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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG/301px-Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG" decoding="async" width="301" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG/452px-Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG/602px-Heathrow_LON_04_07_77.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_4" title="Heathrow Terminal 4">Terminal 4</a> at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></figcaption></figure><p><b>Air transport in the United Kingdom</b> is the commercial carriage of passengers, freight and mail by aircraft, both within the United Kingdom (UK) and between the UK and the rest of the world. In the past 25 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the industry has seen continuous growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase from the current level of 236 million passengers to 465 million in 2030. One airport, <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, is amongst the top ten <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest</a> airports in the world. More than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the six London area airports. Outside London, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> is by far the largest and busiest of the remaining airports, acting as a hub for the 20 million or so people who live within a two-hour drive. Regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years, due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carrier</a> airlines over the last decade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013 the UK had the third highest number of passengers carried of any country, behind only the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UK air travel increased significantly in 2022, with over 224 million passengers travelling to and from UK airports, reaching 75 per cent of 2019 levels, UK Civil Aviation Authority data reveals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century:_nationalisation_and_privatisation">20th century: nationalisation and privatisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 20th century: nationalisation and privatisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg/220px-Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg/330px-Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg/440px-Air_Routes_of_Great_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Air routes of the United Kingdom in 1925</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="British Airways Limited">British Airways Limited</a> were merged and nationalised as <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> in 1939. </p><p>In the 1970s, aircraft manufacturers were merged and nationalised as <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> and British Aerospace were privatised again by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Thatcher_ministry" title="Second Thatcher ministry">Thatcher government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s:_Advent_of_no-frills_airlines">1990s: Advent of no-frills airlines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1990s: Advent of no-frills airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent in the mid-1990s of 'no-frills' carriers, such as <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a> and BA's <a href="/wiki/Go_(airline)" title="Go (airline)">Go</a>, has had a significant impact on air travel in the UK. In 2005 these airlines carried 77.5 million passengers, up from just 4.3 million in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are responsible for the growth of regional airports, operating from 35 airports in 2006 compared to 10 in 1996, and increasing the choice of international destinations, serving 150 in 2006, compared to 12 a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual rate of growth in the overall demand for air travel has remained stable since 1975, and current growth is being served by the no-frills airlines at the expense of traditional carriers which, since 2000, have experienced flat or declining traffic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, traditional carriers have lowered costs to compete more effectively on price, leading to lower prices on the short haul routes served by this sector, especially in business fares.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also limited or reduced capacity and in some cases launched no-frills subsidiaries of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg/220px-Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg/330px-Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg/440px-Gatwick_South_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>South Terminal at <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the number of airports in the UK runs into <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_British_Crown_Dependencies" title="List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies">hundreds</a>, many are smaller <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodromes</a> dealing with <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> rather than air transport. In terms of the latter, statistics are collected from 59 main airports, and the <a href="/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">largest concentration of services</a> is located in the London and South East of England areas. Heathrow is the largest airport in the country, handling over 67 million terminal passengers in 2006, making it the third busiest airport in the world, and the busiest if measured by the number of international passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-CAA_AP_01_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAA_AP_01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACI_0707_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACI_0707-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly a third of all overseas residents visiting the UK enter the country via this airport, which also handles more than a fifth of all overseas visits by UK residents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heathrow is also a cargo gateway and usually has up to 20 dedicated cargo aircraft using its facilities every day. The largest of which is DHL who also lease cargo aircraft to British Airways for weekend operations. </p> <p><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gatwick airport, with 34 million terminal passengers, is the second largest in the country, eighth busiest in the world and lays claim to the busiest single runway airport in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CAA_AP_01_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAA_AP_01-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACI_0707_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACI_0707-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between them the five London airports handle nearly 137 million terminal passengers, 59 per cent of the national total.