium">Protective Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_Field" title="Regions Field">Regions Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickwood_Field" title="Rickwood Field">Rickwood Field</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Birmingham, Alabama">List of mayors of Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Current city council membership<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Representative</th> <th>Position </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Clinton Woods</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Hunter Williams</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Valerie Abbott</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>J. T. Moore</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Darrell O'Quinn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Crystal Smitherman</td> <td>President Pro-Tem </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Wardine Alexander</td> <td>President </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Carol Clarke</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>LaTonya Tate</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Birmingham has a strong-mayor variant <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">mayor-council</a> form of government, led by a mayor and a nine-member city council. The current system replaced the previous <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">city commission government</a> in 1962 (primarily as a way to remove Commissioner of Public Safety <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">Eugene "Bull" Connor</a> from power).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Alabama law, an issue before a city council must be approved by a two-thirds majority vote (Act No. 452, Ala. Acts 1955, as supplemented by Act No. 294, Ala. Acts 1965). Executive powers are held entirely by the Mayor's Office. Birmingham's current mayor is Randall Woodfin. Mayor Bell, who previously served as interim Mayor in 1999, won a special election on January 19, 2010, to fill the unexpired term of former Mayor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Langford" title="Larry Langford">Larry Langford</a>. Langford was removed from office after being convicted of federal corruption charges on October 28, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, Birmingham established a structured network of neighborhood associations and community advisory committees to insure public participation in governmental issues that affect neighborhoods. Neighborhood associations are routinely consulted on matters related to zoning changes, liquor licenses, economic development, policing and other city services. Neighborhoods are also granted discretionary funds from the city's budget to use for capital improvements. Each neighborhood's officers meet with their peers to form Community Advisory Committees which are granted broader powers over city departments. The presidents of these committees, in turn, form the Citizen's Advisory Board, which meets regularly with the mayor, council, and department heads. Birmingham is divided into a total of 23 communities, and again into a total of 99 individual neighborhoods with individual neighborhood associations.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_federal_representation">State and federal representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: State and federal representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> operates post offices in Birmingham. The main post office is located at 351 24th Street North in Downtown Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birmingham is also the home of the Social Security Administration's Southeastern Program Service Center. This center is one of only seven in the United States that process Social Security entitlement claims and payments. In addition, Birmingham is the home of a branch bank of the Atlanta <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham has a crime rate significantly above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing gang activity has been noted for the spike in crime around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Birmingham set a modern record with 144 homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2023 study, Birmingham leads the nation's largest cities with the highest cost of crime per capita at $11,392. Its violent crime rate – which includes instances of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery and aggravated assault – was 1,682 per 100,000 residents. Its property crime rate – which includes burglary, larceny, and vehicle theft – was notably higher at 4,173 per 100,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> ranked Birmingham the 2nd most dangerous city in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The downtown district is patrolled by City Action Partnership (CAP), formed in 1995 to increase public perception of safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg/170px-Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg/255px-Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg/340px-Woodlawn_High_School_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_High_School_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Woodlawn High School (Birmingham, Alabama)">Woodlawn High School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnet_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnet high school">magnet high school</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Birmingham Public Library administers 21 branches throughout the city and is part of a wider system including another 19 suburban branches in Jefferson County, serving the entire community to provide education and entertainment for all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Birmingham is served by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Schools" title="Birmingham City Schools">Birmingham City Schools</a> system. It is run by the Birmingham Board of Education with a current active enrollment of 30,500 in 62 schools: seven high schools, 13 middle schools, 33 elementary schools, and nine <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>-eighth-grade primary schools. </p><p>The greater-Birmingham metropolitan area is the home of numerous independent school systems, because there has a been a great deal of fragmentation of educational systems in Alabama, and especially in Jefferson County. Some of these "school systems" only have three to five schools. The metropolitan area's three largest school systems are the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Schools_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County Schools (Alabama)">Jefferson County School System</a>, Birmingham City Schools, and the <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_Schools_(Alabama)" title="Shelby County Schools (Alabama)">Shelby County School System</a>. However, there are many smaller school systems. </p><p>The metro area also has three preparatory schools: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Rose_Academy" title="Saint Rose Academy">Saint Rose Academy</a> located in Birmingham proper <a href="/wiki/Altamont_School" title="Altamont School">The Altamont School</a>, also located in Birmingham proper, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_School" title="Indian Springs School">Indian Springs School</a> in north Shelby County near Pelham. </p><p>Noteworthy institutions of higher education in greater Birmingham include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a> (includes the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_School_of_Law" title="Cumberland School of Law">Cumberland School of Law</a>), <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Law" title="Birmingham School of Law">Birmingham School of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_College" title="Miles College">Miles College</a>, the independent <a href="/wiki/Miles_Law_School" title="Miles Law School">Miles Law School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_State_Community_College" title="Jefferson State Community College">Jefferson State Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montevallo" title="University of Montevallo">University of Montevallo</a> (in Shelby County), <a href="/wiki/Lawson_State_Community_College" title="Lawson State Community College">Lawson State Community College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_College" title="Virginia College">Virginia College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Southern_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham-Southern College">Birmingham-Southern College</a>, opened in 1856, closed in May 2024 due to financial troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of