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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oziroëeae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oziroëeae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Oziroëeae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oziroëeae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornithogaleae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornithogaleae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Ornithogaleae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornithogaleae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urgineeae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urgineeae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Urgineeae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urgineeae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyacintheae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyacintheae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Hyacintheae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyacintheae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera_and_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera_and_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Genera and species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera_and_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>List of genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicinal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medicinal use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إشقيلاوات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إشقيلاوات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCatsindilised" title="Hüatsindilised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüatsindilised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نجم‌آبیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نجم‌آبیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A6%87%EC%95%84%EA%B3%BC" title="무릇아과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무릇아과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יקינתוניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יקינתוניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillagvir%C3%A1gform%C3%A1k" title="Csillagvirágformák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagvirágformák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اشقيلاوات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشقيلاوات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Пролесковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пролесковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" title="Scilloideae – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Scilloideae" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E6%A3%97%E5%85%92%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91" title="綿棗兒亞科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="綿棗兒亞科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyacinthaceae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinthaceae">Hyacinthaceae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of bulbous monocot plants</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Scilloideae </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg/220px-Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg/330px-Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg/440px-Scilla_bifolia_070406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Scilla_bifolia" title="Scilla bifolia">Scilla bifolia</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Scilloideae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scilloideae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Thomas_Burnett" title="Gilbert Thomas Burnett">Burnett</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burn35_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn35-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genera</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-IPNI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Hyacinthaceae <small><a href="/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch">Batsch</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen">Bork.</a></small></li> <li>Scilleae</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Scilloideae</b> (named after the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i>, "squill") is a <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbous</a> plants within the family <i><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></i>. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family <b>Hyacinthaceae</b>, named after the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i>. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i> (hyacinths), <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i> (bluebells), <i><a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a></i> (grape hyacinths) and <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Puschkinia" title="Puschkinia">Puschkinia</a></i> (squills or scillas). Some are important as <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>. </p><p>Scilloideae are distributed mostly in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Their flowers have six tepals and six stamens with a <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)#Superior_ovary" title="Ovary (botany)">superior ovary</a>, which previously placed them within the <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">lily family</a> (Liliaceae), and their leaves are fleshy, <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilaginous</a>, and arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">basal rosette</a>. </p><p>The Scilloideae, like most <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilioid monocot">lily-like monocots</a>, were at one time placed in a very broadly defined lily family (Liliaceae). The subfamily is recognized in modern classification systems such as the <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> of 2009. It is also treated as the separate family Hyacinthaceae, as it is by many researchers and was in earlier APG systems. Determining the boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae is an active area of research. The number of genera varies widely from source to source, from about 30 to about 70. The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg/150px-Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg/225px-Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg/300px-Hyacinthaceae_sp_Sturm33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum" title="Ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2401_Bluebells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2401_Bluebells.jpg/150px-2401_Bluebells.