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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чаран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BB" title="چارڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چارڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="சரண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சரண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caste in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Charan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charan (disambiguation)">Charan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Charan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg/250px-Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg/375px-Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg/500px-Ch%C4%81ran_Gordhan_Singh_on_a_Terrace_at_Night_ca._1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <b>Charan</b> in <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner state">Bikaner kingdom</a>, 1725 CE- (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> • <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charan</b> (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Cāraṇ; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: चारण; <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: ચારણ; <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> natively residing in the <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> states of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">agriculturalists</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_government" title="Administrator of the government">administrators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirdars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> and some even as <a href="/wiki/Trader_(finance)" title="Trader (finance)">traders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_roles_and_occupations">Historical roles and occupations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poets_and_historians">Poets and historians</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_literature" title="Rajasthani literature">Rajasthani</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati literature</a> from the early and medieval period, upto the 19th century, has been mainly composed by Charans. The relationship between Charans and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> is deeprooted in history. As Charans used to partake in <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a> alongside Rajputs, they were <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witnesses</a> not only to battles but also to many other occasions and episodes forming part of the contemporary Rajput life. The poems composed about such <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and incidents had two qualities: basic historical <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> and vivid, realistic and pictorial <a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">descriptions</a>, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>, heroic deeds and battles.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chāran <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> is mostly descriptive in style and can be categorized in two forms: <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> and stray. The narrative form of Charan poetry goes by various names viz., <i>Rās</i>, <i>Rāsau</i>, <i>Rūpak</i>, <i>Prakās</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chhand" title="Chhand">Chhand</a></i>, <i>Vilās</i>, <i>Prabandh</i>, <i>Āyan</i>, <i>Sanvād</i>, etc. These poems are also named after metres such as, <i>Kavitt</i>, <i>Kundaliyā</i>, <i>Jhūlaņā</i>, <i>Nīsāṇī</i>, <i>Jhamāl</i> and <i>Veli</i> etc. Poems of stray form also use a variety of such metres.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in <a href="/wiki/Dingal" title="Dingal">Dingal</a>, the various sources, known as <i>bata (vata), <a href="/wiki/Khyat" title="Khyat">khyata</a>, vigata, pidhiavali,</i> and <i>vamsavali,</i> form the most important body of <a href="/wiki/Raw_data" title="Raw data">primary data</a> for the study of the medieval period. They also functioned as <a href="/wiki/List_of_oral_repositories" title="List of oral repositories">oral repositories</a> of ruling dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although, for Charans, poetic composition and <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a> was only a hereditary '<a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">pastime</a>', subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle trading</a>. Ambitious and talented boys, however, pursued <a href="/wiki/Traditional_education" title="Traditional education">traditional education</a> from other learned Charans for comprehensive guidance. When accepted by them as students, they would receive training in the basics of poetic composition and narration as well as the specialized languages by precept and example, with emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Memorization" title="Memorization">memorization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">oral recitation</a>. Students would in turn recite the compositions, constantly improving their style. Knowledge of languages such as <a href="/wiki/Dingal" title="Dingal">Dingal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was also acquired with the aid of specialized masters. Thus, subjects studied included not only <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Renowned Charan poets of the time were part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal courts</a>, attaining the rank of <a href="/wiki/Kaviraj" title="Kaviraj">Kaviraja</a> or "court-laureate" and assuming positions of great influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such learned Charans were exceptionally honoured by the rulers. The rulers bestowed <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">awards</a> whose value amounted to lakh(a hundred thousand) or krore(in million), hence these were termed as <i>Lakh Pasav</i> or <i>Krore Pasav</i>. These awards consisted of <i><a href="/wiki/Sasan_(land_grant)" title="Sasan (land grant)">sasan</a></i> lands, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund,_Alwar_State_(1810_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ummeda Rāma Bāreṭha of Mahund, Alwar State (1810 CE)"><img alt="Ummeda Rāma Bāreṭha of Mahund, Alwar State (1810 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg/240px-Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg/360px-Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg/480px-Ummed_Ram_Bareth_of_Mahund%2C_Alwar_State_%281810_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ummeda Rāma Bāreṭha of Mahund, <a href="/wiki/Alwar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwar State">Alwar State</a> (1810 CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath,_c._1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Iśvaradāsa Bārahaṭha of Marwar (1830 CE)"><img alt="Portrait of Iśvaradāsa Bārahaṭha of Marwar (1830 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg/219px-Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg/328px-Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg/438px-Portrait_of_Ishwardas_Barhath%2C_c._1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Iśvaradāsa Bārahaṭha of Marwar (1830 CE)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrators">Administrators</h3></div> <p>As per their administrative and ritual positions, Charans were integral to numerous indigenous <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> in the region including <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. They served various <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">diplomatic</a> functions, sometimes as leading state dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By nineteenth century, these formed major and minor <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> lineages which played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power struggle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> formation in the princely states. <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a> to positions in the political bureaucracy in the nineteenth century states of Rajputana was based on the community and the recognized and established lineages. Charan as an indigenous community with <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a> of literacy and service contributed significantly in the senior crown appointments. Persons belonging to such an administrative class, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">state service</a>, were also granted <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Honor" title="Court of Honor">court honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the medieval period, Charans along with Rajputs and <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Baniyas</a> dominated the administration in <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charans enjoyed intimate relations with the <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">rulers</a> who placed high <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> in them; consequently, they came to play the role of <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediators</a> in most of the political matters in the medieval kingdoms prior to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the prominent Charan administrators holding positions such as of <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Diwan</a> (Prime Minister) in 19th & 20th century were <a href="/wiki/Kaviraj_Shyamaldas" title="Kaviraj Shyamaldas">Kaviraja Shyamaldas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Mewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaviraja_Muraridan" title="Kaviraja Muraridan">Kaviraja Muraridan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Marwar</a>, and Ramnathji Ratnu of <a href="/wiki/Kishangarh_State" title="Kishangarh State">Kishengarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ratnu family of Sikar formed one such bureaucratic lineage whose members were Diwans of <a href="/wiki/Sikar_district" title="Sikar district">Sikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idar_State" title="Idar State">Idar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishangarh_State" title="Kishangarh State">Kishengarh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jhalawar_State" title="Jhalawar State">Jhalawad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warriors_and_military_role">Warriors and military role</h3></div> <p>Charans were an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, administrative, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> of the medieval kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the Rajputs, with whom they were often associated, Charans would consume meat, alcohol, and participate in martial activities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were known for their <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a> and were respected by the rulers for their skills in <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">battlefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous Charans have fought in the battles of Mewar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roll of honour during the reigns of various rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Sanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Pratap</a> contains the names of prominent Charans.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karamsi Ashiya fought in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maholi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Maholi (page does not exist)">Battle of Maholi</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Udai_Singh_II" title="Udai Singh II">Udai Singh II</a> against <a href="/wiki/Banvir" title="Banvir">Banvir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Battle of Haldighati</a>, many of them fought for Mewar including Charans of Sonyana led by Jaisaji and Keshavji Sauda,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Ramaji and Kanhaji Sandu, Govardhan and Abhaychand Boksha, Ramdas Dharmawat, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Jalore" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore">Khilji's invasion of Jalore</a> in 1311 CE, Sahaj Pal Gadan died fighting valiantly alongside <a href="/wiki/Kanhadadeva" title="Kanhadadeva">Kanhadadeva</a> against <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanhaji Arha slained Sanga, the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Amber</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Sanganer" title="Sanganer">Sanganer</a>, thus avenging the death of his friend Karamchand Naruka.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hapaji Barhath of Marwar fought for the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Battle of Ahmedabad</a>, leading an army of one hundred elephants under his command.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narupal Kavia was a commander in <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh</a>'s forces during the Mughal conquest of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>. During an ambush by Sultan Qatlu Khan's large army, he, Bika Rathor, and Mahesh Das made a last stand and sacrificed their lives while the rest of the imperial force fled.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Gujarat region, Charans served in the army in large numbers. The <a href="/wiki/Tumbel" title="Tumbel">Tumbel</a> clan was especially prominent, with many of its members serving in the army of <a href="/wiki/Jam_Rawal" title="Jam Rawal">Jam Raval</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Jamnagar State</a>. Throughout history, the <a href="/wiki/Jadeja" title="Jadeja">Jadeja</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> sent troops under the leadership of Charans to fight on various occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dharmat" title="Battle of Dharmat">Battle of Dharmat</a> in 1658 CE, four renowned <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> - Khidiya Jagmal Dharmawat, Barhath Jasraj Venidasot, Bhimajal Misran, and Dharmaji Charan - valiantly fought on the side of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_of_Marwar" title="Jaswant Singh of Marwar">Jaswant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratan_Singh_Rathore" title="Ratan Singh Rathore">Ratan Singh Rathore</a> and perished.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Durgadas_Rathore" title="Durgadas Rathore">Durgadas</a> planned the rescue of <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_of_Marwar" title="Ajit Singh of Marwar">Ajit Singh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput_War_(1679%E2%80%931707)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajput War (1679–1707)">Battle of Delhi</a> saw Charan Samdan and Mishan Ratan become martyrs for their homeland in their fight against the Mughals. Charan Jogidas, Mishan Bharmal, Sarau, Asal Dhanu & Vithu Kanau were the chosen <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> who escorted <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Akbar_(Mughal_prince)" title="Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)">Prince Akbar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji's</a> court.<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandidas Charan of <a href="/wiki/Alwar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwar State">Alwar</a> faced off against <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Najaf_Khan" title="Mirza Najaf Khan">Nawab Najaf Khan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanagazi_Assembly_constituency" title="Thanagazi Assembly constituency">Thana Gazi</a> for a month halting his march to a standstill until Chandidas was called back to Alwar by <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_Prabhakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh Prabhakar">Pratap Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhupati Ram Charan was the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hada_Chauhan" title="Hada Chauhan">Hada</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Kota_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota State">Kota</a> who made a strong stand in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rajamahal" title="Battle of Rajamahal">Battle of Rajamahal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Kaviraja Bhairav Dan was the <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">Commandant</a> of the Army of <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner State</a> in 19th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At many places in Gujarat, Charans had revolted against the British during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">mutiny of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kandas, the Charan <a href="/wiki/Panchmahal_district" title="Panchmahal district">Panchmahal</a> chief, was a trusted ally of the <a href="/wiki/Baroda_Residency" title="Baroda Residency">Baroda Resident</a> who sought Kandas' help to gain Charan support for the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a>. However, Kandas raised <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>'s banner, gathering <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> chiefs and retired <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> from Panchmahal to come to mutineers' aid.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitrators_and_diplomats">Arbitrators and diplomats</h3></div> <p>Charans fulfilled the crucial role of <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">guarantors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbitral_tribunal" title="Arbitral tribunal">arbitrators</a> in <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">political negotiations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">financial transactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> between <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> after a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> between <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a> and clients were considered valid without a Chāran acting as a guarantor.