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far as dedicated cargo services are concerned, <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands</a> airports have both experienced large growth in freight handling over the past decade, and these two airports are the major hubs for express freight operations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/330px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/440px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></figcaption></figure><p>Outside London and the South East, the use of regional airports has increased dramatically in recent years, with the amount of air traffic using these facilities doubling in the period 1995 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate this growth, in the five years from 2001 passenger numbers at the regional airports of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Airport" title="Exeter Airport">Exeter Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Airport" title="Bristol Airport">Bristol Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle Airport</a> increased by 191 per cent, 113 per cent, and 60 per cent respectively. In the same period the largest airports experienced some of the slowest growth, with Heathrow passenger numbers increasing by 11 per cent, and those of Gatwick increasing by less than 10 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg/220px-Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg/330px-Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg/440px-Birmingham_airport_arrivals_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1839" /></a><figcaption>Terminal 2 at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airlines">Airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vast majority of all passengers travelling by air to or from the UK are carried by UK <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, of which there are around <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airlines">forty</a>, and at the end of 2006 the UK air transport fleet numbered 963 aircraft, flying just under 1.2 million flights and averaging over eight hours of flying daily.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together the two largest airlines as measured by passenger numbers; <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>, account for nearly half of the 127 million passengers flown on UK airlines. In terms of capacity, both available and used, British Airways is again the largest airline, whilst easyJet is pushed into third place by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a>. British Airways passenger flights also account for over 50 per cent of all cargo carried by UK airlines, and when combined with its cargo operations the airline carries over 60 per cent of all cargo carried by UK airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_travel">Passenger travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Passenger travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just over a fifth of all terminal passengers are travelling on domestic routes only, whilst half are travelling between the UK and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the latter, travel between the UK and Spain, France, Germany and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> account for around half, with Spain almost matching the other three combined in terms of passenger numbers. Outside the EU, the US, the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> together account for just over half of all passengers flying between the UK and the rest of the world, with the USA exceeding the other three combined in terms of passenger numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air travel is the most popular mode of transport for visitors both to and from the UK. In 2005 it was used for 80 per cent of all visits by UK residents travelling overseas and by 74 per cent of all inbound visits.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just over a quarter of all passengers are travelling on business.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of no-frills carriers has had significant a significant effect on passenger travel profiles, with strong growth in business travel from regional airports, and a significant increase in inbound traffic generated for the purposes of non-UK residents visiting friends and relatives based in the UK. Whilst these carriers have been perceived to democratise air travel, providing the opportunity for lower income groups to travel more often, the main result is actually that middle and higher income groups travel more often, and often for shorter trips.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom has a low usage for domestic (internal) flights, and after a high in 2005/06, has been in decline. In the year 2010/11 just 18.4 million internal passengers were carried (compared with 1,352 million rail journeys in the same period).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air's share of passengers has reduced significantly on certain key routes. For example, for London to Manchester, rail's market share (rail v. air passenger journeys) rose from 69% in 2008 to 79% in 2010; for Birmingham to Edinburgh, rail's market share rose from 14% in 2008 to 31% in 2010; and for London to Glasgow, rail's market share has risen from 12% in 2008 to 20% in 2010; although air still remains the leader on many London to Scotland journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_air_transport">Future of air transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Future of air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_transport_and_the_environment_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air transport and the environment (United Kingdom)">Air transport and the environment (United Kingdom)</a></div> <p>The current availability of airport capacity has been identified as an important constraint on the ability to meet the increasing demand for air travel. In many cases airport capacity is already fully used in meeting current demand. At Heathrow and Gatwick airports the runways are full for "… virtually the whole day". In 2003 the runway at Birmingham airport was expected to reach full capacity by 2009 at the latest, whilst terminal capacity at Edinburgh airport had reached its limit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government forecasts that year suggested that by 2030 the number of passengers could rise to between 400mppa (million people per annum) and 600mppa, representing a two- to threefold increase, and a figure of 500mppa by 2030 was regarded by the Government as "robust".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 the Government reported that at 228mppa the demand for air travel the previous year was in line with the 2003 forecast, but also revised the forecast demand for 2030 downwards to 465mppa as a result of capacity constraints, even taking into account proposed airport developments.