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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with Standard German</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_German-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with Standard German subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interaction with English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Written language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Written language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Written_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania_High_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania_High_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pennsylvania High German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania_High_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaker_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaker_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Speaker population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaker_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_authors_and_translators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_authors_and_translators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable authors and translators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_authors_and_translators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennsylvania Dutch language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvaniese_Duits" title="Pennsilvaniese Duits – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pennsilvaniese Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniadeutsch" title="Pennsylvaniadeutsch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pennsylvaniadeutsch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ፔንስልቫኒያ ጀርመንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔንስልቫኒያ ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألمانية البنسلفانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية البنسلفانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Pennsilvania" title="Alemán de Pennsilvania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemán de Pennsilvania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Pennsylvania" title="Alemán de Pennsylvania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemán de Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پنسیلوانیا آلمان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنسیلوانیا آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Pennsylvania Tek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pennsylvania Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Пенсільванска-нямецкі дыялект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенсільванска-нямецкі дыялект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg_Pennsylvania" title="Alamaneg Pennsylvania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany_pennsilvani%C3%A0" title="Alemany pennsilvanià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany pennsilvanià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Pensylvánská němčina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pensylvánská němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaeneg_Pensylfania" title="Almaeneg Pensylfania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaeneg Pensylfania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch" title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_(Sprache)" title="Pennsylvania Dutch (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pennsylvania Dutch (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Pensilvania" title="Alemán de Pensilvania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemán de Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanigermana_dialekto" title="Pensilvanigermana dialekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pensilvanigermana dialekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniako_aleman" title="Pennsylvaniako aleman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pennsylvaniako aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زبان آلمانی پنسیلوانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی پنسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand_de_Pennsylvanie" title="Allemand de Pennsylvanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand de Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Pensilvania" title="Alemán de Pensilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemán de Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EC%8B%A4%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="펜실베이니아 독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펜실베이니아 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanijski_njema%C4%8Dki" title="Pensilvanijski njemački – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pensilvanijski njemački" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Pennsylvania" title="Bahasa Jerman Pennsylvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvan%C3%ADska" title="Pennsylvaníska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pennsylvaníska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca_della_Pennsylvania" title="Lingua tedesca della Pennsylvania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca della Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaynek" title="Pennsylvaynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennsylvaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Deitsch" title="Lingua Deitsch – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanijos_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97" title="Pensilvanijos vokiečių tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pensilvanijos vokiečių tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca_da_Pennsylvania" title="Lengua tedesca da Pennsylvania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca da Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_de_Pennsylvania" title="Deutx de Pennsylvania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx de Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudesch_de_la_Pennsylvania" title="Tudesch de la Pennsylvania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tudesch de la Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniai_n%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Pennsylvaniai német nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pennsylvaniai német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania-Duits" title="Pennsylvania-Duits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pennsylvania-Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanies-Duuts" title="Pennsylvanies-Duuts – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pennsylvanies-Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilwaanisk" title="Pennsilwaanisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pennsilwaanisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniatysk" title="Pennsylvaniatysk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pennsylvaniatysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch" title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پنسلوینیا جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسلوینیا جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch" title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%C3%ABsca_dla_Pennsylvania" title="Lenga tedësca dla Pennsylvania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca dla Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniad%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch" title="Pennsylvaniadüütsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pennsylvaniadüütsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki_w_Pensylwanii" title="Język niemiecki w Pensylwanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki w Pensylwanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A3o_da_Pensilv%C3%A2nia" title="Alemão da Pensilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemão da Pensilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_din_Pennsylvania" title="Germana din Pennsylvania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germana din Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Пенсильванско-немецкий диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенсильванско-немецкий диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanish" title="Pennsylvanish – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pennsylvanish" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane_e_pansilvanis%C3%AB" title="Gjuha gjermane e pansilvanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane e pansilvanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" title="Pennsylvania German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pennsylvania German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nska_nem%C4%8Dina" title="Pensylvánska nemčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pensylvánska nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanska_nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Pensilvanska nemščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pensilvanska nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniansaksa" title="Pennsylvaniansaksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pennsylvaniansaksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniatyska" title="Pennsylvaniatyska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pennsylvaniatyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பென்சில்வேனியா தச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பென்சில்வேனியா தச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Пенсильвания алман теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пенсильвания алман теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanya_Almancas%C4%B1" title="Pensilvanya Almancası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pensilvanya Almancası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Пенсільвансько-німецький діалект – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенсільвансько-німецький діалект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="پېنسىلۋانىيە نېمىس تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پېنسىلۋانىيە نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Pennsylvania" title="Tiếng