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Charans were deemed <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctity" title="Sacrosanctity">sacrosanct</a> and causing them harm was considered a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, they were chosen as <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">sureties</a> whenever a <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal</a> guarantee was required. Therefore, important pacts, <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">engagements</a>, transfers, <a href="/wiki/Debt_collection" title="Debt collection">recovery of debts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a>, and even the signing of <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> were always presided by a Charan. Records indicate, they also served as sureties for the collection of land <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> from the sixteenth century down to 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cases when these contracts were not honoured or when the Charans themselves were subjected to an <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">injustice</a>, they would <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a>, even <a href="/wiki/The_Immolation" title="The Immolation">immolate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilate</a> themselves, thus casting <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curse</a> of the death of a Charan on the <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">offender</a>. The mark of the <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>, signifying the threat of self-sacrifice, served as their <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morever, they were the traditional arbitrators of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts</a> between the various Rajput clans or branches. Rajput clans would send their <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a> to the homes of Charans for <a href="/wiki/Safeguarding" title="Safeguarding">safeguarding</a> during times of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of messengers and mediators was taken over by Charans in <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostile</a> or warring groups.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They acted as <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">emissaries</a> in times of war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> called upon the Charans to mediate the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> peace agreements of the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British colonial intervention in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, in time, brought decline in these functions of the Charans.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, well into the colonial period, Charans continued to perform this long-standing functions of theirs, to serve as <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witnesses</a> or guarantors in commercial transactions and financial contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Charans revolting during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, they were part of the `loyal’ Central Gujrat British network, acting as mediators between princes and the <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traders_and_merchants">Traders and merchants</h3></div> <blockquote><p>They took advantage of their sacred position by assuming the occupation of carriers and traders as they were exempted from the payment of customs duties in <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> and the adjacent regions of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in the pre-colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Exercising their privilege to transport <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> between various states with <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> and utilising the large wealth of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> as pack animals, Charans were able to establish a "virtual <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of trade in North-Western India". Many Charans are said to have become wealthy <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_lenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Money lenders">money-lenders</a>. Their caravans were considered to be insured against <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">bandits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rajasthan, the Kachhela Charans excelled as merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utilizing their favourable position since they had "exemption from perpetual and harassing imposts...they gradually became chief carriers and <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">traders</a>". In Mallani, Charans were described as "large traders" possessing great privileges as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> race being exempted from local <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">dues</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charan traders took large caravans of bullocks north to <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, and east to <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. They traded in various commodities including <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, and dry <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> which they take from <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a> while bringing back <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> from Marwar & Hindustan. <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a>, brought from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mandvi" title="Mandvi">Mandvi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, was bought by Charan traders in return for <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> and coarse <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">cloth</a>. From there, they transported ivory to be sold in Marwar.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they emerged as major <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">suppliers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weaponry</a> to the warring <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, and other factions. They sold their goods in the markets ranging from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt-Trade</a> in Marwar involved thousands of people & pack animals like <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>. Charans along with Pushkarna <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhils</a> were engaged in salt-trade and exempted from the payment of custom duties. Kachhela Charans from <a href="/wiki/Sindhari" title="Sindhari">Sindhari</a> used to collect salt from <a href="/wiki/Tilwara" title="Tilwara">Talwara</a> & sell in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>. Charans were seen as, “great traders...who...paid no dues and in troubled times when <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">plunder</a> was rife...although trading with thousands of rupees worth of property were never molested”.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Charan traders made their encampments as fortified settlements whenever a long hault was required, either due to the long journey or as safeguard against lawless bandits and periodical rains. Sometimes, these fortified settlements evolved as <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> such as those of <a href="/wiki/Bhainsrorgarh" title="Bhainsrorgarh">Bhainsrorgarh</a>. Some of the Charan merchants were the privileged carriers of the Rajawaras (kingdoms) and thus had direct communication with the royal household. Their caravans also consisted of armies to safeguard their goods and encampments. Documents of princely states like <a href="/wiki/Kota_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota State">Kota</a> records the names of several Charans as the affluent merchants of the region with their huge caravans trading with markets in western India.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> hegemony in northwestern India and subsequent colonial intervention on trade practices such as <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and introduction of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a> affected overall trading patterns leading to irreversible decline of communities in transportation business including Charans, <a href="/wiki/Lohana" title="Lohana">Lohanas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjaras</a>. As a result, some of them settled as traders and <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">money-lenders</a> while others took to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Tod" title="James Tod">James Tod</a> in the eighteenth century commented on the Kachhela Charans in <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> who were traders by profession: </p><blockquote><p>It was a novel and interesting scene: the manly persons of the Charans, clad in the flowing white robe, with the high loose folded <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> inclined on one side, from which the <i>mala</i>, or chaplet, was gracefully suspended; the <i>Naiks</i>, or leaders, with their massive <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, with the image of the <i>pitresvaras</i> (the ancestors) depending therefrom, gave the whole an air of opulence and dignity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectors_of_mercantile_trade">Protectors of mercantile trade</h3></div> <blockquote><p>The Charans held the reputation of defending the merchandise entrusted to their charge through <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> and shield if necessary; or else, if outnumbered, by threatening to take, or even taking, their own life.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Charans were described as "greatest carriers of goods" for delivery in important centres of <a href="/wiki/Malpura" title="Malpura">Malpura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali,_Rajasthan" title="Pali, Rajasthan">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sojat" title="Sojat">Sojat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhilwara" title="Bhilwara">Bhilwara</a> by acting as escorts(bailers).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Malwa (Madhya Pradesh), Charans acted as escorts and protectors of mercantile trade throughout the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhargava_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhargava-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route of the caravans was through <a href="/wiki/Suigam" title="Suigam">Suigam</a>(<a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sanchore" title="Sanchore">Sanchor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhinmal" title="Bhinmal">Bhinmal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalore" title="Jalore">Jalor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pali,_Rajasthan" title="Pali, Rajasthan">Pali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inviolability of a Charan along with their knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> distinguished them as ideal caravan escorts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caravans of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> and pack <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> carrying various <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> passed through desolate stretches of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> & forested hills which were always under threat of <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">bandits</a> & dacoits. Charans acted as the protectors & escorts. As caravan protectors, "<a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> Charans" thwarted the attempts of bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If not strong enough to defend their <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>, they would threaten to kill themselves. Given the position of Charans in the socio-cultural system of the time, the wilful killing of a Charan was equivalent to equally abominable crime of killing a Brahmin. As such, if a Charan did commit suicide over any transgression of the caravans under his guardianship, the marauder-robbers responsible for the suicide were deemed to have "earned the sin of a Charan's death, with all its post-life connotations of hell-fire and damnation." Thus, under the safety of Charans, commodities were transported from one region to another.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_trade">Horse trade</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">Horse trade</a> was one of the prominent occupations of Charans.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Charan sub-groups like Kachhela Charans(from <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>) and Sorathia Charans(from <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a>) were historically engaged in horse breeding & trading.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common connection of horses also led to bonds between Charans & the <a href="/wiki/Kathi_people" title="Kathi people">Kathi</a> tribe. Some Kuchela Charans settled around Mallani (<a href="/wiki/Barmer_district" title="Barmer district">Barmer</a>, Rajasthan) in western <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> which was notable for its horse-breeding. <a href="/wiki/Marwari_horse" title="Marwari horse">Marwari horses</a> from this area came to be known as Mallani horses. By the 18th century, most of the horse trade business in the <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner</a> kingdom was controlled by Charans, besides <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a>. Charan horse dealers were considered to be very well networked. In another example of the clout of horse-trading Charans, a Charan from the Kachhela subgroup arrived at the court of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Takht_Singh" title="Takht Singh">Maharaja Takhat Singh</a>, under the auspices of the sect leader of <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath Sampradaya</a>, and marketed his horses, with 10 horses being directly purchased by the ruler himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h2></div> <p>Members of the caste are considered to be divine by a large section of society. Women of the caste are adored as mother goddesses by other major communities of this region including, <a href="/wiki/Khatris" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatris">Khatris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries, Charans were known for their reputation of preferring to die rather than break a promise.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charan society is based on written <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>. A Charan will consider all the other Charans as equal even if they do not know each other and have radically different economic or geographic status.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charan men are also known as the sacrosanct guides of camel and pack oxen and caravans through Thar desert and as traders in horses, wool and salts, suppliers of food and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weaponry</a> to armies.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Anil Chandra Banerjee, a professor of history, has said that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In them we have a combination of the traditional characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatriyas">Kshatriyas</a>. Like the Brahmins, they adopted literary pursuits and accepted gifts. Like the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, they worshipped <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> and engaged in <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> activities. They stood at the front gate of the fort to receive the first blow of the <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Banerjee_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Banerjee's opinion is shared by another historian, G. N. Sharma, who said that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Charans exercise great respectability and <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. The speciality of the caste is that it combines in its character the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmans">Brahmans</a> in an adequate manner.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans_and_divisions">Clans and divisions</h3></div> <p>Based on regions inhabited and associated culture, there are multiple <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> sections among the Charans such as Maru (<a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>), Kachhela (<a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a>), Sorathia (<a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>), Parajia etc. Clans among Maru-Charans are Roharia, <a href="/wiki/Detha" title="Detha">Detha</a>, Ratnu, Ashiya, Mehru, Kiniya, <a href="/wiki/Sauda_(Charan_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauda (Charan clan)">Sauda</a>, Arha, <a href="/wiki/Dadhivadia" title="Dadhivadia">Dadhivadia</a>, etc. Kachhelas are divided into 7 main exogamous clans: Nara, Chorada, Chunva, Avsura, Maru, Bati, and Tumbel.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a total of 23 main clans, termed as <i>visotar</i> (20+3), each of which has multiple sub-clans and lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol><li>Āsaṇiā</li> <li>Avasurā</li> <li>Bhāṃcaḷiā</li> <li>Bāṭī</li> <li>Chorāḍā</li> <li>Chuṃvā</li> <li>Guḍhāyacha</li> <li>Gāṃgaṇiā</li> <li>Jākhaḷā</li> <li>Kesariā</li> <li>Lādīta</li> <li>Mhādā</li> <li>Mārū</li> <li>Mīsaṇa</li> <li>Naiyā</li> <li>Narā</li> <li>Phunaḍā</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnu" title="Ratnu">Ratanūṃ</a></li> <li>Rohaḍiā</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbel" title="Tumbel">Tuṃbela</a></li> <li>Vāchā</li> <li>Ṭhākarīā</li> <li>Ṭāpariā</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word <i>chāraṇa</i> is believed to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root <i>cāra</i> signifying 'motion'.