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2003 the Government published <i>The Future of Air Transport</i> <a href="/wiki/White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> which detailed the Government's approach to the future development of air transport. The White Paper does not in itself authorise or preclude any development, but seeks instead to define a "national strategic framework for the future development of airport capacity" over the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal conclusion is that the two extremes of failing to provide additional airport capacity, and encouraging growth without regard for the wider impacts, are equally unacceptable options. Instead a "balanced and measured approach" to the future of air transport in the UK is adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government's approach is designed to cater for the forecast growth in demand, thus supporting economic prosperity nationally and enabling ordinary people to travel at reasonable cost, whilst at the same time managing and mitigating the environmental impacts of aviation and ensuring that the costs associated with them are reflected in the price of air travel (see detailed sections below).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2006 the Government published the <i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i> to report on progress made in "… delivering a sustainable future for aviation."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report re-iterates the Government's commitment to the strategy defined in the original White Paper, stating that it "… strikes the right balance between economic, social and environmental goals."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the new <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Coalition Government</a> abandoned the approach taken in the White Paper and ruled out further airport expansion of London's three main airports (Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 October 2011 at the Airport Operators Association, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s Shadow transport secretary <a href="/wiki/Maria_Eagle" title="Maria Eagle">Maria Eagle</a> announced that the Party had abandoned its support for a third runway at Heathrow Airport but said that the Government must also drop its moratorium on new airport capacity in the South East.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 November 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Hub_integrated_infrastructure_vision" title="Thames Hub integrated infrastructure vision">Thames Hub</a> proposal was launched by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Foster">Lord Foster</a>. This attempts to integrate several infrastructure components (flood barrier, hydroelectric generation, rail lines) and includes plans for one of the World's largest airports. It would be capable of handling 150 million passengers a year, have 4 runways and be built on a platform in the <a href="/wiki/Hoo_Peninsula" title="Hoo Peninsula">Hoo Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom">Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility (travel)</a></div> <p>Whilst carbon emissions from all UK activities other than aviation had declined by 9 per cent in the 10 years between 1990 and 2000, carbon emissions from aviation activities doubled in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Aviation_p4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aviation_p4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> impact of other emissions are taken into account the total impact of emissions attributable to aviation is estimated to be twice that of its carbon emissions alone.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Government has committed to reducing total UK carbon emissions by 80 per cent from existing levels by 2050, its policy is based on the use of "… economic instruments to ensure that growing industries are catered for within a reducing total."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if this reduction in total carbon emissions is achieved, research published in February 2006 concluded that aviation could account for between 24 per cent and 50 per cent of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Emissions_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions budget">carbon budget</a> by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategy adopted in the White Paper seeks to mitigate the global impact of air transport primarily through <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> schemes. Although the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> implemented emissions trading as a means to reduce emissions at national levels, the global nature of air transport means that international (but not domestic) air travel is excluded from this mechanism. The Government is seeking to redress this through the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO), but progress is slow. In the meantime efforts are being made to include aviation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emission Trading Scheme">EU Emission Trading Scheme</a> with an original target to implement this by 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 the Government re-affirmed this policy as the best approach for addressing the climate change impacts of aviation, and current proposals aim at accomplishing this for all flights within the EU by 2011, with the scheme being extended to include all flights to and from the EU the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of the Government's policy advocate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">addressing climate change</a> impacts by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation#Reducing_air_travel" title="Environmental impact of aviation">constraining demand for air travel</a>. The study <i>Predict and Decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy</i> concludes that the Government should seek an alternative aviation policy based on managing demand rather than providing for it.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be accomplished via a strategy that presumes "… against the expansion of UK airport capacity" and restrains demand by the use of economic instruments to price air travel less attractively.