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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Method-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Method subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Create_word_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Create_word_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Create word list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Create_word_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determine_cognacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determine_cognacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Determine cognacies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determine_cognacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Λεξικοστατιστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεξικοστατιστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آمارواژگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمارواژگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikostatistika" title="Leksikostatistika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leksikostatistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikostatisztika" title="Lexikostatisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lexikostatisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikostatistik" title="Leksikostatistik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Leksikostatistik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicostatistiek" title="Lexicostatistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lexicostatistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lexicostatistics</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> that involves comparing the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Lexical_cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical cognates">lexical cognates</a> between languages to determine their relationship. Lexicostatistics is related to the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> but does not reconstruct a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a>. It is to be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronology</a>, which attempts to use lexicostatistical methods to estimate the length of time since two or more languages diverged from a common earlier proto-language. This is merely one application of lexicostatistics, however; other applications of it may not share the assumption of a constant rate of change for basic lexical items. </p><p>The term "lexicostatistics" is misleading in that mathematical equations are used but not statistics. Other features of a language may be used other than the lexicon, though this is unusual. Whereas the comparative method used shared identified innovations to determine sub-groups, lexicostatistics does not identify these. Lexicostatistics is a distance-based method, whereas the comparative method considers language characters directly. The lexicostatistics method is a simple and fast technique relative to the comparative method but has limitations (discussed below). It can be validated by cross-checking the trees produced by both methods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lexicostatistics was developed by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a> in a series of articles in the 1950s, based on earlier ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept's first known use was by <a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a> in 1834 who compared various "Oceanic" languages and proposed a method for calculating a coefficient of relationship. <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Hymes</a> (1960) and Embleton (1986) both review the history of lexicostatistics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Create_word_list">Create word list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Create word list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aim is to generate a list of universally used meanings (hand, mouth, sky, I). Words are then collected for these meaning slots for each language being considered. Swadesh reduced a larger set of meanings down to 200 originally. He later found that it was necessary to reduce it further but that he could include some meanings that were not in his original list, giving his later 100-item list. The <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> gives the total 207 meanings in a number of languages. Alternative lists that apply more rigorous criteria have been generated, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Dolgopolsky_list" title="Dolgopolsky list">Dolgopolsky list</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list" title="Leipzig–Jakarta list">Leipzig–Jakarta list</a>, as well as lists with a more specific scope; for example, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Dyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kruskal" title="Joseph Kruskal">Kruskal</a> and Black have 200 meanings for 84 <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in digital form.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyen&al1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyen&al1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determine_cognacies">Determine cognacies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Determine cognacies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A trained and experienced linguist is needed to make cognacy decisions. However, the decisions may need to be refined as the state of knowledge increases. However, lexicostatistics does not rely on all the decisions being correct. For each pair of words (in different languages) in this list, the cognacy of a form could be positive, negative or indeterminate. Sometimes a language has multiple words for one meaning, e.g. <i>small</i> and <i>little</i> for <i>not big</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculate_lexicostatistic_percentages">Calculate lexicostatistic percentages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calculate lexicostatistic percentages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This percentage is related to the proportion of meanings for a particular language pair that are cognate, i.e. relative to the total without indeterminacy. This value is entered into an <a href="/wiki/Distance_matrix" title="Distance matrix"><span class="texhtml"><i>N</i>×<i>N</i></span> table of distances</a>, where N is the number of languages being compared. When completed, this table is half-filled in <a href="/wiki/Triangular_matrix" title="Triangular matrix">triangular</a> form. The higher the proportion of cognacy the closer the languages are related. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Create_family_tree">Create family tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Create family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Creation of the language tree is based solely on the table found above. Various sub-grouping methods can be used but that adopted by Dyen, Kruskal and Black was: </p> <ul><li>all lists are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Pool_(computer_science)" title="Pool (computer science)">pool</a></li> <li>the two closest members are removed and form a nucleus which is placed in the pool</li> <li>this step is repeated</li> <li>under certain conditions a nucleus becomes a group</li> <li>this is repeated until the pool only contains one group.