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2401_Bluebells.jpg/225px-2401_Bluebells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2401_Bluebells.jpg/300px-2401_Bluebells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Inflorescence of <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledebouria_socialis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ledebouria_socialis.jpg/150px-Ledebouria_socialis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ledebouria_socialis.jpg/225px-Ledebouria_socialis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ledebouria_socialis.jpg/300px-Ledebouria_socialis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Leaves and bulbs of <i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria" title="Ledebouria">Ledebouria</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The subfamily contains many popular spring-flowering garden bulbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">hyacinths</a> (<i>Hyacinthus</i>), grape hyacinths (<i><a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a></i>), bluebells (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i>) and squills (<i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i>). Other members are summer- and autumn-flowering, including <i><a href="/wiki/Galtonia" title="Galtonia">Galtonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eucomis" title="Eucomis">Eucomis</a></i> ('pineapple lilies'). Most are native to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> zones and neighboring areas in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Others are found in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. </p><p>Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6 <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> with a superior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a>, a characteristic which placed them within the older order of <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> in many older classification systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a>, but they now separate from them within the <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> order. They have also been included in the family <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>. </p><p>Roots: contractile and mucilaginous. </p><p>Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple. </p><p>Flowers: arranged in <a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scapiflorous</a> inflorescences (in racemes, in spikes, and in heads). The <a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncles</a> are articulated. The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite#Plants" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a>, often showy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perianths" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianths">Perianths</a>: six tepals divided into two whorls, free or joined (<a href="/wiki/Connation" title="Connation">connate</a>). When joined, the perianth forms a tubular bell. The tepals are <a href="/wiki/Imbricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Imbricate">imbricate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petaloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaloid">petaloid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> may be white, yellow, violet, blue, brown and even black (see images). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">Androecium</a>: composed of 6 stamens (exceptionally 3, as in <a href="/wiki/Albuca" title="Albuca">Albuca</a>, for example), with the filaments free or <a href="/wiki/Adnation" title="Adnation">adnate</a> to the tube, often appendiculate. The anthers are dorsifixed and pollen dehiscence occurs by longitudinal openings. The <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is monosulcate (having a linear furrow). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a>: superior ovary, tricarpelate, connate and trilocular. Single stigma, capitate to 3-lobed. May contain from one to several ovules in each <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locule</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Nectaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectaries">nectaries</a> at the septa of the ovaries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscence</a> loculicidal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a>: Seed morphology is diverse, from globular to flattened, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a>. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">Chromosomes</a>: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in length, <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-WatsDall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatsDall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics">Systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">generic name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i>, and is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Thomas_Burnett" title="Gilbert Thomas Burnett">Gilbert Thomas Burnett</a> in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Burn35_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burn35-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When treated as a family, the name Hyacinthaceae is derived from the type genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i>, and is usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch">August Batsch</a> from ("ex") a 1797 publication by <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen">Moritz Borkhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPNI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPNI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg/150px-Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg/225px-Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg/300px-Ornithogalum_dubium_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum_dubium" title="Ornithogalum dubium">Ornithogalum dubium</a> </i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of Scilloideae is well supported by studies based on molecular data.<sup id="cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SebePeteDaviPire12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies also give support to the exclusion of <i><a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">Camassia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorogalum" title="Chlorogalum">Chlorogalum</a></i> and related genera, i.e. the former Hyacinthaceae subfamily Chlorogaloideae, now placed in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Agavoideae" title="Agavoideae">Agavoideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChasDuvaHillConr95_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasDuvaHillConr95-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeta1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeta1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact position of the Scilloideae within the broadly defined Asparagaceae is less clear. One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Asparagales_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Asparagales-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aphyllanthoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphyllanthoideae">Aphyllanthoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Agavoideae" title="Agavoideae">Agavoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brodiaeoideae" title="Brodiaeoideae">Brodiaeoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Scilloideae</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lomandroideae" title="Lomandroideae">Lomandroideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asparagoideae" title="Asparagoideae">Asparagoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nolinoideae" title="Nolinoideae">Nolinoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Although generally agreeing on the main division of the Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum likelihood. In the first, the Scilloideae are sister to the Agavoideae; in the second, they are sister to the Brodiaeoideae.