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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation under Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_under_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Under the emperors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Under_the_emperors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Under the emperors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Under_the_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_of_Domitian_(around_90)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_Domitian_(around_90)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reform of Domitian (around 90)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_Domitian_(around_90)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_by_the_Chauci_(173)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_by_the_Chauci_(173)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attack by the Chauci (173)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_by_the_Chauci_(173)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_the_3rd_century_and_Gallic_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_the_3rd_century_and_Gallic_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_the_3rd_century_and_Gallic_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_of_Diocletian_(around_300)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_Diocletian_(around_300)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Reform of Diocletian (around 300)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_Diocletian_(around_300)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosperous_fourth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperous_fourth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Prosperous fourth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperous_fourth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_conquests_(after_406)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_conquests_(after_406)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Germanic conquests (after 406)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_conquests_(after_406)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallia Belgica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بلجيكا الغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلجيكا الغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белгіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белгіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бэльгіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэльгіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галия Белгика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галия Белгика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Belgica" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0l%C2%B7lia_Belga" title="Gàl·lia Belga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gàl·lia Belga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βελγική Γαλατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βελγική Γαλατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galia_B%C3%A9lgica" title="Galia Bélgica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galia Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galia_Belgika" title="Galia Belgika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galia Belgika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="گالیا بلجیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گالیا بلجیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaule_belgique" title="Gaule belgique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaule belgique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%B9%B4" title="갈리아 벨기카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈리아 벨기카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գալիա Բելգիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալիա Բելգիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijska_Galija" title="Belgijska Galija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Belgijska Galija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פרובינקיה גאליה בלגיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינקיה גאליה בלגיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белгика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Белгика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Belgika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijos_Galija" title="Belgijos Galija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Belgijos Galija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="गालिया बेल्गिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गालिया बेल्गिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AB" title="ガリア・ベルギカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリア・ベルギカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica_romana" title="Bélgica romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bélgica romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белгика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белгика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijska_Galija" title="Belgijska Galija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belgijska Galija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белгијска Галија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белгијска Галија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijska_Galija" title="Belgijska Galija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belgijska Galija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gallia Belgica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman province (22 BC - 5th century)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Belgica" redirects here. For the Gallic people for whom it was named, see <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Belgica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Belgica (disambiguation)">Belgica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Belgic Gaul</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">22 BC–5th century</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_-_Belgica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durocortorum" title="Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established after the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ended with <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdoms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5th century</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gallia Belgica</b> ("Belgic Gaul") was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> located in the north-eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>, in what is today primarily northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, along with parts of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>Before the Roman province came into existence in about 50 BC, the region was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. His report, the <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>, described Belgic Gaul as one of the three parts of Gaul (Tres Galliæ), the other two being <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>. Belgica stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Marne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Marne River">Marne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> rivers, which Caesar described as a cultural boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>. In the north and east it stretched all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Roman province of this name was later created by emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 22 BC, and named after the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, as the largest tribal confederation in the area. However, it also included the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>, and others who Caesar did not explictly designate as Belgic. </p><p>The province was re-organised several times, first increased and later decreased in size. <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> brought the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Civitas_Tungrorum" title="Civitas Tungrorum">Civitas Tungrorum</a> into <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, joining the Rhineland colonies. The remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima (in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci, around Luxembourg and the Ardennes), and Belgica Secunda (between the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>). </p><p>The capital of Belgica Prima, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, became an important late <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western Roman</a> capital.