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miocene</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: miocene"> <meta name="keywords" content="miocene"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="miocene"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 52</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: miocene</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Unveiling Karst Features in Miocene Carbonate Reservoirs of Central Luconia-Malaysia: Case Study of F23 Field's Karstification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20Al-Salam%20Al-Masgari">Abd Al-Salam Al-Masgari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haylay%20Tsegab"> Haylay Tsegab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismailalwali%20Babikir"> Ismailalwali Babikir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monera%20A.%20Shoieb"> Monera A. Shoieb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a study of Malaysia's Central Luconia region, which is an essential deposit of Miocene carbonate reservoirs. This study aims to identify and map areas of selected carbonate platforms, develop high-resolution statistical karst models, and generate comprehensive karst geobody models for selected carbonate fields. This study uses seismic characterization and advanced geophysical surveys to identify karst signatures in Miocene carbonate reservoirs. The results highlight the use of variance, RMS, RGB colour blending, and 3D visualization Prop seismic sequence stratigraphy seismic attributes to visualize the karstified areas across the F23 field of Central Luconia. The offshore karst model serves as a powerful visualization tool to reveal the karstization of carbonate sediments of interest. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the karst distribution of Miocene carbonate reservoirs in Central Luconia, which are essential for hydrocarbon exploration and production. This is because these features significantly impact the reservoir geometry, flow path and characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karst" title="karst">karst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Luconia" title=" central Luconia"> central Luconia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20attributes" title=" seismic attributes"> seismic attributes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miocene%20carbonate%20build-ups" title=" Miocene carbonate build-ups"> Miocene carbonate build-ups</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166084/unveiling-karst-features-in-miocene-carbonate-reservoirs-of-central-luconia-malaysia-case-study-of-f23-fields-karstification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Exceptionally Glauconite-Rich Strata from the Miocene Bejaoua Facies of Northern Tunisia: Origin, Composition, and Depositional Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelbasset%20Tounekti">Abdelbasset Tounekti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamel%20Boukhalfa"> Kamel Boukhalfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tathagata%20Roy%20Choudhury"> Tathagata Roy Choudhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Soussi"> Mohamed Soussi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santanu%20Banerjee"> Santanu Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The exceptionally glauconite-rich Miocene strata are superbly exposed throughout the front of the nappes zone of northern Tunisia. Each of the glauconitic fine-grained intervals coincide with the peak rise of third order sea-level cycles during the Burdigalian-Langhiantime. These deposits show coarsening- and thickening-upward glauconitic shale and sandstone, recording a shallowing upward progression across offshore-shoreface settings. Petrographic investigation reveals that the glauconite was originated from the alteration of fecal pellets, and lithoclast including feldspar, volcanic particle, and quartz and infillings with intraparticle pores. Mineralogical analysis of both randomly oriented and air-dried, ethylene-glycolate, and heated glauconite pellets show the low intensity of (002) reflection peaks, indicating high iron substitution for aluminum in octahedral sites. Geochemical characterization of the Miocene glauconite reveals a high K2O and variable Fe2O3 (total) content. A combination of layer lattice and divertissement theories explains the origin of glauconite. The formation of glauconite was facilitated by the abundant supply of Fe through contemporaneous volcanism in Algeria and surrounding areas, which accompanied the African-European plate convergence. Therefore, the occurrence of glauconite in the Miocene succession of Tunisia is influenced by the combination of eustacy and volcanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glauconite" title="glauconite">glauconite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autogenic" title=" autogenic"> autogenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volcanism" title=" volcanism"> volcanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chamosite" title=" chamosite"> chamosite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=northern%20Tunisia" title=" northern Tunisia"> northern Tunisia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miocene" title=" miocene"> miocene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142848/exceptionally-glauconite-rich-strata-from-the-miocene-bejaoua-facies-of-northern-tunisia-origin-composition-and-depositional-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Lacustrine Sediments of the Poljanska Locality in the Miocene Climatic Optimum North Croatian Basin, Croatia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marijan%20Kova%C4%8DI%C4%87">Marijan KovačIć</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davor%20Paveli%C4%87"> Davor Pavelić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darko%20Tiblja%C5%A1"> Darko Tibljaš</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivo%20Gali%C4%87"> Ivo Galić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frane%20Markovi%C4%87"> Frane Marković</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivica%20Pavi%C4%8DI%C4%87"> Ivica PavičIć</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The North Croatian Basin (NCB) occupies the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin System and belongs to the Central Paratethys realm. In a quarry near the village of Poljanska, on the southern slopes of Mt. Papuk in eastern Croatia, a 40-meter-thick section is exposed, consisting of well-bedded, mixed, carbonate-siliciclastic deposits with occurrences of pyroclastics. Sedimentological investigation indicates that a salina lake developed in the central NCB during the late early Miocene. Field studies and mineralogical and petrological analyses indicate that alternations of laminated crypto- characterize the lower part of the section to microcrystalline dolomite and analcimolite (sedimentary rocks composed essentially of authigenic analcime) associated with tuffites and marls. The pyroclastic material is a product of volcanic activity at the end of the early Miocene, while the formation of analcime, the zeolite group mineral, is a result of an alteration of pyroclastic material in an alkaline lacustrine environment. These sediments were deposited in a shallow, hydrologically closed lake that was controlled by an arid climate during the first phase of its development. The middle part of the section consists of dolomites interbedded with analcimolites and sandstones. The sandstone beds are a result of the increased supply of clastic material derived from the locally uplifted metamorphic and granitoid basement. The emplacement of sandstones and dolomites reflects a distinct alternation of hydrologically open and closed lacustrine environments controlled by the frequent alternation of humid and arid climates, representing the second phase of lake development. The siliciclastics of the third phase of lake development were deposited during the Middle Miocene in a hydrologically mostly open lake. All lacustrine deposition coincides with the Miocene Climatic Optimum, which was characterized by a hot and warm climate. The sedimentological data confirm the mostly wet conditions previously identified by paleobotanical studies in the region. The exception is the relatively long interval of arid climate in the late early Miocene that controlled the first phase of lake evolution, i.e., the salina-type lake. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20Miocene" title="early Miocene">early Miocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pannonian%20basin%20System" title=" Pannonian basin System"> Pannonian basin System</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyroclastics" title=" pyroclastics"> pyroclastics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salina-type%20lake" title=" salina-type lake"> salina-type lake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139118/lacustrine-sediments-of-the-poljanska-locality-in-the-miocene-climatic-optimum-north-croatian-basin-croatia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Paleobathymetry and Biostratigraphy of Sambipitu Formation and Its Relation with the Presence of Ichnofossil in Geoheritage Site Ngalang River Yogyakarta</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harman%20Dwi%20R.">Harman Dwi R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alwin%20Mugiyantoro"> Alwin Mugiyantoro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heppy%20Chintya%20P."