<sup id="cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SebePeteDaviPire12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_classifications">Early classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detailed historical accounts of taxonomic issues relating to the modern subfamily Scilloideae have been provided by Pfosser & Speta (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-PfosSpet99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfosSpet99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chase et al. (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a> have long created classification problems. At one extreme, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a> of 1968, they have been regarded as one large family (<a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i>). At the other extreme, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren system</a> of 1985, they have been divided between orders and split into many often small families. Dahlgren divided the lilioid monocots in search of <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a>, but in practice he was unsuccessful. His major contribution was to split the Liliaceae into two families, the true Liliaceae, Liliaceae <i>sensu stricto</i>, and the Hyacinthaceae (families which are now placed in separate orders, <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Splitting off the Hyacinthaceae from the Liliaceae was originally suggested by <a href="/wiki/Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsch">Batsch</a> in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-Bats86_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bats86-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batsch's version of the family only superficially resembles the modern version, but did include <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lachenalia" title="Lachenalia">Lachenalia</a></i>. The group was reduced to a tribe by <a href="/wiki/Endlicher" class="mw-redirect" title="Endlicher">Endlicher</a> in 1836, and included <i><a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">Camassia</a></i>. In 1866 <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Salisbury" title="Edward James Salisbury">Salisbury</a> redistributed the genera into several families.<sup id="cite_ref-Sali66_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sali66-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Baker" title="John Gilbert Baker">Baker</a> used tribes to divide up the Liliaceae <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">s.l.</a></i>. introducing the Hyacintheae, Scilleae, Massonieae, and Chlorogaleae.<sup id="cite_ref-Bake70_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bake70-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler</a> divided the Liliaceae <i>s.l.</i> into two tribes, Lilieaoe and Scilleae.<sup id="cite_ref-Engl87_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engl87-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritsch" title="Karl Fritsch">Fritsch</a> proposed the division of Liliaceae <i>s.l.</i> into smaller more homogeneous families.<sup id="cite_ref-Frit32_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frit32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s the Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-Krau30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krau30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Buch49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buch49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1969, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber</a> was recognizing the Scilloideae as the family Hyacinthaceae, and dividing it into tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hube69_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube69-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How many tribes were recognised and how the genera were distributed within those tribes depended on the diagnostic characters chosen. Huber used seeds, while Schulze in 1980 used pollen.<sup id="cite_ref-Schu80_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schu80-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphology and chromosome analysis were supplemented by chemotaxonomy, due to the presence of cardiac steroids, such as the bufadienolids in the Urgineoideae and cardenolids in Ornithogaloideae. Even <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaean</a> genera such as <i>Hyacinthus</i>, <i>Scilla</i> and <i>Ornithoglum</i> proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_classifications">Modern classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG/150px-Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG/225px-Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG/300px-Glory_of_the_Snow_in_the_snow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chionodoxa_luciliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionodoxa luciliae">Chionodoxa luciliae</a></i>, glory-of-the-snow</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern classification systems for plants are largely derived from <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetic analysis</a>. The initial molecular analysis of the Liliaceae <i>s.l.</i> was based on the Dahlgren system, as for example in the work by Chase et al. in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-ChasDuvaHillConr95_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasDuvaHillConr95-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was discovered that the Dahlgren families were not <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, the tendency was to create new families out of each identified <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, as in the first <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> system of 1998, the <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG system</a>. This placed many lilioid families and genera in the order <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> (a term derived from Dahlgren, and the largest monocot order). One of the 29 families into which the Asparagales were divided was the Hyacinthaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-APG1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With further work it was evident that these 29 families, some of which had few genera, could be grouped into larger clades. The <a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">APG II system</a> of 2003 was a compromise. It divided the Asparagales into 14 broadly defined families, while allowing an alternative system in which some of the larger families could be replaced by smaller ones. The Hyacinthaceae was one of these optional smaller families, which could alternatively be sunk into a broadly defined Asparagaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-APG2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This compromise approach was abandoned in the <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> of 2009, which allowed only the broader families. The paper presenting the system states "The area around Asparagaceae is difficult from the standpoint of circumscription. Although Asparagaceae s.l. are heterogeneous and poorly characterized, Asparagaceae s.s., Agavaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae and even Hyacinthaceae have few if any distinctive features."