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Belgium" title="Category:History of Belgium">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of <span class="fn org label">Belgium</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo Belgicus"><img alt="Leo Belgicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/150px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/225px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/300px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Prehistory" title="History of Belgium">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_flint_mines_of_Spiennes" title="Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes">Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4300–2200 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Celtic_and_Roman_periods" title="History of Belgium">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a> & <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ~51 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 58–50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 54–53 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 51 BC–c.500 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Early_Middle_Ages" title="History of Belgium">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1789</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#13th–16th_centuries" title="History of Belgium">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_War" title="Franco-Flemish War">Franco-Flemish War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1297–1305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1384–1482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–68</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1482–1556</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 15th–16th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1556–1714</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1549–81</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch Revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1568–1648</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1714–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–90</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–91</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1815</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–30</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–31</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Reign of Leopold I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–65</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Reign of Leopold II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/First_School_War" title="First School War">School War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–84</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1885–1908</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">20th and 21st centuries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1908–60</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Reign of Albert I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1909–34</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Atrocities</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1922–62</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Reign of Leopold III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1934–51</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–45</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Holocaust</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1941–44</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_question" title="Royal question">Royal Question</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1944–50</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Reign of Baudouin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1951–93</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Reign of Albert II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1993–2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Reign of Philippe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013~</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Belgian_history" title="Timeline of Belgian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Belgium">Military</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Jewish history</a> • <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" title="LGBT history in Belgium">LGBT</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/16px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/24px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Belgium" title="Template:History of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:History of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:History of Luxembourg">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">History of <span class="fn org label">Luxembourg</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutzenburg Ducatus"><img alt="Lutzenburg Ducatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg/150px-Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg/225px-Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg/300px-Blaeu_1645_-_Lutzenburg_Ducatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="2270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Luxembourg" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ~51 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 58–50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 90 AD–c.500 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Duchy of Lorraine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 959~</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1352-1482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1482–1556</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1556–1714</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1684)" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1684)">Louis XIV's siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1684</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1714–95</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794–95)">Revolutionary siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1794–95</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1795–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1798</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Developing_independence_(1815–1890)" title="History of Luxembourg">19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815–30</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">Reign of Guillaume I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1815-40</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–31</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Personal union</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–90</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Reign of Guillaume II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1840–49</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">Reign of Guillaume III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849-90</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Full independence</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1890-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Separation_and_the_World_Wars_(1890–1945)" title="History of Luxembourg">20th and 21st centuries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Reign of Adolphe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1890-1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Reign of Guillaume IV</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1905-12</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Reign of Marie-Adélaïde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1912-19</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> World War I:</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914-18</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Reign of Charlotte</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919-1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">World War II</a>:</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">German occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940-45</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg government-in-exile">Government in exile</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940-45</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> • <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Holocaust</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Reign of Jean</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964-2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Reign of Henri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/16px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/24px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Luxembourg portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:History of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:History of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_conquest">Roman conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Comata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Comata">Gallia Comata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/300px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/450px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/600px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><i>Gallia Belgica</i> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in 54 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>In 57 BC, Julius Caesar led the conquest of northern Gaul, and already specified that the part to the north of the Seine and Marne rivers was inhabited by a people or alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by "language, custom and laws" (<i>lingua, institutis, legibus</i>) but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the <a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in the present-day northernmost corner of France; the <a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a> as well perhaps as some of their neighbours who lived in the area, Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced (and therefore less "Germanic" according to Caesar's way of seeing things) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani.<sup id="cite_ref-wightman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wightman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies' combined strength at 288,000, led by the <a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessione</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Galba_(Suessiones)" title="Galba (Suessiones)">Galba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Belgic coalition's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the <a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a> in 52 BC, after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_under_Augustus">Formation under Augustus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation under Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg/300px-Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg/450px-Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg/600px-Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Map of Roman Gaul with Belgica in orange (<i>Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas</i>, 1886)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a census of the region in 27 BC, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> ordered a restructuring of the provinces in Gaul. Therefore, in 22 BC, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a> split Gaul (or Gallia Comata) into three regions (<a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a> and Gallia Belgica). Agrippa made the divisions on what he perceived to be distinctions in language, race and community – Gallia Belgica was meant to be a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of this territory was <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, according to the geographer Strabo, though later the capital moved to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>. The date of this move is uncertain. </p><p>Modern historians however view the term 'Gaul' and its subdivisions as a "product of faulty ethnography" and see the split of Gallia Comata into three provinces as an attempt to construct a more efficient government, as opposed to a cultural division.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive Roman emperors struck a balance between <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanizing</a> the people of Gallia Belgica and allowing pre-existing culture to survive. </p><p>The Romans divided the province into four <i><a href="/wiki/Civitates" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a></i>, corresponding generally to ancient tribal boundaries. The capital cities of these districts included modern <a href="/wiki/Cassel,_Nord" title="Cassel, Nord">Cassel</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> as Menapian <i>civitas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bavay" title="Bavay">Bavay</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> as Nervian <i>civitas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>. These <i>civitates</i> were in turn were divided into smaller units, pagi, a term that became the French word "pays". </p><p>Roman government was run by <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Concilia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>. Additionally, local notables from Gallia Belgica were required to participate in a festival in <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), which typically celebrated or worshipped the emperor's <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a>. The gradual adoption of Romanized names by local elites and the Romanization of laws under local authority demonstrate the effectiveness of this <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concilium_Galliarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concilium Galliarum (page does not exist)">concilium Galliarum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With that said, the concept and community of Gallia Belgica did not predate the Roman province, but developed from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_emperors">Under the emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under the emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/400px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/600px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/800px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The Roman empire in the time of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">imperial province</a> of <b>Gallia Belgica</b> (Belgium/Picardie/Champagne)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg/300px-Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg/450px-Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg/600px-Roman_roads_in_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Roman roads in Belgium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_of_Domitian_(around_90)"><span id="Reform_of_Domitian_.28around_90.29"></span>Reform of Domitian (around 90)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reform of Domitian (around 90)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1st century AD (estimated date 90 AD), the provinces of Gaul were restructured. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> reorganized the provinces in order to separate the militarized zones of the Rhine from the civilian populations of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northeastern part of Gallia Belgica was split off and renamed <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, later to be reorganized and renamed as <a href="/wiki/Germania_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania Secunda">Germania Secunda</a>. This included the eastern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the southernmost part of the modern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and a part of modern Germany. The eastern part was split off to become <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> (parts of western Germany and eastern France) and the southern border of Gallia Belgica was extended to the south. The newer Gallia Belgica included the cities of <i>Camaracum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>), <i>Nemetacum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>), <i>Samarobriva</i> (<a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Durocortorum" title="Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>), <i>Dividorum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_by_the_Chauci_(173)"><span id="Attack_by_the_Chauci_.28173.29"></span>Attack by the Chauci (173)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attack by the Chauci (173)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 173, the later emperor <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a>, then governor of Gallia Belgica, had to repel a serious invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>, a Germanic tribe that lived along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> at the respective northern and northwestern coast of present-day Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The attack occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the river <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">Hainaut</a>). Archaeologists have found evidence that large farms near <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and the village <a href="/wiki/Velzeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Velzeke">Velzeke</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>) had to be abandoned. Further the capitals in the areas of the former tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nervians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervians">Nervians</a> were either burnt down (Nemetacum (<a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>)) or had to be rebuilt in the last quarter of the second century, Colonia Morinorum (<a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagacum_Nerviorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagacum Nerviorum (page does not exist)">Bagacum Nerviorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavay" title="Bavay">Bavay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_the_3rd_century_and_Gallic_Empire">Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">partition of the Empire</a>, Roman control over Gaul deteriorated in the 3rd century. In 260, <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> became emperor of a breakaway <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. He proved able to stop the incursions from the Franks. Only in 274 was Roman control restored by the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Battle of Châlons</a>. The cost of this defeat in the long run proved very high indeed. With the Gallic army defeated and not returning to the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Rhine border</a>, the Franks overran the neighbouring province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> (to