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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Creation of the United Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_United_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Constitution and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional tensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_tensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional tensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_Revolution_and_secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Revolution_and_secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Belgian Revolution and secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Revolution_and_secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk_van_die_Nederlande" title="Verenigde Koninkryk van die Nederlande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Koninkryk van die Nederlande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مملكة الأراضي المنخفضة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة الأراضي المنخفضة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Baxos" title="Reinu Xuníu de los Países Baxos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu Xuníu de los Países Baxos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="هولند بیرلشیک کراللیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند بیرلشیک کراللیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Аб’яднанае каралеўства Нідэрландаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аб’яднанае каралеўства Нідэрландаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Нидерландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединено кралство Нидерландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Unanet_an_Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Rouantelezh Unanet an Izelvroioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Unanet an Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Unit_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Regne Unit dels Països Baixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Unit dels Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_nizozemsk%C3%A9" title="Spojené království nizozemské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené království nizozemské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenede_Kongerige_Nederlandene" title="Forenede Kongerige Nederlandene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forenede Kongerige Nederlandene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_der_Vereinigten_Niederlande" title="Königreich der Vereinigten Niederlande – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich der Vereinigten Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalmaade_%C3%BChendkuningriik" title="Madalmaade ühendkuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Madalmaade ühendkuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89_%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Reino Unido de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Unido de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_de_la_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nederlandoj" title="Reĝlando de la Unuiĝintaj Nederlandoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando de la Unuiĝintaj Nederlandoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbehereetako_Erresuma_Batua" title="Herbehereetako Erresuma Batua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbehereetako Erresuma Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پادشاهی متحد هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی متحد هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_uni_des_Pays-Bas" title="Royaume uni des Pays-Bas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume uni des Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Reino Unido dos Países Baixos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino Unido dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="네덜란드 연합왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드 연합왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionita_Rejio_di_la_Nederlandi" title="Unionita Rejio di la Nederlandi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unionita Rejio di la Nederlandi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Belanda" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Bersatu Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameina%C3%B0_konungsr%C3%ADki_Ni%C3%B0urlandanna" title="Sameinað konungsríki Niðurlandanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameinað konungsríki Niðurlandanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito_dei_Paesi_Bassi" title="Regno Unito dei Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito dei Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94" title="הממלכה המאוחדת של ארצות השפלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה המאוחדת של ארצות השפלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandes_Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Nīderlandes Apvienotā Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlandes Apvienotā Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich_vun_den_Nidderlanden" title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich vun den Nidderlanden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich vun den Nidderlanden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обединето Нискоземско Кралство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обединето Нискоземско Кралство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नेदरलँड्सचे संघटित राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेदरलँड्सचे संघटित राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Belanda" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Bersatu Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ネーデルラント連合王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネーデルラント連合王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_forente_kongeriket_Nederlandene" title="Det forente kongeriket Nederlandene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det forente kongeriket Nederlandene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya_qirolligi" title="Niderlandiya qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niderlandiya qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Zjednoczonych_Niderland%C3%B3w" title="Królestwo Zjednoczonych Niderlandów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Zjednoczonych Niderlandów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Reino Unido dos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Unido dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rilor_de_Jos" title="Regatul Unit al Țărilor de Jos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Unit al Țărilor de Jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Объединённое королевство Нидерландов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединённое королевство Нидерландов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Zdru%C5%BEene_Nizozemske" title="Kraljevina Združene Nizozemske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Združene Nizozemske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Уједињена Краљевина Низоземска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињена Краљевина Низоземска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjena_Kraljevina_Nizozemska" title="Ujedinjena Kraljevina Nizozemska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjena Kraljevina Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistynyt_Alankomaiden_kuningaskunta" title="Yhdistynyt Alankomaiden kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistynyt Alankomaiden kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_F%C3%B6renade_Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Kungariket Förenade Nederländerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Förenade Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="สหราชอาณาจักรเนเธอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักรเนเธอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda_Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hollanda Birleşik Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda Birleşik Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Об'єднане королівство Нідерландів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'єднане королівство Нідерландів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1815–1830 kingdom including the Netherlands and Belgium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the kingdom between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the independence of Luxembourg and Belgium in 1839. 