<sup id="cite_ref-APG3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Chase et al. provided subfamilies to replace the alternative narrowly defined families of APG II. The Hyacinthaceae became the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sources have adopted the APG III system; for example, the <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> places genera such as <i>Hyacinthus</i> only in the broadly defined Asparagaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_278565_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP_278565-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources prefer to retain the narrower families of APG II; for example, Seberg et al. say that it "remains a moot point whether the difficult-to-recognize bracketed families of APG II are a worse or a better choice than the equally difficult-to-recognize subfamilies of APG III", and in their analyses of the phylogeny of the Asparagales they continue to use families such as Hyacinthaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SebePeteDaviPire12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes">Tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into tribes.)<sup id="cite_ref-PfosSpet99_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfosSpet99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae <small>Dumort.</small>, Ornithogaleae <small>Rouy</small>, Oziroëeae <small>M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay</small> and Urgineeae <small>Rouy</small>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible relationship of the four tribes is represented in the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MannGoldFay04_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannGoldFay04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has, however, only "moderate" statistical support.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Scilloideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Oziroëeae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Ornithogaleae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Urgineeae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Hyacintheae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Pseudoprospero</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Massoniinae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Hyacinthinae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The exact boundaries between genera within these tribes remains controversial;<sup id="cite_ref-PfosSpet99_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfosSpet99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MannGoldFay04_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannGoldFay04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WetsPfos03_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WetsPfos03-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".<sup id="cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oziroëeae"><span id="Oziro.C3.ABeae"></span>Oziroëeae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oziroëeae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Species are found only in western South America. They have flowers with stamens which are joined to the petals, rounded seeds and the embryo as long as the seed. The basic chromosome numbers are <i>n</i> = 15, 17. The tribe contains only the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Oziroe" title="Oziroe">Oziroë</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ornithogaleae">Ornithogaleae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ornithogaleae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg/150px-Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg/225px-Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg/300px-Ornithogalum_narbonense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum_narbonense" title="Ornithogalum narbonense">Ornithogalum narbonense</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of the number of species, this is the largest tribe. Its species are distributed in Europe, western Asia and Africa. They have flowers with three stamens which have flattened filaments. Their seeds are flattened and angular. The basic chromosome numbers range from <i>n</i> = 2 to <i>n</i> = 10.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the treatment by Manning et al. (2009) and Stevens at the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a>, the tribe contains four genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Albuca" title="Albuca">Albuca</a></i> (about 110–140 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Dipcadi" title="Dipcadi">Dipcadi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum" title="Ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a></i> (about 160 species, including <i>Galtonia</i> and <i>Neopatersonia</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudogaltonia" title="Pseudogaltonia">Pseudogaltonia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MannForeDeveFay09_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannForeDeveFay09-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) divide the tribe into 19 genera.<sup id="cite_ref-MartCresJuanFay11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartCresJuanFay11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urgineeae">Urgineeae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urgineeae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Species within this tribe contain <a href="/wiki/Bufadienolide" title="Bufadienolide">bufadienolides</a> and are distributed mainly in Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean through to India. The seeds are flattened and winged with the head barely attached to the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>. The basic chromosome numbers are <i>n</i> = 6, 7 and 10.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the source, the tribe may include the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Bowiea" title="Bowiea">Bowiea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drimia" title="Drimia">Drimia</a></i> (including <i>Urginea</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Schizobasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizobasis">Schizobasis</a></i> (sometimes included in <i>Drimia</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fusifilum" title="Fusifilum">Fusifilum</a></i> (also sometimes included in <i>Drimia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MannGoldFay04_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MannGoldFay04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyacintheae">Hyacintheae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hyacintheae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lachenalia_orchioides_(hyacinthaceae).