<sup id="cite_ref-Aviation_p4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aviation_p4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies point to a significant contribution to aviation's climate change emissions by the social phenomenon <a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">hypermobility</a>, and the increasing prevalence of hypermobility among UK and global citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-gossling_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gossling-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mander & Randles (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key to the concerns expressed in these studies are: that vast distances are easily travelled in a relatively short time, entailing substantial greenhouse gas emissions; that these emissions are made at-altitude where they have much greater climate consequences than emissions made at ground-level; and that social pressures<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marketing programs such as <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program#Flight_shame" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent flyer miles programs</a> that both encourage a growing amount of travel and means to go. </p><p>Climate scientist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Anderson_(scientist)" title="Kevin Anderson (scientist)">Kevin Anderson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research</a> demonstrated in 2009 that continued annual growth in UK air travel at the usual seven percent until 2012 and at three percent thereafter will lead to such travel consuming 70 percent of the UK's total planned national carbon emissions by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that less-than-business-as-usual scenario, UK air travel emissions would increase from 11 MT in 2006, to 17 MT in 2012, and 28 MT in 2030. His contention is that the consequences of not promptly reducing the demand or supply for air travel in the UK and elsewhere will result in severe consequences for society and the ecosystems upon which humanity depends.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_eruption_of_Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull">2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_air_traffic_control_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of air traffic control in the United Kingdom">History of air traffic control in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank Datebase, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR">http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caa.co.uk/newsroom/news/2022-in-review-uk-air-travel-reaches-75-of-pre-pandemic-levels-as-spain-tops-most-popular-destination-list/">"UK Civil Aviation Authority - Home 2022 in review: UK air travel reaches 75% of pre-pandemic levels as Spain tops most popular destination list"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Civil+Aviation+Authority+-+Home+2022+in+review%3A+UK+air+travel+reaches+75%25+of+pre-pandemic+levels+as+Spain+tops+most+popular+destination+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2F2022-in-review-uk-air-travel-reaches-75-of-pre-pandemic-levels-as-spain-tops-most-popular-destination-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.2, pp.4–5, figs. 2.4 & 2.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.2, p.1, section 2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.2, pp.1–3 & pp.7–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.3, p.3, section 3.13 & ch.3, p.6, section 3.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.3, pp.3–4 & ch.4, pp.12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.3, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAA_AP_01-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAA_AP_01_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAA_AP_01_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110645/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+Size+of+UK+Airports+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACI_0707-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACI_0707_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACI_0707_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf">"<i>ACI Information Brief – July 2007</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124713/http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACI+Information+Brief+%E2%80%93+July+2007&rft.pub=Airports+Council+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci.aero%2Faci%2Faci%2Ffile%2FPress%2520Releases%2F2007_PRs%2FPR_180707_TOP10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717211112/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ttrends1106.pdf">"<i>Travel Trends – International Passenger Travel Survey 2005 News Release</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ttrends1106.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+Trends+%E2%80%93+International+Passenger+Travel+Survey+2005+News+Release&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fpdfdir%2Fttrends1106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economic Contribution of the Aviation Industry in the UK</i>, p33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105923/http://www.gatwickairport.com/portal/site/default/menuitem.fcf9974a083b7cd088a5e186c02865a0/%3Bjsessionid%3DFhwapkt2PykQJxLzI8nAi49DusHY0JHA55FQ4JrRH0QKntBczRXn%2122571380">"<i>About BAA Gatwick</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BAA_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="BAA Limited">BAA Limited</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatwickairport.com/portal/site/default/menuitem.fcf9974a083b7cd088a5e186c02865a0/;jsessionid=Fhwapkt2PykQJxLzI8nAi49DusHY0JHA55FQ4JrRH0QKntBczRXn!22571380">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+BAA+Gatwick&rft.pub=BAA+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatwickairport.com%2Fportal%2Fsite%2Fdefault%2Fmenuitem.fcf9974a083b7cd088a5e186c02865a0%2F%3Bjsessionid%3DFhwapkt2PykQJxLzI8nAi49DusHY0JHA55FQ4JrRH0QKntBczRXn%2122571380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton and London City. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110645/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+Size+of+UK+Airports+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economic Contribution of the Aviation Industry in the UK</i>, p34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, ch.1, p.8, section 1.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110645/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - Size of UK Airports 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+Size+of+UK+Airports+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_01_Size_of_UK_Airports_2006_Comp_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> Exeter and Bristol airports changed their names to become 'International' airports in 2000 and 1997 respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033743/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_08_Air_Passengers_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Operator_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - Air Passengers by Type and Nationality of Operator 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_08_Air_Passengers_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Operator_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+Air+Passengers+by+Type+and+Nationality+of+Operator+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_08_Air_Passengers_by_Type_and_Nat_of_Operator_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033656/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - All Services 