television stations in Alabama">List of television stations in Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of radio stations in Alabama">List of radio stations in Alabama</a></div> <p>Birmingham is served by one major newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">The Birmingham News</a></i> (circulation 150,346), which changed from daily to thrice-weekly publication on October 1, 2012. <i>The Birmingham News</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> Wednesday edition features six sub regional sections named <i>East</i>, <i>Hoover</i>, <i>North</i>, <i>Shelby</i>, <i>South</i>, and <i>West</i> that cover news stories from those areas. The newspaper has been awarded two Pulitzer Prizes, in 1991 and 2007. The <i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Post-Herald" title="Birmingham Post-Herald">Birmingham Post-Herald</a></i>, the city's second daily, published its last issue in 2006. Other local publications include <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Jefferson_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The North Jefferson News">The North Jefferson News</a>, The Leeds News</i>, <i>The Trussville Tribune</i> (Trussville, Clay and Pinson), <i>The Western Star</i> (Bessemer) and <i>The Western Tribune</i> (Bessemer). </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Times" title="Birmingham Times">Birmingham Times</a></i>, a historic African-American newspaper, also is published weekly. Birmingham is served by the city magazine of the Chamber of Commerce, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">Birmingham</a></i> magazine. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alabama_Baptist" title="The Alabama Baptist">The Alabama Baptist</a></i>, published weekly in Birmingham, is an entity of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Baptist_Convention" title="Alabama Baptist Convention">Alabama Baptist Convention</a>. <i>Black & White, Weld</i>, <i>Birmingham Weekly</i>, and the <i>Birmingham Free Press</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are some of the free alternative publications that were published in the past (all are now defunct). </p><p>Birmingham is part of the Birmingham/Anniston/Tuscaloosa television market. The major television affiliates, most of which have their transmitters and studios located on Red Mountain in Birmingham, are <a href="/wiki/WBRC" title="WBRC">WBRC</a> 6 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Television" title="Alabama Public Television">WBIQ 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WVTM-TV" title="WVTM-TV">WVTM 13</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WTTO" title="WTTO">WTTO 21</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The CW Television Network">CW</a>), <a href="/wiki/WIAT" title="WIAT">WIAT 42</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WPXH" class="mw-redirect" title="WPXH">WPXH 44</a> (<a href="/wiki/ION_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="ION Television">ION</a>), <a href="/wiki/WBMA-LD" title="WBMA-LD">WBMA-LD 58/68.2</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WABM" title="WABM">WABM 68</a> (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>). </p><p>Major broadcasting companies who own stations in the Birmingham market include <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">Clear Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cox_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox Radio">Cox Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a>, and Crawford Broadcasting. The <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_and_Bubba" title="Rick and Bubba">Rick and Bubba</a></i> show, which is syndicated to over 25 stations primarily in the Southeast, originates from Birmingham's <a href="/wiki/WZZK-FM" title="WZZK-FM">WZZK-FM</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finebaum" title="Paul Finebaum">Paul Finebaum</a> sports-talk show, also syndicated and carried nationwide on Sirius digital radio, originated from <a href="/wiki/WJOX-FM" title="WJOX-FM">WJOX</a>. </p><p>Birmingham is home to <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> (Eternal Word Television Network), the world's largest Catholic media outlet and religious media network of any kind, broadcasting to about 350 million television households in more than 145 countries and territories, as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_planning_in_Birmingham">Urban planning in Birmingham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Urban planning in Birmingham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_Park,_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg/220px-Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg/330px-Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg/440px-Railroad_Park%2C_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Birmingham Railroad Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the first structure was built in Birmingham, the plan of the city was laid out over a total of 1,160 acres (4.7 km<sup>2</sup>) by the directors of the Elyton Land Co. The streets were numbered from west to east, leaving Twentieth Street to form the central spine of downtown, anchored on the north by Capital Park and stretching into the slopes of Red Mountain to the south. A "railroad reservation" was granted through the center of the city, running east to west and zoned solely for industrial uses. As the city grew, bridges and underpasses separated the streets from the railroad bed, lending this central reservation some of the impact of a river (without the pleasant associations of a waterfront). From the start, Birmingham's streets and avenues were unusually wide at 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m), purportedly to help evacuate unhealthy smoke. </p><p>In the early 20th century professional planners helped lay out many of the new industrial settlements and <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company towns</a> in the Birmingham District, including Corey (now <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a>) which was developed for the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Coal,_Iron_and_Railroad_Company" title="Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company">Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company</a> (subsequently purchased by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel Corporation">U.S. Steel</a>). At the same time, a movement to consolidate several neighboring cities gained momentum. Although local referendums indicated mixed feelings about annexation, the Alabama legislature enacted an expansion of Birmingham's corporate limits that became effective on January 1, 1910. </p><p>The Robert Jemison company developed many residential neighborhoods to the south and west of Birmingham which are still renowned for their aesthetic quality. </p><p>A 1924 plan for a system of parks, commissioned from the <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a> is seeing renewed interest with several significant new parks and greenways under development. Birmingham officials have approved a City Center Master Plan developed by Urban Design Associates of Pittsburgh, which advocates strongly for more residential development in the downtown area. The plan also called for a major park over several blocks of the central railroad reservation: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Park" title="Railroad Park">Railroad Park</a>, which opened in 2010. Along with Ruffner Mountain Park and <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_Park" title="Red Mountain Park">Red Mountain Park</a>, Birmingham ranks first in the United States for public green space per resident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water for Birmingham and the intermediate urbanized area is served by the Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB). A public authority that was established in 1951, the BWWB serves all of Jefferson, northern Shelby, western St. Clair counties. The largest reservoir for BWWB is Lake Purdy, which is located on the Jefferson and Shelby County line, but has several other reservoirs including Bayview Lake in western Jefferson County. There are plans to pipeline water from Inland Lake in Blount County and Lake Logan Martin, but those plans are on hold indefinitely. </p><p>Jefferson County Environmental Services serves the Birmingham metro area with sanitary sewer service. Sewer rates have increased in recent years<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after citizens concerned with pollution in area waterways filed a lawsuit that resulted in a federal consent decree to repair an aging sewer system. Because the estimated cost of the consent decree was approximately three times more than the original estimate, many blame the increased rates on corruption of several Jefferson County officials.