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG/150px-Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG/225px-Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG/300px-Lachenalia_orchioides_%28hyacinthaceae%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Lachenalia_orchioides" title="Lachenalia orchioides">Lachenalia orchioides</a> </i></figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of the number of species, this is the second largest tribe. Its species have leaves with pustules or spots, rounded seeds and contain <a href="/wiki/Homoisoflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoisoflavanone">homoisoflavanones</a>. The tribe can in turn be divided into three clades (subtribes):<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoprospero" title="Pseudoprospero">Pseudoprospero</a></i> <small>Speta</small></li></ul> <dl><dd>The only species in the genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoprospero" title="Pseudoprospero">Pseudoprospero firmifolium</a></i>, is from eastern South Africa. It has two ovules per carpel with one seed per locule and a basic chromosome number <i>n</i> = 9.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Massoniinae <small>Bentham & Hooker f.</small></li></ul> <dl><dd>Species are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara and India. There are two or more ovules per carpel. The seeds have <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>. The basic chromosome number is 5 to 10+ (many 20).<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtribe contains about 13–20 genera (depending on the treatment), including <i><a href="/wiki/Daubenya" title="Daubenya">Daubenya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drimiopsis" title="Drimiopsis">Drimiopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucomis" title="Eucomis">Eucomis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lachenalia" title="Lachenalia">Lachenalia</a></i> (about 110 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria" title="Ledebouria">Ledebouria</a></i> (about 80 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Massonia" title="Massonia">Massonia</a></i> (including <i>Whiteheadia</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Merwilla" title="Merwilla">Merwilla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schizocarphus" title="Schizocarphus">Schizocarphus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Veltheimia" title="Veltheimia">Veltheimia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PfosWetsUngaPren04_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfosWetsUngaPren04-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Hyacinthinae <small>Parlatore</small></li></ul> <dl><dd>Species are distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean and North Africa and the Middle East, and then again in the Far East. There are two to eight ovules per carpel; elaiosomes are present in the seeds; and the basic chromosome number is 4 to 8+.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtribe contains about 14–25 genera (depending on the treatment), including <i><a href="/wiki/Bellevalia" title="Bellevalia">Bellevalia</a></i> (about 50 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Brimeura" title="Brimeura">Brimeura</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a></i> (about 50 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i> (about 30 species) and <i><a href="/wiki/Prospero_(plant)" title="Prospero (plant)">Prospero</a></i> (about 25 species).<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera_and_species">Genera and species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genera and species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some genera that were formerly placed within the Scillioideae (as Hyacinthaceae), e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorogalum" title="Chlorogalum">Chlorogalum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">Camassia</a></i>, are currently placed in the Agavoideae.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Agavoideae_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Agavoideae-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both historically and as of March 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there has been "considerable disagreement over generic limits" in the remaining Scilloideae, with different sources listing from 15 to 45 genera for <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of genera has been given as anything between about 30 (with about 500–700 species)<sup id="cite_ref-WatsDall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatsDall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 70 (with about 1000 species).<sup id="cite_ref-PfosSpet99_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfosSpet99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_genera">List of genera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless otherwise noted, the list below is based on genera accepted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> as in the family <a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a> (with synonyms from the same source),<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_Asparagaceae_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP_Asparagaceae-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with assignments to the subfamily Scilloideae based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network.<sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted above, other sources divide up some of these genera, creating a significantly larger number; thus the genus <i>Ornithogalum</i> as conceived by Manning et al. (2009) is divided by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011) into a more narrowly circumscribed <i>Ornithogalum</i> plus an additional 11 genera.<sup id="cite_ref-MartCresJuanFay11_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartCresJuanFay11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albuca" title="Albuca">Albuca</a></i> <small>L.</small> (including <i>Battandiera</i> <small>Maire</small>, <i>Coilonox</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Stellarioides</i> <small>Medik.</small>, <i>Trimelopter</i> <small>Raf.</small>; sometimes included in <i>Ornithogalum</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alrawia" title="Alrawia">Alrawia</a></i> <small>(Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austronea" title="Austronea">Austronea</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>Martinez-Azorín <i>et al</i>.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnardia" title="Barnardia">Barnardia</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellevalia" title="Bellevalia">Bellevalia</a></i> <small>Lapeyr.</small> (including <i>Strangweja</i> <small>Bertol.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowiea" title="Bowiea">Bowiea</a></i> <small>Harv. ex Hook.f.</small> (Climbing Onion, Sea Onion)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brimeura" title="Brimeura">Brimeura</a></i> <small>Salisb.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daubenya" title="Daubenya">Daubenya</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small> (including <i>Amphisiphon</i> <small>W.F.Barker</small>, <i>Androsiphon</i> <small>Schltr.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipcadi" title="Dipcadi">Dipcadi</a></i> <small>Medik.