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This derivation relates to the Charanas as being the <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">literary persons</a>, as poets and agents of devotion (<i>bhakti</i>) to the gods. As a root, <i>cara</i> may also imply their <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> adaptation. As such, <i>chāraṇa</i> has been used to denote 'wanderer', 'eulogist of the gods', 'offspring of the <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>', etc. The meanings attributed to the name <i>chāraṇa</i> also reflect the various identities ascribed to the Charanas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythological_Origins">Mythological Origins</h3></div> <p>The Charana beliefs of origin vary in details but are similar in major aspects on being a <i>ganas</i> of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The ancestor of the Charanas is represented as the creation of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>) to shepherd the celestial bull, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a>. According to an origin legend, Shiva created the Charana who had to tend to four animals of incompatible kinds, namely a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpent</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cow</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>. The lion attacked the cow and the serpent attacked the lion, but the Charana sacrificed <a href="/wiki/Flesh" title="Flesh">flesh</a> of his arm to pacify them and was thus able to keep them all safe. The legend is understood allegorically, with the lion representing <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> and Nandi, the bull of Shiva, symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. So the Charana, being the <a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">guardian</a>, will not allow force to triumph over justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a progression of the legend, the Charana marries the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> maiden, <i>Āvaḍ</i> (or <i>Āveri</i>), the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha"><i>Śeṣa Nāga</i></a>, the chief of the Nāgas. From her, he gets two sons and a daughter. So, the divine Charanas are married to Nāga maidens, and Narā, either son or descendent of the first Charana descends to earth to become ancestor of the mortal Charanas.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major narratives allude to their historical function as royal poets and historians. The Charanas were originally divine beings ranking with the <a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a>. In time, like certain other divine classes, the Charanas settled on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> of kings. Multiple accounts describe the Charanas' transformation from celestial to human beings. These accounts concur that the divine predecessors of the Charanas resided in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Sumeru</a> mountains alongside celestial beings. Due to overpopulation, the Charanas relocated to Earth, establishing their initial human abode in the Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renowned 19th-century scholar, <a href="/wiki/Suryamal_Misran" title="Suryamal Misran">Suryamall</a> in his text of history, <i>Vaṃśa Bhāskara</i>, details another narrative in which <i>Āryamitra</i>, last of the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABta" title="Sūta">Sūtas</a> and descendent of sage <a href="/wiki/Ugrashravas" title="Ugrashravas">Lomaharshana</a>, does a penance in <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to please Lord Shiva and is rewarded by the epithet of the 'Chāraṇa' after he shepherds the celestial bull, Nandi. As a boon, Lord Shiva marries him with the Nāga maiden, <i>Āvaḍ (Āvari)</i>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vāsuki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maternal ancestry of the Charanas from the Nāgas also factored into historical relationships with other communities. In regions of Gujarat, Charanas traditionally referred to the persons of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathi_people" title="Kathi people">Kathi</a> communities as <i>māmā</i> (MoBr) and were in-turn called as <i>bhāṇej</i> (SiSo). This was ascribed to the Charana belief of these communities emerging from the Nāgas, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a> are said to be descended from <i>Ahi-nāga</i> and <a href="/wiki/Kathi_people" title="Kathi people">Kathis</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Karkotaka" title="Karkotaka">Karkotaka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As illustrated by the various narratives, the Charanas placed exalted importance on themselves and their origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_in_Rajput_polity">Emergence in Rajput polity</h3></div> <p>Charanas played a crucial role in Rajput society, occupying a position equivalent to Brahmins. As the Rajputs emerged as principal <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">rulers</a> of the region, they needed a <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">value system</a> and moral guidance that aligned with their <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> lifestyle. Charanas fulfilled this role, serving as <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, literary figures, and genealogists. They composed <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Khyat" title="Khyat"><i>khyātas</i></a> and <i>batās</i>. Charanas enjoyed the freedom to express themselves and were considered immune from punishment, even when <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticizing</a> rulers. Considered <i>avadhya,</i> to harm or kill a Charan was considered a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>. They validated the ancestry of Rajput rulers and connected them with legendary Indian rulers of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, legitimizing their authority. In return for their services, Charanas received <a href="/wiki/Sasan_(land_grant)" title="Sasan (land grant)"><i>sasan</i></a> or rent-free <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of Charanas as a distinct caste mirrored the change in society, where Brahmins took a back seat. Rajputs, being a <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military people</a>, required a different value system and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious practices</a> and a 'new class of <i><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandits</a>'</i> to legitimize their <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">military actions</a> and to encourage and inspire them for such activities. The conventional notions of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> were replaced by the pursuit of a heroic death on the <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">battlefield</a>. The Rajputs did not adhere to brahminical norms, astrology, or literature, seeking a different type of education for their progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Rajputs formed a caste, they needed a caste to fulfill the roles Brahmins played under the Kshatriyas. Charanas took on these functions, developing a code of conduct known as <i>rajputī</i> or 'Rajput Dharma'. They were <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a>, exponents of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral guides</a> for the ruling class. Their teachings were captured in the verses of Charan literature, emphasizing principles such as <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">valor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary polity, Charanas held precedence over all other castes inclusive of the brahmin in the customary law of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were invited to the residences of Rajput <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a> and played a vital role in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educating</a> the younger generation about heroic <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>. Charanas were honored with high positions in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">court</a>, and the chief offered them the first palm of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> as a mark of respect. Rajputs prioritized castes that accompanied them in battle, and Charanas fulfilled this role, fighting alongside and making sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conclusion, Charanas became the upholders of <i>rajputi</i> or rajput code of conduct, occupying a position in Rajput society similar to that of Brahmins under the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>. Their importance and influence were rooted in their pivotal role in shaping the values, educating the youth, and supporting the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> of the Rajputs.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_ethos">Culture and ethos</h2></div> <p>Charans mainly worship various forms of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> and incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Hinglaj_Mata_mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinglaj Mata mandir">Hinglaj</a>. They greet one another with '<i>Jai Mataji Ki</i>' (Victory to the Mother Goddess).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women observed social customs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a></i> (women seclusion) and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">widow remarriage</a> was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Indian independence in 1947, a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> of a male buffalo constituted a major part of the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harlan_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harlan-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such celebrations quite often used to be presided over by Charan women.<sup id="cite_ref-Matanamadh_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matanamadh-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronized_groups">Patronized groups</h3></div> <p>There are seven categories of people who are historically patronized by the Charans:<i>—</i><sup id="cite_ref-:15_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Kulguru</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>: The <i>kulguru</i> <i>brahmins</i> of the Charans come from <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> and travel from village to village and register the names of their hosts after receiving <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohits</a>: <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priests</a> of Charans from <a href="/wiki/Rajpurohit" title="Rajpurohit">Rajpurohit</a> (Rajguru) community who also tie <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">rakhi</a> (<i>rakshasutra</i>) to the Charans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawal_(caste)" title="Rawal (caste)">Rawals</a>: The Rawal Brahmins record their genealogy and also present various <i>swang</i> (forms of dance).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motisar_(caste)" title="Motisar (caste)">Motisars</a>: Motisars compose <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poems</a> in honor of Charans.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81ts" title="Bhāts">Bhats</a> (Ravaji): They are professional <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogists</a> of the Charans. They also receive <i>neg</i> (gifts) on <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriages</a>. The genealogists of both the Charans and the <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> are from the 'Chandisa' sept of Bhats.</li> <li>3 types of <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dholis</a>: <ol><li>Dhola</li> <li>Birampota</li> <li>Goyandpota</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiyars</a>: Hereditary professional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk-musicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opium_usage">Opium usage</h4></div> <p>Charans used to enjoy consumption of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> (also known as <i>Afeem</i> or <i>Amal</i> in regional languages), practices which are also popular among the Rajputs of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-khushwantsingh_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khushwantsingh-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of opium by Charans was considered necessary for important ceremonies & social gatherings. At weddings, the bride and the bridegroom would take opium together in the presence of their kinsmen. Other occasions where it was suitable to take opium were <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">betrothals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a> of a male child, parting of the <a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">beard</a>, reconciliations, at visit of a son-in law, after a death, and on <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a> such as '<i>Akhatij</i>'.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, during British rule, it was found that around a half of the total opium consumers were from Charan and Rajput communities.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_Indian_literature">Contributions to Indian literature</h2></div> <p>A whole genre of literature is known as Charan literature.<sup id="cite_ref-meghani_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meghani-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dingal" title="Dingal">Dingal</a> language and literature exist largely due to this caste.<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jhaverchand_Meghani" title="Jhaverchand Meghani">Zaverchand Meghani</a> divides Charani sahitya (literature) into thirteen subgenres:<sup id="cite_ref-meghani_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meghani-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Songs in praise of gods and goddesses (<i>stavan</i>)</li> <li>Songs in praise of heroes, saints and patrons (<i>birdavalo</i>)</li> <li>Descriptions of war (<i>varanno</i>)</li> <li>Rebukes of wavering great kings and men who use their power for evil (<i>upalambho</i>)</li> <li>Mockery of a standing treachery of heroism (<i>thekadi</i>)</li> <li>Love stories</li> <li>Laments for dead warriors, patrons and friends (<i>marasiya</i> or <i>vilap kavya</i>)</li> <li>Praise of natural beauty, seasonal beauty and festivals</li> <li>Descriptions of weapons</li> <li>Songs in praise of lions, horses, camels, and buffalo</li> <li>Sayings about didactic and practical cleverness</li> <li>Ancient epics</li> <li>Songs describing the anguish of people in times of famine and adversity</li></ul> <p>Other classifications of Charani sahitya are Khyatas (chronicles), Vartas and Vatas (stories), Raso (martial epics), Veli - <i>Veli Krishan Rukman ri</i>, Doha-Chhand (verses).<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Charans" title="List of Charans">List of Charans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhavi_(title)" title="Gadhavi (title)">Gadhavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barhath" title="Barhath">Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaviraj" title="Kaviraj">Kaviraja</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCommissioner1962" class="citation book cs1">Commissioner, Pakistan Office of the Census (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKwZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: West Pakistan: 1.Karachi. 2.Lahore. 3.Gujranwala. 4.Rawalpindi. 5.Lyallpur. 6.Multan. 7.Quetta. 8.Peshawar. 9.Hyderabad. 10.Sukkur. 11.Bahawalpur. 12.Hazara. 13.Sialkot. 14.Sargodha. 15.Mianwali. 16.Jhang. 17.Loralai. 18.Sibi. 19.Jacobabad. 20.Campbellpur. 21.Gujrat. 22.Bannu. 23.Jhelum. 24.Tharparker. 25.Larkana. 26.Thatta. 27.Mekran</i></a>. <q>There are other castes of Hindus i.e., Brahmans, Lohanas, Khatries, Sutars, Charans, Sonaras, Kalals etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Census+of+Pakistan%2C+1961%3A+West+Pakistan%3A+1.Karachi.+2.Lahore.+3.Gujranwala.+4.Rawalpindi.+5.Lyallpur.+6.Multan.+7.Quetta.+8.Peshawar.+9.Hyderabad.+10.Sukkur.+11.Bahawalpur.+12.Hazara.+13.Sialkot.+14.Sargodha.+15.Mianwali.+16.Jhang.+17.Loralai.+18.Sibi.+19.Jacobabad.+20.Campbellpur.+21.Gujrat.+22.Bannu.+23.Jhelum.+24.Tharparker.+25.Larkana.+26.Thatta.+27.Mekran&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Commissioner&rft.aufirst=Pakistan+Office+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKwZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothiyal2016" class="citation book cs1">Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ"><i>Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-67389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-67389-8"><bdi>978-1-316-67389-8</bdi></a>. <q>Charan migratory history traces their movements between Baluchistan, Jaisalmer, Marwar, Gujarat and Kutch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Narratives%3A+A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-316-67389-8&rft.aulast=Kothiyal&rft.aufirst=Tanuja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQS-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalriwala1993" class="citation journal cs1">Palriwala, Rajni (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520426">"Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household"</a>. <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>21</b> (9/11): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520426">10.2307/3520426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520426">3520426</a>. <q>In Rajasthan, they were bards and 'literateurs', but also warriors and jagirdars, holders of land and power over men; the dependents of Rajputs, their equals and their teachers. On my initial visit and subsequently, I was assured of this fact vis-a-vis Panchwas and introduced to the thakurs, who in life-style, the practice of female seclusion, and various reference points they alluded to appeared as Rajputs. While other villagers insisted that Rajputs and Charans were all the same to them, the Charans, were not trying to pass themselves off as Rajputs, but indicating that they were as good as Rajputs if not ritually superior....most of the ex-landlord households, the Charans and one Pathan, remained in the middle and upper ranks of village society</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Economics+and+Patriliny%3A+Consumption+and+Authority+within+the+Household&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9%2F11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520426&rft.aulast=Palriwala&rft.aufirst=Rajni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/imagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147/B7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F">"Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>81</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911822000080">10.1017/S0021911822000080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248169878">248169878</a>. <q>Movement was also integral to the work of the Charans, who emerged as the preservers of Rajput culture and served various administrative and diplomatic functions...Historically, violence was fundamental to Charans' preservation of their sacred and ethical authority. From about the thirteenth century, Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Imagining+Region+in+Late+Colonial+India%3A+Jhaverchand+Meghani+and+the+Construction+of+Saurashtra+%281921%E2%80%9347%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248169878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911822000080&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fimagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147%2FB7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1993" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191">"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites"</a>. <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (sup001): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409308723191">10.1080/00856409308723191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>. <q>In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Negotiating+sacred+space%3A+The+Mandirand+the+Oran+as+contested+sites&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1983" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, George E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYK2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Elites, Ethnographic Issues</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0658-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-0658-6</bdi></a>. <q>Charans were court poets and historians, "bards"...Prominent Charan (caste of bards) dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elites%2C+Ethnographic+Issues&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0658-6&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYK2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1982" class="citation book cs1">Shah, P. R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGseAAAAMAAJ"><i>Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923</i></a>. Sharda Publishing House. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1985-0"><bdi>978-0-7855-1985-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Charans constituted a body of faithful companions of the Rajputs. They composed poems in praise of the heroic deeds of the Rajputs, and thus inspired them with courage and fortitude. They also guarded the mansions of their patrons, gave protection to their women and children during emergency and also acted as tutors for the young ones. In return land gifts and honours were conferred upon them. The Charans, who could not devote themselves to intellectual pursuits, took to trade. They also protected merchants and travellers passing through desolate regions and forests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raj+Marwar+During+British+Paramountcy%3A+A+Study+in+Problems+and+Policies+Up+to+1923&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Sharda+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7855-1985-0&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGseAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2015" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Saurabh (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZyoCgAAQBAJ"><i>Politics of Water Conservation: Delivering Development in Rural Rajasthan, India</i></a>. Springer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21392-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21392-7"><bdi>978-3-319-21392-7</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sharma (ibid) argues that the ex-Zamindars (or landlords) who own big landholdings even today are influential but those who do not retain it are not only less influential but have also slid down the scale of status hierarchy. The families most affected by this belong to the Rajputs, Jats, Charans and Brahmins (all traditionally powerful caste groups)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Water+Conservation%3A+Delivering+Development+in+Rural+Rajasthan%2C+India&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-3-319-21392-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Saurabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZyoCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson1984" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCVuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rajasthan, Land of Kings</i></a>. Vendome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-046-6"><bdi>978-0-86565-046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan%2C+Land+of+Kings&rft.pub=Vendome+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-046-6&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2002" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nReHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce</i></a>. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 23. <q>In Rajasthan, the Charans are a highly esteemed caste seen as occupying a social position slightly lower than that of Brahmins but above that of Rajputs, with whom they maintain a symbiotic relationship...Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and engage in martial activities...Although, in a way, poetic composition and recitation was for them a "pastime" subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of military service, agriculture, and horse and cattle trading...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poets%2C+Sants%2C+and+Warriors%3A+The+Dadu+Panth%2C+Religious+Change+and+Identity+Formation+in+Jaipur+State+Circa+1562-1860+Ce&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin--Madison&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnReHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainŚarmā2004" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Honour, Status & Polity</i></a>. Rawat Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-859-8"><bdi>978-81-7033-859-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Charans have also received applause and appreciation for their contribution as historians of medieval Rajasthan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honour%2C+Status+%26+Polity&rft.pub=Rawat+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7033-859-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Pratibha&rft.au=%C5%9Aarm%C4%81%2C+Sa%E1%B9%85g%C4%ABt%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdufZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinay2004" class="citation book cs1">Vinay, Srivastava (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mq1HAAAAYAAJ"><i>Methodology and Fieldwork</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566727-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566727-1"><bdi>978-0-19-566727-1</bdi></a>. <q>They were the Rajputs' geneologists, historians, and teachers; sometimes they were leading state servants, sometimes guides and protectors of trade. Killing a Charan, like killing a brahmin, was a mortal sin. It was the duty of powerful Rajput patrons to support and honour...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodology+and+Fieldwork&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566727-1&rft.aulast=Vinay&rft.aufirst=Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmq1HAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari1980" class="citation book cs1">Maheshwari, Hiralal (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK42AAAAIAAJ"><i>History of Rajasthani Literature</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rajasthani+Literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=Hiralal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK42AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ziegler, Norman P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564">"The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">127–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171564">10.2307/3171564</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413">0361-5413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564">3171564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156943079">156943079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Seventeenth+Century+Chronicles+of+M%C4%81rv%C4%81%E1%B9%9Ba%3A+A+Study+in+the+Evolution+and+Use+of+Oral+Traditions+in+Western+India&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0361-5413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156943079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171564%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171564&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Norman+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoNārāyaṇarāvuShulmanSubrahmanyam2003" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Nārāyaṇarāvu, Vēlcēru; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800</i></a>. Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59051-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59051-044-5"><bdi>978-1-59051-044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textures+of+Time%3A+Writing+History+in+South+India+1600-1800&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59051-044-5&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft.au=N%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87ar%C4%81vu%2C+V%C4%93lc%C4%93ru&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David+Dean&rft.au=Subrahmanyam%2C+Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0RuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1993" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191">"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites"</a>. <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (sup001): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409308723191">10.1080/00856409308723191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>. <q>In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Negotiating+sacred+space%3A+The+Mandirand+the+Oran+as+contested+sites&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/imagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147/B7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F">"Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>81</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">541–</span>560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911822000080">10.1017/S0021911822000080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248169878">248169878</a>. <q>Movement was also integral to the work of the Charans, who emerged as the preservers of Rajput culture and served various administrative and diplomatic functions...Historically, violence was fundamental to Charans' preservation of their sacred and ethical authority. From about the thirteenth century, Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Imagining+Region+in+Late+Colonial+India%3A+Jhaverchand+Meghani+and+the+Construction+of+Saurashtra+%281921%E2%80%9347%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248169878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911822000080&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fimagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147%2FB7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalijdr.com/development-social-religious-and-economic-structure-medieval-rajasthan-study-reference-conditions">"Development of social, religious and economic structure in medieval Rajasthan: A study with reference to conditions during 1201-1707 a.d | International Journal of Development Research (IJDR)"</a>. <i>www.journalijdr.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.journalijdr.com&rft.atitle=Development+of+social%2C+religious+and+economic+structure+in+medieval+Rajasthan%3A+A+study+with+reference+to+conditions+during+1201-1707+a.d+%7C+International+Journal+of+Development+Research+%28IJDR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalijdr.com%2Fdevelopment-social-religious-and-economic-structure-medieval-rajasthan-study-reference-conditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinay2004" class="citation book cs1">Vinay, Srivastava (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mq1HAAAAYAAJ"><i>Methodology and Fieldwork</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566727-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566727-1"><bdi>978-0-19-566727-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodology+and+Fieldwork&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566727-1&rft.aulast=Vinay&rft.aufirst=Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmq1HAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7X23AAAAIAAJ"><i>Mahārāṇā Pratāpa ke pramukha sahayogī</i></a> (in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mah%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81+Prat%C4%81pa+ke+pramukha+sahayog%C4%AB&rft.pub=R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n%C4%AB+Granth%C4%81g%C4%81ra&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7X23AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph1984" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Djabj9gefZ0C"><i>Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <q>At the outer edge of qualification norms is standing in one of the respectable (usually twice-born) and traditionally literate castes or communities of Rajputana-such as Rajputs, Oswals, Maheshwaris, Kayasths, Charans, Brahmans, and Muslims....the bureaucratic lineages in and out of power, whether from within (mutsaddi, Rajput, Muslim, Charan etc.)...Prominent Charan Dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Rajputana%3A+Reflections+on+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Administration&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Susanne+Hoeber&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Lloyd+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjabj9gefZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhasin2005" class="citation book cs1">Bhasin, Veena (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Medical Anthropology, Tribals of Rajasthan</i></a>. Kamala-Raj Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85264-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85264-35-6"><bdi>978-81-85264-35-6</bdi></a>. <q>The states were divided into various categories of Jagirs. During medieval period, Rajputs, Charans and Baniyas dominated the princely states. The Rajputs had a dominant status either as central ruler or Jagirdar and Thikanedar though lower to the Brahmins in ritual hierarchy. Next to them in status were Baniyas, followed by clean artisans, peasants and service castes. Baniya, though in minority had skills to run the administration . The status of Brahmin was subordinate in administration; instead Charans were close to the Rajputs. Vidal ( 1997 ) portray a picture of society and kingship in Sirohi area of Rajasthan where bards appeared as the real ideologues</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Anthropology%2C+Tribals+of+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Kamala-Raj+Enterprises&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-85264-35-6&rft.aulast=Bhasin&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0iBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhati1979" class="citation book cs1">Bhati, N. S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r98tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Marwar History</i></a>. Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan. <q>The Charans acted as bards to the royal family but due to their intimate relations with the rulers they enjoyed their confidence and many times they acted as mediators in political affairs and enjoyed hereditry Jagir (Sasan) rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Marwar+History&rft.pub=Rajasthani+Shodh+Sansthan&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bhati&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr98tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1983" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, George E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYK2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Elites, Ethnographic Issues</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0658-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-0658-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elites%2C+Ethnographic+Issues&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0658-6&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYK2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚekhāvata1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Śekhāvata, Raghunāthasiṃha (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shekhawati Pradesh ka rajnitik itihas</i></a> (in Hindi). Ṭhā. Mallūsiṃha Smr̥ti Granthāgāra. <q>दीवानजी का बास तेजमालजी नामक रत्नू चारण को सीकर ठिकाने की ओर से 1500 बीघा भूमि चंदपुरा गांव की सीमा में दी । तेजमालजी के तीन पुत्र रामनाथ, बद्रीदान व स्योबक्सजी बताये जाते हैं । रामनाथ किशनगढ़ राज्य के दीवान बने, स्योबक्स जी झालावाड़ व बद्रीदान माधोसिंह सीकर के दीवान थे । बद्रीदान को माधोसिंह ने बोदलासी ( नेछवा के पास ) की छः हजार बीघा भूमि प्रदान की । इनके पुत्र कुमेरदानजी सीकर ठिकाने में दीवान थे । चंदपुरा आज दीवानजी का बास के नाम से जाना जाता है । बद्रीदान के वंशज दीवानजी का बास व बोदलासी दोनों जगह रहते हैं ।</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shekhawati+Pradesh+ka+rajnitik+itihas&rft.pub=%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81.+Mall%C5%ABsi%E1%B9%83ha+Smr%CC%A5ti+Granth%C4%81g%C4%81ra&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aekh%C4%81vata&rft.aufirst=Raghun%C4%81thasi%E1%B9%83ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDVZDinCIzQC"><i>Indica</i></a>. Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indica&rft.pub=Heras+Institute+of+Indian+History+and+Culture%2C+St.+Xavier%27s+College.