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_sewer_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson County sewer controversy">sewer construction and bond-swap agreements</a> continue to be a controversial topic in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric power is provided primarily by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a>-subsidiary, Alabama Power. However, some of the surrounding area such as <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cullman,_Alabama" title="Cullman, Alabama">Cullman</a> are provided by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a>. Bessemer also operates its own water and sewer system.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural gas is provided by <a href="/wiki/Spire_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Spire Inc">Spire</a>, although some metro area cities operate their own natural gas services. The local telecommunications are provided by AT&T. Cable television service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter Communications</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I20I59Birmingham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/220px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/330px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I20I59Birmingham.JPG/440px-I20I59Birmingham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_59" title="Interstate 59">Interstate 59</a> (co-signed with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20" title="Interstate 20">Interstate 20</a>) approaching <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65" title="Interstate 65">Interstate 65</a> in downtown Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by four Interstate Highways, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 20 in Alabama">Interstate 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 65 in Alabama">Interstate 65</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_59_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 59 (Alabama)">Interstate 59</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 22 (Alabama)">Interstate 22</a>, as well as a southern bypass expressway <a href="/wiki/Interstate_459" title="Interstate 459">Interstate 459</a>, which connects with I-20/59 to the southwest, I-65 to the south, I-20 to the east, and I-59 to the northeast. Beginning in downtown Birmingham is the "<a href="/wiki/Elton_B._Stephens_Expressway" title="Elton B. Stephens Expressway">Elton B. Stephens Expressway</a>"—the <i>Red Mountain Expressway</i> to the southeast—which carries both <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 31 in Alabama">U.S. Highway 31</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_280_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 280 (Alabama)">U.S. Highway 280</a> to, through, and over Red Mountain. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22" title="Interstate 22">Interstate 22</a> was completed in 2012 and connects Birmingham and Memphis, Tennessee. I-22 connects with I-65 just north of the Birmingham city limits. Construction has begun on the first segment of I-422, the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Northern_Beltline" title="Birmingham Northern Beltline">Birmingham Northern Beltline</a> that will serve the suburbs on the opposite side of Birmingham from I-459. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Public transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of metropolitan public transportation, Birmingham is served by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Jefferson_County_Transit_Authority" title="Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority">Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority</a> (BJCTA) bus, <a href="/wiki/Tourist_trolley" title="Tourist trolley">trolley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a> system, which from 1985 until 2008 was branded the Metro Area Express (MAX). BJCTA also operates a "downtown circulator" service called "D A R T" (Downtown Area Runabout Transit), which consists of two routes in the central business district and one in the UAB area.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> line, named the Birmingham Xpress, was opened in September 2022, running from Woodlawn to Five Points West along the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11" title="U.S. Route 11">US 11</a> corridor.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bus service to other cites is provided by <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a> also offers bus service to Atlanta and Memphis.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is served by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Shuttlesworth_International_Airport" title="Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport">Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport</a>. This airport serves more than 3 million passengers every year. With more than 160 flights daily, the airport offers flights to 37 cities across the United States. Commercial passenger service through Birmingham is provided by <a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>/Delta Connection, <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_(airline_brand)" title="American Eagle (airline brand)">American Eagle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passenger">Passenger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Passenger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham was a railroad hub from its founding, and its <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Terminal_Station" title="Birmingham Terminal Station">Terminal Station</a> was a major passenger stop for many trains crossing the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a> until the creation of <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> on May 1, 1971, when all but one of Birmingham's passenger trains were eliminated. The only remaining passenger service is the Amtrak <i><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></i>, with one train eastbound and one train westbound daily from the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama_(Amtrak_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham, Alabama (Amtrak station)">Birmingham Amtrak station</a>. The <i>Crescent</i> route connects Birmingham with <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and points northeast and northwest of there; <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Greensboro, NC">Greensboro, NC</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, NC">Charlotte, NC</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenville, SC">Greenville, SC</a>; <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, GA">Atlanta, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston, AL">Anniston, AL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscaloosa, AL">Tuscaloosa, AL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian, MS">Meridian, MS</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattiesburg, MS">Hattiesburg, MS</a>; and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, LA">New Orleans, LA</a>. </p><p>Another Amtrak train, the <i><a href="/wiki/Floridian_(train,_1971%E2%80%931979)" title="Floridian (train, 1971–1979)">Floridian</a></i>, served Birmingham en route from Chicago to Florida points from November 1971 to October 1979, when it was cancelled for low ridership. From May 1974 to September 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Auto-Train_Corporation" title="Auto-Train Corporation">Auto-Train Corporation</a> operated its eponymous train via Birmingham on its <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sanford,_Florida" title="Sanford, Florida">Sanford, Florida</a> route. However, Birmingham was not a passenger stop for the <i>Auto-Train</i>, merely a crew-change point.