</li></ul> <p>Calculations have to be of nucleus and group lexical percentages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A leading exponent of lexicostatistics application has been <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Isidore Dyen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used lexicostatistics to classify <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyen&al1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyen&al1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major study of the latter was reported by Dyen, Kruskal and Black (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Dyen&al1992_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyen&al1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have also been carried out on <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pama-Nyungan">Pama-Nyungan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pama-Nyungan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The problem of internal branching within the <a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> language family has been a long-standing issue for Australianist linguistics, and general consensus held that internal connections between the 25+ different subgroups of Pama-Nyungan were either impossible to reconstruct or that the subgroups were not in fact genetically related at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Claire Bowern and Quentin Atkinson published the results from their application of computational <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> methods on 194 <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doculect">doculects</a> representing all major subgroups and isolates of Pama-Nyungan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowern&Atkinson2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowern&Atkinson2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their model "recovered" many of the branches and divisions that had erstwhile been proposed and accepted by many other Australianists, while also providing some insight into the more problematic branches, such as <a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman</a> (which is complicated by the lack of data) and <a href="/wiki/Ngumpin-Yapa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngumpin-Yapa languages">Ngumpin-Yapa</a> (where the genetic picture is obscured by very high rates of borrowing between languages). Their dataset forms the largest of its kind for a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> language family, and the second largest overall after <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/">Greenhill et al. 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182305/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/">Archived</a> 2018-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). They conclude that Pama-Nyungan languages are in fact not exceptional to lexicostatistical methods, which have successfully been applied to other language families of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Hoijer</a> (1956) have showed that there were difficulties in finding equivalents to the meaning items while many have found it necessary to modify Swadesh's lists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gudschinsky (1956) questioned whether it was possible to obtain a universal list.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors such as <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowing</a>, tradition and <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> can skew the results, as with other methods. Sometimes lexicostatistics has been used with <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> being used rather than cognacy to find resemblances. This is then equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Mass_comparison" title="Mass comparison">mass comparison</a>. </p><p>The choice of meaning slots is subjective, as is the choice of <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improved_methods">Improved methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Improved methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the modern computational statistical hypothesis testing methods can be regarded as improvements of lexicostatistics in that they use similar word lists and distance measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">Comparative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Lexicostatistical_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Lexicostatistical Database">Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Dictionary_Series" title="Intercontinental Dictionary Series">Intercontinental Dictionary Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Linguistic distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_lexical_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass lexical comparison">Mass lexical comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_list" title="Word list">Word list</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwadesh1955" class="citation journal cs1">Swadesh, Morris (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/464321">"Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistical dating"</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 121–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464321">10.1086/464321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144581963">144581963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Towards+greater+accuracy+in+lexicostatistical+dating&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-137&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144581963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Swadesh&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F464321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwadesh1952" class="citation journal cs1">Swadesh, Morris (1952). "Lexicostatistical dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>96</b>: 452–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Lexicostatistical+dating+of+prehistoric+ethnic+contacts&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=452-463&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Swadesh&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwadesh1950" class="citation journal cs1">Swadesh, Morris (1950). 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"The lexicostatistically determined relationship of a language group". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 153–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464687">10.1086/464687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143070513">143070513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+lexicostatistically+determined+relationship+of+a+language+group&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-161&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143070513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1963" class="citation journal cs1">Dyen, Isidore (1963). "Lexicostatistically determined borrowing and taboo". <i>Language</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 60–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F410762">10.2307/410762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/410762">410762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Lexicostatistically+determined+borrowing+and+taboo&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-66&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F410762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F410762%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1973" class="citation book cs1">Dyen, Isidore, ed. (1973). <i>Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicostatistics+in+Genetic+Linguistics&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1975" class="citation book cs1">Dyen, Isidore (1975). <i>Linguistic Subgrouping and Lexicostatistics</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Subgrouping+and+Lexicostatistics&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1965" class="citation journal cs1">Dyen, Isidore (1965). "A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>19</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+lexicostatistical+classification+of+the+Austronesian+languages.