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDVZDinCIzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2002" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nReHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce</i></a>. University of Wisconsin--Madison. <q>Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and engage in martial activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poets%2C+Sants%2C+and+Warriors%3A+The+Dadu+Panth%2C+Religious+Change+and+Identity+Formation+in+Jaipur+State+Circa+1562-1860+Ce&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin--Madison&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnReHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainŚarmā2004" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Honour, Status & Polity</i></a>. Rawat Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-859-8"><bdi>978-81-7033-859-8</bdi></a>. <q>Charans were known for their exemplary courage on the battlefield in Mewar . During Maharana Sanga's and Maharana Pratap's reigns, the roll of honour has names of prominent Charans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honour%2C+Status+%26+Polity&rft.pub=Rawat+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7033-859-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Pratibha&rft.au=%C5%9Aarm%C4%81%2C+Sa%E1%B9%85g%C4%ABt%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdufZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResearch1968" class="citation book cs1">Research, Rajasthan Institute of Historical (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxhDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research</i></a>. <q>Charanas also used to fight in the battle fields along the kings. They were equally rich in the use of sword, pen and voice. These people had no concern with the religious sermons, and even then they enjoyed a great respect in the royal courts as well as in the society. They used to receive many big Jagirs from the kings! We can find several instances in the history of Rajasthan where the king himself carried their palnquin on his own shoulders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Rajasthan+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Research&rft.aufirst=Rajasthan+Institute+of+Historical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxhDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaliwal1970" class="citation book cs1">Paliwal, D. L. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFdXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mewar Through the Ages</i></a>. Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth. <q>In between the social order of the Rajputs and the Brahmins there is a caste of the Charans which exercised a great respectability and influence in Mewar. As an equal partner in war and peace his place was enviable. Many a charans fought to their last in the decisive battles of Mewar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mewar+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Sahitya+Sansthan%2C+Rajasthan+Vidyapeeth&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Paliwal&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFdXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptā1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guptā, Mohanalāla (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXtuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Jālora kā rājanītika evaṃ sāṃskr̥tika itihāsa</i></a> (in Hindi). Mātr̥chāyā Prakāśana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%81lora+k%C4%81+r%C4%81jan%C4%ABtika+eva%E1%B9%83+s%C4%81%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5tika+itih%C4%81sa&rft.pub=M%C4%81tr%CC%A5ch%C4%81y%C4%81+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gupt%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Mohanal%C4%81la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXtuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1974" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Gopi Nath (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P409AAAAMAAJ"><i>Glories of Mewar</i></a>. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glories+of+Mewar&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Gopi+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP409AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirase2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Girase, Jaypalsingh (2 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onH0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Rashtragaurav Maharana Pratapsingh: Ek Aprajit Yoddha</i></a> (in Hindi). Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64919-952-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64919-952-2"><bdi>978-1-64919-952-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtragaurav+Maharana+Pratapsingh%3A+Ek+Aprajit+Yoddha&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-64919-952-2&rft.aulast=Girase&rft.aufirst=Jaypalsingh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonH0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgravāla1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agravāla, Govinda (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZFAQAAIAAJ"><i>Cūrū Maṇḍala kā śodhapūrṇa itihāsa</i></a> (in Hindi). Loka Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C5%ABr%C5%AB+Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala+k%C4%81+%C5%9Bodhap%C5%ABr%E1%B9%87a+itih%C4%81sa&rft.pub=Loka+Sa%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5ti+%C5%9Aodha+Sa%E1%B9%83sth%C4%81na&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Agrav%C4%81la&rft.aufirst=Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0ZFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_Historical_Studies1980" class="citation book cs1">Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAq2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Studies in History</i></a>. Sage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+History&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Centre+for+Historical+Studies&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal+Nehru+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAq2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1943" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Bengal</i></a>. University of Dacca. <q>On 21st May, near sunset, he was suddenly surprised by the enemy in over whelming force; the careless and disordered imperialists after a little fight fled away; Bikā Rathor, Mahesh Das and Naru Chāran bravely sacrificed their lives, but could not stem the rout.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal&rft.pub=University+of+Dacca&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sir+Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDiUKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghji1994" class="citation book cs1">Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC"><i>The Rajputs of Saurashtra</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-546-9"><bdi>978-81-7154-546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rajputs+of+Saurashtra&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-546-9&rft.aulast=Singhji&rft.aufirst=Virbhadra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYK7ZSpPzkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhyaya2010" class="citation journal cs1">Upadhyaya, Rashmi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RAJHISCO-Vol-26A.pdf">"The Position of Charans in Medieval Rajasthan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rajasthan History Congress</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>38 – via rajhisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rajasthan+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Charans+in+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Upadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Rashmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajhisco.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2FRAJHISCO-Vol-26A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinh1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sinh, Raghubir (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg5AAAAAIAAJ"><i>Ratalāma kā prathama rājya, usakī sthāpanā evaṃ anta: īsā kī 17 vīṃ śatābdī</i></a> (in Hindi). Rājakamala Prakāśana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratal%C4%81ma+k%C4%81+prathama+r%C4%81jya%2C+usak%C4%AB+sth%C4%81pan%C4%81+eva%E1%B9%83+anta%3A+%C4%ABs%C4%81+k%C4%AB+17+v%C4%AB%E1%B9%83+%C5%9Bat%C4%81bd%C4%AB&rft.pub=R%C4%81jakamala+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Sinh&rft.aufirst=Raghubir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drg5AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharma-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharma_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharma_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharma_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1968" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, G. N. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.120777/2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D#page/n109/mode/2up"><i>Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan</i></a>. Agra: Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Life+in+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.place=Agra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Lakshmi+Narayan+Agarwal+Educational+Publisher&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.120777%2F2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D%23page%2Fn109%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNāgorī1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nāgorī, Esa Ela (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P89AAAAAMAAJ"><i>Alavara Rājaya kā itihāsa, 1775-1857</i></a> (in Hindi). Cinmaya Prakāśana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alavara+R%C4%81jaya+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa%2C+1775-1857&rft.pub=Cinmaya+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=N%C4%81gor%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Esa+Ela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP89AAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1979" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Beni (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIgeAAAAMAAJ"><i>Maratha Penetration Into Rajasthan: Through the Mukandara Pass</i></a>. Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maratha+Penetration+Into+Rajasthan%3A+Through+the+Mukandara+Pass&rft.pub=Research&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Beni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIgeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley2004" class="citation book cs1">Bayley, C. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C"><i>Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1066-8"><bdi>978-81-206-1066-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiefs+and+Leading+Families+in+Rajputana&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1066-8&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nwUqnwj4h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC"><i>Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4"><bdi>978-81-206-1965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+States%3A+A+Biographical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Administrative+Survey&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1965-4&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47sfj8DUwNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharaiya1970" class="citation book cs1">Dharaiya, Ramanlal Kakalbhai (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqXZow1qdnwC"><i>Gujarat in 1857</i></a>. Gujarat University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat+in+1857&rft.pub=Gujarat+University&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Dharaiya&rft.aufirst=Ramanlal+Kakalbhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqXZow1qdnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribunehindi.com/gujarat-in-1857-when-hindus-and-muslims-fought-together/">"Gujarat in 1857 – When Hindus and Muslims fought together"</a>. <i>Tribunehindi.com</i>. 25 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribunehindi.com&rft.atitle=Gujarat+in+1857+%E2%80%93+When+Hindus+and+Muslims+fought+together&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunehindi.com%2Fgujarat-in-1857-when-hindus-and-muslims-fought-together%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ"><i>Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8"><bdi>978-1-107-15331-8</bdi></a>. <q>Charans accompanied these warriors in battles, sang of their glory in war, and, as late as the nineteenth century, served as guarantors and diplomats for their lieges on account of their sacred association with various forms of the mother goddess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+The+Long+Fifteenth+Century+and+the+Making+of+a+Region&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15331-8&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrxsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2005" class="citation journal cs1">Basu, Helene (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fassr.2795">"Practices of Praise and Social Constructions of Identity: The Bards of North-West India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a></i>. <b>50</b> (130): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fassr.2795">10.4000/assr.2795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0335-5985">0335-5985</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30116669">30116669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145362328">145362328</a>. <q>No contract between kings after a war, or between patrons and clients agreeing the terms whereby services be rendered, nor any other contract was considered valid without a Chāran guaranteeing on his own and/or the life of his family that the terms agreed upon would be fulfilled. They provided the same service for merchants and traders on their long treks through the desert up north, when they accompanied caravans for their protection against plundering bandits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=Practices+of+Praise+and+Social+Constructions+of+Identity%3A+The+Bards+of+North-West+India&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=130&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0335-5985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145362328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30116669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fassr.2795&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fassr.2795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberger-Thomas1999" class="citation book cs1">Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wPthVcxWGkC"><i>Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88568-1"><bdi>978-0-226-88568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+of+Immortality%3A+Widow-Burning+in+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-88568-1&rft.aulast=Weinberger-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wPthVcxWGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaflechner2018" class="citation book cs1">Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ"><i>Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085052-4"><bdi>978-0-19-085052-4</bdi></a>. <q>Charans were also warrantors for contracts, guaranteeing adherence to certain agreements between two parties with their lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinglaj+Devi%3A+Identity%2C+Change%2C+and+Solidification+at+a+Hindu+Temple+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-085052-4&rft.aulast=Schaflechner&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhBADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoCasimir2008" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Aparna; Casimir, Michael J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmyqPwAACAAJ"><i>Nomadism in South Asia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569890-9"><bdi>978-0-19-569890-9</bdi></a>. <q>One of their functions was the witnessing and guaranteeing of important transactions. Their power of enforcement lay in the threat to kill themselves, if necessary, to bring supernatural forces to bear against the violator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadism+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569890-9&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft.au=Casimir%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmyqPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sabita (27 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909828-6"><bdi>978-0-19-909828-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Charans were also used by the rulers for political negotiations as is evident from the fact that in the case of enmity between Rathore Rao Rinmal of Sojat (son of Rao Chuda) and Bhattis, the Bhattis sent Charan Sandhayach to plead with Rinmal not to trouble them. He succeeded in his task, which led to the establishment of matrimonial alliance between the two sides....Also, the importance of the Charans in the social structure of Rajasthan can be assessed from the fact that the Ranis (queens), who had young children, but had resolved to commit sati, would hand over their children to the care of the Charans, indicating the kind of trust that they enjoyed. There are examples of handing over children to the Brahmins also, but these examples are far less than those of the Charans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Marriage+in+India%3A+Gender+and+Alliance+in+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909828-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sabita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bSmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiChatterjee2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterji, Anjali; Chatterjee, Anjali (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148098">"Sectional President's Address: ASPECTS OF MEDIEVAL INDIAN SOCIETY: GLEANINGS FROM CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">196–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148098">44148098</a>. <q>Due to their intimate relation with rulers charans enjoyed their confidence and often they acted as mediators in political affairs and also enjoy hereditary Jagirs i.e., Sasan rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Sectional+President%27s+Address%3A+ASPECTS+OF+MEDIEVAL+INDIAN+SOCIETY%3A+GLEANINGS+FROM+CONTEMPORARY+LITERATURE&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Anjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaranZiegler2001" class="citation book cs1">Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plP7DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462-1660, Volumes 1-2</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03821-3"><bdi>978-0-472-03821-3</bdi></a>. <q>Caran Jhuto appears in this passage as a go-between. Carans in Rajasthan, because of their sacred status, often assumed this role in negotiations between hostile or warring groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mertiyo+Rathors+of+Merto%2C+Rajasthan%3A+Select+Translations+Bearing+on+the+History+of+a+Rajput+Family%2C+1462-1660%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03821-3&rft.aulast=Saran&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Norman+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplP7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenDwivedi1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Charles; Dwivedi, Sharada (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ"><i>Lives of the Indian Princes</i></a>. BPI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86982-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86982-05-1"><bdi>978-81-86982-05-1</bdi></a>. <q>They also acted as intermediaries in negotiating marriages, in guaranteeing the settlement of debts and disputes and as emissaries in times of war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Indian+Princes&rft.pub=BPI+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-86982-05-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C+Sharada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSNtEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahapedia.org/the-desert-frontier-history-of-travel-and-nomadism">"The Desert Frontier: A History of Travel and Nomadism"</a>. <i>Sahapedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Charans acted as arbitrators and guarantors in dealings and agreements between Rajputs, once again resorting to taga if one party did not keep his end of the bargain. Such glorification of death worked in a society dominated by a Rajput community that set great store by dying in the battlefield for Rajput men and by self-immolation for their women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahapedia&rft.atitle=The+Desert+Frontier%3A+A+History+of+Travel+and+Nomadism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahapedia.org%2Fthe-desert-frontier-history-of-travel-and-nomadism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2004" class="citation journal cs1">Snodgrass, Jeffrey G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804151">"The Centre Cannot Hold: Tales of Hierarchy and Poetic Composition from Modern Rajasthan"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2004.00189.