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of the Netherlands</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Royaume des Belgiques</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1813–1839<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_(1815-1907).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Netherlands"><img alt="Coat of arms of Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/85px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/128px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/170px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Je_maintiendrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Je maintiendrai">Je maintiendrai</a></i></span><br />("I will uphold")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Wien_Ne%C3%AArlands_Bloed" title="Wien Neêrlands Bloed">Wien Neêrlands Bloed</a></i></span></i><br />("Those in whom Dutch blood") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="Wien-Neêrlands-Bloed.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Wien-Ne%C3%AArlands-Bloed.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Wien-Ne%C3%AArlands-Bloed.ogg/Wien-Ne%C3%AArlands-Bloed.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#017F01; color:white;"> </span> Location of the Netherlands in 1815</span>.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C5DDBD; color:black;"> </span> The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (official) and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (official in Wallonia)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Yiddish">Northwestern Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Netherlands">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history#Late_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Late modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1813</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1839<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Netherlands">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1817 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.563.119</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Dutch guilder</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium_(1814%E2%80%931815)" title="Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)">Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Duchy of Limburg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/20px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/30px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/40px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="657" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Moresnet.svg/20px-Flag_of_Moresnet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Moresnet.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moresnet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Moresnet.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moresnet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Kingdom of the Netherlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Royaume uni des Pays-Bas</i>) is the unofficial name given to the <b>Kingdom of the Netherlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Royaume des Belgiques</i>) as it existed between 1815 and 1830. The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a> in order to form a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between the major European powers. The polity was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>. </p><p>The polity collapsed in 1830 with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>. With the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> secession of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the Netherlands was left as a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> and refused to recognise Belgian independence until 1839 when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> was signed, fixing the border between the two states and guaranteeing Belgian independence and neutrality as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>. Today, the Netherlands and Belgium are still kingdoms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French period</a></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> (1792–1802), the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> was a patchwork of different <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (1568–1648). The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in the north was independent; the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> was split between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - the former being part of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, while both were part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. After two years of fighting, the Austrian Netherlands and Liège were captured by the French in 1794 and annexed into France.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch Republic collapsed in 1795 and became <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">a French client state</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_the_United_Netherlands">Creation of the United Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation of the United Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1813, the Netherlands was liberated from French rule by Prussian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> troops during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. It was taken for granted that any new regime would have to be headed by the son of the last Dutch <i><a href="/wiki/Stadhouder" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadhouder">stadhouder</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William Frederik of Orange-Nassau</a>. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out the House of Orange 18 years earlier. However, they realised that it would be better in the long term to offer leadership of the new government to William Frederik themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies. Accordingly, William Frederick was installed as the "sovereign prince" of a new <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a>. The future of the Southern Netherlands, however, was less clear. In June 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> secretly agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Articles_of_London" title="Eight Articles of London">Eight Articles of London</a> which allocated the region to the Dutch as William had advocated. That August, William Frederik was made <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium_(1814%E2%80%931815)" title="Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)">Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_and_prince-bishops_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège">Prince-Bishop of Liège</a>, which combined are almost all of what is now Belgium. For all intents and purposes, William Frederik had completed his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries under a single rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Discussions on the future of the region were still ongoing at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> attempted to return to power in the "<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>". William used the occasion to declare himself <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">king</a> on 16 March 1815 as William I. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, discussions continued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In exchange for the Southern Netherlands, William agreed to cede the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Orange-Nassau">Principality of Orange-Nassau</a> and parts of the Liège to Prussia on 31 May 1815. In exchange, William also gained control over the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a>, which was elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand duchy</a> and placed in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Netherlands, though it remained part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A British cartoon, satirising the "wedding" of Belgium and the Netherlands at the Congress of Vienna"><img alt="A British cartoon, satirising the "wedding" of Belgium and the Netherlands at the Congress of Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png/206px-The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png/309px-The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png/412px-The_Wedding_of_The_Netherlands_and_Belgium.