</small> (sometimes included in <i>Ornithogalum</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drimia" title="Drimia">Drimia</a></i> <small>Jacq.</small> (including <i>Litanthus</i> <small>Harv.</small>, <i>Rhadamanthus</i> <small>Salisb.</small>, <i>Rhodocodon</i> <small>Baker</small>, <i>Sypharissa</i> <small>Salisb.</small>, <i>Tenicroa</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Thuranthos</i> <small>C.H.Wright</small>, <i>Urginea</i> <small>Steinh.</small>, <i>Urgineopsis</i> <small>Compton</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drimiopsis" title="Drimiopsis">Drimiopsis</a></i> <small>Lindl. & Paxton</small> (sometimes included in <i>Ledebouria</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucomis" title="Eucomis">Eucomis</a></i> <small>L'Hér.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fessia" title="Fessia">Fessia</a></i> <small>Speta</small> (sometimes included in <i>Scilla</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusifilum" title="Fusifilum">Fusifilum</a></i> <small>Raf.</small> (sometimes included in <i>Drimia</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthella" title="Hyacinthella">Hyacinthella</a></i> <small>Schur</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i> <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small> (including <i>Endymion</i> <small>Dumort.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i> <small>Tourn. ex L.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachenalia" title="Lachenalia">Lachenalia</a></i> <small>Jacq. ex Murray</small> (including <i>Brachyscypha</i> <small>Baker</small>, <i>Periboea</i> <small>Kunth</small>, <i>Polyxena</i> <small>Kunth</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria" title="Ledebouria">Ledebouria</a></i> <small>Roth</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopoldia" title="Leopoldia">Leopoldia</a></i> <small>Parl.</small> (sometimes included in <i>Muscari</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massonia" title="Massonia">Massonia</a></i> <small>Thunb. ex Houtt.</small> (including <i>Neobakeria</i> <small>Schltr.</small>, <i>Whiteheadia</i> <small>Harv.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merwilla" title="Merwilla">Merwilla</a></i> <small>Speta</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a></i> <small>Mill.</small> (including <i>Botryanthus</i> <small>Kunth</small>, <i>Muscarimia</i> <small>Kostel.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Namophila" title="Namophila">Namophila</a></i> <small>U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies</small><sup id="cite_ref-eMon_282363_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eMon_282363-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum" title="Ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a></i> <small>L.</small> (including <i>Avonsera</i> <small>Speta</small>, <i>Cathissa</i> <small>Salisb.</small>, <i>Eliokarmos</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Elsiea</i> <small>F.M.Leight.</small>, <i>Ethesia</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Galtonia</i> <small>Decne.</small>, <i>Honorius</i> <small>Gray</small>, <i>Loncomelos</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Melomphis</i> <small>Raf.</small>, <i>Neopatersonia</i> <small>Schönland</small>, <i>Nicipe</i> <small>Raf.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oziroe" title="Oziroe">Oziroe</a></i> <small>Raf.</small> (including <i>Fortunatia</i> <small>J.F.Macbr.</small>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prospero_(plant)" title="Prospero (plant)">Prospero</a></i> <small>Salisb.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudogaltonia" title="Pseudogaltonia">Pseudogaltonia</a></i> <small>(Kuntze) Engl.</small> (sometimes included in <i>Ornithogalum</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomuscari" title="Pseudomuscari">Pseudomuscari</a></i> <small>Garbari & Greuter</small> (sometimes included in <i>Muscari</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoprospero" title="Pseudoprospero">Pseudoprospero</a></i> <small>Speta</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puschkinia" title="Puschkinia">Puschkinia</a></i> <small>Adams</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resnova" title="Resnova">Resnova</a></i> <small>van der Merwe</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schizobasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizobasis">Schizobasis</a></i> <small>Baker</small> (sometimes included in <i>Drimia</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schizocarphus" title="Schizocarphus">Schizocarphus</a></i> <small>van der Merwe</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i> <small>L.</small> (including <i>Autonoe</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla_sect._Chionodoxa" title="Scilla sect. Chionodoxa">Chionodoxa</a></i> <small>Boiss.</small>, <i>Chouardia</i>, <i>Nectaroscilla</i>, <i>Oncostema</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spetaea" title="Spetaea">Spetaea</a></i> <small>Wetschnig & Pfosser</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veltheimia" title="Veltheimia">Veltheimia</a></i> <small>Gled.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zagrosia" title="Zagrosia">Zagrosia</a></i> <small>Speta</small> (sometimes included in <i>Scilla</i><sup id="cite_ref-GRINquery_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRINquery-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zingela" title="Zingela">Zingela</a></i> <small>N.R.Crouch, Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & M.Á.Alonso</small></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_ecology">Distribution and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg/220px-Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg/330px-Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg/440px-Scilloideae_distribution_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Scilloideae species<sup id="cite_ref-tolweb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolweb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Oziroe" title="Oziroe">Oziroe</a></i> is found only in parts of western <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Other genera occur in Africa south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, further north in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and on the east coast of Asia, in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Scilloideae are found in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> habitats, but are more diverse in areas of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scilloideae <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">reproduce</a> both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are <a href="/wiki/Pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinated">pollinated</a> by a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasps">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moths" class="mw-redirect" title="Moths">moths</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species. <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">Vegetative reproduction</a> may be by <a