> Heppy Chintya P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The location of this research is a part of Geoheritage that located in Nglipar, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. Whereas in this location, the carbonate sandstone of Sambipitu Formation (early-middle Miocene) is well exposed along Ngalang River, also there are ichnofossil presence which causes this formation to be interesting. The determination of paleobathymetry is particularly important in determining paleoenvironment and paleogeographic. Paleobathymetry can be determined by identifying the presence of Foraminifera bentonik fossil and parasequence emerge. The methods that used in this study are spatial method of field observation with systematic sampling, descriptive method of paleontology, biostratigraphy analysis, geometrical analysis of Ichnofossil, and study literature. The result obtained that paleobathymetry of this location is bathyal zone with maximum regression known by Bulliminoides williamsonianus showing depth 17 fathoms at the age of N3-N5 (Oligocenne-Early Miocene) and the maximum transgression is known by Cibicides pseudoungarianus showing depth 862 fathoms at the age of N8-N9 (Early-Middle Miocene). Where the obtained paleobathymetry supported of the presence and formed the pattern of ichnofossil that found in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleobathymetry" title="paleobathymetry">paleobathymetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biostratigraphy" title=" biostratigraphy"> biostratigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ichnofossil" title=" ichnofossil"> ichnofossil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngalang%20river" title=" Ngalang river"> Ngalang river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82945/paleobathymetry-and-biostratigraphy-of-sambipitu-formation-and-its-relation-with-the-presence-of-ichnofossil-in-geoheritage-site-ngalang-river-yogyakarta" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Geotechnical Characteristics of Miocenemarl in the Region of Medea North-South Highway, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Yongli">Y. Yongli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Aissa"> M. H. Aissa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper aims for a geotechnical analysis based on experimental physical and mechanical characteristics of Miocene marl situated at Medea region in Algeria. More than 150 soil samples were taken in the investigation part of the North-South Highway which extends over than 53 km from Chiffa in the North to Berrouaghia in the South of Algeria. The analysis of data in terms of Atterberg limits, plasticity index, and clay content reflects an acceptable correlation justified by a high coefficient of regression which was compared with the previous works in the region. Finally, approximated equations that serve as a guideline for geotechnical design locally have been suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title="correlation">correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotechnical%20properties" title=" geotechnical properties"> geotechnical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miocene%20marl" title=" miocene marl"> miocene marl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=north-south%20highway" title=" north-south highway"> north-south highway</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48442/geotechnical-characteristics-of-miocenemarl-in-the-region-of-medea-north-south-highway-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Detailed Depositional Resolutions in Upper Miocene Sands of HT-3X Well, Nam Con Son Basin, Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vo%20Thi%20Hai%20Quan">Vo Thi Hai Quan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nam Con Son sedimentary basin is one of the very important oil and gas basins in offshore Vietnam. Hai Thach field of block 05-2 contains mostly gas accumulations in fine-grained, sand/mud-rich turbidite system, which was deposited in a turbidite channel and fan environment. Major Upper Miocene reservoir of HT-3X lies above a well-developed unconformity. The main objectives of this study are to reconstruct depositional environment and to assess the reservoir quality using data from 14 meters of core samples and digital wireline data of the well HT-3X. The wireline log and core data showed that the vertical sequences of representative facies of the well mainly range from Tb to Te divisions of Bouma sequences with predominance of Tb and Tc compared to Td and Te divisions. Sediments in this well were deposited in a submarine fan association with very fine to fine-grained, homogeneous sandstones that have high porosity and permeability, high- density turbidity currents with longer transport route from the sediment source to the basin, indicating good quality of reservoir. Sediments are comprised mainly of the following sedimentary structures: massive, laminated sandstones, convoluted bedding, laminated ripples, cross-laminated ripples, deformed sandstones, contorted bedding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Thach%20field" title="Hai Thach field">Hai Thach field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miocene%20sand" title=" Miocene sand"> Miocene sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbidite" title=" turbidite"> turbidite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireline%20data" title=" wireline data"> wireline data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69815/detailed-depositional-resolutions-in-upper-miocene-sands-of-ht-3x-well-nam-con-son-basin-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Cenozoic Mudstones, NE Bengal Basin, Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Zakir%20Hossain">H. M. Zakir Hossain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cenozoic mudstone samples, obtained from drilled cored and outcrop in northeastern Bengal Basin of Bangladesh were organic geochemically analyzed to identify vertical variations of organic facies, thermal maturity, hydrocarbon potential and depositional environments. Total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges from 0.11 to 1.56 wt% with an average of 0.43 wt%, indicating a good source rock potential. Total sulphur content is variable with values ranging from ~0.001 to 1.75 wt% with an average of 0.065 wt%. Rock-Eval S1 and S2 yields range from 0.03 to 0.14 mg HC/g rock and 0.01 to 0.66 mg HC/g rock, respectively. The hydrogen index values range from 2.71 to 56.09 mg HC/g TOC. These results revealed that the samples are dominated by type III kerogene. Tmax values of 426 to 453 °C and vitrinite reflectance of 0.51 to 0.66% indicate the organic matter is immature to mature. Saturated hydrocarbon ratios such as pristane, phytane, steranes, and hopanes, indicate mostly terrigenous organic matter with small influence of marine organic matter. Organic matter in the succession was accumulated in three different environmental conditions based on the integration of biomarker proxies. First phase (late Eocene to early Miocene): Deposition occurred entirely in seawater-dominated oxic conditions, with high inputs of land plants organic matter including angiosperms. Second phase (middle to late Miocene): Deposition occurred in freshwater-dominated anoxic conditions, with phytoplanktonic organic matter and a small influence of land plants. Third phase (late Miocene to Pleistocene): Deposition occurred in oxygen-poor freshwater conditions, with abundant input of planktonic organic matter and high influx of angiosperms. The lower part (middle Eocene to early Miocene) of the succession with moderate TOC contents and primarily terrestrial organic matter could have generated some condensates and oils in and around the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20potential" title=" hydrocarbon potential"> hydrocarbon potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mudstone" title=" mudstone"> mudstone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14260/organic-geochemical-characteristics-of-cenozoic-mudstones-ne-bengal-basin-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Exploration of Hydrocarbon Unconventional Accumulations in the Argillaceous Formation of the Autochthonous Miocene Succession in the Carpathian Foredeep</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20G%C3%B3recki">Wojciech Górecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Sowi%C5%BCd%C5%BCa%C5%82"> Anna Sowiżdżał</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grzegorz%20Machowski"> Grzegorz Machowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Ma%C4%87kowski"> Tomasz Maćkowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartosz%20Papiernik"> Bartosz Papiernik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Micha%C5%82%20Stefaniuk"> Michał Stefaniuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article shows results of the project which aims at evaluating possibilities of effective development and exploitation of natural gas from argillaceous series of the Autochthonous Miocene in the Carpathian Foredeep. To achieve the objective, the research team develop a world-trend based but unique methodology of processing and interpretation, adjusted to data, local variations and petroleum characteristics of the area. In order to determine the zones in which maximum volumes of hydrocarbons might have been generated and preserved as shale gas reservoirs, as well as to identify the most preferable well sites where largest gas accumulations are anticipated a number of task were accomplished. Evaluation of petrophysical properties and hydrocarbon saturation of the Miocene complex is based on laboratory measurements as well as interpretation of well-logs and archival data. The studies apply mercury porosimetry (MICP), micro CT and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (using the Rock Core Analyzer). For prospective location (e.g. central part of Carpathian Foredeep – Brzesko-Wojnicz area) reprocessing and reinterpretation of detailed seismic survey data with the use of integrated geophysical investigations has been made. Construction of quantitative, structural and parametric models for selected areas of the Carpathian Foredeep is performed on the basis of integrated, detailed 3D computer models. Modeling are carried on with the Schlumberger’s Petrel software. Finally, prospective zones are spatially contoured in a form of regional 3D grid, which will be framework for generation modelling and comprehensive parametric mapping, allowing for spatial identification of the most prospective zones of unconventional gas accumulation in the Carpathian Foredeep. Preliminary results of research works indicate a potentially prospective area for occurrence of unconventional gas accumulations in the Polish part of Carpathian Foredeep. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autochthonous%20Miocene" title="autochthonous Miocene">autochthonous Miocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carpathian%20foredeep" title=" Carpathian foredeep"> Carpathian foredeep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poland" title=" Poland"> Poland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shale%20gas" title=" shale gas"> shale gas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62319/exploration-of-hydrocarbon-unconventional-accumulations-in-the-argillaceous-formation-of-the-autochthonous-miocene-succession-in-the-carpathian-foredeep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Some Remains of Fossil Artiodactyla: Evolutionary Status, Taxonomy and Biogeographical Distribution in Late Miocene of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khizar%20Samiullah%20Samiullah">Khizar Samiullah Samiullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Yasin"> Riffat Yasin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khurrum%20Feroz"> Khurrum Feroz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omer%20Draz"> Omer Draz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Memmona%20Nazish"> Memmona Nazish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New fossil remains of artiodactyl have been recovered from three Late Miocene localities, Lava, Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon and Hasnoot. These localities belong to lower and middle Siwalik Hills of Pakistan, the Chinji and Dhok Pathan Formation respectively and are remarkably rich in fossils of artiodactyl. The fauna mainly comprises various families of order Artiodactyla; Cervidae, Equidea, Proboscidea, Giraffidea, Rhinocerotidae, Tragulidea, Suidae and Primates. In Chinji Formation Lava and Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon are located in district Chakwal while in Upper Dhok Pathan Formation the best fossils exposure site is Hasnoot which is located in District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Specimens described and discussed here include right and left maxilla, isolated upper premolars and molars which have been collected during extensive fieldwork. After morphological and comparative analysis the collection is attributed to Giraffokeryx, Giraffa, Listriodon, Dorcatherium, Selenoportax and Pachyportax. In this study evolutionary status, taxonomy and biogeographical distribution as well as the relationship of different Artiodactyls have been discussed comprehensively. The Palaeoenvironmental studies reveal the persistence of mosaics of diverse habitats ranging from tropical evergreen forest to subtropical ones, closed seasonal woodlands to wooded savannas during the deposition of these outcrops. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fossil%20dentition" title=" fossil dentition"> fossil dentition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=late%20Miocene" title=" late Miocene"> late Miocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lower%20and%20middle%20Siwaliks" title=" lower and middle Siwaliks"> lower and middle Siwaliks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57354/some-remains-of-fossil-artiodactyla-evolutionary-status-taxonomy-and-biogeographical-distribution-in-late-miocene-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Streamlines: Paths of Fluid Flow through Sandstone Samples Based on Computed Microtomography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%81.%20Kaczmarek">Ł. Kaczmarek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wejrzanowski"> T. Wejrzanowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Maksimczuk"> M. Maksimczuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study presents the use of the numerical calculations based on high-resolution computed microtomography in analysis of fluid flow through Miocene sandstones. Therefore, the permeability studies of rocks were performed. Miocene samples were taken from well S-3, located in the eastern part of the Carpathian Foredeep. For aforementioned analysis, two series of X-ray irradiation were performed. The first set of samples was selected to obtain the spatial distribution of grains and pores. At this stage of the study length of voxel side amounted 27 microns. The next set of X-ray irradation enabled recognition of microstructural components as well as petrophysical features. The length of voxel side in this stage was up to 2 µm. Based on this study, the samples were broken down into two distinct groups. The first one represents conventional reservoir deposits, in opposite to second one - unconventional type. Appropriate identification of petrophysical parameters such as porosity and permeability of the formation is a key element for optimization of the reservoir development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grains" title="grains">grains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pores" title=" pores"> pores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20distribution" title=" pressure distribution"> pressure distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65715/streamlines-paths-of-fluid-flow-through-sandstone-samples-based-on-computed-microtomography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Geochemical Studies of Mud Volcanoes Fluids According to Petroleum Potential of the Lower Kura Depression (Azerbaijan)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayten%20Bakhtiyar%20Khasayeva">Ayten Bakhtiyar Khasayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lower Kura depression is a part of the South Caspian Basin (SCB), located between the folded regions of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. The region is characterized by thick sedimentary cover 22 km (SCB up to 30 km), high sedimentation rate, low geothermal gradient (average value corresponds to 2 °C / 100m). There is Quaternary, Pliocene, Miocene and Oligocene deposits take part in geological structure. Miocene and Oligocene deposits are opened by prospecting and exploratory wells in the areas of Kalamaddin and Garabagli. There are 25 mud volcanoes within the territory of the Lower Kura depression, which are the unique source of information about hydrocarbons contenting great depths. During the wells data research, solid erupted products and mud volcano fluids, and according to the geological and thermal characteristics of the region, it was determined that the main phase of the hydrocarbon generation (MK1-AK2) corresponds to a wide range of depths from 10 to 14 km, which corresponds to the Pliocene-Miocene sediments, and to the "oil and gas windows" according to the intended meaning of R0 ≈ 0,65-0,85%. Fluids of mud volcanoes comprise by the following phases - gas, water. Gas phase consists mainly of methane (99%) of heavy hydrocarbons (С2+ hydrocarbons), CO2, N2, inert components He, Ar. The content of the С2+ hydrocarbons in the gases of mud volcanoes associated with oil deposits is increased. Carbon isotopic composition of methane for the Lower Kura depression varies from -40 ‰ to -60 ‰. Water of mud volcanoes are represented by all four genetic types. However the most typical types of water are HCN type. According to the Mg-Li geothermometer formation of mud waters corresponds to the temperature range from 20 °C to 140 °C (PC2). The solid product emissions of mud volcanoes identified 90 minerals and 30 trace elements. As a result geochemical investigation, thermobaric and geological conditions, zone oil and gas generation - the prospect of the Lower Kura depression is projected to depths greater than 10 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title="geology">geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mud%20volcanoes" title=" mud volcanoes"> mud volcanoes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20potential" title=" petroleum potential"> petroleum potential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36243/geochemical-studies-of-mud-volcanoes-fluids-according-to-petroleum-potential-of-the-lower-kura-depression-azerbaijan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Artiodactyl Fossil Remains from Middle Miocene Locality of Lava, District Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khizar%20Samiullah">Khizar Samiullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khurram%20Faroz"> Khurram Faroz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Yasin"> Riffat Yasin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehwish%20Iftekhar"> Mehwish Iftekhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saleem%20Akhtar"> Saleem Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fossil site Lava is highly fossiliferous locality in the Chinji Formation, Lower Siwalik Hills of Pakistan. The studied mammalian fossil fauna from this locality consists of Suids, Giraffids and Bovids. The presence of these groups indicates that this Miocene locality has age of approximately 14-11 Ma. Sedimentologically this site is characterized by sandstone and reddish shale which also represents Chinji Formation of the Siwaliks, it consists of shales, siltstones, sandstones and there sediments show large variations in their degree of cementation. Few scientists worked at this locality, as it was first time discovered in 2011. The outcrops of lava locality were selected to explore in detail and comparison with European mammalian assemblages. The main focus was on artiodactyl’s mammalian fauna and four different species have been recovered during field work, in which Giraffokeryx punjabiensis is dominant. Different aspect like biogeographic distribution, evolution and taxonomy of discovered fossils fauna has been discussed in detail in this research work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fossil%20remains" title="fossil remains">fossil remains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lava" title=" lava"> lava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinji%20Formation" title=" Chinji Formation"> Chinji Formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57353/artiodactyl-fossil-remains-from-middle-miocene-locality-of-lava-district-chakwal-punjab-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Architectural and Sedimentological Parameterization for Reservoir Quality of Miocene Onshore Sandstone, Borneo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Numair%20A.%20Siddiqui">Numair A. Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Muhammad"> Usman Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20J.%20Mathew"> Manoj J. Mathew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramkumar%20M."> Ramkumar M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamin%20Sautter"> Benjamin Sautter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20A.%20K.