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A British cartoon, satirising the "wedding" of Belgium and the Netherlands at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William I in March 1815 as King of the Belgians and Grand Duke of Luxembourg on a bronze medal by Michaut, obverse."><img alt="William I in March 1815 as King of the Belgians and Grand Duke of Luxembourg on a bronze medal by Michaut, obverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg/212px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg/319px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg/424px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="3525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William I in March 1815 as King of the Belgians and Grand Duke of Luxembourg on a <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">bronze medal</a> by Michaut, obverse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal,_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the back of this medal commemorating the unification of the Low Countries: Belgium and the Netherlands shake hands."><img alt="On the back of this medal commemorating the unification of the Low Countries: Belgium and the Netherlands shake hands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg/200px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg/301px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg/401px-Belgium_%26_Netherlands_1815_Unification_Medal%2C_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="3548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On the back of this medal commemorating the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>: Belgium and the Netherlands shake hands.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_and_government">Constitution and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitution and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the United Netherlands was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the king retained significant control as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Beneath the king was a bicameral legislature known as the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the start, the administrative system proved controversial. Representation in the seat House of Representatives, for example, was divided equally between south and north, although the former had a larger population. This was resented in the south, which believed that the government was dominated by northerners. Additionally, the king had somewhat greater power than is the case for Dutch and Belgian monarchs. The ministers were responsible to him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Willem_I,_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg/170px-Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg/255px-Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg/340px-Portret_van_Willem_I%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden_Rijksmuseum_SK-C-1460.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="7718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg/220px-Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg/330px-Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg/440px-Nieuwe_Kaart_Koningrijk_der_Nederlanden_en_Hertogdom_Luxemburg_C_van_Baarsel_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4711" data-file-height="6105" /></a><figcaption>New Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Luxemburg, 1815</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg/170px-1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg/255px-1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg/340px-1815-VerenigdKoninkrijkNederlanden-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which was constitutionally distinct. All of these provinces can trace their origin to a medieval <a href="/wiki/Lordship" title="Lordship">lordship</a>, <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a>, apart from Antwerp (previously part of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>) and Limburg (previously part of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gelderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Gelderland">Duchy of Gelderland</a>). Their status changed when they came under French rule, when their administration was centralised, reducing their powers. They included: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Province </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Emerged from the former <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Départements</a> </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Members in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-poelitz1817_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poelitz1817-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Presently part of </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Later developments </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a> (Dutch: Antwerpen) </td> <td>Southern part of <a href="/wiki/Deux-N%C3%A8thes" title="Deux-Nèthes">Deux-Nèthes</a> (Dutch: Twee Neten) </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> (Dutch: Drente) </td> <td>southern part of <a href="/wiki/Ems-Occidental" title="Ems-Occidental">Ems-Occidental</a> (Dutch: Westereems) </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frise_(department)" title="Frise (department)">Frise</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yssel-Sup%C3%A9rieur" title="Yssel-Supérieur">Yssel-Supérieur</a> (Dutch: Boven-IJssel) </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a> </td> <td>Northern part of <a href="/wiki/Ems-Occidental" title="Ems-Occidental">Ems-Occidental</a> (Dutch: Westereems) </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a> (Dutch: Henegouwen) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jemmape_(department)" title="Jemmape (department)">Jemmape</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouches-de-la-Meuse" title="Bouches-de-la-Meuse">Bouches-de-la-Meuse</a> (Dutch: Monden van de Maas) and western part of the <a href="/wiki/Zuyderz%C3%A9e" title="Zuyderzée">Zuyderzée</a> (Dutch: Zuiderzee) </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>1840 divided in the provinces <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Limburg (1815–39)">Limburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Inf%C3%A9rieure" title="Meuse-Inférieure">Meuse-Inférieure</a> (Dutch: Nedermaas) </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> </td> <td>From 1839 onwards divided into the Belgian province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Duchy of Limburg</a>, which became the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> in 1866. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a> (Dutch: Luik) </td> <td>Largest part of <a href="/wiki/Ourthe_(department)" title="Ourthe (department)">Ourthe</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="België">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Namur_Province" title="Namur Province">Namur</a> (Dutch: Namen) </td> <td>Western part of <a href="/wiki/Sambre-et-Meuse" title="Sambre-et-Meuse">Sambre-et-Meuse</a> (Dutch: Samber en Maas), part of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="België">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rhin" title="Bouches-du-Rhin">Bouches-du-Rhin</a> (Dutch: Monden van de Rijn), northern part of <a href="/wiki/Deux-N%C3%A8thes" title="Deux-Nèthes">Deux-Nèthes</a> (Dutch: Twee Neten), eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Bouches-de-l%27Escaut" title="Bouches-de-l'Escaut">Bouches-de-l'Escaut</a> (Dutch: Monden van de Schelde) </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a> (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen) </td> <td>Southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Escaut_(department)" title="Escaut (department)">Escaut</a> (Dutch: Schelde) </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouches-de-l%27Yssel" title="Bouches-de-l'Yssel">Bouches-de-l'Yssel</a> (Dutch: Monden van de IJssel) </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> </td> <td>Western part of