href="/wiki/Bulbils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbils">bulbils</a> or by seeds through <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> attracted by <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg/150px-Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg/225px-Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg/300px-Eucomis_autumnalis_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Eucomis_autumnalis" title="Eucomis autumnalis">Eucomis autumnalis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">Hyacinthus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puschkinia" title="Puschkinia">Puschkinia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthoides" title="Hyacinthoides">Hyacinthoides</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum" title="Ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a></i> (including those formerly placed in <i>Galtonia</i>). </p><p>In South Africa the species of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucomis" title="Eucomis">Eucomis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum" title="Ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Veltheimia" title="Veltheimia">Veltheimia</a></i>, among others, are grown as ornamentals. <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum_thyrsoides" title="Ornithogalum thyrsoides">Ornithogalum thyrsoides</a></i> and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.<sup id="cite_ref-tolweb_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolweb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_use">Medicinal use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medicinal use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Drimia_maritima" title="Drimia maritima">Drimia maritima</a></i>, the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> is mentioned in a <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> from 1554 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bufadienolides isolated from <i>Drimia maritima</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Drimia_indica" title="Drimia indica">Drimia indica</a></i> are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> the bulbs of <i><a href="/wiki/Leopoldia_comosa" title="Leopoldia comosa">Leopoldia comosa</a></i> are grown for food<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> they are consumed as pickles. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> the inflorescence of <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum_pyrenaicum" title="Ornithogalum pyrenaicum">Ornithogalum pyrenaicum</a></i> is consumed as a vegetable. In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> some tribes consume the bulbs of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledebouria_apertiflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledebouria apertiflora (page does not exist)">Ledebouria apertiflora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria_revoluta" title="Ledebouria revoluta">Ledebouria revoluta</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal <a href="/wiki/Saponins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saponins">saponins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bufadienolide" title="Bufadienolide">bufadienolides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardenolides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardenolides">cardenolides</a>, making them inedible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example, <i>Ornithogalum thyrsoides</i>, and several <i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria" title="Ledebouria">Ledebouria</a></i> species (<i><a href="/wiki/Ledebouria_cooperi" title="Ledebouria cooperi">Ledebouria cooperi</a></i>, <i>L. inguinata</i>, <i>L. ovatifolia</i>, <i>L. revoluta</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithogalum_saundersiae" title="Ornithogalum saundersiae">Ornithogalum saundersiae</a></i> and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock. <a href="/wiki/Scilliroside" title="Scilliroside">Scilliroside</a> (a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of <i><a href="/wiki/Drimia_maritima" title="Drimia maritima">Drimia maritima</a></i> bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burn35-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burn35_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burn35_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurnett1835" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Gilbert Thomas (1835). <i>Outlines of Botany</i>. London: J. Churchill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9537633">9537633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Botany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Churchill&rft.date=1835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9537633&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span> p. 428. Cited in <a href="#CITEREFChaseRevealFay2009">Chase, Reveal & Fay 2009</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPNI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Hyacinthaceae"><i>IPNI Plant Name Query Results for </i>Hyacinthaceae<i><span></span></i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">The International Plant Names Index</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IPNI+Plant+Name+Query+Results+for+Hyacinthaceae&rft.pub=The+International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FsimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DHyacinthaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChasReveFay09-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChasReveFay09_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseRevealFay2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L.; Fay, M.F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x">"A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>161</b> (2): 132–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+subfamilial+classification+for+the+expanded+asparagalean+families+Amaryllidaceae%2C+Asparagaceae+and+Xanthorrhoeaceae&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-136&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Reveal%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00999.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WatsDall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WatsDall_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatsDall_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonDallwitz" class="citation web cs1">Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hyacinth.htm">"Hyacinthaceae"</a>. <i>The families of flowering plants</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants&rft.atitle=Hyacinthaceae&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Dallwitz%2C+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelta-intkey.com%2Fangio%2Fwww%2Fhyacinth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APweb_Scilloideae-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APweb_Scilloideae_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, P.