Đức Pennsylvania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="宾夕法尼亚德语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宾夕法尼亚德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankiy%C3%AA_Pensilvanya" title="Almankiyê Pensilvanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almankiyê Pensilvanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="賓夕法尼亞德語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賓夕法尼亞德語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of West Central German</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Pennsylvania Dutch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Pennsylvania German</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">United States, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <p>Canada: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li></ul> Elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and some locations in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">237,000 (2016–2020 American Community Survey)<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />to 350,000 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (L2 speakers: about 3,000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Franconian_dialects" title="Rhine Franconian dialects">Rhine Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Pfälzisch</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lothringisch</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pennsylvania Dutch</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old High Franconian <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old Rhine Franconian </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pdc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pdc">pdc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/penn1240">penn1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8429">Pennsylvania German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-he">52-ACB-he</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg/320px-Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg/480px-Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg/640px-Pennsylvania_Dutch_map_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pennsylvania Dutch distribution in the United States</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_99-NE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lang_Status_99-NE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_99-NE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Pennsylvania Dutch is not endangered according to the classification system of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Pennsylvania Dutch</b> (<span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Deitsch</i></span>, <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/GT_Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch.ogg\/GT_Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pennsilfaanisch-Deitsch"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/GT_Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch.ogg/GT_Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Pennsilfaanisch-Deitsch</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Pennsilfaanisch_Deitsch.ogg" title="File:GT Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></i></span> or <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Pennsilfaanisch</i></span>) or <b>Pennsylvania German</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_dialects" title="Palatine German dialects">Palatine German</a><sup id="cite_ref-regebogen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regebogen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Dutch" title="Fancy Dutch">Fancy Dutch</a>, and other related groups in the United States and Canada. There are approximately 300,000 native speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada. </p><p>The language traditionally has been spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, who are descendants of late 17th- and early to late 18th-century immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, who arrived primarily from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> and, to a lesser degree, the regions of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch#Autonym" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Differing explanations exist</a> on why the Pennsylvania Dutch are referred to as <i>Dutch</i>, which typically refers to the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, only distantly related to Pennsylvania German. </p><p>Speakers of the dialect today are primarily found in Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern states</a>, as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, in the United States, and in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> in Canada. The dialect historically was also spoken in other regions where its use has largely or entirely faded. The practice of Pennsylvania Dutch as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania, including <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>, was declining by the beginning of the 20th century. But in more rural Pennsylvania areas, it continued in widespread use until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Since that time, its use in Pennsylvania rural areas has greatly declined. It is best preserved in the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities, and presently the members of both groups make up the majority of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_origins">European origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: European origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_(according_to_Wiesinger,_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/220px-West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/330px-West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/440px-West_Germanic_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger%2C_Heeringa_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>A linguistic map of West Germanic dialects on the European mainland prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> is yellow and orange, including Pennsylvania Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancestors of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers came from various parts of the southwestern regions of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a> (German: <i lang="de">Kurpfalz</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Baden">Duchy of Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elsass</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/German_Lorraine" title="German Lorraine">German Lorraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Most of the people in these areas spoke <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Franconian">Rhine Franconian</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a> and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects; it is believed that in the first generations after the settlers arrived, the dialects merged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The result of that <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</a> was a dialect very close to the eastern dialects of Palatine German, especially the rural dialects around <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a>. </p><p>Pennsylvania Dutch is mainly derived from <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a>, spoken by 2,400,000 Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Rhein_Neckar_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhein Neckar Area">Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region</a>, a region almost identical to the historical Palatinate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are similarities between the German dialect that is still spoken in this small part of southwestern Germany and Pennsylvania Dutch. When individuals from the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate <i>(Pfalz)</i></a> region of Germany today encounter Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, conversation is often possible to a limited degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Standard_German">Comparison with Standard German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with Standard German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pennsylvania Dutch for the most part does not reflect the diverse origins of the early speakers from regions along the upper <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> River (<a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and the Elsass/<a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>) but almost exclusively the strong immigrant group from the Palatine.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania Dutch is not a corrupted form of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>, since Standard German originally <a href="/wiki/Standard_German#Origins" title="Standard German">developed</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">written standard</a> based on the various spoken <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a> in a very long process that started in the time of classical <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> (1170–1250). Pennsylvania Dutch instead reflects the independent development of Palatine German, especially from the region that is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vorderpfalz</i></span> in German.