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Auto-Train Corporation went out of business in 1981, but since 1983, Amtrak has operated another <i><a href="/wiki/Auto_Train" title="Auto Train">Auto Train</a></i> (no hyphen) between <a href="/wiki/Lorton,_Virginia" title="Lorton, Virginia">Lorton, Virginia</a>, and Sanford; it does not enter Alabama. </p><p>Beginning in October 1989, Amtrak's <i><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_(train)" title="Gulf Breeze (train)">Gulf Breeze</a></i> was a section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></i> that split from the <i>Crescent</i> at Birmingham and ran to <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, stopping at several intermediate points. The state of Alabama shared the operating costs with Amtrak; however, due to dismally low ridership, the <i>Gulf Breeze</i> was discontinued in April 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freight">Freight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Freight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is served by three major <a href="/wiki/Freight_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight railroad">freight railroad</a> companies, the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> Company, <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>, all of which have major <a href="/wiki/Railroad_yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad yard">railroad yards</a> in the metro area. Smaller regional railroads such as the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Warrior_Railway" title="Alabama Warrior Railway">Alabama Warrior Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Southern_Railroad" title="Birmingham Southern Railroad">Birmingham Southern Railroad</a> also serve customers in Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="List of people from Birmingham, Alabama">List of people from Birmingham, Alabama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham's Sister Cities program is overseen by the Birmingham Sister Cities Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ibaraki" title="Hitachi, Ibaraki">Hitachi</a>, Japan since April 23, 1982</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a>, Hungary since July 15, 1994</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a>, China since November 5, 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyang District, Beijing">Chaoyang District, Beijing</a>, China (Friendship City) since August 5, 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krasnodon" title="Krasnodon">Krasnodon</a>, Ukraine (Friendship City) since April 8, 1999</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a>, Ukraine since April 23, 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, Czech Republic since May 6, 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9diawaye" title="Guédiawaye">Guédiawaye</a>, Senegal since February 8, 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Al-Karak</a>, Jordan since November 9, 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a>, Israel since November 9, 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winneba" title="Winneba">Winneba</a>, Ghana since February 2, 2009</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, United Kingdom since October 21, 2015</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, Jamaica since February 15, 2017</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a>, Japan since July 3, 2017</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Apaaso, Ghana since September 29, 2017</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/42px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama" title="Portal:Alabama">Alabama</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">List of U.S. cities with large Black populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Birmingham" title="USS Birmingham">USS <i>Birmingham</i></a>, 3 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to the 2020 census, Birmingham was the most populous city in Alabama.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for Birmingham kept April 1895 to December 1929 at the Weather Bureau Office and at Birmingham Int'l since January 1930. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2403868">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Birmingham, Alabama</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/birminghamcityalabama,huntsvillecityalabama,mobilecityalabama,montgomerycityalabama/POP010220">"U.S. Census Burea QuickFacts: Birmingham city, Alabama; Huntsville city, Alabama; Mobile city, Alabama; Montgomery city, Alabama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Burea+QuickFacts%3A+Birmingham+city%2C+Alabama%3B+Huntsville+city%2C+Alabama%3B+Mobile+city%2C+Alabama%3B+Montgomery+city%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fbirminghamcityalabama%2Chuntsvillecityalabama%2Cmobilecityalabama%2Cmontgomerycityalabama%2FPOP010220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickettOwen,_Thomas_McAdory2003" class="citation book cs1">Pickett, Albert James; Owen, Thomas McAdory (2003) [1851]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722014625/http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmamcrk4/pktfm.html"><i>History of Alabama, and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period</i></a>. Vol. 1. Montgomery, Ala.: River City Publishing. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880216705" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880216705"><bdi>978-1880216705</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmamcrk4/pktfm.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Alabama%2C+and+Incidentally+of+Georgia+and+Mississippi%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period&rft.place=Montgomery%2C+Ala.&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=River+City+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1880216705&rft.aulast=Pickett&rft.aufirst=Albert+James&rft.au=Owen%2C+Thomas+McAdory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~cmamcrk4%2Fpktfm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3H0FAAAAQAAJ">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Most Segregated City in America: City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920–1980, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alreporter.com/2023/06/13/two-alabama-companies-make-fortune-500/#:~:text=Birmingham%2Dbased%20Vulcan%20Materials%20Company,first%20year%20on%20the%20list">"Two Alabama companies make Fortune 500"</a>. June 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Alabama+companies+make+Fortune+500&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alreporter.com%2F2023%2F06%2F13%2Ftwo-alabama-companies-make-fortune-500%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBirmingham%252Dbased%2520Vulcan%2520Materials%2520Company%2Cfirst%2520year%2520on%2520the%2520list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105154141/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1597">"Birmingham Iron and Steel companies"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1597">the original</a> on November 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birmingham+Iron+and+Steel+companies&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-1981-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins-1981_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins1981" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Leah Rawls (1981). <i>The Valley and the Hills: An Illustrated History of Birmingham & Jefferson County</i>. Windsor Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89781-031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89781-031-9"><bdi>978-0-89781-031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valley+and+the+Hills%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Birmingham+%26+Jefferson+County&rft.pub=Windsor+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-89781-031-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Leah+Rawls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1997" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Adam (July 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027071848/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986714,00.html">"Back to 'Bombingham'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986714,00.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Back+to+%27Bombingham%27&rft.date=1997-07-21&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C986714%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_90.shtml">Clayborne Carson</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> "King Maker", <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>, Winter 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivil_Rights_Movement_Veterans" class="citation web cs1">Civil Rights Movement Veterans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham">"The Birmingham Campaign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birmingham+Campaign&rft.au=Civil+Rights+Movement+Veterans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis63.htm%231963bham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002093630/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1884">"encyclopediaofalabama.org"</a>. encyclopediaofalabama.org. May 12, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1884">the original</a> on October 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=encyclopediaofalabama.org&rft.pub=encyclopediaofalabama.org&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611040552/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01/0107000.html">"Birmingham (city), Alabama"</a>. <i>State & County QuickFacts</i>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01/0107000.