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+All+Services+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairline_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033656/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - All Services 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airline_data/2006Annual/Table_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+All+Services+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairline_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_0_1_6_All_Services_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> Capacity is measured in 'seat kilometres', i.e. the number of seats available/used multiplied by the distance flown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033750/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_2_Domestic_Terminal_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - Domestic Terminal Passenger Traffic 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_2_Domestic_Terminal_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+Domestic+Terminal+Passenger+Traffic+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_10_2_Domestic_Terminal_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033718/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_1_EU_and_Other_Intl_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - EU and Other International Terminal Passenger Traffic 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_10_1_EU_and_Other_Intl_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+EU+and+Other+International+Terminal+Passenger+Traffic+2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_10_1_EU_and_Other_Intl_Pax_Traffic_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033731/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_11_Intl_Pax_Traffic_to_from_UK_by_Country_1996_2006.pdf">"<i>CAA Statistics 2006 - International Passenger Traffic to and from UK Reporting Airports (in Thousands) by Country 1996-2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2006Annual/Table_11_Intl_Pax_Traffic_to_from_UK_by_Country_1996_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Statistics+2006+-+International+Passenger+Traffic+to+and+from+UK+Reporting+Airports+%28in+Thousands%29+by+Country+1996-2006&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F2006Annual%2FTable_11_Intl_Pax_Traffic_to_from_UK_by_Country_1996_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206093849/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_transport/traveltrends2005.pdf">"<i>Travel Trends – International Passenger Travel Survey 2005</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office for National Statistics. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_transport/traveltrends2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+Trends+%E2%80%93+International+Passenger+Travel+Survey+2005&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ftheme_transport%2Ftraveltrends2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033617/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/81/2006CAAPaxSurveyReport.pdf">"<i>CAA Passenger Survey Report 2006</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a>. pp. Table 4b, p18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/81/2006CAAPaxSurveyReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+Passenger+Survey+Report+2006&rft.pages=Table+4b%2C+p18&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F81%2F2006CAAPaxSurveyReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>No-Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution?</i>, Executive Summary pp.4–6 & ch.4, p.11, section 4.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.dft.gov.uk/statistics/tables/tsgb0102.xls">"<i>Table TSGB0102 Passenger journeys on public transport vehicles, annual from 1950</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(xls)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Transport_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department for Transport statistics (page does not exist)">Department for Transport statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+TSGB0102+Passenger+journeys+on+public+transport+vehicles%2C+annual+from+1950&rft.pub=Department+for+Transport+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.dft.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Ftables%2Ftsgb0102.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoc.org/media-centre/atoc-press-releases/2011/04/05/shift-from-air-to-rail-heralds-turning-point-in-how-people-travel-between-uks-main-cities-100571/">"<i>Shift from air to rail heralds 'turning point' in how people travel between UK's main cities</i>"</a>. ATOC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shift+from+air+to+rail+heralds+%27turning+point%27+in+how+people+travel+between+UK%27s+main+cities&rft.pub=ATOC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoc.org%2Fmedia-centre%2Fatoc-press-releases%2F2011%2F04%2F05%2Fshift-from-air-to-rail-heralds-turning-point-in-how-people-travel-between-uks-main-cities-100571%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, para. 2.11–2.12, p24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, para.2.8, p23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, para. 25, p154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i>, paras. 4.4 & 4.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, para. 1.6, p17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, para. 2.172.18, p26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, Executive Summary Conclusions & para. 2.18, p26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i>, para. 1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015906/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/%40dg/%40en/documents/digitalasset/dg_187876.pdf">"The Coalition: Our programme for government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HM Government</i>. HM Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_187876.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HM+Government&rft.atitle=The+Coalition%3A+Our+programme+for+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fprod_consum_dg%2Fgroups%2Fdg_digitalassets%2F%40dg%2F%40en%2Fdocuments%2Fdigitalasset%2Fdg_187876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportxtra.com/magazines/local_transport_today/news/?id=28654">"Local Transport Today item on Maria Eagle's speech to Airport Operators Association"</a>. <i>Local Transport Today</i>. Local Transport Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Local+Transport+Today&rft.atitle=Local+Transport+Today+item+on+Maria+Eagle%27s+speech+to+Airport+Operators+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportxtra.com%2Fmagazines%2Flocal_transport_today%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D28654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aviation_p4-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aviation_p4_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aviation_p4_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Predict and decide - Aviation, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and UK policy</i>, p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2007" class="citation news cs1">Sinclair, Andrew (11 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6740145.stm">"<i>Soaring future for cheap flights?