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Pennsylvania Dutch is largely derived from Palatine German, which did not fully undergo the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, several vowels and consonants in Pennsylvania Dutch differ when compared with Standard German or Upper German dialects such as Alemannic and Bavarian. </p><p>The American English influence is most significant on vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a much lesser degree on pronunciation; the English influence on grammar is relatively small. The question of whether the large loss of the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>—the most significant difference compared with Palatine German—is due to English influence or reflects an inner development is disputed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_(1870)_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg/220px-Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg/330px-Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg/440px-Harbaugh%27s_Harfe_-_Gedichte_in_pennsylvanisch-deutscher_Mundart_%281870%29_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Pennsylvania Dutch writer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harbaugh" title="Henry Harbaugh">Henry Harbaugh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As in Standard German, Pennsylvania Dutch uses three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Pennsylvania Dutch has three cases for <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, and two cases for nouns: the common case, with both accusative and nominative functions, and the dative case. There is no genitive case in Pennsylvania Dutch. The historical genitive case has been replaced by the dative, and possession is indicated with a special construction using the dative and the possessive pronoun: 'the man's dog' becomes <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">em Mann sei Hund</i></span> (literally: 'to the man his dog'). Studies have shown variability in the use of the dative case in both sectarian and non-sectarian communities. The trend is towards use of the common case for nouns and the accusative case for pronouns, instead of the dative.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffines91_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffines91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">em Mann sei Hund</i></span>, for example, has frequently become <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">der Mann sei Hund</i></span>. </p><p>The dative case in Pennsylvania German is used to express possession, to mark objects of <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>, to mark <a href="/wiki/Indirect_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect objects">indirect objects</a>, and to indicate the direct objects of certain verbs. It is expressed, as in Standard German, through the use of dative forms of personal pronouns and through certain <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> of articles and adjectives modifying nouns. In non-sectarian speech in central Pennsylvania, the dative is widely used among the older generations who are fluent in Pennsylvania German, whereas younger <a href="/wiki/Semi-speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-speaker">semi-speakers</a> tend not to use the dative as much. Many semi-speakers used the <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">English possessive</a> <i>-'s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffines91_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffines91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> in central Pennsylvania had almost completely replaced the dative with the accusative case. Meanwhile, members of the entirely Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking community in <a href="/wiki/Kalona,_Iowa" title="Kalona, Iowa">Kalona</a>, all of whom were Amish or Mennonite, showed strong age-related variation. Speakers under the age of 40 never used the dative, while older speakers showed strongly variable behavior. There was little difference between members of the different religious denominations in the Kalona.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many verbs of English origin are used in Pennsylvania Dutch. Most English-origin verbs are treated as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">German weak verbs</a>, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> with a <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-</i></span> prefix and a <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">-t</i></span> suffix, thus for example the past participle of 'change' is usually <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-change-t</i></span>. Verbs with unstressed first syllables generally do not take the <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-</i></span> prefix, so the past participle of 'adopt' is <i>adopted</i>, as in English. This follows the pattern of words with inseparable prefixes in German. However, English-origin verbs which are stressed on the first syllable may also appear without the <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-</i></span> prefix. Thus, 'realize' is conjugated simply as <i>realized</i>, and 'farm' may be conjugated as <i>farmed</i> or <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-farm-t</i></span>. Some German-origin verbs may also appear without the <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-</i></span> prefix. <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Schwetze</i></span> 'talk, speak', may be conjugated as <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">geschwetzt</i></span> or simply as <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">schwetzt</i></span>. Both English influence and overall simplification may be at work in the dropping of the <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ge-</i></span> prefix.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania Dutch, like Standard German, has many <a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">separable verbs</a> composed of a root verb and a prefix. Some of these in Standard German are completely semantically transparent, such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mit-gehen</i></span> 'to go with', from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mit-</i></span> 'with' and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gehen</i></span> 'go'. Others, like <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mit-teilen</i></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">with-share</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> which means 'to inform' and not the sharing of concrete entities, are not semantically transparent. That is, their meaning is not the sum of their parts. Separable verbs are used widely in Pennsylvania Dutch, and separable verbs can even be formed with English roots and prefixes. Virtually all separable verbs in Pennsylvania Dutch are semantically transparent. Many semantically opaque separable verbs such as <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">um-ziehe</i></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">pull around</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, meaning, 'to move house', has been replaced by the English word <i>move</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller99_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adjectival endings exist but appear simplified compared to Standard German. As in all other South German dialects, the past tense is generally expressed using the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>: <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Ich bin ins Feld glaafe</i></span> ('I have run into the field') and not the simple past (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich lief ins Feld</i></span> ['I ran into the field']), which is retained only in the verb "to be", as <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">war</i></span> or <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ware</i></span>, corresponding to English <i>was</i> and <i>were</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> is extant only as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konjunktiv I</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konjunktiv II</i></span> is totally lost)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in a limited number of verbs. In all other verbs it is expressed through the form of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konjunktiv I</i></span> of the verbs 'to do' (<span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">du</i></span>) and 'to have' (<span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">hawwe</i></span><i>/</i><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">have</i></span>) combined with the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">past participle</a>, e.g., <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ich daet esse</i></span> ('I would eat'), <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">ich hett gesse</i></span> ('I would have eaten'). </p><p>Several Pennsylvania Dutch grammars have been published over the years. Two examples are <i>A Simple Grammar of Pennsylvania Dutch</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._William_Frey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. William Frey (page does not exist)">J. William Frey</a> and <i>A Pennsylvania German Reader and Grammar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Haag" title="Earl C. Haag">Earl C. Haag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below use IPA symbols to compare sounds used in Standard German (to the left) with sounds that correspond to them in their Pennsylvania Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>, reflecting their respective evolutions since they diverged from a common origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard German vowel </th> <th>Pennsylvania Dutch vowel </th> <th>Standard German cognate </th> <th>Pennsylvania Dutch cognate </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Köpfe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Kepp</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schön</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">schee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dünn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">dinn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kühe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Kieh</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> (in some words) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schlafen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">schloofe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auch</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">aa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> from Middle High German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> (in some dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Haus</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔʏ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">neu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">nei</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> </td> <td><i>Boden</i> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bodde</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (only with feminine and plural endings) </td> <td>final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> (only with feminine endings) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eine gute Frau</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">en gudi Fraa</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard German consonant </th> <th>Pennsylvania Dutch consonant </th> <th>Standard German cognate </th> <th>Pennsylvania Dutch cognate </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wː/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kübel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Kiwwel</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> (mostly following a vowel + <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">morgen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">morje</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> (before a liquid) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">klein</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">glee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">waschen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈva.ʃən]</span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">wasche</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈva.ʃə]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">putzen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpʰuːt.tsən]</span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">butze</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbuːd.sə]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pf/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfarrer</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpfaː.rər]</span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Parrer</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpaː.rər]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Hatz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> (before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">bist</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">bischt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">tot</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʰoːt]</span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">dod</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdoːd]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> (after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Holz</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhoːlts]</span> </td> <td><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Holz</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhoːls]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg/220px-LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg/330px-LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg/440px-LancasterPennsylvaniaDutchCity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a> in 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County, Pennsylvania</a>, there have been numerous other shifts that can make their Pennsylvania Dutch particularly difficult for modern High German speakers to understand. A word beginning in <span class="nowrap">⟨gs⟩</span> generally becomes <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span>, which is more easily pronounced, and so German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gesund</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">gsund</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tsund</i></span> and German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gesagt</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">gsaat</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tsaat</i></span>. Likewise, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gescheid</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">gscheid</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tscheid</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃaɪt/</span>. German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zurück</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">zrick</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tsrick</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃɹɪk/</span>. The shift is rather common with German children learning to speak. </p><p>The softened <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> after guttural consonants has mixed with the guttural <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> of earlier generations and also turned into an American <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> and so German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gewesen</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">gwest</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">grest</i></span> and German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">geschwind</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">gschwind</i></span> > <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tschrind</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃɹɪnt/</span>. The changes in pronunciation, combined with the general disappearance of declensions as described above, result in a form of the dialect that has evolved somewhat from its early Pennsylvania origins nearly 300 years ago and is still rather easy to understand by German dialect speakers of the Rhineland-Palatinate area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_English">Interaction with English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interaction with English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deitsch_2015-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Deitsch_2015-01.jpg/220px-Deitsch_2015-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Deitsch_2015-01.jpg/330px-Deitsch_2015-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Deitsch_2015-01.jpg/440px-Deitsch_2015-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> arts history in Pennsylvania Dutch language</figcaption></figure> <p>The people from southern Germany, eastern France and Switzerland, where the Pennsylvania Dutch culture and dialect sprung, started to arrive in North America in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To a more limited extent, that is also true of a second wave of immigration in the mid-19th century, which came from the same regions, but settled more frequently in Ohio, Indiana, and other parts of the Midwest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, an entire industrial vocabulary relating to electricity, machinery and modern farming implements has naturally been borrowed from the English. For Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who work in a modern trade or in an industrial environment, this could potentially increase the challenge of maintaining their mother tongue. </p><p>Numerous English words have been borrowed and adapted for use in Pennsylvania Dutch since the first generations of Pennsylvania German habitation of southeastern Pennsylvania. Examples of English loan words that are relatively common are <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">bet</i></span> (<span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Ich bet, du kannscht Deitsch schwetze</i></span> 'I bet you can speak Pennsylvania Dutch'), <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">depend</i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Es dependt en wennig, waer du bischt</i></span> 'it depends somewhat on who you are'); <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tschaepp</i></span> for 'chap' or 'guy'; and <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">tschumbe</i></span> for 'to jump'. Today, many speakers will use Pennsylvania Dutch words for the smaller numerals and English for larger and more complicated numbers, like $27,599. </p><p>Conversely, although many among the earlier generations of Pennsylvania Dutch could speak English, they were known for speaking it with a strong and distinctive accent. Such <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a> can still sometimes be heard. Although the more-recently coined term is being used in the context of this and related articles to describe this Pennsylvania Dutch-influenced English, it has traditionally been referred to as "Dutchy" or "Dutchified" English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_language">Written language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Written language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pennsylvania Dutch has primarily been a spoken dialect throughout its history, with very few of its speakers making much of an attempt to read or write it. Writing in Pennsylvania Dutch can be a difficult task, and there is no spelling standard for the dialect. There are currently two primary competing models upon which numerous orthographic (i.e., spelling) systems have been based by individuals who attempt to write in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. One 'school' tends to follow the rules of American English orthography, the other the rules of Standard German orthography (developed by <a href="/wiki/Preston_Barba" title="Preston Barba">Preston Barba</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_F._Buffington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert F. Buffington (page does not exist)">Albert F. Buffington</a>). The choice of writing system is not meant to imply any difference in pronunciation. For comparison, a translation into Pennsylvania Dutch, using two spelling systems, of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, as found in the common traditional language English translation, is presented below. The text in the second column illustrates a system based on American English orthography. The text in the third column uses, on the other hand, a system based on Standard German. The English original is found in the first column, and a <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> version appears in the fifth column. (Note: The German version(s) of the Lord's Prayer most likely to have been used by Pennsylvania Germans would have been derived in most cases from Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English (traditional) </th> <th>Writing system 1<br />(English-based) </th> <th>Writing system 2<br />(German-based) </th> <th>Modern Palatine German </th> <th>Modern German<br />(close translation) </th> <th>Modern German<br />(standard wording) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Our Father who art in heaven, </td> <td>Unsah Faddah im Himmel, </td> <td>Unser Vadder im Himmel, </td> <td>Unser Vadder im Himmel </td> <td>Unser Vater im Himmel, </td> <td>Vater Unser im Himmel, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hallowed be thy name. </td> <td>dei nohma loss heilich sei, </td> <td>dei Naame loss heilich sei, </td> <td>Dei Name sell heilich sei, </td> <td>Deinen Namen lass heilig sein, </td> <td>geheiligt werde dein Name, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thy kingdom come. </td> <td>Dei Reich loss kumma. </td> <td>Dei Reich loss komme. </td> <td>Dei Reich sell kumme, </td> <td>Dein Reich lass kommen. </td> <td>Dein Reich komme. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thy will be done, </td> <td>Dei villa loss gedu sei, </td> <td>Dei Wille loss gedu sei, </td> <td>Dei Wille sell gschehe </td> <td>Deinen Willen lass getan sein, </td> <td>Dein Wille geschehe, </td></tr> <tr> <td>on earth as it is in heaven. </td> <td>uf di eaht vi im Himmel. </td> <td>uff die Erd wie im Himmel. </td> <td>uf de Erd wie im Himmel. </td> <td>auf der Erde wie im Himmel. </td> <td>wie im Himmel, so auf Erden. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Give us this day our daily bread. </td> <td>Unsah tayklich broht gebb uns heit, </td> <td>Unser deeglich Brot gebb uns heit, </td> <td>Geb uns heit das Brot, was mer de Daach brauchen, </td> <td>Unser täglich Brot gib uns heute, </td> <td>Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute, </td></tr> <tr> <td>And forgive us our trespasses; </td> <td>Un fagebb unsah shulda, </td> <td>Un vergebb unser Schulde, </td> <td>Un vergeb uns unser Schuld </td> <td>Und vergib unsere Schuld, </td> <td>Und vergib uns unsere Schuld, </td></tr> <tr> <td>as we forgive those who trespass against us. </td> <td>vi miah dee fagevva vo uns shuldich sinn. </td> <td>wie mir die vergewwe wu uns schuldich sinn. </td> <td>wie mir denne vergewwe, wo an uns schuldich worre sin. </td> <td>wie wir denen vergeben, die uns schuldig sind. </td> <td>wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern. </td></tr> <tr> <td>And lead us not into temptation </td> <td>Un fiah uns naett in di fasuchung, </td> <td>Un fiehr uns net in die Versuchung, </td> <td>Un fiehr uns nit in Versuchung, </td> <td>Und führe uns nicht in die Versuchung, </td> <td>Und führe uns nicht in Versuchung, </td></tr> <tr> <td>but deliver us from evil. </td> <td>avvah hald uns fu'm eevila. </td> <td>awwer hald uns vum ewile. </td> <td>awwer rett uns vum Beese. </td> <td>aber halte uns vom Üblen [fern]. </td> <td>sondern erlöse uns von dem Bösen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>For thine is the kingdom, the power </td> <td>Fa dei is es Reich, di graft, </td> <td>Fer dei is es Reich, die Graft, </td> <td>Dir gheert jo es Reich, die Kraft, </td> <td>Denn Dein ist das Reich, die Kraft </td> <td>Denn Dein ist das Reich, und die Kraft </td></tr> <tr> <td>and the glory, For ever and ever. </td> <td>un di hallichkeit in ayvichkeit. </td> <td>un die Hallichkeit in Ewichkeit. </td> <td>un die Herrlichkeit in Ewichkeit. </td> <td>und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. </td> <td>und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pennsylvania_High_German">Pennsylvania High German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania High German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_High_German_letter,_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg/330px-Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg/495px-Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg/660px-Pennsylvania_High_German_letter%2C_written_in_Palatine_Fraktur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>An example of Pennyslvania High German written in Fraktur script</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania High German is a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>, and other Palatine states (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hessian Palatinate</a>), used between the 1700s and early 1900s. In Pennsylvania, this literary form helped maintain German education and instruction, and was spoken in schools and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hessischenpfalz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hessischenpfalz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often seen in <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_(folk_art)" title="Fraktur (folk art)">Fraktur</a> art and script.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> replaced Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-merrittgeoprgeyorgey_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merrittgeoprgeyorgey-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the decline of German instruction, Pennsylvania High German became a <a href="/wiki/Dead_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead language">dead language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1997, the Pennsylvania Dutch newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe" title="Hiwwe wie Driwwe">Hiwwe wie Driwwe</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows dialect authors (of whom there are still about 100) to publish Pennsylvania Dutch poetry and prose. <i>Hiwwe wie Driwwe</i> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Werner_(publisher)" title="Michael Werner (publisher)">Michael Werner</a>. It is published twice a year (2,400 copies per issue)—since 2013 in cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at <a href="/wiki/Kutztown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutztown University">Kutztown University</a>. Since 2002, the newspaper is published <a href="/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe" title="Hiwwe wie Driwwe">both online and in print</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> publishing house Edition Tintenfaß started to print books in Pennsylvania Dutch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., using American English orthography (see Written language), has translated the Bible into Pennsylvania Dutch. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> with <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> was published in 2002 by the Bible League. The entire Bible, <i>Di Heilich Shrift</i>, was completed and published in 2013 by TGS International. Deitsh Books has published a dictionary (2013) and a grammar book (2014) by D Miller using the same American English orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Jehovah's Witnesses began to publish literature in Pennsylvania Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival">Survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg/220px-Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg/330px-Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg/440px-Pennsylvania_German_Sticker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Pennsylvania German sticker, saying, "We still speak the mother tongue"</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania Dutch, which is now in its fourth century on North American soil, had more than 250,000 speakers in 2012. It has shifted its center to the West with approximately 160,000 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and other Midwest states.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is even a small but growing number of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Barton_Creek" title="Upper Barton Creek">Upper Barton Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Belize" title="Springfield, Belize">Springfield</a> in Belize among Old Order Mennonites of the <a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover group</a>. The dialect is used vigorously by the <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">horse and buggy</a> Old Order Mennonites in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Regional Municipality of Waterloo</a> in Ontario, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speakers without an <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> background in general do not pass the dialect to their children today, but the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a> and horse-and-buggy <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonites" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Mennonites">Old Order Mennonites</a> do so in the current generation, and there are no signs that the practice will end in the future. There are only two car driving Anabaptist groups who have preserved the dialect: The <a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kauffman_Amish_Mennonite" title="Kauffman Amish Mennonite">Kauffman Amish Mennonites</a>, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Amish and Old Order Mennonites were originally a minority group within the Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking population, today they form the vast majority. According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hostetler" title="John A. Hostetler">John A. Hostetler</a>, less than 10 percent of the original Pennsylvania Dutch population was Amish or Mennonite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 1989, non-sectarian, or non-Amish and non-Mennonite, native Pennsylvania-Dutch speaking parents have generally spoken to their children exclusively in English. The reasons they cited were preventing their children from developing a "Dutch" accent and preparing them for school. Older speakers generally did not see a reason for young people to speak it. Many of their children learned the language from hearing their parents using it and from interactions with the generation older than their parents. Among the first natively English speaking generation, oldest siblings typically speak Pennsylvania Dutch better than younger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffines91_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffines91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been efforts to advance the use of the dialect. <a href="/wiki/Kutztown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutztown University">Kutztown University</a> offers a complete minor program in Pennsylvania German Studies. The program includes two full semesters of the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. In the 2007–2008 school year, the classes were being taught by Professor Edward Quinter. In 2008–2009, Professor Robert Lusch served as the instructor. </p><p>According to one scholar, "today, almost all Amish are functionally bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English; however, domains of usage are sharply separated. Pennsylvania Dutch dominates in most in-group settings, such as the dinner table and preaching in church services. In contrast, English is used for most reading and writing. English is also the medium of instruction in schools and is used in business transactions and often, out of politeness, in situations involving interactions with non-Amish. Finally, the Amish read prayers and sing in Standard, or High, German (<span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Hochdeitsch</i></span>) at church services. The distinctive use of three different languages serves as a powerful conveyor of Amish identity."