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+%26+County+QuickFacts&rft.atitle=Birmingham+%28city%29%2C+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F01%2F0107000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html">"Alabama – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Birmingham Business Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Big+ideas&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Kelli+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbirmingham.bizjournals.com%2Fbirmingham%2Fstories%2F2006%2F07%2F17%2Fsmallb1.html%3Fjst%3Ds_cn_hl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310231804/https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/">"Highland Park in Birmingham"</a>. <i>American Planning Assoc. website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/">the original</a> on March 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Planning+Assoc.+website&rft.atitle=Highland+Park+in+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planning.org%2Fgreatplaces%2Fneighborhoods%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/news/birmingham/index.ssf/2015/01/birmingham_wins_city_chosen_as.html">"Birmingham Wins"</a>. <i>Al.com website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al.com+website&rft.atitle=Birmingham+Wins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fnews%2Fbirmingham%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F01%2Fbirmingham_wins_city_chosen_as.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/pandemic-delayed-world-games-open-in-birmingham-a-year-late/2022/07/07/d1016082-fe03-11ec-b39d-71309168014b_story.html">"Pandemic-delayed World Games open in Birmingham a year late"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press">The Associated Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pandemic-delayed+World+Games+open+in+Birmingham+a+year+late&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Fpandemic-delayed-world-games-open-in-birmingham-a-year-late%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2Fd1016082-fe03-11ec-b39d-71309168014b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazekMascarenhasAfshar2024" class="citation news cs1">Razek, Raja; Mascarenhas, Lauren; Afshar, Paradise (September 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/22/us/birmingham-alabama-shooting-five-points-south/index.html">"4 dead and 17 injured after gunfire erupts at popular nightlife area in Birmingham, Alabama, police say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=4+dead+and+17+injured+after+gunfire+erupts+at+popular+nightlife+area+in+Birmingham%2C+Alabama%2C+police+say&rft.date=2024-09-22&rft.aulast=Razek&rft.aufirst=Raja&rft.au=Mascarenhas%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Afshar%2C+Paradise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F09%2F22%2Fus%2Fbirmingham-alabama-shooting-five-points-south%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/sep/22/birmingham-alabama-shooting">"Four people killed and 20 injured in shooting in Birmingham, Alabama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. September 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Four+people+killed+and+20+injured+in+shooting+in+Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft.date=2024-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2024%2Fsep%2F22%2Fbirmingham-alabama-shooting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115012808/http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/documents/crossroads.pdf">"Birmingham at a Crossroads"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/documents/crossroads.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+at+a+Crossroads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fbirminghamnews%2Fdocuments%2Fcrossroads.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/comebacktown/2015/06/how_to_extort_money_from_city.html">"How to extort money from City of Homewood: Reader opinion"</a>. <i>AL.com</i>. June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=How+to+extort+money+from+City+of+Homewood%3A+Reader+opinion&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fcomebacktown%2F2015%2F06%2Fhow_to_extort_money_from_city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_txt-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_txt_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013876&format=pdf">"Station: Birmingham AP, AL"</a>. <i>U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Climate+Normals+2020%3A+U.S.+Monthly+Climate+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Station%3A+Birmingham+AP%2C+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSW00013876%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jul_Averages-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jul_Averages_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027154130/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/daily/35209?climoMonth=7">"July Daily Averages for Birmingham, AL (35209)"</a>. The Weather Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/daily/35209?climoMonth=7">the original</a> on October 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+Daily+Averages+for+Birmingham%2C+AL+%2835209%29&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Foutlook%2Ftravel%2Fvacationplanner%2Fwxclimatology%2Fdaily%2F35209%3FclimoMonth%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feb_Averages-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feb_Averages_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/daily/35209?climoMonth=2">"February Daily Averages for Birmingham, AL (35209)"</a>. weather.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+Daily+Averages+for+Birmingham%2C+AL+%2835209%29&rft.pub=weather.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Foutlook%2Ftravel%2Fvacationplanner%2Fwxclimatology%2Fdaily%2F35209%3FclimoMonth%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=bmx">"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dbmx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919104105/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/CCD-2018.pdf">"Comparative Climatic Data For the United States Through 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NOAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/CCD-2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Climatic+Data+For+the+United+States+Through+2018&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2FCCD-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAAsun-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAAsun_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-IV/US/GROUP1/00010829.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for BIRMINGHAM/WSFO AL 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+BIRMINGHAM%2FWSFO+AL+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-IV%2FUS%2FGROUP1%2F00010829.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_RH-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_RH_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72228.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for BIRMINGHAM/MUNICIPAL ARPT AL 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+BIRMINGHAM%2FMUNICIPAL+ARPT+AL+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72228.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wmo.int/viewer/53252/download?file=847_fr_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1"><i>Birmingham/Mun. AL - 72228: Climotological Normals (CLINO) For The Period 1961-1990</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Meteorological Organization. 1996. pp. 435, 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-63-0084_7-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-63-0084 7-7"><bdi>92-63-0084 7-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham%2FMun.+AL+-+72228%3A+Climotological+Normals+%28CLINO%29+For+The+Period+1961-1990&rft.pages=435%2C+441&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=92-63-00847-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wmo.int%2Fviewer%2F53252%2Fdownload%3Ffile%3D847_fr_en.pdf%26type%3Dpdf%26navigator%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106010319/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1916_10_18.php">"Historic Earthquakes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1916_10_18.php">the original</a> on January 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Earthquakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fstates%2Fevents%2F1916_10_18.