</i>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824015528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6740145.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Soaring+future+for+cheap+flights%3F&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F6740145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i>, para. 2.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, paras. 3.36 & 3.37, pp39 & 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927123957/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t3_23.pdf">"<i>Contraction & Convergence: UK carbon emissions and the implications for UK air traffic</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. February 2006. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t3_23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contraction+%26+Convergence%3A+UK+carbon+emissions+and+the+implications+for+UK+air+traffic&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Tyndall+Centre+for+Climate+Change+Research&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndall.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Ftheme2%2Ffinal_reports%2Ft3_23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> There is some debate about whether the government's target of a 60% reduction, which would stabilise carbon emissions at 550ppmv, is sufficient to mitigate against climate change, and a more stringent target of 450ppmv has been suggested. Under this scenario aviation would account for between 50 and 100 per cent of the UK's carbon budget by 2050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Future of Air Transport</i>, paras. 3.39–3.40, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006</i>, paras 2.5 – 2.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/1862&format=HTML&aged=0%3Cuage=EN&guiLanguage=en">"<i>Press release - Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release+-+Climate+change%3A+Commission+proposes+bringing+air+transport+into+EU+Emissions+Trading+Scheme&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2FpressReleasesAction.do%3Freference%3DIP%2F06%2F1862%26format%3DHTML%26aged%3D0%253Cuage%3DEN%26guiLanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy</i>, p96, section 11.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gossling-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gossling_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gössling S, Ceron JP, Dubois G, Hall CM, Gössling S, Upham P, Earthscan L (2009). <i>Hypermobile travellers</i>. and Implications for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction. In: Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions, London. The chapter: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619151427/http://alicante.academia.edu/documents/0076/1866/chap06_copy.pdf">"Chapter 6"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alicante.academia.edu/documents/0076/1866/chap06_copy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falicante.academia.edu%2Fdocuments%2F0076%2F1866%2Fchap06_copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></i>. The book: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=42745">[1]</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mander S, Randles S (2009). Aviation Coalitions: Drivers of Growth and Implications for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction. In: Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844076208" title="Special:BookSources/9781844076208">9781844076208</a>), Earthscan, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWfb0VMCQHE">"The Bill"</a></i>, by Peter Wedel, distributed by GermanWatch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, K. (2008, 17 June). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transitionculture.org/wp-content/uploads/kevin-anderson-2.ppt">Reframing climate change: from long-term targets to emission pathways</a> (esp. slide 24 onward).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson K, Bows A (2008). Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (366:1882, p.3863-3882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1882/3863.full">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, K. (2009). Presentation at the <i>4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Change Conference</i>, Oxford, 2009. Session 10: Avoiding Large Climate Changes. <u>Global emission pathways: balancing Annex 1 mitigation with non-Annex 1 development.</u> [1] Slides: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/4degrees/ppt/10-1anderson.pdf">Slides </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125051323/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/4degrees/ppt/10-1anderson.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; [2] Audio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/4degrees/audio/10-1anderson.mp3">Audio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511100548/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/4degrees/audio/10-1anderson.mp3">Archived</a> 11 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; [3] Video: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/ouce/4degrees/session_10_1_anderson.mp4?CAMEFROM=moxacuk">MP4 video (216 MB)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, K. and Alice Bows. <u>Beyond 'dangerous' climate change: emission scenarios for a new world</u>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/6.full.pdf+html">Beyond ‘dangerous’ climate change: emission scenarios for a new world.</a> Phil. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Contribution+of+the+Aviation+Industry+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+Economic+Forecasting&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oef.com%2FFree%2Fpdfs%2FAviation2006Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/predictanddecide.pdf">"Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Environmental Change Institute. September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915165025/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/predictanddecide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Predict+and+decide+-+Aviation%2C+climate+change+and+UK+policy&rft.pub=Environmental+Change+Institute&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eci.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fenergy%2Fdownloads%2Fpredictanddecide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+transport+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nats.aero/blog/2014/11/take-guided-tour-uk-skies/">Animation of UK air 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title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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