%20El-Ghali"> Muhammad A. K. El-Ghali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Menier"> David Menier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiqi%20Zhang"> Shiqi Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The sedimentological parameterization of shallow-marine siliciclastic reservoirs in terms of reservoir quality and heterogeneity from outcrop study can help improve the subsurface reservoir prediction. An architectural analysis has documented variations in sandstone geometry and rock properties within shallow-marine sandstone exposed in the Miocene Sandakan Formation of Sabah, Borneo. This study demonstrates reservoir sandstone quality assessment for subsurface rock evaluation, from well-exposed successions of the Sandakan Formation, Borneo, with which applicable analogues can be identified. The analyses were based on traditional conventional field investigation of outcrops, grain-size and petrographic studies of hand specimens of different sandstone facies and gamma-ray and permeability measurements. On the bases of these evaluations, the studied sandstone was grouped into three qualitative reservoir rock classes; high (Ø=18.10 – 43.60%; k=1265.20 – 5986.25 mD), moderate (Ø=17.60 – 37%; k=21.36 – 568 mD) and low quality (Ø=3.4 – 15.7%; k=3.21 – 201.30 mD) for visualization and prediction of subsurface reservoir quality. These results provided analogy for shallow marine sandstone reservoir complexity that can be utilized in the evaluation of reservoir quality of regional and subsurface analogues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture%20and%20sedimentology" title="architecture and sedimentology">architecture and sedimentology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsurface%20rock%20evaluation" title=" subsurface rock evaluation"> subsurface rock evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20quality" title=" reservoir quality"> reservoir quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borneo" title=" borneo "> borneo </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117322/architectural-and-sedimentological-parameterization-for-reservoir-quality-of-miocene-onshore-sandstone-borneo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> The Development of the Geological Structure of the Bengkulu Fore Arc Basin, Western Edge of Sundaland, Sumatra, and Its Relationship to Hydrocarbon Trapping Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauti%20Dwita%20Santy">Lauti Dwita Santy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermes%20Panggabean"> Hermes Panggabean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahrir%20Andi%20Mangga"> Syahrir Andi Mangga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Bengkulu Basin is part of the Sunda Arc system, which is a classic convergent type margin that occur around the southern rim of the Eurasian continental (Sundaland) plate. The basin is located between deep sea trench (Mentawai Outer Arc high) and the volvanic/ magmatic Arc of the Barisan Mountains Range. To the northwest it is bounded by Padang High, to the northest by Barisan Mountains (Sumatra Fault Zone) to the southwest by Mentawai Fault Zone and to the southeast by Semangko High/ Sunda Strait. The stratigraphic succession and tectonic development can be broadly divided into four stage/ periods, i.e Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous, Late Eocene-Early Oligocene, Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, Middle Miocene-Late Miocene and Pliocene-Plistocene, which are mainly controlled by the development of subduction activities. The Pre Tertiary Basement consist of sedimentary and shallow water limestone, calcareous mudstone, cherts and tholeiitic volcanic rocks, with Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age. The sedimentation in this basin is depend on the relief of the Pre Tertiary Basement (Woyla Terrane) and occured into two stages, i.e. transgressive stage during the Latest Oligocene-Early Middle Miocene Seblat Formation, and the regressive stage during the Latest Middle Miocene-Pleistocene (Lemau, Simpangaur and Bintunan Formations). The Pre-Tertiary Faults were more intensive than the overlying cover, The Tertiary Rocks. There are two main fault trends can be distinguished, Northwest–Southwest Faults and Northeast-Southwest Faults. The NW-SE fault (Ketaun) are commonly laterally persistent, are interpreted to the part of Sumatran Fault Systems. They commonly form the boundaries to the Pre Tertiary basement highs and therefore are one of the faults elements controlling the geometry and development of the Tertiary sedimentary basins.The Northeast-Southwest faults was formed a conjugate set to the Northwest–Southeast Faults. In the earliest Tertiary and reactivated during the Plio-Pleistocene in a compressive mode with subsequent dextral displacement. The Block Faulting accross these two sets of faults related to approximate North–South compression in Paleogene time and produced a series of elongate basins separated by basement highs in the backarc and forearc region. The Bengkulu basin is interpreted having evolved from pull apart feature in the area southwest of the main Sumatra Fault System related to NW-SE trending in dextral shear.Based on Pyrolysis Yield (PY) vs Total Organic Carbon (TOC) diagram show that Seblat and Lemau Formation belongs to oil and Gas Prone with the quality of the source rocks includes into excellent and good (Lemau Formation), Fair and Poor (Seblat Formation). The fine-grained carbonaceous sediment of the Seblat dan Lemau Formations as source rocks, the coarse grained and carbonate sediments of the Seblat and Lemau Formations as reservoir rocks, claystone bed in Seblat and Lemau Formation as caprock. The source rocks maturation are late immature to early mature, with kerogen type II and III (Seblat Formation), and late immature to post mature with kerogen type I and III (Lemau Formation). The burial history show to 2500 m in depthh with paleo temperature reached 80oC. Trapping mechanism occur during Oligo–Miocene and Middle Miocene, mainly in block faulting system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fore%20arc" title="fore arc">fore arc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bengkulu" title=" bengkulu"> bengkulu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sumatra" title=" sumatra"> sumatra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sundaland" title=" sundaland"> sundaland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon" title=" hydrocarbon"> hydrocarbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trapping%20mechanism" title=" trapping mechanism"> trapping mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25463/the-development-of-the-geological-structure-of-the-bengkulu-fore-arc-basin-western-edge-of-sundaland-sumatra-and-its-relationship-to-hydrocarbon-trapping-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">558</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Neotectonic Features of the Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone between Kozluca and Burdur, SW Anatolia, Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berkant%20Co%C5%9Fkuner">Berkant Coşkuner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmi%20Aksoy"> Rahmi Aksoy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to present some preliminary stratigraphic and structural evidence for the Fethiye-Burdur fault zone between Kozluca and Burdur. The Fethiye-Burdur fault zone, the easternmost extension of the west Anatolian extensional province, extends from the Gulf of Fethiye northeastward through Burdur, a distance of about 300 km. The research area is located in the Burdur segment of the fault zone. Here, the fault zone includes several parallel to subparallel fault branching and en-echelon faults that lie within a linear belt, as much as 20 km in width. The direction of movement in the fault zone has been oblique-slip in the left lateral sense. The basement of the study area consists of the Triassic-Eocene Lycian Nappes, the Eocene-Oligocene molasse sediments and the lower Miocene marine rocks. The Burdur basin contains two basin infills. The ancient and deformed basin fill is composed of lacustrine sediments of the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene age. The younger and undeformed basin fill comprises Plio-Quaternary alluvial fan and recent basin-floor deposits and unconformably overlies the ancient basin infill. The Burdur basin is bounded by the NE-SW trending, left lateral oblique-slip normal faults, the Karakent fault on the northwest and the Burdur fault on the southeast. These faults played a key role in the development of the Burdur basin as a pull-apart basin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burdur%20basin" title="Burdur basin">Burdur basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fethiye-Burdur%20fault%20zone" title=" Fethiye-Burdur fault zone"> Fethiye-Burdur fault zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=left%20lateral%20oblique-slip%20fault" title=" left lateral oblique-slip fault"> left lateral oblique-slip fault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Western%20Anatolia" title=" Western Anatolia"> Western Anatolia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44673/neotectonic-features-of-the-fethiye-burdur-fault-zone-between-kozluca-and-burdur-sw-anatolia-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Preliminary Study of the Hydrothermal Polymetallic Ore Deposit at the Karancs Mountain, North-East Hungary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eszter%20Kulcsar">Eszter Kulcsar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnes%20Takacs"> Agnes Takacs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriella%20B.%20Kiss"> Gabriella B. Kiss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Prakfalvi"> Peter Prakfalvi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Karancs Mountain is part of the Miocene Inner Carpathian Volcanic Belt and is located in N-NE Hungary, along the Hungarian-Slovakian border. The 14 Ma old andesitic-dacitic units are surrounded by Oligocene sedimentary units (sandstone, siltstone). The host rocks of the mineralisation are siliceous and/or argillaceous volcanic units, quartz veins, hydrothermal breccia, and strongly silicified vuggy rocks, found in the various altered volcanic units. The hydrothermal breccia consists of highly silicified vuggy quartz clasts in quartz matrix. The hydrothermal alteration of the host units shows structural control at the deeper levels. The main ore minerals are galena, pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, hematite, magnetite, arsenopyrite, anglesite and argentite The mineralisation was first mentioned in 1944 and the first exploration took place between 1961 and 1962 in the area. The first ore geological studies were performed between 1984-1985. The exploration programme was limited only to surface sampling; no drilling programme was performed. Petrographical and preliminary fluid inclusion studies were performed on calcite samples from a galena-bearing vein. Despite the early discovery of the mineralisation, no detailed description is available, thus its size, characteristics, and origin have remained unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the mineralisation, describe the characteristics in detail and to test the possible gold content of the various quartz veins and breccias. Finally, we also investigate the potential relation of the hydrothermal mineralisation to the surrounding similar mineralisations with similar ages (e.g. W-Mátra Mountains in Hungary, Banska Bystrica, Banska Stiavnica in Slovakia) in order to place the mineralisation within the volcanic-hydrothermal evolution of the Miocene Inner Carpathian Belt. As first steps, the study includes field mapping, traditional petrological and ore microscopy; X-ray diffraction analysis; SEM-EDS and EMPA studies on ore minerals, to obtain mineral chemical information. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry and micro-Raman-spectroscopy studies are also planned on quartz-hosted inclusions to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the ore-forming fluid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epithermal" title="epithermal">epithermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karancs%20Mountain" title=" Karancs Mountain"> Karancs Mountain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hungary" title=" Hungary"> Hungary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miocene%20Inner%20Carpathian%20volcanic%20belt" title=" Miocene Inner Carpathian volcanic belt"> Miocene Inner Carpathian volcanic belt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polimetallic%20ore%20deposit" title=" polimetallic ore deposit"> polimetallic ore deposit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99791/preliminary-study-of-the-hydrothermal-polymetallic-ore-deposit-at-the-karancs-mountain-north-east-hungary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Description of Anthracotheriidae Remains from the Middle and Upper Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20M.%20Khan">Abdul M. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Iqbal"> Ayesha Iqbal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, new dental remains of Merycopotamus (Anthracotheriidae) are described. The specimens were collected during field work by the authors from the well dated fossiliferous locality 'Hasnot' belonging to the Dhok Pathan Formation, and from 'Tatrot' village belonging to Tatrot Formation of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The stratigraphic age of the Neogene deposits around Hasnot is 7 - 5 Ma; whereas the age of the Tatrot Formation is from 3.4 - 2.6 Ma. The newly discovered material when compared with the previous records of the genus Merycopotamus from the Siwaliks led us to identify all the three reported species of this genus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. As the sample comprises only the dental remains so the identification of the specimens is solely based upon the morpho-metric analysis. The occlusal pattern of the upper molar in Merycopotamus dissimilis is different from Merycopotamus medioximus and Merycopotamus nanus in having a mesostyle fully divided, forming two prominent cusps, while mesostyle in M. medioximus is partly divided and small lateral crests are present on the mesostyle. A continuous loop like mesostyle is present in Merycopotamus nanus. The entoconid fold is present in Merycopotamus dissimilis on the lower molars whereas it is absent in Merycopotamus medioximus and Merycopotamus nanus. The hypoconulid in M. dissimilis is relatively simple but a loop like hypoconulid is present in M. medioximus and M. nanus. The results of the present findings are in line with the previous records of the genus Merycopotamus, with M. nanus, M. medioximus and M. dissimilis in the Late Miocene – Early Pliocene Dhok Pathan Formation, and M. dissimilis in the Late Pliocene Tatrot sediments of Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhok%20Pathan" title="Dhok Pathan">Dhok Pathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=late%20miocene" title=" late miocene"> late miocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merycopotamus" title=" merycopotamus"> merycopotamus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pliocene" title=" pliocene"> pliocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatrot" title=" Tatrot"> Tatrot</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57575/description-of-anthracotheriidae-remains-from-the-middle-and-upper-siwaliks-of-punjab-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> 3D Geomechanical Model the Best Solution of the 21st Century for Perforation's Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Guiliana">Luis Guiliana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Osorio"> Andrea Osorio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lack of comprehension of the reservoir geomechanics conditions may cause operational problems that cost to the industry billions of dollars per year. The drilling operations at the Ceuta Field, Area 2 South, Maracaibo Lake, have been very expensive due to problems associated with drilling. The principal objective of this investigation is to develop a 3D geomechanical model in this area, in order to optimize the future drillings in the field. For this purpose, a 1D geomechanical model was built at first instance, following the workflow of the MEM (Mechanical Earth Model), this consists of the following steps: 1) Data auditing, 2) Analysis of drilling events and structural model, 3) Mechanical stratigraphy, 4) Overburden stress, 5) Pore pressure, 6) Rock mechanical properties, 7) Horizontal stresses, 8) Direction of the horizontal stresses, 9) Wellbore stability. The 3D MEM was developed through the geostatistic model of the Eocene C-SUP VLG-3676 reservoir and the 1D MEM. With this data the geomechanical grid was embedded. The analysis of the results threw, that the problems occurred in the wells that were examined were mainly due to wellbore stability issues. It was determined that the stress field change as the stratigraphic column deepens, it is normal to strike-slip at the Middle Miocene and Lower Miocene, and strike-slipe to reverse at the Eocene. In agreement to this, at the level of the Eocene, the most advantageous direction to drill is parallel to the maximum horizontal stress (157º). The 3D MEM allowed having a tridimensional visualization of the rock mechanical properties, stresses and operational windows (mud weight and pressures) variations. This will facilitate the optimization of the future drillings in the area, including those zones without any geomechanics information. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geomechanics" title="geomechanics">geomechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MEM" title=" MEM"> MEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling" title=" drilling"> drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47432/3d-geomechanical-model-the-best-solution-of-the-21st-century-for-perforations-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Seismic Reflection Highlights of New Miocene Deep Aquifers in Eastern Tunisia Basin (North Africa)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mourad%20B%C3%A9dir">Mourad Bédir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sami%20Khomsi"> Sami Khomsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakim%20Gabtni"> Hakim Gabtni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajer%20Azaiez"> Hajer Azaiez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramzi%20Gharsalli"> Ramzi Gharsalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riadh%20Chebbi"> Riadh Chebbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Eastern Tunisia is a semi-arid area; located in the northern Africa plate; southern Mediterranean side. It is facing water scarcity, overexploitation, and decreasing of water quality of phreatic water table. Water supply and storage will not respond to the demographic and economic growth and demand. In addition, only 5 109 m3 of rainwater from 35 109 m3 per year renewable rain water supply can be retained and remobilized. To remediate this water deficiency, researches had been focused to near new subsurface deep aquifers resources. Among them, Upper Miocene sandstone deposits of Béglia, Saouaf, and Somaa Formations. These sandstones are known for their proven Hydrogeologic and hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics in the Tunisian margin. They represent semi-confined to confined aquifers. This work is based on new integrated approaches of seismic stratigraphy, seismic tectonics, and hydrogeology, to highlight and characterize these reservoirs levels for aquifer exploitation in semi-arid area. As a result, five to six third order sequence deposits had been highlighted. They are composed of multi-layered extended sandstones reservoirs; separated by shales packages. These reservoir deposits represent lowstand and highstand system tracts of these sequences, which represent lowstand and highstand system tracts of these sequences. They constitute important strategic water resources volumes for the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hydrogeology" title=" Hydrogeology"> Hydrogeology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandstones" title=" sandstones"> sandstones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basin" title=" basin"> basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic" title=" seismic"> seismic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifers" title=" aquifers"> aquifers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142805/seismic-reflection-highlights-of-new-miocene-deep-aquifers-in-eastern-tunisia-basin-north-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142805.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Evaluation of Oligocene-Miocene Clay from the Northern Part of Palmyra Region (Syria) for Industrial Ceramic Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Salam%20Turkmani">Abdul Salam Turkmani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Clay of the northern Palmyra region is one of the most important raw materials used in the Syrian ceramics industry. This study is focused on the evaluation of various laboratory analyses such as chemical analysis (XRF), mineral X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and semi-industrial tests carried out on samples collected on two representative locations of the upper Oligocene in AlMkamen valley (MK) and lower Miocene in AlZukara valley (ZR) of the northern part of Palmyra, Syria. Chemical results classify the (MK) and (ZR) clays as semi-plastic red clay slightly carbonate and (eliminate probable) illite-chlorite clays with a very fine particle size distribution. Content of SiO₂ between 46.28-57.66%, Al2O3 13.81-25.2%, Fe₂O₃ 3.47-11.58%, CaO 1.15-7.19%, Na₂O+K₂O varied between 3.34-3.71%. Based on clay chemical composition and iron and carbonate content, these deposits can be considered as red firing clays. Their mineralogical composition is mainly represented by illite, kaolinite and quartz, and accessories minerals such as calcite, feldspar, phillipsite, and goethite. The results of the DTA test confirm the presence of gypsum and quartz phases in (MK) clay. Ceramic testing shows good green and dry bending strength values, which varied between 9-14 kg/cm², at 1160°C to 1180°C. Water absorption moves from 14.6 % at 1120°C to 2.2% at 1180°C to 1.6% at 1200°C. Breaking load after firing changes from 400 to 590 kg/cm². At 1200°C (MK), clay reaches perfect vitrification. After firing, the color of the clay