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html">"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+scandal+of+the+Alabama+poor+cut+off+from+water&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.au=Brian+Wheeler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16037798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bessemerutilities.com/history/">"History"</a>. Bessemer Utilities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Bessemer+Utilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bessemerutilities.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjcta.org">"Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority"</a>. Bjcta.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham-Jefferson+County+Transit+Authority&rft.pub=Bjcta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjcta.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghamal.gov/brt">"Bus Rapid Transit « The Official Website for the City of Birmingham, Alabama"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bus+Rapid+Transit+%C2%AB+The+Official+Website+for+the+City+of+Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamal.gov%2Fbrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/alabama/birmingham/bus-station-420156">"Birmingham Alabama Bus Station"</a>. <i>greyhound.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greyhound.com&rft.atitle=Birmingham+Alabama+Bus+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocations.greyhound.com%2Fbus-stations%2Fus%2Falabama%2Fbirmingham%2Fbus-station-420156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423071232/http://us.megabus.com/routemap.aspx">"Megabus | Low cost bus tickets from $1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.megabus.com/routemap.aspx">the original</a> on April 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megabus+%26%23124%3B+Low+cost+bus+tickets+from+%241&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.megabus.com%2Froutemap.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themetrains.com/auto-train-timeline.htm">"Timeline for the 1971-1981 Auto-Train"</a>. <i>The Story of the 1971-1981 Auto-Train</i>. Accuen Media, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+the+1971-1981+Auto-Train&rft.atitle=Timeline+for+the+1971-1981+Auto-Train&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themetrains.com%2Fauto-train-timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302081941/http://www.birminghamsistercities.com/">"birminghamsistercities.com"</a>. birminghamsistercities.com. April 23, 1982. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamsistercities.com/">the original</a> on March 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=birminghamsistercities.com&rft.pub=birminghamsistercities.com&rft.date=1982-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamsistercities.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arrington, Richard. <i>There's Hope for the World: The Memoir of Birmingham, Alabama's First African American Mayor</i>, University of Alabama Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8173-1623-5</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerney1878" class="citation cs2">Berney (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/handbookofalabam01bern#page/84/mode/2up">"Birmingham"</a>, <i>Handbook of Alabama</i>, Mobile: Mobile Register print.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birmingham&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Alabama&rft.place=Mobile&rft.pub=Mobile+Register+print.&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Berney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhandbookofalabam01bern%23page%2F84%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fazio, Michael W. <i>Landscape of Transformations: Architecture and Birmingham, Alabama</i>. University of Tennessee Press, 2010; examines Birmingham's architecture and society in the city's rise as an industrial center.</li> <li>Bennett, James R. <i>Historic Birmingham and Jefferson County</i>, Historical Publishing Network, second ed, 2010. ISBN 978-1-935377-18-4.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham,_Alabama&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Birmingham, Alabama</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Birminghamian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Birminghamian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Birmingham, Alabama">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Birmingham, Alabama">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Birmingham, Alabama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Birmingham, Alabama">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Birmingham, Alabama">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham,_Alabama" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Birmingham, Alabama">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Alabama)" class="extiw" title="voy:Birmingham (Alabama)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghamal.gov/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79867#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghamal.org/">Greater Birmingham Convention & Visitors Bureau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhamrails.info">History of Railroads and Industries at Birmingham Rails</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1421">Birmingham article, Encyclopedia of Alabama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Main_Page">BhamWiki</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Jefferson_County,_Alabama,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Template:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Template talk:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Jefferson_County,_Alabama,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama"><span class="region">Jefferson County, Alabama</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Birmingham</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsville,_Alabama" title="Adamsville, Alabama">Adamsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Alabama" title="Brighton, Alabama">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabama" title="Center Point, Alabama">Center Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay,_Alabama" title="Clay, Alabama">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fultondale,_Alabama" title="Fultondale, Alabama">Fultondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graysville,_Alabama" title="Graysville, Alabama">Graysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Alabama" title="Helena, Alabama">Helena</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueytown,_Alabama" title="Hueytown, Alabama">Hueytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irondale,_Alabama" title="Irondale, Alabama">Irondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly,_Alabama" title="Kimberly, Alabama">Kimberly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb,_Alabama" title="Lipscomb, Alabama">Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midfield,_Alabama" title="Midfield, Alabama">Midfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson,_Alabama" title="Pinson, Alabama">Pinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove,_Alabama" title="Pleasant Grove, Alabama">Pleasant Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiton,_Alabama" title="Sumiton, Alabama">Sumiton</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrant,_Alabama" title="Tarrant, Alabama">Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trussville,_Alabama" title="Trussville, Alabama">Trussville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior,_Alabama" title="Warrior, Alabama">Warrior</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Alabama highlighting Jefferson County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/95px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/126px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1018" /></span><figcaption>Map of Alabama highlighting Jefferson County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo,_Alabama" title="Argo, Alabama">Argo</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookside,_Alabama" title="Brookside, Alabama">Brookside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_Alabama" title="Cardiff, Alabama">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Line,_Alabama" title="County Line, Alabama">County Line</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama" title="Lake View, Alabama">Lake View</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytown,_Alabama" title="Maytown, Alabama">Maytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris,_Alabama" title="Morris, Alabama">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulga,_Alabama" title="Mulga, Alabama">Mulga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Johns,_Alabama" title="North Johns, Alabama">North Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Springs,_Alabama" title="Sylvan