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00189.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-0987">1359-0987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804151">3804151</a>. <q>Well into the colonial period, however, Charans continued to perform one of their other long-standing functions, which was to serve as witnesses or guarantors to commercial transactions and financial contracts. Some also carried on as providers of a related service, which was to act as guarantors of the security of caravans conveying goods in transit....Not least among these was the fact that the British might have seen royal bards – as arbitrators of disputes, witnesses to contracts and agreements, protectors of hostages, educators of kings and their offspring, composers of history, and indeed establishers of truth – as competitors of a kind and thus sought to eliminate them (Vidal 1997).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Centre+Cannot+Hold%3A+Tales+of+Hierarchy+and+Poetic+Composition+from+Modern+Rajasthan&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1359-0987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3804151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2004.00189.x&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3804151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashishtha2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vashishtha, Professor V.K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vol-31.pdf">"Transformation in the Position of Charan Community in Rajputana States during Colonial Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rajasthan History Congress</i>. <b>31</b>: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>166 – via RAJHISCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rajasthan+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Transformation+in+the+Position+of+Charan+Community+in+Rajputana+States+during+Colonial+Period&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Vashishtha&rft.aufirst=Professor+V.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajhisco.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2FVol-31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson1984" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCVuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rajasthan, Land of Kings</i></a>. Vendome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-046-6"><bdi>978-0-86565-046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan%2C+Land+of+Kings&rft.pub=Vendome+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-046-6&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinch.org/bibliography/living-goddesses-past-and-present-in-north-west-india-german-scholars-onindia/">"Living goddesses, past and present in North-west India, German Scholars on India – Global InCH- International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+goddesses%2C+past+and+present+in+North-west+India%2C+German+Scholars+on+India+%E2%80%93+Global+InCH-+International+Journal+of+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinch.org%2Fbibliography%2Fliving-goddesses-past-and-present-in-north-west-india-german-scholars-onindia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2021" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Yashaswini (22 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VawSEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Tale of the Horse: A History of India on Horseback</i></a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-89109-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-89109-92-4"><bdi>978-93-89109-92-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tale+of+the+Horse%3A+A+History+of+India+on+Horseback&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.isbn=978-93-89109-92-4&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Yashaswini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVawSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhry1968" class="citation book cs1">Choudhry, P. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939</i></a>. Sri Ram Mehra. <q>The Kachela Charans were traders . They were shrewd merchants and lighter dues were levied on them than on others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+Between+the+Two+World+Wars%2C+1919-1939&rft.pub=Sri+Ram+Mehra&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K-1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothiyal2016" class="citation book cs1">Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ"><i>Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-67389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-67389-8"><bdi>978-1-316-67389-8</bdi></a>. <q>The genealogists for Charans were Brahmins from Ujjain who periodically inscribed their genealogies in their accounts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Narratives%3A+A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-316-67389-8&rft.aulast=Kothiyal&rft.aufirst=Tanuja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQS-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rupa & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6"><bdi>978-81-291-0890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0890-6&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagchi2002" class="citation book cs1">Bagchi, Amiya Kumar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wX1TW3MvhcC"><i>Capital and Labour Redefined: India and the Third World</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-068-6"><bdi>978-1-84331-068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+and+Labour+Redefined%3A+India+and+the+Third+World&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-068-6&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Amiya+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wX1TW3MvhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiyogi2006" class="citation book cs1">Niyogi, Chandreyee (5 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIFjDwAAQBAJ"><i>Reorienting Orientalism</i></a>. SAGE Publishing India. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-548-8"><bdi>978-93-5280-548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorienting+Orientalism&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2006-04-05&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-548-8&rft.aulast=Niyogi&rft.aufirst=Chandreyee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIFjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/rajasthan-district-gazetteers-pali-0">"Rajasthan, District Gazetteers: Pali"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=Rajasthan%2C+District+Gazetteers%3A+Pali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Fgazettes%2Frajasthan-district-gazetteers-pali-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato_(Professor.)1997" class="citation book cs1">Sato (Professor.), Masanori (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Economy and Polity of Rajasthan: Study of Kota and Marwar, 17th-19th Centuries</i></a>. Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-14-9"><bdi>978-81-86782-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economy+and+Polity+of+Rajasthan%3A+Study+of+Kota+and+Marwar%2C+17th-19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-86782-14-9&rft.aulast=Sato+%28Professor.%29&rft.aufirst=Masanori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhargava-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhargava_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargava2000" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, Hem Bala (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Royalty, Feudalism, and Gender: As Portrayed by Foreign Travellers</i></a>. Rawat Publications. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-616-7"><bdi>978-81-7033-616-7</bdi></a>. <q>Heber writes that not only in Rajputana but in the wilder districts of South-west more war-like Charans were found. In Gujarat and Malwa the merchants and travellers hired Charans to protect them through their journey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royalty%2C+Feudalism%2C+and+Gender%3A+As+Portrayed+by+Foreign+Travellers&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Rawat+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7033-616-7&rft.aulast=Bhargava&rft.aufirst=Hem+Bala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/rajput-states-and-east-india-company">"The Rajput States and the East India Company"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=The+Rajput+States+and+the+East+India+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Febooks%2Frajput-states-and-east-india-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1993" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191">"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites"</a>. <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (sup001): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409308723191">10.1080/00856409308723191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Negotiating+sacred+space%3A+The+Mandirand+the+Oran+as+contested+sites&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00856409308723191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2020" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, William Wilson (19 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tAOzgEACAAJ"><i>The Imperial Gazetteer Of India (Volume Xxi) Pushkar To Salween</i></a>. Alpha Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5421-782-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5421-782-1"><bdi>978-93-5421-782-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+Of+India+%28Volume+Xxi%29+Pushkar+To+Salween&rft.pub=Alpha+Editions&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft.isbn=978-93-5421-782-1&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tAOzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahai2006" class="citation book cs1">Sahai, Nandita Prasad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AttHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Politics of Patronage and Protest: The State, Society, and Artisans in Early Modern Rajasthan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567896-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567896-3"><bdi>978-0-19-567896-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Patronage+and+Protest%3A+The+State%2C+Society%2C+and+Artisans+in+Early+Modern+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567896-3&rft.aulast=Sahai&rft.aufirst=Nandita+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAttHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenMaier2004" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Jan; Maier, Hendrik M. J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GLJkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents</i></a>. Lit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6758-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-6758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Adventures%3A+Heroic+Narrative+in+the+Oral+Performance+Traditions+of+Four+Continents&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6758-4&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Maier%2C+Hendrik+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGLJkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeva1992" class="citation book cs1">Deva, B. Chaitanya (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11bjCwAAQBAJ"><i>INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN MUSIC</i></a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2103-4"><bdi>978-81-230-2103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INTRODUCTION+TO+INDIAN+MUSIC&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-230-2103-4&rft.aulast=Deva&rft.aufirst=B.+Chaitanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11bjCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtUSAQAAMAAJ"><i>Social Scientist</i></a>. Indian School of Social Sciences. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Scientist&rft.pub=Indian+School+of+Social+Sciences.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtUSAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutson2012" class="citation book cs1">Dutson, Judith (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PS6zop4lVSUC"><i>Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America</i></a>. Storey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-918-4"><bdi>978-1-60342-918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storey%27s+Illustrated+Guide+to+96+Horse+Breeds+of+North+America&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-60342-918-4&rft.aulast=Dutson&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPS6zop4lVSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamphorst2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamphorst, Janet (2008). <i>In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia)</i>. Leiden: Leiden University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-0603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-0603-3"><bdi>978-90-485-0603-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614596834">614596834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+praise+of+death%3A+history+and+poetry+in+medieval+Marwar+%28South+Asia%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F614596834&rft.isbn=978-90-485-0603-3&rft.aulast=Kamphorst&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2002" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Rajendra Kumar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars: A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana</i></a>. Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86782-75-0"><bdi>978-81-86782-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karkhanas+of+the+Mughal+Zamindars%3A+A+Study+in+the+Economic+Development+of+18th+Century+Rajputana&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-86782-75-0&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Rajendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRbtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shah-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shah_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahShroff1958" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, A. M.; Shroff, R. G. (1958). "The Vahivanca Barots of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers". <i>Journal of American Folk-Lore</i>. <b>71</b> (281): <span class="nowrap">246–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F538561">10.2307/538561</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/538561">538561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folk-Lore&rft.atitle=The+Vahivanca+Barots+of+Gujarat%3A+A+Caste+of+Genealogists+and+Mythographers&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=281&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F538561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F538561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Shroff%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Caran">"Cāraṇ, Hindu caste"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=C%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%2C+Hindu+caste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_G._R.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, G. R. (1991). "Charans of Gujarat: Caste Identity, Music and Cultural Change". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">381–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F851968">10.2307/851968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/851968">851968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Charans+of+Gujarat%3A+Caste+Identity%2C+Music+and+Cultural+Change&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F851968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F851968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Thomson%2C+G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerjee-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1983" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Anil Chandra. (1983). <i>Aspects of Rajput State and Society</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12236372">12236372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Rajput+State+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12236372&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Anil+Chandra.