the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a>) and the area between the Rhine and the main road between Boulogne and Cologne, present-day South Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, the last three in both the present-day Netherlands and Belgium (to the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a>) were de facto lost forever for the Roman empire. This gave the Salian Franks a base from which they could expand some 130 years later, beginning after the disastrous Rhine crossing in 406, to conquer the whole area of the former province of Gallia Belgica and start the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian kingdom</a>, the first immediate forerunner state of Western civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_of_Diocletian_(around_300)"><span id="Reform_of_Diocletian_.28around_300.29"></span>Reform of Diocletian (around 300)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reform of Diocletian (around 300)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> restructured the provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had <i>Augusta Treverorum</i> (Trier) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was approximately along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosperous_fourth_century">Prosperous fourth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prosperous fourth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern part of Gallia Belgica, especially the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> became very prosperous in the fourth century, particularly in the decades that <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trier" title="History of Trier"><i>Augusta Treverorum</i></a> (Trier) was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a> wrote a famous poem on the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Mosella</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germanic_conquests_(after_406)"><span id="Germanic_conquests_.28after_406.29"></span>Germanic conquests (after 406)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germanic conquests (after 406)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/320px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/480px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png/640px-Roman_Gaul_-_AD_400.png 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>The Provinces of Gaul, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/220px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/330px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/440px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Porta_Nigra" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, capital of Gallia Belgica, constructed between 186 and 200 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 350 Salian <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who were already living in Batavia were settled in <a href="/wiki/Texandria" title="Texandria">Texandria</a>. Texandria was most likely for a large part overlapping with the area now known as the <a href="/wiki/Campine" title="Campine">Kempen</a>. </p><p>Eventually, in 406, a large alliance among the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, under great pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, after first having been defeated by the Ripuarian Franks in the neighbourhood of Cologne in Germania Inferior, successfully <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> in the neighbourhood of present-day <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> and entered Gallia Belgica by way of the Moselle valley. They subsequently destroyed large parts of Gallia Belgica, before eventually moving on to <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). This invasion and the accompanying widespread destruction broke the backbone of Roman power in at least the northern part of Gallia Belgica. After this invasion the Franks were able to conquer valuable agricultural land south of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Belgica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Belgica (page does not exist)">Via Belgica</a>, the very important main road between Cologne and Boulogne, that had been the backbone of Roman defense strategy between 260 and 406. </p><p>In 452, a major battle was fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Catalaunian fields</a> (between the Seine and the Moselle). A coalition of Romans, Visigoths and Franks fought an army led by the legendary Hunnic leader <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>. The outcome of this battle itself was inconclusive, but as a consequence of this battle the Huns and their allies left the area of Gallia Belgica, where they had plundered nearly all major cities, except Paris. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> had already collapsed in Galla Belgica for some time the Gallo-Roman "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Soissons" title="Kingdom of Soissons">Kingdom of Soissons</a>" (457–486) managed to maintain control over the area around <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>. The Franks however emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda in the 5th century became the center of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>' <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> kingdom. During the 8th century in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> the former area of Gallia Belgica was split into <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> (roughly Belgica Secunda, main cities <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (roughly Belgica Prima and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, main cities <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>). After the death of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, the Carolingian Empire was divided by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843. The three sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories into three kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (the forerunner of modern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> (west of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river) a part of which (<a href="/wiki/Ile_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile de France">Ile de France</a>), from the middle of the 10th century became the kernel of modern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> which was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>. Though often presented as the dissolution of the Frankish empire, it was in fact the continued adherence to <a href="/wiki/Salic_patrimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic patrimony">Salic patrimony</a>. Lotharingia was divided in 870 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a> under West and East Francia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology of the Low Countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg/220px-Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg/330px-Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg/440px-Sitting_Leo_Belgicus_-_Visscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the Low Countries as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Janszoon_Visscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Claes Janszoon Visscher">Claes Janszoon Visscher</a>, 1611</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/220px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/330px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/440px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>'Belgica Foederata' was the Latin name of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Belgica</i> continued to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> as the Latin language name of the entire territory until the modern period. In the 1500s, the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> were then divided into the independent <b>Belgica Foederata</b> or the <i>federal</i> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and the <b>Belgica Regia</b> or the <i>royal</i> Southern Netherlands under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgian crown</a>. <i>Belgica Foederata</i> continued to be used from 1581 up to the French Revolution. Even after that, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, created in 1815 was still known as <i>Royaume des Belgiques</i>, and it was only with the 1831 separatist revolution in the south of the country and subsequent creation of <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">modern Belgium</a> and Dutch recognition of the new nation in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a> that the name became reserved for <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to the exclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_governors_of_Gallia_Belgica" title="List of Roman governors of Gallia Belgica">List of Roman governors of Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon shore">Saxon shore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Julius Caesar. <i>The Conquest of Gaul</i>. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), 1.1.1: "<i>Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana diuidit.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C&q=germania&pg=PA203">Gallia Belgica</a> by Edith Mary Wightman. Books.google.be. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=4:chapter=1">Geography 4.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wightman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wightman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation cs2">Wightman, Edith Mary (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C"><i>Gallia Belgica</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052970" title="Special:BookSources/9780520052970"><bdi>9780520052970</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780520052970&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEyS54uSj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallia+Belgica" class="Z3988"></span> pages 12-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_VillaescusaJacquemin2011" class="citation cs2">González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim", <i>Études rurales</i>, <b>2</b> (2): 93–111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499">10.4000/etudesrurales.9499</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+rurales&rft.atitle=Gallia+Belgica%3A+An+Entity+with+No+National+Claim&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Villaescusa&rft.au=Jacquemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallia+Belgica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Julius Caesar. <i>The Conquest of Gaul</i>. Trans. S.A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 59-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaius Julius Caesar. <i>The Conquest of Gaul</i>. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982); pp. 59, 70, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bunson. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire">Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</a></i> (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, New Ed., Vol. 10 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Mary Wightman, <i>Gallia Belgica</i> (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 57-62, 71-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._Boatwright" title="Mary T. Boatwright">Mary T. Boatwright</a>, Daniel J. Gargola and Richard J. A. Talbert. <i>A Brief History of the Romans</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/didius-julianus/">Jona Lendering on livius.org</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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AD)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template talk:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bulgaria">Bulgaria (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">High Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Crimea (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia#Roman_provinces_of_Pannonia_and_Dalmatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_period" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica#Eastern_Imperial_suzerainty" title="Medieval Corsica">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey#Prehistory" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq#History" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Sicily">Sicily (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Medieval)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Sardinia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey#Early_history" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:khaki;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lorraine_topics" title="Template talk:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lorraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lorraine_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Lorraine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Briey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Briey">Arrondissement of Briey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Arrondissement of Lunéville">Arrondissement of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Nancy" title="Arrondissement of Nancy">Arrondissement of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Toul" title="Arrondissement of Toul">Arrondissement of Toul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Bar-le-Duc" title="Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc">Arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Commercy" title="Arrondissement of Commercy">Arrondissement of Commercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Verdun" title="Arrondissement of Verdun">Arrondissement of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Forbach-Boulay-Moselle" title="Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle">Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Metz" title="Arrondissement of Metz">Arrondissement of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarrebourg-Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins">Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Sarreguemines" title="Arrondissement of Sarreguemines">Arrondissement of Sarreguemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Thionville" title="Arrondissement of Thionville">Arrondissement of Thionville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_%C3%89pinal" title="Arrondissement of Épinal">Arrondissement of Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Neufchâteau, Vosges">Arrondissement of Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Arrondissement of Saint-Dié</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/100px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/150px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_Lorraine.svg/200px-Arms_of_Lorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Language_and_culture" title="Lorraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Lorraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Lorraine (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">People</a></li> <li>Languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Demographics" title="Lorraine">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#Religion" title="Lorraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz" title="FC Metz">FC Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Metz_(women)" title="FC Metz (women)">FC Metz (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Nancy" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Nancy">AS Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_%C3%89pinal" title="SAS Épinal">SAS Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Raon-l%27%C3%89tape" title="US Raon-l'Étape">US Raon-l'Étape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLUC_Nancy_Basket" title="SLUC Nancy Basket">SLUC Nancy Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz_Handball" title="Metz Handball">Metz Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPTT_Nancy_(water_polo)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASPTT Nancy (water polo)">ASPTT Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamyo_d%27%C3%89pinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamyo d'Épinal">Gamyo d'Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallye_Alsace-Vosges" title="Rallye Alsace-Vosges">Rallye Alsace-Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Open" title="Lorraine Open">Lorraine Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:khaki;"><a href="/wiki/Lorraine#History" title="Lorraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallia Belgica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a>) (22 BC–5th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> (5th-century–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> (511–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> (843–855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> (855–959)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> (959–1766)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a> (circa 950-1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> (1552-1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a> (1766–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Lothringen">Bezirk Lothringen</a> (1871–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdZ-Gebiet_Lothringen" class="mw-redirect" title="CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen">CdZ-Gebiet Lothringen</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> (1945–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813698162405606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/981511">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008416">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&oldid=1259094943">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Belgica&oldid=1259094943</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_1st_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 1st century BC">States and territories established in the 1st century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century">States and territories disestablished in the 5th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gallia_Belgica" title="Category:Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:22_BC_establishments" title="Category:22 BC establishments">22 BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:5th-century disestablishments">5th-century disestablishments</a></li><li><a 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