Springs, Alabama">Sylvan Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford,_Alabama" title="Trafford, Alabama">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="West Jefferson, Alabama">West Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Alabama" title="Concord, Alabama">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Alabama" title="Edgewater, Alabama">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestdale,_Alabama" title="Forestdale, Alabama">Forestdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Valley,_Alabama" title="Grayson Valley, Alabama">Grayson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Chapel,_Alabama" title="McDonald Chapel, Alabama">McDonald Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCalla,_Alabama" title="McCalla, Alabama">McCalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor,_Alabama" title="Minor, Alabama">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Mount Olive, Jefferson County, Alabama">Mount Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek,_Alabama" title="Rock Creek, Alabama">Rock Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Acton, Jefferson County, Alabama">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adger,_Alabama" title="Adger, Alabama">Adger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Alabama" title="Alton, Alabama">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview,_Alabama" title="Bayview, Alabama">Bayview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Alabama" title="Bradford, Alabama">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalburg,_Alabama" title="Coalburg, Alabama">Coalburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner,_Alabama" title="Corner, Alabama">Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumley_Chapel,_Alabama" title="Crumley Chapel, Alabama">Crumley Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docena,_Alabama" title="Docena, Alabama">Docena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite,_Alabama" title="Dolomite, Alabama">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstown,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldstown, Alabama">Fieldstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Top,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat Top, Jefferson County, Alabama">Flat Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Hopewell, Jefferson County, Alabama">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbrell,_Alabama" title="Kimbrell, Alabama">Kimbrell</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Alabama" title="New Castle, Alabama">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerdale,_Alabama" title="Palmerdale, Alabama">Palmerdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Crossroads,_Alabama" title="Robbins Crossroads, Alabama">Robbins Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayre,_Alabama" title="Sayre, Alabama">Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon,_Alabama" title="Shannon, Alabama">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Alabama" title="Watson, Alabama">Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Former towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipcoville,_Alabama" title="Acipcoville, Alabama">Acipcoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale_(Birmingham)" title="Avondale (Birmingham)">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkville,_Alabama" title="Chalkville, Alabama">Chalkville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyton" class="mw-redirect" title="Elyton">Elyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensley_(Birmingham)" title="Ensley (Birmingham)">Ensley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Birmingham" title="North Birmingham">North Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Alabama" title="Westfield, Alabama">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Birmingham)" title="Woodlawn (Birmingham)">Woodlawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Alabama (state)"><span>Alabama portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Shelby_County,_Alabama,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Template:Shelby County, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Template talk:Shelby County, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shelby County, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Shelby_County,_Alabama,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama"><span class="region">Shelby County, Alabama</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama" title="Columbiana, Alabama"><span>Columbiana</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabaster,_Alabama" title="Alabaster, Alabama">Alabaster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calera,_Alabama" title="Calera, Alabama">Calera</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Alabama" title="Chelsea, Alabama">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama" title="Columbiana, Alabama">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Alabama" title="Helena, Alabama">Helena</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama" title="Montevallo, Alabama">Montevallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Alabama" title="Pelham, Alabama">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent,_Alabama" title="Vincent, Alabama">Vincent</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover,_Alabama" title="Westover, Alabama">Westover</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Alabama highlighting Shelby County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/95px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/126px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1018" /></span><figcaption>Map of Alabama highlighting Shelby County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpersville,_Alabama" title="Harpersville, Alabama">Harpersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_Village,_Alabama" title="Indian Springs Village, Alabama">Indian Springs Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilsonville,_Alabama" title="Wilsonville, Alabama">Wilsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Alabama" title="Wilton, Alabama">Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantleyville,_Alabama" title="Brantleyville, Alabama">Brantleyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Highland,_Alabama" title="Brook Highland, Alabama">Brook Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnavant,_Alabama" title="Dunnavant, Alabama">Dunnavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Point,_Alabama" title="Eagle Point, Alabama">Eagle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Lakes,_Alabama" title="Highland Lakes, Alabama">Highland Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowbrook,_Alabama" title="Meadowbrook, Alabama">Meadowbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_Ridge,_Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Pea Ridge, Shelby County, Alabama">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby,_Alabama" title="Shelby, Alabama">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal_Creek,_Alabama" title="Shoal Creek, Alabama">Shoal Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterrett,_Alabama" title="Sterrett, Alabama">Sterrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiver,_Alabama" title="Vandiver, Alabama">Vandiver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Springs,_Alabama" title="Abbot Springs, Alabama">Abbot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Alabama" title="Acton, Alabama">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich,_Alabama" title="Aldrich, Alabama">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkwright,_Alabama" title="Arkwright, Alabama">Arkwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcis,_Alabama" title="Calcis, Alabama">Calcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Cloverdale, Shelby County, Alabama">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourmile,_Alabama" title="Fourmile, Alabama">Fourmile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness,_Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Inverness, Shelby County, Alabama">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maylene,_Alabama" title="Maylene, Alabama">Maylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Alabama" title="Nelson, Alabama">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan,_Alabama" title="Ryan, Alabama">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Alabama" title="Saginaw, Alabama">Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluria,_Alabama" title="Siluria, Alabama">Siluria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Alabama (state)"><span>Alabama portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Alabama2020_U.S._census_populations" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Template:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Alabama2020_U.S._census_populations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Alabama<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a> populations</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Alabama">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Huntsville,_Alabama_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huntsville"><img alt="Huntsville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/120px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/180px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg/240px-Downtown_Huntsville%2C_Alabama_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/120px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/180px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Birmingham_panorama.jpg/240px-Birmingham_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="494" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">215,006 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montgomery"><img alt="Montgomery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/120px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/180px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg/240px-Alabama_Capitol_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile,_Alabama_Skyline_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/120px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/180px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg/240px-Mobile%2C_Alabama_Skyline_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">187,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama">Henry</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,072 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,933 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alabama_county_seats" title="Template:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alabama_county_seats" title="Template talk:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_Alabama" title="Abbeville, Alabama">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia,_Alabama" title="Andalusia, Alabama">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Alabama" title="Ashland, Alabama">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama" title="Ashville, Alabama">Ashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Alabama" title="Athens, Alabama">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Minette,_Alabama" title="Bay Minette, Alabama">Bay Minette</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewton,_Alabama" title="Brewton, Alabama">Brewton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Alabama" title="Butler, Alabama">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_Alabama" title="Camden, Alabama">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_Alabama" title="Carrollton, Alabama">Carrollton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre,_Alabama" title="Centre, Alabama">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama" title="Centreville, Alabama">Centreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatom,_Alabama" title="Chatom, Alabama">Chatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanton,_Alabama" title="Clanton, Alabama">Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Alabama" title="Clayton, Alabama">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama" title="Columbiana, Alabama">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullman,_Alabama" title="Cullman, Alabama">Cullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadeville,_Alabama" title="Dadeville, Alabama">Dadeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Springs,_Alabama" title="Double Springs, Alabama">Double Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elba,_Alabama" title="Elba, Alabama">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama" title="Enterprise, Alabama">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutaw,_Alabama" title="Eutaw, Alabama">Eutaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Conecuh_County,_Alabama" title="Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette,_Alabama" title="Fayette, Alabama">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Payne,_Alabama" title="Fort Payne, Alabama">Fort Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Alabama" title="Geneva, Alabama">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_Alabama" title="Greensboro, Alabama">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Alabama" title="Greenville, Alabama">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Hill,_Alabama" title="Grove Hill, Alabama">Grove Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntersville,_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Alabama" title="Hamilton, Alabama">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayneville,_Alabama" title="Hayneville, Alabama">Hayneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heflin,_Alabama" title="Heflin, Alabama">Heflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Alabama" title="Jasper, Alabama">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama" title="LaFayette, Alabama">LaFayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden,_Alabama" title="Linden, Alabama">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Alabama" title="Livingston, Alabama">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luverne,_Alabama" title="Luverne, Alabama">Luverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Alabama" title="Marion, Alabama">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Alabama" title="Monroeville, Alabama">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulton,_Alabama" title="Moulton, Alabama">Moulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneonta,_Alabama" title="Oneonta, Alabama">Oneonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelika,_Alabama" title="Opelika, Alabama">Opelika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark,_Alabama" title="Ozark, Alabama">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama" title="Pell City, Alabama">Pell City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prattville,_Alabama" title="Prattville, Alabama">Prattville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Alabama" title="Rockford, Alabama">Rockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Alabama" title="Russellville, Alabama">Russellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro,_Alabama" title="Scottsboro, Alabama">Scottsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama" title="Talladega, Alabama">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscumbia,_Alabama" title="Tuscumbia, Alabama">Tuscumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" title="Tuskegee, Alabama">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Springs,_Alabama" title="Union Springs, Alabama">Union Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Alabama" title="Vernon, Alabama">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedowee,_Alabama" title="Wedowee, Alabama">Wedowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetumpka,_Alabama" title="Wetumpka, Alabama">Wetumpka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139540871">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204958/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdM9btwjPVGv9bBfrdmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4080412-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79042167">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birmingham (Alabama, États-Unis)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15240407j">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birmingham (Ala., États-Unis)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12009279f">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birmingham (Alabama, États-Unis)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15240407j">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birmingham (Ala., États-Unis)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12009279f">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birmingham (Alabama)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge261666&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5495365">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000453473">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559654705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8995a377-da74-40b6-ab76-b1f2d6eed01f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028211316">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045516">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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