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "the English language is being used in more and more situations," nonetheless Pennsylvania Dutch is "one of a handful of minority languages in the United States that is neither endangered nor supported by continual arrivals of immigrants."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because it is an isolated dialect and almost all native speakers are bilingual in English, the biggest threat to the dialect is gradual decay of the traditional vocabulary, which is then replaced by English loan words or words corrupted from English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speaker_population">Speaker population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speaker population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Sectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Group</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>*</td> <td align="right">278,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Groffdale_Conference_Mennonite_Church" title="Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church">Old Order Wenger Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">22,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_(Old_Order)_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ontario (Old Order) Mennonite Conference">Old Order Mennonites of Ontario</a></td> <td align="right">6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stauffer_Mennonite" title="Stauffer Mennonite">Stauffer Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">4,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kauffman_Amish_Mennonite" title="Kauffman Amish Mennonite">Tampico Amish Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">3,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Hoover Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">1,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_Mennonites" title="David Martin Mennonites">Old Order David Martin Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">1,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Mennonites" title="Orthodox Mennonites">Orthodox Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">1,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reidenbach_Old_Order_Mennonites" title="Reidenbach Old Order Mennonites">Old Order Reidenbach Mennonites</a></td> <td align="right">740 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Amish Mennonites (Midwest Beachy)</a></td> <td align="right">705 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td align="right"><b>322,035</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small> * Includes all Amish horse and buggy groups<br /> except the speakers of Alemannic dialects<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian German</a>).</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png/220px-Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png/330px-Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png/440px-Pennsylvania_German_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the U.S. counties with the highest proportion (blue) and highest number (red) of Pennsylvania German speakers as of 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, most Old Order Amish and all "horse and buggy" Old Order Mennonite groups speak Pennsylvania Dutch, except the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference">Old Order Mennonites of Virginia</a>, where German was already mostly replaced at the end of the 19th century. There are several Old Order Amish communities (especially in Indiana) where <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a>, a form of Swiss German and <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Alemannic">Low Alemannic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, not Pennsylvania Dutch, are spoken. Additionally, English has mostly replaced Pennsylvania Dutch among the car driving Old Order <a href="/wiki/Weaverland_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Weaverland Old Order Mennonite Conference">Horning</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio-Indiana_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference">Wisler</a> Mennonites. </p><p>Other religious groups among whose members the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect would have once been predominant, include: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and German Reformed congregations of Pennsylvania Dutch background, <a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reed-bbf_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed-bbf-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until fairly recent times, the speaking of Pennsylvania Dutch had absolutely no religious connotations. </p><p>In Ontario, Canada, the Old Order Amish, the members of the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_(Old_Order)_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ontario (Old Order) Mennonite Conference">Ontario Old Order Mennonite Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/David_Martin_Mennonites" title="David Martin Mennonites">David Martin Old Order Mennonites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Mennonites" title="Orthodox Mennonites">Orthodox Mennonites</a> and smaller pockets of others (regardless of religious affiliation) speak Pennsylvania Dutch. The members of the car driving Old Order <a href="/wiki/Markham-Waterloo_Mennonite_Conference" title="Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference">Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference</a> have mostly switched to English. In 2017, there were about 10,000 speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in Canada, far fewer than in the United States. </p><p>There are also attempts being made in a few communities to teach the dialect in a classroom setting; however, as every year passes by, fewer and fewer in those particular communities speak the dialect. There is still a weekly radio program in the dialect whose audience is made up mostly of the diverse groups, and many Lutheran and Reformed congregations in Pennsylvania that formerly used German have a yearly service in Pennsylvania Dutch. Other non-native speakers of the dialect include those persons that regularly do business with native speakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among them, the Old Order Amish population was probably around 227,000 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Scolforo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scolforo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Old Order Mennonite population, a sizable percentage of which is Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking, numbers several tens of thousands. There are also thousands of other Mennonites who speak the dialect, as well as thousands more older Pennsylvania Dutch speakers of non-Amish and non-Mennonite background. The Grundsau Lodge, which is an organization in southeastern Pennsylvania of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, is said to have 6,000 members. Therefore, a fair estimate of the speaker population in 2008 might be close to 300,000, although many, including some academic publications, may report much lower numbers, uninformed of those diverse speaker groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are no formal statistics on the size of the Amish population, and most who speak Pennsylvania Dutch on the Canadian and U.S. censuses would report that they speak German, since it is the closest option available. Pennsylvania Dutch was reported under ethnicity in the 2000 census.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also some Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who belong to traditional Anabaptist groups in Latin America. Even though most Mennonite communities in Belize speak <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, some few hundreds who came to Belize mostly around 1970 and who belong to the <a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover Mennonites</a> speak Pennsylvania Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some recent <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a> immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> who speak Pennsylvania Dutch while the great majority of conservative Mennionites in those countries speak Plautdietsch.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Two YouTube videos</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWi6oK4sUNI"><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Die mudder sprooch</i></span> ('the mother tongue')</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dA2icD6Zbw"><span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Mei Vadder un Mudder sinn Deitsch</i></span> ('My father and mother are German')</a> (sung by <a href="/wiki/John_Schmid" title="John Schmid">John Schmid</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Mario Pei</a>'s book <i>Language</i>, a popular poem in the dialect (with significant English influence in the form of loanwords) is printed; the free-translation is, in the main, by J. Cooper.