changes from orange-hazel to red-brown at 1180°C. Technological results confirmed the suitability of the studied clays to produce floor and wall ceramic tiles. Using one of the two types of clay into the ceramic body or both types together gave satisfactory industrial results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic" title="ceramic">ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title=" clay"> clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry "> industry </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Palmyra" title=" Palmyra"> Palmyra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139276/evaluation-of-oligocene-miocene-clay-from-the-northern-part-of-palmyra-region-syria-for-industrial-ceramic-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Insights into Kinematics and Basin Development through Palinspastic Reconstructions in Pull-Apart Basin Sunda Strait: Implication for the Opportunity of Hydrocarbon Exploration in Fore-Arc Basin, Western Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfathony%20Krisnabudhi">Alfathony Krisnabudhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahli%20Reza%20Ananda"> Syahli Reza Ananda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Edo%20Marshal"> M. Edo Marshal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Maaruf%20Mukti"> M. Maaruf Mukti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the kinematics and basin development of pull-apart basin Sunda Strait based on palinspastic reconstructions of new acquired seismic reflection data to unravel hydrocarbon exploration opportunity in frontier area, fore-arc basin western Indonesia. We use more than 780 km seismic reflection data that cover whole basin. Structural patterns in Sunda Strait are dominated by northwest-southeast trending planar and listric-normal faults which appear to be graben and half-graben system. The main depocentre of this basin is East Semangko graben and West Semangko graben that are formed by overstepping of Sumatra Fault Zone and Ujungkulon Fault Zone. In father east, another depocentre is recognized as the Krakatau graben. The kinematic evolution started in Middle Miocene, characterized by the initiation of basement faulting with 0% to 7.00% extension. Deposition stratigraphic unit 1 and unit 2 started at 7.00% to 10.00% extension in Late Miocene and recognized as pre-transtensional deposit. The Plio-Pleistocene unit 3 and 4 were deposited as syn-transtensional deposit with 10.00% to 17.00% extension contemporaneously with the initiation of uplift NW-SE trending ridges due to the evolution of cross-basin fault in central basin and the development of en-echelon basin margin in a transtensional system. The control of sedimentation rate and basin subsidence cause the Neogene sediment to be very thick. We suggest that both controls allow thermal and pressure to generate hydrocarbon habitats in the pre-transtensional deposits. It is reinforced by stable kinematic evolution and interpretation of the deposition environment of pre-transtensional deposits that are deposited in the marine environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematics" title="kinematics">kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palinspastic" title=" palinspastic"> palinspastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunda%20Strait" title=" Sunda Strait"> Sunda Strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20exploration" title=" hydrocarbon exploration"> hydrocarbon exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fore-arc%20basin" title=" fore-arc basin"> fore-arc basin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93385/insights-into-kinematics-and-basin-development-through-palinspastic-reconstructions-in-pull-apart-basin-sunda-strait-implication-for-the-opportunity-of-hydrocarbon-exploration-in-fore-arc-basin-western-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> A Study on Genus Carolia Cantraine, 1838: A Case Study in Egypt with Special Emphasis on Paleobiogeographic, and Biometric Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soheir%20El-Shazly">Soheir El-Shazly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gouda%20Abdel-Gawad"> Gouda Abdel-Gawad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasser%20Salama"> Yasser Salama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Sayed"> Dina Sayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Twelve species belonging to genus Carolia Cantraine, 1838 were recorded from nine localities in the Tertiary rocks of the Tethys, Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Provinces. During The Eocene two species were collected from Indian-Pakistani region, two from North Africa (Libya, Tunis and Algeria), one from Jamaica and two from Peru. The Oligocene shows its appearance in North America (Florida) and Argentina. The genus showed its last occurrence in the Miocene rocks of North America (Florida) before its extinction. In Egypt, the genus was diversified in the Eocene rocks and was represented by four species and two subspecies. The paleobiogeographic distribution of Genus Carolia Cantraine, 1838 indicates that it appeared in the Lower Eocene of West Indian Ocean and migrated westward flowing circumtropical Tethys Current to the central Tethyan province, where it appeared in North Africa and continued its dispersal westward to the Atlantic Ocean and arrived Jamaica in the Middle Eocene. It persisted in the Caribbean Sea and appeared later in the Oligocene and Miocene rocks of North America (Florida). Crossing Panama corridor, the genus migrated to the south Eastern Pacific Ocean and was collected from the Middle Eocene of Peru. The appearance of the genus in the Oligocene of the South Atlantic Coast of Argentina may be via South America Seaway or its southward migration from Central America to Austral Basin. The thickening of the upper valve of the genus, after the loss of its byssus to withstand the current action, caused inability of the animal to carry on its vital activity and caused its extinction. The biometric study of Carolia placunoides Cantraine, 1938 from thhe Eocene of Egypt, indicates that the distance between the muscle scars in the upper valve increases with the closure of the byssal notch. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atlantic" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carolia" title=" carolia"> carolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleobiogeography" title=" paleobiogeography"> paleobiogeography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tethys" title=" tethys"> tethys</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41732/a-study-on-genus-carolia-cantraine-1838-a-case-study-in-egypt-with-special-emphasis-on-paleobiogeographic-and-biometric-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41732.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Influence of Strike-Slip Faulting in the Tectonic Evolution of North-Eastern Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aymen%20Arfaoui">Aymen Arfaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Soumaya"> Abdelkader Soumaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Kadri"> Ali Kadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noureddine%20Ben%20Ayed"> Noureddine Ben Ayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major contractional events characterized by strike-slip faulting, folding, and thrusting occurred in the Eocene, Late Miocene, and Quaternary along with the NE Tunisian domain between Bou Kornine-Ressas- Msella and Cap Bon Peninsula. During the Plio-Quaternary, the Grombalia and Mornag grabens show a maximum of collapse in parallelism with the NNW-SSE SHmax direction and developed as 3rd order extensive regions within a regional compressional regime. Using available tectonic and geophysical data supplemented by new fault-kinematic observations, we show that Cenozoic deformations are dominated by first order N-S faults reactivation, this sinistral wrench system is responsible for the formation of strike-slip duplexes, thrusts, folds, and grabens. Based on our new structural interpretation, the major faults of N-S Axis, Bou Kornine-Ressas-Messella (MRB), and Hammamet-Korbous (HK) form an N-S first order restraining stepover within a left-lateral strike-slip duplex. The N-S master MRB fault is dominated by contractional imbricate fans, while the parallel HK fault is characterized by a trailing of extensional imbricate fans. The Eocene and Miocene compression phases in the study area caused sinistral strike-slip reactivation of pre-existing N-S faults, reverse reactivation of NE-SW trending faults, and normal-oblique reactivation of NW-SE faults, creating a NE-SW to N-S trending system of east-verging folds and overlaps. Seismic tomography images reveal a key role for the lithospheric subvertical tear or STEP fault (Slab Transfer Edge Propagator) evidenced below this region on the development of the MRB and the HK relay zone. The presence of extensive syntectonic Pliocene sequences above this crustal scale fault may be the result of a recent lithospheric vertical motion of this STEP fault due to the rollback and lateral migration of the Calabrian slab eastward. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strike-slip%20fault" title=" strike-slip fault"> strike-slip fault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractional%20duplex" title=" contractional duplex"> contractional duplex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20stress" title=" tectonic stress"> tectonic stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restraining%20stepover" title=" restraining stepover"> restraining stepover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEP%20fault" title=" STEP fault"> STEP fault</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130847/influence-of-strike-slip-faulting-in-the-tectonic-evolution-of-north-eastern-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Assessing Water Quality Using GIS: The Case of Northern Lebanon Miocene Aquifer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Saba">M. Saba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Iaaly"> A. Iaaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Carlier"> E. Carlier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Georges"> N. Georges</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research focuses on assessing the ground water quality of Northern Lebanon affected by saline water intrusion. The chemical, physical and microbiological parameters were collected in various seasons spanning over the period of two years. Results were assessed using Geographic Information System (GIS) due to its visual capabilities in presenting the pollution extent in the studied region. Future projections of the excessive pumping were also simulated using GIS in order to assess the extent of the problem of saline intrusion in the near future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saline%20water" title=" saline water"> saline water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinkable%20water%20quality%20standards" title=" drinkable water quality standards"> drinkable water quality standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pumping" title=" pumping"> pumping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40408/assessing-water-quality-using-gis-the-case-of-northern-lebanon-miocene-aquifer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> An Overview of the Porosity Classification in Carbonate Reservoirs and Their Challenges: An Example of Macro-Microporosity Classification from Offshore Miocene Carbonate in Central Luconia, Malaysia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammad%20T.