the <a href="/wiki/Bouches-de-l%27Escaut" title="Bouches-de-l'Escaut">Bouches-de-l'Escaut</a> (Dutch: Monden van de Schelde) and northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Escaut_(department)" title="Escaut (department)">Escaut</a> (Dutch: Schelde) </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant" title="Province of Brabant">South Brabant</a> (Dutch: Zuid-Brabant) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dyle_(department)" title="Dyle (department)">Dyle</a> (Dutch: Dijle). Since 1831 the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant" title="Province of Brabant">Province of Brabant</a>. </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>1831 renamed <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant" title="Province of Brabant">Province of Brabant</a>, 1995 divided into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels Capital Region</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a> </td> <td>Southeastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Zuyderz%C3%A9e" title="Zuyderzée">Zuyderzée</a> (Dutch: Zuiderzee) </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> (Dutch: West-Vlaanderen) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_(department)" title="Lys (department)">Lys</a> (Dutch; Leie) </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United Netherlands was also <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire#Post-Napoleonic_era_(1815–1945)" title="Dutch colonial empire">a colonial power</a> with overseas colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a> and elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg/220px-Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg/330px-Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg/440px-Hollandse_troepen_trekken_door_de_vestingstad_Dendermonde_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4664.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>Dutch troops in the Flemish city of <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a> in 1820 </figcaption></figure> <p>Economically, the United Netherlands prospered. Supported by the state, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began to affect the Southern Netherlands where a number of modern industries emerged, encouraged by figures such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cockerill_(industrialist)" title="John Cockerill (industrialist)">John Cockerill</a> who created the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry in <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> emerged as major trading port.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>William I actively supported economic modernisation. Modern universities were established <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Leuven" title="State University of Leuven">in Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">in Liège</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">in Ghent</a> in 1817. Lower education was also extended. The <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Belgique" title="Société Générale de Belgique">General Netherlands Society for Advancing National Industry</a> (<i>Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt</i>) was created in 1822 to encourage industrialisation in the south, while the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Trading_Society" title="Netherlands Trading Society">Netherlands Trading Society</a> (<i>Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij</i>) was created in 1825 to encourage trade with the colonies. William I also embarked on a program of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> building that saw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/North_Holland_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="North Holland Canal">North Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Terneuzen_Canal" title="Ghent–Terneuzen Canal">Ghent–Terneuzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Charleroi_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Charleroi Canal">Brussels–Charleroi canals</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_policy">Language policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Willem I felt that one nation must have one language and began a policy of <a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a> in politics and education. In the southern provinces of Antwerp, East-, West-Flanders, Limburg (1819), and the bilingual South Brabant (1823); Dutch was made the sole official language. While in the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Liège, Namur; French was maintained as official language but Dutch was gradually introduced into education. Although French was still used to some degree in administration in both North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, French was the <i>de facto</i> official language while German was used in education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_tensions">Regional tensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences between Southern and Northern Netherlands were never totally resolved. The two were divided by the issue of religion because the south was strongly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and the north largely <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed">Dutch Reformed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Catholic Church in Belgium</a> resented the state's encroachment on its traditional privileges, especially in education. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-speaking</a> parts of the south, attempts to enforce the use of Dutch language were particularly resented among the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Belgians believed that the United Netherlands' constitution discriminated against them. Though they represented 62 percent of the population, they were only allocated 50 percent of the seats in the House and less in the Senate while the state extracted money from the richer south to subsidise the north. By the mid-1820s, a <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Belgium" title="Unionism in Belgium">union of opposition</a> had formed in Belgium, uniting <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservatives</a> against Dutch rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Revolution_and_secession">Belgian Revolution and secession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belgian Revolution and secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9volution_belge_de_1830_-_La_rue_de_Flandre_le_jeudi_23_septembre_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Fighting between Belgian rebels and the Dutch military expedition in Brussels in September 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830, inspired by the recent <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in France. A military intervention in September failed to defeat the rebels in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, radicalising the movement. Belgium was declared an independent state on 4 October 1830. A constitutional monarchy was established under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>William I refused to accept the secession of Belgium. In August 1831, he launched the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign</a>, a major military offensive into Belgium. Though initially successful, the French intervened to support the Belgians and the invasion had to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of tension, a settlement was agreed at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> in 1839. The Dutch recognised Belgian independence, in exchange for territorial concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frontier between the two countries was finally fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)" title="Treaty of Maastricht (1843)">Treaty of Maastricht</a> in 1843. Luxembourg became an autonomous state in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Dutch, though ceding some territory to Belgium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Belgium–Netherlands relations">Belgium–Netherlands relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux Union">Benelux Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/belgique-histoire/8-la-parenthese-francaise-et-hollandaise-1795-1830/">La parenthèse française et hollandaise (1795-1830)</a>, Encyclopædia Universalis. Retrieved