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1968" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, G. N. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.120777/2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D#page/n109/mode/2up"><i>Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan</i></a>. Agra: Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Life+in+Medieval+Rajasthan&rft.place=Agra&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Lakshmi+Narayan+Agarwal+Educational+Publisher&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.120777%2F2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D%23page%2Fn109%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhry1968" class="citation book cs1">Choudhry, P. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939</i></a>. Sri Ram Mehra. <q>Charans are mentioned even in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Though some of them are found even in Gujrat and Kathiawar, yet it is Rajputana with which they are mainly associated and thus require a special mention. Like the Rajputs they claim a divine origin and were always treated with the greatest respect by Rajputs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+Between+the+Two+World+Wars%2C+1919-1939&rft.pub=Sri+Ram+Mehra&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K-1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestphal-HellbuschWestphal" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDof2aYhnP4C"><i>Hinduistische Viehzüchter im nord-westlichen Indien</i></a> (in German). Duncker & Humblot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-43745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-43745-0"><bdi>978-3-428-43745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduistische+Viehz%C3%BCchter+im+nord-westlichen+Indien&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.isbn=978-3-428-43745-0&rft.aulast=Westphal-Hellbusch&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft.au=Westphal%2C+Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDof2aYhnP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahlotDhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Gahlot, Sukhvir Singh; Dhar, Banshi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan</i></a>. Jain Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85287-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85287-00-3"><bdi>978-81-85287-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Jain+Brothers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85287-00-3&rft.aulast=Gahlot&rft.aufirst=Sukhvir+Singh&rft.au=Dhar%2C+Banshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuAtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSāmaura1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sāmaura, Bhaṃvara Siṃha (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYJ0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Śaṅkaradāna Sāmaura</i></a> (in Hindi). Sāhitya Akādemī. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-867-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-867-2"><bdi>978-81-7201-867-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karad%C4%81na+S%C4%81maura&rft.pub=S%C4%81hitya+Ak%C4%81dem%C4%AB&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-867-2&rft.aulast=S%C4%81maura&rft.aufirst=Bha%E1%B9%83vara+Si%E1%B9%83ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYJ0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiliavsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Piliavsky, Anastasia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbp2AQAACAAJ"><i>Theft, Patronage & Society in Western India</i></a>. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theft%2C+Patronage+%26+Society+in+Western+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Piliavsky&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbp2AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambs-Lyche1996" class="citation book cs1">Tambs-Lyche, Harald (31 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India</i></a>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-176-1"><bdi>978-81-7304-176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Profit%2C+and+Poetry%3A+Traditional+Society+in+Kathiawar%2C+Western+India&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-176-1&rft.aulast=Tambs-Lyche&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ntuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehara1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mehara, Jahūrakhām̐ (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mksFAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dhara majalāṃ, Dhara kosāṃ</i></a> (in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhara+majal%C4%81%E1%B9%83%2C+Dhara+kos%C4%81%E1%B9%83&rft.pub=R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n%C4%AB+Granth%C4%81g%C4%81ra&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mehara&rft.aufirst=Jah%C5%ABrakh%C4%81m%CC%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmksFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSāndū1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sāndū, Nārāyaṇa Siṃha (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKhjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kuṃbhakaraṇa Sāndū</i></a> (in Hindi). Mahārājā Mānasiṃha Pustaka Prakāśa Śodha-Kendra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ku%E1%B9%83bhakara%E1%B9%87a+S%C4%81nd%C5%AB&rft.pub=Mah%C4%81r%C4%81j%C4%81+M%C4%81nasi%E1%B9%83ha+Pustaka+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Ba+%C5%9Aodha-Kendra&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=S%C4%81nd%C5%AB&rft.aufirst=N%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+Si%E1%B9%83ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKhjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhāṭī1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhāṭī, Nārāyaṇasiṃha (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrksAAAAIAAJ"><i>Prācīna Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya: Rājasthāna ke Viśāla Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya kā Śāstrīya Adhyayana</i></a> (in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C4%81c%C4%ABna+%E1%B8%8Ci%E1%B9%85gala+G%C4%ABta+S%C4%81hitya%3A+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81na+ke+Vi%C5%9B%C4%81la+%E1%B8%8Ci%E1%B9%85gala+G%C4%ABta+S%C4%81hitya+k%C4%81+%C5%9A%C4%81str%C4%ABya+Adhyayana&rft.pub=R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n%C4%AB+Granth%C4%81g%C4%81ra&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=N%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87asi%E1%B9%83ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrksAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghiJoshi1999" class="citation book cs1">Singhi, Narendra Kumar; Joshi, Rajendra (1999). "Charans : The Contextual Dynamics of Caste in the Rajput System". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEoKAQAAMAAJ"><i>Religion, Ritual, and Royalty</i></a>. Rawat Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-488-0"><bdi>978-81-7033-488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charans+%3A+The+Contextual+Dynamics+of+Caste+in+the+Rajput+System&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Royalty&rft.pub=Rawat+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7033-488-0&rft.aulast=Singhi&rft.aufirst=Narendra+Kumar&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYEoKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQanungoKānūnago1960" class="citation book cs1">Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan; Kānūnago, Kālikā Rañjana (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F149AAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Rajput History</i></a>. S. Chand. <q>there are seven categories of persons and communities, who in their turn have a hereditary claim on the Charan's bounty, and are not allowed to beg of any other community. Besides their kula-guru family of Brahmans living in Ujjain till today, and the purohit (family priest), these are: the Rao Bhat of Chandisa sept of Marwar (who are the Bhats of the Charans as of the Rathors of Marwar); the Rawal Brahmans, the Goind-pota and the Viram-pota (Bhats singing with dhol?) and the Motisar community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Rajput+History&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Qanungo&rft.aufirst=Kalika+Ranjan&rft.au=K%C4%81n%C5%ABnago%2C+K%C4%81lik%C4%81+Ra%C3%B1jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF149AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/rajasthan-district-gazetteers-nagaur">"Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Nagaur"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=Rajasthan+District+Gazetteers%3A+Nagaur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianculture.gov.in%2Fgazettes%2Frajasthan-district-gazetteers-nagaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaur1989" class="citation book cs1">Gaur, Meena (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CmCAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sati and Social Reforms in India</i></a>. Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85263-57-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85263-57-1"><bdi>978-81-85263-57-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sati+and+Social+Reforms+in+India&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85263-57-1&rft.aulast=Gaur&rft.aufirst=Meena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CmCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotilalNanda2010" class="citation book cs1">Motilal, Shashi; Nanda, Bijayalaxmi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8PhjajXFKXYC"><i>Understanding Social Inequality: Concerns of Human Rights, Gender and Environment</i></a>. Macmillan Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32849-5"><bdi>978-0-230-32849-5</bdi></a>. <q>In Rajasthan, where the normal age of marriage of girls ranged between seven to sixteen years, most post-pubertal marriages were among the Charans and Brahmins whose daughters did not work outside the home and could be segregated and secluded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Inequality%3A+Concerns+of+Human+Rights%2C+Gender+and+Environment&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-32849-5&rft.aulast=Motilal&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rft.au=Nanda%2C+Bijayalaxmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8PhjajXFKXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harlan-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harlan_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan_L2003" class="citation book cs1">Harlan L (2003). <i>Goddesses' Henchmen - Gender in Hero Worship</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses%27+Henchmen+-+Gender+in+Hero+Worship&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Harlan+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matanamadh-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matanamadh_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054432/http://www.matanamadh.org/history.html">"Matanamadh, Desh Devi Ashapura"</a>. Matanamadh Jagir, Kachchh, India. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matanamadh.org/history.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matanamadh%2C+Desh+Devi+Ashapura&rft.pub=Matanamadh+Jagir%2C+Kachchh%2C+India&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matanamadh.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidyarthiSahay1980" class="citation book cs1">Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Sahay, B. N. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CaIiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Applied Anthropology and Development in India</i></a>. National. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Rawals provide entertainment particularly for the people of Charan caste by arranging night long shows.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Anthropology+and+Development+in+India&rft.pub=National&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Vidyarthi&rft.aufirst=Lalita+Prasad&rft.au=Sahay%2C+B.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaIiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhākara1976" class="citation book cs1">Prabhākara, Manohara (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXcSAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas</i></a>. Panchsheel Prakashan. <q>Motisar is a caste which keeps the genealogies of Carans, sings their praises and begs money of them. The Motisars themselves are often good composers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Study+of+Rajasthani+Literature%2C+with+Exclusive+Reference+to+the+Contribution+of+C%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87as&rft.pub=Panchsheel+Prakashan&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Prabh%C4%81kara&rft.aufirst=Manohara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXcSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumanChaudhuriKothari2005" class="citation book cs1">Neuman, Daniel M.; Chaudhuri, Shubha; Kothari, Komal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b30HAQAAMAAJ"><i>Bards, Ballads and Boundaries: An Ethnographic Atlas of Music Traditions in West Rajasthan</i></a>. Seagull. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-07-4"><bdi>978-1-905422-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bards%2C+Ballads+and+Boundaries%3A+An+Ethnographic+Atlas+of+Music+Traditions+in+West+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Seagull&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-905422-07-4&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+Shubha&rft.au=Kothari%2C+Komal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db30HAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khushwantsingh-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khushwantsingh_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1982" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1982). <i>We Indians</i>. Delhi: Orient Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10710940">10710940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Indians&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Orient+Paperbacks&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10710940&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1982" class="citation book cs1">Shah, P. R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGseAAAAMAAJ"><i>Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923</i></a>. Sharda Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1985-0"><bdi>978-0-7855-1985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Among Rajputs and Charans the bride and the bridegroom took opium together in the presence of their kinsmen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raj+Marwar+During+British+Paramountcy%3A+A+Study+in+Problems+and+Policies+Up+to+1923&rft.pub=Sharda+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7855-1985-0&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGseAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathur2002" class="citation book cs1">Mathur, U. B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jVuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Treasure-trove of Rajasthan</i></a>. Folklorists. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85129-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85129-01-3"><bdi>978-81-85129-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure-trove+of+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Folklorists&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-85129-01-3&rft.aulast=Mathur&rft.aufirst=U.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tf-O1EGWbQIC"><i>Bulletin on Narcotics</i></a>. United Nations, Department of Social Affairs. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+on+Narcotics&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Social+Affairs&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtf-O1EGWbQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meghani-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meghani_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meghani_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeghani,_Z.1943" class="citation book cs1">Meghani, Z. (1943). <i>Charano and Charani Sahitya</i>. Ahmedabad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charano+and+Charani+Sahitya&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Meghani%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._D.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, J. D. (1974). "An introduction to language of the historical documents from Rajasthan". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00012841">10.1017/S0026749X00012841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145590691">145590691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+language+of+the+historical+documents+from+Rajasthan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00012841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145590691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamphorst2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamphorst, Janet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12986"><i>In Praise of Death: History and Poetry in Medieval Marwar</i></a>. Leiden University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-044-4"><bdi>978-90-8728-044-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Death%3A+History+and+Poetry+in+Medieval+Marwar&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-044-4&rft.aulast=Kamphorst&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F12986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothiyal2016" class="citation book cs1">Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ"><i>Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107080317" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107080317"><bdi>978-1107080317</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015014741">2015014741</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1003137945">1003137945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Narratives%3A+A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1003137945&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015014741&rft.isbn=978-1107080317&rft.aulast=Kothiyal&rft.aufirst=Tanuja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbe-7CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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title="Rajasthani people">Rajasthani people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu and Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravana_Rajputs" title="Ravana Rajputs">Ravana Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpurohit" title="Rajpurohit">Rajpurohit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabari" title="Rabari">Rabari</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_Chaudhari" title="Anjana Chaudhari">Anjana Chaudhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangi_people" title="Dangi people">Dangi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakar" title="Dhakar">Dhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(caste)" title="Kachhi (caste)">Kachhi (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirar" title="Kirar">Kirar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seervi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seervi">Seervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagi" title="Tyagi">Tyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natrayat_Rajputs" title="Natrayat Rajputs">Natrayat Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrayat_Charans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrayat Charans (page does not exist)">Natrayat Charans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercantile communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Agrawal‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandelwal_Vaishya" title="Khandelwal Vaishya">Khandelwal Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathur_Vaishya" title="Mathur Vaishya">Mathur Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nema_(community)" title="Nema (community)">Nema (community)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwa" title="Patwa">Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawaria" title="Gawaria">Gawaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranwal" title="Baranwal">Baranwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafna" title="Bafna">Bafna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawagi" title="Sarawagi">Sarawagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimal_Jain" title="Shrimal Jain">Shrimal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vankar" title="Vankar">Vankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerwal" title="Veerwal">Veerwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayvargiya" title="Vijayvargiya">Vijayvargiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewat" title="Kewat">Kewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshwari" title="Maheshwari">Maheshwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artisan communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soni_(caste)" title="Soni (caste)">Soni (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadia_Lohar" title="Gadia Lohar">Gadia Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalwar (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharol" title="Kharol">Kharol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajput_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajput Mali (page does not exist)">Rajput Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regar" title="Regar">Regar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thathera" title="Thathera">Thathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suthar" title="Suthar">Suthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halwai" title="Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvi_(caste)" title="Salvi (caste)">Salvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghwal" title="Meghwal">Meghwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogist communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81ts" title="Bhāts">Bhāts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaga_(Rajasthan)" title="Jaga (Rajasthan)">Jaga (Rajasthan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawal_(caste)" title="Rawal (caste)">Rawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motisar_(caste)" title="Motisar (caste)">Motisar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhopa" title="Bhopa">Bhopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_(community)" title="Guru (community)">Guru (community)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpurohit" title="Rajpurohit">Rajpurohit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawal_(caste)" title="Rawal (caste)">Rawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakaldwipiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakaldwipiya">Sevag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhil" title="Bhil">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Meena" title="Bhil Meena">Bhil Meena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meena" title="Meena">Meena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Gametia" title="Bhil Gametia">Bhil Gametia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Mama" title="Bhil Mama">Bhil Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rath tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharia" title="Saharia">Saharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_people" title="Sansi people">Sansi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirgar" title="Tirgar">Tirgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagri" title="Vagri">Vagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Baoria" title="Van Baoria">Van Baoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateliya" title="Pateliya">Pateliya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwa" title="Chadwa">Chadwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churigar" title="Churigar">Churigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi (Muslim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussaini_Brahmin" title="Hussaini Brahmin">Hussaini Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadem_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadem (caste)">Khadem (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Muslim Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Muslim Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranbaz" title="Hiranbaz">Hiranbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_of_Rajasthan" title="Shaikhs of Rajasthan">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singiwala" title="Singiwala">Singiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Mehtar" title="Hela Mehtar">Hela Mehtar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Musician_communities20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musician communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langha_(tribe)" title="Langha (tribe)">Langha (tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marathi_people107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Template:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Template talk:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marathi_people107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtra people">Marathi people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Brahmin" title="Marathi Brahmin">Marathi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agri_(caste)" title="Agri (caste)">Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_(caste)" title="Bari (caste)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari_(caste)" title="Bhandari (caste)">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabit" title="Gabit">Gabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leva_Patel" title="Leva Patel">Leva Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkalshi" title="Panchkalshi">Panchkalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahyavanshi" title="Mahyavanshi">Mahyavanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangela_Kolis" title="Mangela Kolis">Mangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powari_language" title="Powari language">Powar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercantile communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattegar" title="Pattegar">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komati_(caste)" title="Komati (caste)">Komati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">Shimpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artisan communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beldar" title="Beldar">Beldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi" title="Bhoi">Bhoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burud_(caste)" title="Burud (caste)">Burud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaukalshi" title="Chaukalshi">Chaukalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chambhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband" title="Chhaparband">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi (Parit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhor">Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavli" title="Gavli">Gavli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holar_caste" title="Holar caste">Holar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holeya" title="Holeya">Holeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjar" title="Kanjar">Kanjarbhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatik" title="Khatik">Khatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhati" title="Kolhati">Kolhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshta" title="Koshta">Koshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaria" title="Lonaria">Lonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nhavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasali_(caste)" title="Padmasali (caste)">Padmasali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliya" title="Saliya">Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutar" title="Sutar">Sutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twashta_Kasar" title="Twashta Kasar">Twashta Kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddera" title="Vaddera">Vadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrukhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Devrukhe">Devrukhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomantak_Maratha_Samaj" title="Gomantak Maratha Samaj">Gomantak Maratha Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palshi" title="Palshi">Palshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamedi">Shamedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andh" title="Andh">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barda_(tribe)" title="Barda (tribe)">Barda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binjhal" title="Binjhal">Binjhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanka" title="Dhanka">Dhanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia" title="Dhodia">Dhodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Mavchi" title="Bhil Mavchi">Gavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowari" title="Gowari">Gowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halba_(tribe)" title="Halba (tribe)">Halba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halpati" title="Halpati">Halpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_(tribe)" title="Kanwar (tribe)">Kanwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_people" title="Katkari people">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokna">Kokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_people" title="Korku people">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakar_(tribe)" title="Thakar (tribe)">Thakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasava" title="Vasava">Vasava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomadic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimar" title="Dhimar">Dhiwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gav-Paradhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gav-Paradhi">Gav-Paradhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Nath Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_Pardhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase Pardhi">Phase Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagri" title="Vagri">Waghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Marathi Jains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagherwal" title="Bagherwal">Bagherwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturtha" title="Chaturtha">Chaturtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakad">Dhakad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Panchama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitwal" title="Saitwal">Saitwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Immigrant_Jain_communities26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humad" title="Humad">Humad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiswal_Jain" title="Jaiswal Jain">Jaiswal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliwal" title="Paliwal">Paliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Porwad">Porwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawagi" title="Sarawagi">Sarawagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimali">Shrimali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Maharashtrian Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Muslim Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sindhi_tribes25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhi_tribes" title="Template:Sindhi tribes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhi_tribes" title="Template talk:Sindhi tribes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi_tribes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi tribes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sindhi_tribes25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi tribes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abro_(tribe)" title="Abro (tribe)">Abro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatia_caste" title="Bhatia caste">Bhatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_(clan)" title="Bhutto (clan)">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti" title="Bhatti">Bhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bughio" title="Bughio">Bughio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burfat" title="Burfat">Burfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachar" title="Chachar">Chachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(tribe)" title="Channa (tribe)">Channa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhutta" title="Chhutta">Chhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chohan">Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhareja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhareja">Dhareja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detha" title="Detha">Detho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daudpotra" title="Daudpotra">Daudpotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halepotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indher" title="Indher">Indher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneja" title="Juneja">Juneja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeja" title="Jadeja">Jadeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhro" title="Jakhro">Jakhro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johiya" title="Johiya">Joyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhio" title="Jokhio">Jokhio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhabel" title="Jhabel">Jhabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora" title="Kalhora">Kalhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachela">Kachela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuhro" title="Khuhro">Khuhro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehar" title="Kehar">Kehar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhi" title="Kolhi">Kolhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langah_(clan)" title="Langah (clan)">Langah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjar_(tribe)" title="Lanjar (tribe)">Lanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjwani" title="Lanjwani">Lanjwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohana" title="Lohana">Lohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahar_(tribe)" title="Mahar (tribe)">Mahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoro_(tribe)" title="Shoro (tribe)">Shoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soho_(tribe)" title="Soho (tribe)">Soho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Memon" title="Sindhi Memon">Sindhi Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahesar" title="Mahesar">Mahesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohana_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohana (tribe)">Mohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghwal" title="Meghwal">Meghwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangnejo" title="Mangnejo">Mangnejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahtam" title="Mahtam">Mahtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkani" title="Malkani">Malkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naich_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naich clan">Naich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numria_Tribe" title="Numria Tribe">Numrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noohani" title="Noohani">Noohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palh" title="Palh">Palh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palijo" title="Palijo">Palijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhwar" title="Panhwar">Panhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parihar_(clan)" title="Parihar (clan)">Parihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Sindh" title="Pathans of Sindh">Sindhi Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajper" title="Rajper">Rajper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royma" title="Royma">Rahimoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathio" title="Sathio">Sathio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Shaikh" title="Sindhi Shaikh">Sindhi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theba_(tribe)" title="Theba (tribe)">Thebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaheem_(tribe)" title="Thaheem (tribe)">Thaheem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unar_tribe" title="Unar tribe">Unar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassan" title="Wassan">Wassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warya" title="Warya">Varyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4507341#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata602" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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