%20Janjuhah">Hammad T. Janjuhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josep%20Sanjuan"> Josep Sanjuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20K.%20Salah"> Mohamed K. Salah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biological and chemical activities in carbonates are responsible for the complexity of the pore system. Primary porosity is generally of natural origin while secondary porosity is subject to chemical reactivity through diagenetic processes. To understand the integrated part of hydrocarbon exploration, it is necessary to understand the carbonate pore system. However, the current porosity classification scheme is limited to adequately predict the petrophysical properties of different reservoirs having various origins and depositional environments. Rock classification provides a descriptive method for explaining the lithofacies but makes no significant contribution to the application of porosity and permeability (poro-perm) correlation. The Central Luconia carbonate system (Malaysia) represents a good example of pore complexity (in terms of nature and origin) mainly related to diagenetic processes which have altered the original reservoir. For quantitative analysis, 32 high-resolution images of each thin section were taken using transmitted light microscopy. The quantification of grains, matrix, cement, and macroporosity (pore types) was achieved using a petrographic analysis of thin sections and FESEM images. The point counting technique was used to estimate the amount of macroporosity from thin section, which was then subtracted from the total porosity to derive the microporosity. The quantitative observation of thin sections revealed that the mouldic porosity (macroporosity) is the dominant porosity type present, whereas the microporosity seems to correspond to a sum of 40 to 50% of the total porosity. It has been proven that these Miocene carbonates contain a significant amount of microporosity, which significantly complicates the estimation and production of hydrocarbons. Neglecting its impact can increase uncertainty about estimating hydrocarbon reserves. Due to the diversity of geological parameters, the application of existing porosity classifications does not allow a better understanding of the poro-perm relationship. However, the classification can be improved by including the pore types and pore structures where they can be divided into macro- and microporosity. Such studies of microporosity identification/classification represent now a major concern in limestone reservoirs around the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overview%20of%20porosity%20classification" title="overview of porosity classification">overview of porosity classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20characterization" title=" reservoir characterization"> reservoir characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microporosity" title=" microporosity"> microporosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonate%20reservoir" title=" carbonate reservoir"> carbonate reservoir</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102710/an-overview-of-the-porosity-classification-in-carbonate-reservoirs-and-their-challenges-an-example-of-macro-microporosity-classification-from-offshore-miocene-carbonate-in-central-luconia-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102710.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Clay Mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation in Shewasoor Area: Northeastern Kirkuk City, Iraq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20R.%20Ali">Abbas R. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diana%20A.%20Bayiz"> Diana A. Bayiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 14 mudstone samples were collected within the sedimentary succession of Mukdadiya Formation (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene) from Shewasoor area at Northeastern Iraq. The samples were subjected to laboratory studies including mineralogical analysis (using X-ray Diffraction technique) in order to identify the clay mineralogy of Mukdadiya Formation of both clay and non-clay minerals. The results of non-clay minerals are: quartz, feldspar and carbonate (calcite and dolomite) minerals. The clay minerals are: montmorillonite, kaolinite, palygorskite, chlorite, and illite by the major basal reflections of each mineral. The origins of these minerals are deduced also. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukdadiya%20Formation" title="Mukdadiya Formation">Mukdadiya Formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mudstone" title=" mudstone"> mudstone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20minerals" title=" clay minerals"> clay minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shewasoor" title=" Shewasoor"> Shewasoor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45853/clay-mineralogy-of-mukdadiya-formation-in-shewasoor-area-northeastern-kirkuk-city-iraq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Mineralogical Study of the Triassic Clay of Maaziz and the Miocene Marl of Akrach in Morocco: Analysis and Evaluating of the Two Geomaterials for the Construction of Ceramic Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahar%20El%20Kasmi">Sahar El Kasmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayoub%20Aziz"> Ayoub Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saadia%20Lharti"> Saadia Lharti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20El%20Janati"> Mohammed El Janati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boubker%20Boukili"> Boubker Boukili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nacer%20El%20Motawakil"> Nacer El Motawakil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayom%20Chol%20Luka%20Awan"> Mayom Chol Luka Awan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Two types of geomaterials (Red Triassic clay from the Maaziz region and Yellow Pliocene clay from the Akrach region) were used to create different mixtures for the fabrication of ceramic bricks. This study investigated the influence of the Pliocene clay on the overall composition and mechanical properties of the Triassic clay. The red Triassic clay, sourced from Maaziz, underwent various mechanical processes and treatments to facilitate its transformation into ceramic bricks for construction. The triassic clay was subjected to a drying chamber and a heating chamber at 100°C to remove moisture. Subsequently, the dried clay samples were processed using a Planetary Babs ll Mill to reduce particle size and improve homogeneity. The resulting clay material was sieved, and the fine particles below 100 mm were collected for further analysis. In parallel, the Miocene marl obtained from the Akrach region was fragmented into finer particles and subjected to similar drying, grinding, and sieving procedures as the triassic clay. The two clay samples are then amalgamated and homogenized in different proportions. Precise measurements were taken using a weighing balance, and mixtures of 90%, 80%, and 70% Triassic clay with 10%, 20%, and 30% yellow clay were prepared, respectively. To evaluate the impact of Pliocene marl on the composition, the prepared clay mixtures were spread evenly and treated with a water modifier to enhance plasticity. The clay was then molded using a brick-making machine, and the initial manipulation process was observed. Additional batches were prepared with incremental amounts of Pliocene marl to further investigate its effect on the fracture behavior of the clay, specifically their resistance. The molded clay bricks were subjected to compression tests to measure their strength and resistance to deformation. Additional tests, such as water absorption tests, were also conducted to assess the overall performance of the ceramic bricks fabricated from the different clay mixtures. The results were analyzed to determine the influence of the Pliocene marl on the strength and durability of the Triassic clay bricks. The results indicated that the incorporation of Pliocene clay reduced the fracture of the triassic clay, with a noticeable reduction observed at 10% addition. No fractures were observed when 20% and 30% of yellow clay are added. These findings suggested that yellow clay can enhance the mechanical properties and structural integrity of red clay-based products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triassic%20clay" title="triassic clay">triassic clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pliocene%20clay" title=" pliocene clay"> pliocene clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogical%20composition" title=" mineralogical composition"> mineralogical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geo-materials" title=" geo-materials"> geo-materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramics" title=" ceramics"> ceramics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=akach%20region" title=" akach region"> akach region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maaziz%20region" title=" maaziz region"> maaziz region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morocco." title=" morocco."> morocco.