on 4 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Marteel, <i>The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution</i> (2018) p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A W Ward, <i>The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783-1919 Vol I</i> (Cambridge 1922) p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poelitz1817-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poelitz1817_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Heinrich_Ludwig_Pölitz1817" class="citation web cs1">Karl Heinrich Ludwig Pölitz (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3hXAAAAcAAJ&dq=Fundamentalgesetz&pg=PA495">"Die Constitutionen der europäischen Staaten seit den letzten 25 Jahren, Band 2"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. Leipzig, Brockhaus. p. 495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Die+Constitutionen+der+europ%C3%A4ischen+Staaten+seit+den+letzten+25+Jahren%2C+Band+2&rft.pages=495&rft.date=1817&rft.au=Karl+Heinrich+Ludwig+P%C3%B6litz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3hXAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DFundamentalgesetz%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/nl/nedling/langvar/dutchbelgium">"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"</a>. <i>neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de&rft.atitle=Structuur+en+geschiedenis+van+het+Nederlands+%3A%3A+Niederl%C3%A4ndische+Philologie+FU+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de%2Fnl%2Fnedling%2Flangvar%2Fdutchbelgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Marteel, <i>The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution</i> (2018) p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Richards, <i>Modern Europe</i> (London 1964) p. 86-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Richards, <i>Modern Europe</i> (London 1964) p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Richards, <i>Modern Europe</i> (London 1964) p. 89</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:History of the Netherlands">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo Belgicus"><img alt="Leo Belgicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/250px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/375px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg/500px-Joannes_van_Deutecum_-_Leo_Belgicus_1650_-_published_by_Claes_Jansz_Visscher_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prehistory of the Netherlands">Prehistory of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Roman_era" title="Netherlands in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons#Saxons_in_the_Netherlands" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">painting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">evolution</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">WIC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Guianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="List of wars involving the Dutch Republic">List of wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent country within the kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Netherlands">Economic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Amsterdam Entrepôt">Amsterdam Entrepôt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Whaling in the Netherlands">Whaling in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military history of the Netherlands">Military history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="List of wars involving the Netherlands">List of wars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Colonial history</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Language</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of healthcare in the Netherlands">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_heraldry" title="Dutch heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kingdom did not cease to exist at this time and continues to the present day; however; this is when <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Dutch Crown and both became independent sovereign states.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kossmann" title="Ernst Kossmann">Kossmann, E.H.</a> (1988). <i>The Low Countries, 1780-1940</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198221081" title="Special:BookSources/9780198221081"><bdi>9780198221081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Low+Countries%2C+1780-1940&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780198221081&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template talk:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> and the independence of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (1830–1839)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Belgian Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne">La Brabançonne</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> (September 1830 – February 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress of Belgium</a> (November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a> (February 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">First Belgian monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>; February 1831 – July 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>; July 1831 – December 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Niellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Niellon (page does not exist)">Charles Niellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dechet" title="Alexandre Dechet">Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_M%C3%A9rode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric de Mérode (page does not exist)">Frédéric de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Van_Halen" title="Juan Van Halen">Juan Van Halen</a><br /><small>(see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="List of members of the National Congress of Belgium">List of members of the National Congress</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolly" title="André Jolly">André Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Potter" title="Louis de Potter">Louis de Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feuillien_de_Coppin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feuillien de Coppin (page does not exist)">Feuillien de Coppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode" title="Félix de Mérode">Félix de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Vanderlinden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Vanderlinden (page does not exist)">Joseph Vanderlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Van_der_Linden_d%27Hooghvorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">de Gerlache Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Constantin_de_Gerlache" title="Étienne Constantin de Gerlache">Étienne Constantin de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella">Albert Goblet d'Alviella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Lebeau I Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Joseph Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Sauvage" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne de Sauvage">Étienne de Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles" title="Treaty of the Eighteen Articles">Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)" title="Treaty of Maastricht (1843)">Treaty of Maastricht (1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Rhine" title="Iron Rhine">Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Monuments and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Martyrs_of_the_1830_Revolution" title="Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution">Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Column" title="Congress Column">Congress Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Guard_Merit_Medal" title="Civic Guard Merit Medal">Civic Guard Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_Star_of_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 Star of Honour (page does not exist)">1830 Star of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross_(Belgium)" title="Iron Cross (Belgium)">Iron Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_Volunteers%27_Commemorative_Cross" title="1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross">1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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