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Hyacinthaceae">"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Scilloideae"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website%3A+Asparagales%3A+Scilloideae&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2Fapweb%2Forders%2Fasparagalesweb.htm%23Hyacinthaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SebePeteDaviPire12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SebePeteDaviPire12_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebergPetersenDavisPires2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Davis, Jerrold I.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Devey, Dion S.; Jørgensen, Tina; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Pillon, Yohan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1100468">"Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>99</b> (5): 875–889. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1100468">10.3732/ajb.1100468</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22539521">22539521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+Asparagales+based+on+three+plastid+and+two+mitochondrial+genes&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=875-889&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.1100468&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22539521&rft.aulast=Seberg&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Gitte&rft.au=Davis%2C+Jerrold+I.&rft.au=Pires%2C+J.+Chris&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Dennis+W.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Devey%2C+Dion+S.&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Tina&rft.au=Sytsma%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Pillon%2C+Yohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.1100468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChasDuvaHillConr95-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChasDuvaHillConr95_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChasDuvaHillConr95_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseDuvallHillsConran1995" class="citation book cs1">Chase, M.W.; Duvall, M. 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"Hyacintheae". In <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC"><i>Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</i></a>. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. 261–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-64060-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-64060-6"><bdi>3-540-64060-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hyacintheae&rft.btitle=Flowering+plants.+Monocotyledons%3A+Lilianae+%28except+Orchidaceae%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+families+and+genera+of+vascular+plants&rft.pages=261-285&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-540-64060-6&rft.aulast=Speta&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyPVYzL76sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-Azorín_et_al2015" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (27 February 2015). "New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae". <i><a href="/wiki/Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a></i>. <b>201</b> (2): 165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.201.2.7">10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=New+combinations+and+lectotype+designations+in+Asparagaceae+subfam.+Scilloideae&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.201.2.7&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Azor%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Crespo%2C+Manuel+B.&rft.au=Dold%2C+Anthony+P.&rft.au=Pinter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wetschnig%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedje2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stedje, Brita (2001). "Generic Delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with Special Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Genera". <i>Systematics and Geography of Plants</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 449–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3668693">10.2307/3668693</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3668693">3668693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Geography+of+Plants&rft.atitle=Generic+Delimitation+of+Hyacinthaceae%2C+with+Special+Emphasis+on+Sub-Saharan+Genera&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=449-454&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3668693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3668693%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stedje&rft.aufirst=Brita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScilloideae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilloideae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scilloideae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scilloideae">Scilloideae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524053101/http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/hyacinthaceae.htm">Hyacinthaceae in Topwalks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1200&taxon_id=10419"><i>Monocot families</i> (USDA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=44985&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">NCBI Taxonomy Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hyacinthaceae">links at CSDL, Texas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Scilloideae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133292" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q133292">Q133292</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scilloideae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Scilloideae">Scilloideae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/223507">223507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/65060379">65060379</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=subfamily&id=2525">2525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50126263">50126263</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/364">364</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Hyacinthaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13833438" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13833438">Q13833438</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/127026">127026</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=413990">413990</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10419">10419</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3647445">3647445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=555">555</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/204437">204437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30298455-2">30298455-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=100733">100733</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=897532">897532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=44985">44985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=47206">47206</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55845">55845</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30298455-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30298455-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50324572">50324572</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hyacinth.htm">hyacinth</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000001198">wfo-7000001198</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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