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="pdc" class="poem"> <p>Heut is 's xäctly zwanzig Johr<br /> Dass ich bin owwe naus; <br /> Nau bin ich widder lewig z'rück<br /> Und steh am Schulhaus an d'r Krick<br /> Juscht nächst ans Daddy's Haus. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Today it's exactly twenty years<br /> Since I went up and away;<br /> Now I am back again, alive,<br /> And stand at the schoolhouse by the creek<br /> Just next to Grandpa's house. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>This link contains an example of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch: <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Bisht du en Christ gebore?</i></span> ('Are you born as a Christian?').<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>More example of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch can be found at the page "American Languages – our nation's many languages online" of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Orange_is_the_New_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange is the New Black">Orange is the New Black</a></i> character Leanne Taylor and family are featured speaking Pennsylvania Dutch in flashbacks showing her Amish background before ending up in prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Science-fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn_(writer)" title="Michael Flynn (writer)">Michael Flynn</a> wrote the novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forest_of_Time" title="The Forest of Time">The Forest of Time</a></i>, depicting an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> in which the United States was never established, but each of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> went its own way as an independent nation. In that history, Pennsylvania adopted the Pennsylvania Dutch language as its national language and developed into a German-speaking nation, with its own specific culture, very distinct from both its English-speaking neighbors and European Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_authors_and_translators">Notable authors and translators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable authors and translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Barba" title="Preston Barba">Preston Barba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Richard_Beam" title="C. Richard Beam">C. Richard Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birmelin" title="John Birmelin">John Birmelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Brunner" title="David B. Brunner">David B. Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_DeLong" title="Solomon DeLong">Solomon DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Dissinger" title="Moses Dissinger">Moses Dissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Druckenbrod" title="Richard Druckenbrod">Richard Druckenbrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Fischer" title="H. L. Fischer">H. L. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Graeff" title="Arthur D. Graeff">Arthur D. Graeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Light_Grumbine" title="Ezra Light Grumbine">Ezra Light Grumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Light_Grumbine" title="Lee Light Grumbine">Lee Light Grumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Haag" title="Earl C. Haag">Earl C. Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harbaugh" title="Henry Harbaugh">Henry Harbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hermany" title="Edward Hermany">Edward Hermany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_R._Horne" title="Abraham R. Horne">Abraham R. Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hess_Reichard" title="Harry Hess Reichard">Harry Hess Reichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_G._Reitnauer" title="Clarence G. Reitnauer">Clarence G. Reitnauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Rondthaler" title="Emmanuel Rondthaler">Emmanuel Rondthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gilbert_Snyder" title="G. Gilbert Snyder">G. Gilbert Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_E._Swope" title="Pierce E. Swope">Pierce E. Swope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Troxell" title="William S. Troxell">William S. Troxell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Adeline_Weitzel" title="Louise Adeline Weitzel">Louise Adeline Weitzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Michael_Werner" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Michael Werner">Michael Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Witmer" title="Tobias Witmer">Tobias Witmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_August_Wollenweber" title="Louis August Wollenweber">Louis August Wollenweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astor_C._Wuchter" title="Astor C. Wuchter">Astor C. Wuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Zimmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas C. Zimmerman">Thomas C. Zimmerman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 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href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-Pennsylvanian_Association" title="German-Pennsylvanian Association">German-Pennsylvanian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Pennsylvania Dutch Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the United States">Languages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_German" title="Wisconsin German">Wisconsin German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> handwriting</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assabe_and_Sabina" title="Assabe and Sabina">Assabe and Sabina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrik language">Hunsrik language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ACS2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2016 American Community Survey, 5-year estimates (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://usa.ipums.org/usa/sda/">https://usa.ipums.org/usa/sda/</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Hartman Keiser: <i>Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest</i>, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regebogen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regebogen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Der Regebogen The Rainbow · Volumes 19-21</i>. 1985. pp. 25, 26, 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Regebogen+The+Rainbow+%C2%B7+Volumes+19-21&rft.pages=25%2C+26%2C+27&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffingtonPreston_A._Barba1965" class="citation book cs1">Buffington, Alfred F.; Preston A. 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The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-9398-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-9398-4">0-8018-9398-4</a> pg 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown (eds.): <i>Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia</i>, Baltimore, 2017, page 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reed-bbf-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reed-bbf_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2013" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Frank L. (March 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalbrethrenfellowship.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/pennsylvania-dutch/">"Pennsylvania "Dutch"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Biblical Brethren Fellowship</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Brethren+Fellowship&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+%22Dutch%22&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalbrethrenfellowship.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F03%2F03%2Fpennsylvania-dutch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scolforo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scolforo_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Scolforo2008" class="citation news cs1">Mark Scolforo (August 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-08-20-3770622862_x.htm">"Amish population nearly doubles in 16 years"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Amish+population+nearly+doubles+in+16+years&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.au=Mark+Scolforo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2008-08-20-3770622862_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Census Bureau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">Ancestry: 2000, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR-35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">Archived</a> September 20, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Stephen Scott</a>: <i>Old Order and Conservative Mennonites Groups</i>, Intercourse, PA 1996, page 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.com/2016-amish-population/">2016 Amish Population: Two New Settlements In South America</a> at amishamerica.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/de/program/c10421">Worte des Lebens – Pennsylvania Dutch: <i>Bisht du en Christ gebore?