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171399/mineralogical-study-of-the-triassic-clay-of-maaziz-and-the-miocene-marl-of-akrach-in-morocco-analysis-and-evaluating-of-the-two-geomaterials-for-the-construction-of-ceramic-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Biostratigraphy of Neogene and Quaternary Deposits of the West Turkmen Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arzu%20Javadova">Arzu Javadova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The complex of sedimentary deposits that make up the West Turkmen Basin is almost completely hidden under the Quaternary formations. The most ancient deposits emerging on the surface in some places are the deposits of the Red Color Suite of the Pliocene. Miocene deposits are exposed only at the Western end of the Kopet Dag. The main object of stratigraphic, including micropaleontological studies, were the deposits of the Quaternary and Pliocene forming marine and coastal structures. The identified stratigraphic units have certain characteristic Ostracod complexes. The fauna of the Ostracod acquires special significance in the stratification of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. Ostracods of the Neogene, Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of the West Turkmen depression are represented by a large part of the species common in the corresponding deposits of Azerbaijan and Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neogene" title="neogene">neogene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary" title=" quaternary"> quaternary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turkmenistan" title=" turkmenistan"> turkmenistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20caspian%20basin" title=" south caspian basin"> south caspian basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ostracoda" title=" ostracoda"> ostracoda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foraminifera" title=" foraminifera"> foraminifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biostratigraphy" title=" biostratigraphy"> biostratigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleontology" title=" paleontology"> paleontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171898/biostratigraphy-of-neogene-and-quaternary-deposits-of-the-west-turkmen-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171898.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Pisolite Type Azurite/Malachite Ore in Sandstones at the Base of the Miocene in Northern Sardinia: The Authigenic Hypothesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Fadda">S. Fadda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fiori"> M. Fiori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Matzuzzi"> C. Matzuzzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mineralized formations in the bottom sediments of a Miocene transgression have been discovered in Sardinia. The mineral assemblage consists of copper sulphides and oxidates suggesting fluctuations of redox conditions in neutral to high-pH restricted shallow-water coastal basins. Azurite/malachite has been observed as authigenic and occurs as loose spheroidal crystalline particles associated with the transitional-littoral horizon forming the bottom of the marine transgression. Many field observations are consistent with a supergenic circulation of metals involving terrestrial groundwater-seawater mixing. Both clastic materials and metals come from Tertiary volcanic edifices while the main precipitating anions, carbonates, and sulphides species are of both continental and marine origin. Formation of Cu carbonates as a supergene secondary 'oxide' assemblage, does not agree with field evidences, petrographic observations along with textural evidences in the host-rock types. Samples were collected along the sedimentary sequence for different analyses: the majority of elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence and plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Mineral identification was obtained by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microprobe. Thin sections of the samples were examined in microscopy while porosity measurements were made using a mercury intrusion porosimeter. Cu-carbonates deposited at a temperature below 100 C° which is consistent with the clay minerals in the matrix of the host rock dominated by illite and montmorillonite. Azurite nodules grew during the early diagenetic stage through reaction of cupriferous solutions with CO₂ imported from the overlying groundwater and circulating through the sandstones during shallow burial. Decomposition of organic matter in the bottom anoxic waters released additional carbon dioxide to pore fluids for azurite stability. In this manner localized reducing environments were also generated in which Cu was fixed as Cu-sulphide and sulphosalts. Microscopic examinations of textural features of azurite nodules give evidence of primary malachite/azurite deposition rather than supergene oxidation in place of primary sulfides. Photomicrographs show nuclei of azurite and malachite surrounded by newly formed microcrystalline carbonates which constitute the matrix. The typical pleochroism of crystals can be observed also when this mineral fills microscopic fissures or cracks. Sedimentological evidence of transgression and regression indicates that the pore water would have been a variable mixture of marine water and groundwaters with a possible meteoric component in an alternatively exposed and subaqueous environment owing to water-level fluctuation. Salinity data of the pore fluids, assessed at random intervals along the mineralised strata confirmed the values between about 7000 and 30,000 ppm measured in coeval sediments at the base of Miocene falling in the range of a more or less diluted sea water. This suggests a variation in mean pore-fluids pH between 5.5 and 8.5, compatible with the oxidized and reduced mineral paragenesis described in this work. The results of stable isotopes studies reflect the marine transgressive-regressive cyclicity of events and are compatibile with carbon derivation from sea water. During the last oxidative stage of diagenesis, under surface conditions of higher activity of H₂O and O₂, CO₂ partial pressure decreased, and malachite becomes the stable Cu mineral. The potential for these small but high grade deposits does exist. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sedimentary" title="sedimentary">sedimentary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu-carbonates" title=" Cu-carbonates"> Cu-carbonates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authigenic" title=" authigenic"> authigenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary" title=" tertiary"> tertiary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sardinia" title=" Sardinia"> Sardinia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86900/pisolite-type-azuritemalachite-ore-in-sandstones-at-the-base-of-the-miocene-in-northern-sardinia-the-authigenic-hypothesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Element Distribution and REE Dispersal in Sandstone-Hosted Copper Mineralization within Oligo-Miocene Strata, NE Iran: Insights from Lithostratigraphy and Mineralogy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Feiz">Mostafa Feiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Safari"> Mohammad Safari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Hadizadeh"> Hossein Hadizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Chalpo copper area is located in northeastern Iran, which is part of the structural zone of central Iran and the back-arc basin of Sabzevar. This sedimentary basin accumulated in destructive-oligomiocene sediments is named the Nasr-Chalpo-Sangerd (NCS) basin. The sedimentary layers in this basin originated mainly from Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks and intermediate to mafic-post ophiolitic volcanic rocks, deposited as a nonconformity. The mineralized sandstone layers in the Chalpo area include leached zones (with a thickness of 5 to 8 meters) and mineralized lenses with a thickness of 0.5 to 0.7 meters. Ore minerals include primary sulfide minerals, such as chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite, as well as secondary minerals, such as covellite, digenite, malachite, and azurite, formed in three stages that comprise primary, simultaneously, and supergene stage. The best agents that control the mineralization in this area include the permeability of host rocks, the presence of fault zones as the conduits for copper oxide solutions, and significant amounts of plant fossils, which create a reducing environment for the deposition of mineralized layers. The calculations of mass changes on copper-bearing layers and primary sandstone layers indicate that Pb, As, Cd, Te, and Mo are enriched in the mineralized zones, whereas SiO₂, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, V, Sr, and Ba are depleted. The combination of geological, stratigraphic, and geochemical studies suggests that the origin of copper may have been the underlying red strata that contained hornblende, plagioclase, biotite, alkaline feldspar, and labile minerals. Dehydration and hydrolysis of these minerals during the diagenetic process caused the leaching of copper and associated elements by circling fluids, which formed an oxidant-hydrothermal solution. Copper and silver in this oxidant solution might have moved upwards through the basin-fault zones and deposited in the reducing environments in the sandstone layers that have had abundant organic matter. Copper in these solutions was probably carried by chloride complexes. The collision of oxidant and reduced solutions caused the deposition of Cu and Ag, whereas some s elements in oxidant environments (e.g., Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, REEs) become uns in the reduced condition. Therefore, the copper-bearing sandstones in the study area are depleted from these elements resulting from the leaching process. The results indicate that during the mineralization stage, LREEs and MREEs were depleted, but Cu, Ag, and S were enriched. Based on field evidence, it seems that the circulation of connate fluids in the reb-bed strata, produced by diagenetic processes, encountered to reduced facies, which formed earlier by abundant fossil-plant debris in the sandstones, is the best model for precipitating sulfide-copper minerals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chalpo" title="Chalpo">Chalpo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oligo-Miocene%20red%20beds" title=" Oligo-Miocene red beds"> Oligo-Miocene red beds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandstone-hosted%20copper%20mineralization" title=" sandstone-hosted copper mineralization"> sandstone-hosted copper mineralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20change" title=" mass change"> mass change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LREEs%20and%20MREEs" title=" LREEs and MREEs"> LREEs and MREEs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191077/element-distribution-and-ree-dispersal-in-sandstone-hosted-copper-mineralization-within-oligo-miocene-strata-ne-iran-insights-from-lithostratigraphy-and-mineralogy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miocene&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miocene&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> 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