&rft.volume=19&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Robert M.W. (2002). <i>Australian languages: their nature and development</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48, 53. <q><i>Australia provides a prototypical instance of a linguistic area. It has considerable time-depth, fairly uniform terrain leading to ease of interaction and communication, a fair proportion of reciprocal exogamous marriages, rampant multilingualism, and an open attitude to borrowing ... There is a basic uniformity to Australian languages which is the natural result of a long period of diffusion. Although no justification had been provided for 'Pama-Nyungan', it came to be accepted. People accepted it because it was accepted—as a species of belief. ... It is clear that 'Pama-Nyungan' cannot be supported as a genetic group. Nor is it a useful typological grouping.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+languages%3A+their+nature+and+development&rft.pages=48%2C+53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicostatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowern&Atkinson2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowern&Atkinson2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowernAtkinson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). 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Lexicostatistical Grouping. Anthropological Linguistics 7, 216-221.</li> <li>Dobson, Annette and Black, Paul (1979). Multidimensional Scaling of some Lexicostatistical Data. Mathematical Scientist 1979/4, 55-61.</li> <li>McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert (2005). Language Classification by Numbers. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Sankoff, David (1970). "On the Rate of Replacement of Word-Meaning Relationships." <i>Language</i> 46.564-569.</li> <li>Wittmann, Henri (1969). "A lexico-statistic inquiry into the diachrony of Hittite." <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i> 74.1-10.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1969a-lexstatHitt.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li>Wittmann, Henri (1973). "The lexicostatistical classification of the French-based Creole languages." <i>Lexicostatistics in genetic linguistics: Proceedings of the Yale conference, April 3–4, 1971</i>, dir. Isidore Dyen, 89-99. La Haye: Mouton.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1973f-lexstatFC.pdf">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicostatistics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexicostatistics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lexicostatistics">lexicostatistics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starling.rinet.ru/new100/">The Global Lexicostatistical Database</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Human_Languages" title="Evolution of Human Languages">Evolution of Human Languages</a> project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013184530/http://www.ntu.edu.au/education/langs/ielex/">IE database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specgram.com/CLIV.1/08.phlogiston.cartoon.jiu.html">A simplified explanation of the difference between glottochronology and lexicostatistics.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Long-range_comparative_linguistics" title="Template:Long-range comparative linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Long-range_comparative_linguistics" title="Template talk:Long-range comparative linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Long-range_comparative_linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Long-range comparative linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Long-range_comparative_linguistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Long-range <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">Comparative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexicostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">Linguistic reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" title="Internal reconstruction">Internal reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universal" title="Linguistic universal">Linguistic universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrofamily" title="Macrofamily">Macrofamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_comparison" title="Mass comparison">Mass comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolinguistics" title="Paleolinguistics">Paleolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgopolsky_list" title="Dolgopolsky list">Dolgopolsky list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list" title="Leipzig–Jakarta list">Leipzig–Jakarta list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-human_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-human language">Proto-human</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Uralic_languages" title="Sino-Uralic languages">Sino-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bengtson" title="John Bengtson">John Bengtson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Václav Blažek">Václav Blažek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Bomhard" title="Allan R. Bomhard">Allan R. Bomhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Burlak" title="Svetlana Burlak">Svetlana Burlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Dolgopolsky" title="Aharon Dolgopolsky">Aharon Dolgopolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dybo" title="Vladimir Dybo">Vladimir Dybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Fleming" title="Harold C. Fleming">Harold C. Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Eugene Helimski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Illich-Svitych" title="Vladislav Illich-Svitych">Vladislav Illich-Svitych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Manaster_Ramer" title="Alexis Manaster Ramer">Alexis Manaster Ramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaev_(linguist)" title="Sergei Nikolaev (linguist)">Sergei Nikolaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Paliga" title="Sorin Paliga">Sorin Paliga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)" title="Holger Pedersen (linguist)">Holger Pedersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_Peiros" title="Ilia Peiros">Ilia Peiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Martine Robbeets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shevoroshkin" title="Vitaly Shevoroshkin">Vitaly Shevoroshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Starostin" title="Georgiy Starostin">Georgiy Starostin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Sergei Starostin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Trombetti" title="Alfredo Trombetti">Alfredo Trombetti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Tongue_(journal)" title="Mother Tongue (journal)">Mother Tongue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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Sciences">Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_School_of_Comparative_Linguistics" title="Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics">Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_State_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Russian State University for the Humanities">Russian State University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 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