</i></a>at globalrecordings.net <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911192932/http://globalrecordings.net/de/program/c10421">Archived</a> September 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csumc.wisc.edu/AmericanLanguages/search_clip_type.php?clip_type=PennDutch"><i>Pennsylvania Dutch</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921220843/http://csumc.wisc.edu/AmericanLanguages/search_clip_type.php?clip_type=PennDutch">Archived</a> September 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://csumc.wisc.edu">http://csumc.wisc.edu</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeiser2012" class="citation book cs1">Keiser, Steven Hartman (2012). <i>Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+German+in+the+American+Midwest&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Keiser&rft.aufirst=Steven+Hartman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span> — 197 pp., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=40453">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckenbrod1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Druckenbrod" title="Richard Druckenbrod">Druckenbrod, Richard</a> (1977). <i>Mir Schwetz Deitsch: A Guide for Learning the Skills of Reading, Writing and Speaking Pennsylvania German</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18665104">18665104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mir+Schwetz+Deitsch%3A+A+Guide+for+Learning+the+Skills+of+Reading%2C+Writing+and+Speaking+Pennsylvania+German&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18665104&rft.aulast=Druckenbrod&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckenbrod1997" class="citation book cs1">Druckenbrod, Richard (1997) [1981]. <i>Mir Lanne Deitsch: A Guide for Learning the Skills of Reading, Writing and Speaking Pennsylvania German</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278894633">278894633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mir+Lanne+Deitsch%3A+A+Guide+for+Learning+the+Skills+of+Reading%2C+Writing+and+Speaking+Pennsylvania+German&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278894633&rft.aulast=Druckenbrod&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer1941" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Otto (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingbibliogra01spri/"><i>A Working Bibliography for the Study of the Pennsylvania German Language and Its Sources</i></a> (Second, revised ed.). Philadelphia: Otto Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Working+Bibliography+for+the+Study+of+the+Pennsylvania+German+Language+and+Its+Sources&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Otto+Springer&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkingbibliogra01spri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>Digitized and hyperlinked version: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammana2021" class="citation web cs1">Mammana, Richard (November 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richardmammana.wordpress.com/2021/11/01/%EF%BF%BCa-working-bibliography-for-the-study-of-the-pennsylvania-german-language-and-its-sources/">"A Working Bibliography for the Study of the Pennsylvania German Language and Its Sources"</a>. <i>Richard Mammana</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Mammana&rft.atitle=A+Working+Bibliography+for+the+Study+of+the+Pennsylvania+German+Language+and+Its+Sources&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Mammana&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichardmammana.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2F%25EF%25BF%25BCa-working-bibliography-for-the-study-of-the-pennsylvania-german-language-and-its-sources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania+Dutch+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dutch_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pdc:"> Pennsylvania German edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Pennsylvania_Dutch" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Organizations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germansociety.org/">German Society of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgs.org/">The Pennsylvania German Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpak.de/">Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis / German-Pennsylvanian Association</a></li></ul> <p><b>Pennsylvania German</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiwwewiedriwwe.wordpress.com/">Hiwwe wie Driwwe</a> – The Pennsylvania German Newspaper</li></ul> <p><b>Further information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921220843/http://csumc.wisc.edu/AmericanLanguages/search_clip_type.php?clip_type=PennDutch">Recordings of native speakers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skew.blkbx.com/four/deitsch.html">Pennsylvania German in non-Amish, non-Mennonite communities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/D5351ME.html">From the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerchner.com/padutch.htm">Possible explanations for the confusion of names</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_language_varieties_outside_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German language varieties outside Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varieties_of_German_spoken_outside_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Varieties of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> spoken outside Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Namibia: <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">Namibian German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nataler_Deutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nataler Deutsch (page does not exist)">Nataler Deutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_German" title="Wisconsin German">Wisconsin German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Alemán Coloniero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentinien-schwyzert%C3%BCtsch_dialect" title="Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect">Argentinian Swiss German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect#Brazilian_Municipalities_that_have_co-official_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Ostpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Paraná Volga German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and the Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_German_pidgin" title="Kiautschou German pidgin">Kiautschou German pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pennsylvania" title="Template:Languages of Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Languages of Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Pennsylvania">Languages of Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pennsylvania_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pennsylvania dialect">Central Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Pennsylvania_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Pennsylvania English">Northeast Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh English">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amish" title="Template:Amish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amish" title="Template talk:Amish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">Affiliations</a><br /><small>(by number of church districts)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation" title="Lancaster Amish affiliation">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart-LaGrange_Amish_affiliation" title="Elkhart-LaGrange Amish affiliation">Elkhart-LaGrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Old_Order_Amish_affiliation" title="Holmes Old Order Amish affiliation">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation" title="Buchanan Amish affiliation">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber</a></li> <li>Geauga I</li> <li>Geauga II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss (Adams)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyer_Amish" title="Troyer Amish">Troyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss (Allen)</a></li> <li>Dover (Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Weaver_Amish" title="Andy Weaver Amish">Andy Weaver</a></li> <li>Nappanee (IN)</li> <li>Arthur (IL)</li> <li>New Wilmington (PA)</li> <li>Daviess (IN)</li> <li>Kenton (IN)</li> <li>Ashland (OH)</li> <li>Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Amish_Churches" title="Michigan Amish Churches">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Amish" title="Nebraska Amish">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renno_Amish" title="Renno Amish">Renno</a></li> <li>Fredericktown (OH)</li> <li>Kalona (IA)</li> <li>Kansas/Oklahoma</li> <li>Milverton (ON)</li> <li>Missouri/Illinois</li> <li>Somerset (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobe_Amish" title="Tobe Amish">Tobe Hostetler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">and others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population" title="List of U.S. states by Amish population">List of U.S. states by Amish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Amish_Country" title="Ohio Amish Country">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Maryland" title="Amish in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Way of life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_religious_practices" title="Amish religious practices">Amish religious practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_way_of_life" title="Amish way of life">Amish way of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_among_the_Amish" title="Health among the Amish">Health among the Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Amish_society" title="Women in Amish society">Women in Amish society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amish_and_their_descendants" title="List of Amish and their descendants">List of Amish and their descendants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hochstetler" title="Hochstetler">Hochstetler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltzfus" title="Stoltzfus">Stoltzfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyer" title="Troyer">Troyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoder" title="Yoder">Yoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_furniture" title="Amish furniture">Amish furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_doll" title="Amish doll">Amish doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_preaching_soup" title="Amish preaching soup">Amish preaching soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">Barn raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumspringa" title="Rumspringa">Rumspringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_on_the_Amish" title="Literature on the Amish">Literature on the Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> 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