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<li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_transition_to_other_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_transition_to_other_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gradual transition to other formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_transition_to_other_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Usage in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-8-inch_and_5¼-inch_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8-inch_and_5¼-inch_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>8-inch and 5¼-inch disks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8-inch_and_5¼-inch_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3½-inch_disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3½-inch_disk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>3½-inch disk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3½-inch_disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insertion_and_ejection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insertion_and_ejection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Insertion and ejection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insertion_and_ejection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_track_zero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_track_zero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Finding track zero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_track_zero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Finding sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-8-inch_floppy_disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8-inch_floppy_disk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>8-inch floppy disk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8-inch_floppy_disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5¼-inch_floppy_disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5¼-inch_floppy_disk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>5¼-inch floppy disk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5¼-inch_floppy_disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3½-inch_floppy_disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3½-inch_floppy_disk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>3½-inch floppy disk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3½-inch_floppy_disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes,_performance_and_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes,_performance_and_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sizes, performance and capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizes,_performance_and_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Floppy disk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapskyf" title="Slapskyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slapskyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%86" title="قرص مرن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص مرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquete" title="Disquete – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disquete" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disket" title="Disket – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Disket" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ফ্লপি ডিস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্লপি ডিস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дыскета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыскета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гъвкав магнитен диск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъвкав магнитен диск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flopi_disk" title="Flopi disk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Flopi disk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_flexible" title="Disc flexible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc flexible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disg_hyblyg" title="Disg hyblyg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Disg hyblyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskette" title="Diskette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diskette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskette" title="Diskette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diskette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskett" title="Diskett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diskett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Δισκέτα υπολογιστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δισκέτα υπολογιστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquete" title="Disquete – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disquete" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketo" title="Disketo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Disketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskete" title="Diskete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diskete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="فلاپی‌دیسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلاپی‌دیسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquette" title="Disquette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disquette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquete" title="Disquete – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disquete" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="플로피 디스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플로피 디스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ճկուն սկավառակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճկուն սկավառակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="फ्लॉपी डिस्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्लॉपी डिस्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disket" title="Disket – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disket" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disklingur" title="Disklingur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Disklingur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Floppy disk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תקליטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Алмалы дискі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алмалы дискі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Магнита нюдз диск – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Магнита нюдз диск" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Ийилчээк диск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ийилчээк диск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrum_computatrale" title="Quadrum computatrale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quadrum computatrale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskete" title="Diskete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Diskete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskett" title="Diskett – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Diskett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskelis" title="Diskelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diskelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsiki-eb%C3%B3mbelo_ek%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Dísiki-ebómbelo ekɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Dísiki-ebómbelo ekɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dischett" title="Dischett – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dischett" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajl%C3%A9konylemez" title="Hajlékonylemez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hajlékonylemez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്ലോപ്പി ഡിസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്ലോപ്പി ഡിസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_liut" title="Cakera liut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera liut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Уян диск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уян диск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskette" title="Diskette – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diskette" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="フロッピーディスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロッピーディスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskett" title="Diskett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diskett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskett" title="Diskett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diskett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disqueta" title="Disqueta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Disqueta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Лывырге магнитдиск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лывырге магнитдиск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਫਲਾਪੀ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਲਾਪੀ ਡਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskietka" title="Dyskietka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dyskietka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquete" title="Disquete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disquete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dischet%C4%83" title="Dischetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dischetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дискета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дискета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Floppy disk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disketa" title="Disketa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Disketa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="فلۆپی دیسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فلۆپی دیسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Флопи диск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флопи диск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flopi_disk" title="Flopi disk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flopi disk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levyke" title="Levyke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Levyke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskett" title="Diskett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diskett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Floppy disk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நெகிழ் வட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெகிழ் வட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80" title="ఫ్లాపీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్లాపీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟลอปปีดิสก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟลอปปีดิสก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disket" title="Disket – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Disket" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гнучкий диск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гнучкий диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="فلاپی ڈسک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلاپی ڈسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Floppy disk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%94_%C4%91%C4%A9a_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Ổ đĩa mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ổ đĩa mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="軟盤 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="軟盤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%9B%98" title="软盘 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="软盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%98" title="דיסקעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דיסקעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%A2%9F" title="磁碟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磁碟" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Floppy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Floppy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Floppy (disambiguation)">Floppy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg/220px-Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg/330px-Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg/440px-Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg/220px-Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg/330px-Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg/440px-Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>8-inch, 5¼-inch (full height), and 3½-inch drives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image3,5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg/220px-Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg/330px-Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg/440px-Image3%2C5%27%27-Diskette_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>A 3½-inch floppy disk removed from its housing</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>floppy disk</b> or <b>floppy diskette</b> (casually referred to as a <b>floppy</b>, a <b>diskette</b>, or a <b>disk</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disk storage</a> composed of a thin and flexible disk of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles from the spinning disk. The three most popular (and commercially available) floppy disks are the 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floppy disks store <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> which can be read and written when the disk is inserted into a <b>floppy disk drive</b> (<b>FDD</b>) connected to or inside a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or other device.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first floppy disks, invented and made by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a disk diameter of 8 inches (203.2 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teja_1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the 5¼-inch (133.35 mm) and then the 3½-inch (88.9 mm) became a ubiquitous form of data storage and transfer into the first years of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3½-inch floppy disks can still be used with an external <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> floppy disk drive. USB drives for 5¼-inch, 8-inch, and <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_variants" title="Floppy disk variants">other-size</a> floppy disks are rare to non-existent. Some individuals and organizations continue to use older equipment to read or transfer data from floppy disks. </p><p>Floppy disks were so common in late 20th-century culture that many electronic and software programs continue to use save icons that look like floppy disks well into the 21st century, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#Virtual_examples" title="Skeuomorph">skeuomorphic design</a>. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with <a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy industrial computer equipment</a>, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater data storage capacity and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Performance" title="Computer data storage">data transfer speed</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a>, and storage available through local <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Computer memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">Memory access pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">Memory map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Secondary_storage" title="Computer data storage">Secondary storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">MOS memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_availability" title="Continuous availability">Continuous availability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">Areal density (computer storage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">Block (data storage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-attached_storage" title="Direct-attached storage">Direct-attached storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">Block-level storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-instance_storage" title="Single-instance storage">Single-instance storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Structured data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">Unstructured data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Data corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Data cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Data degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Data integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation_and_reconciliation" title="Data validation and reconciliation">Data validation and reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Data recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">Data cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Shared resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_bank" title="Data bank">Data bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_store" title="Data store">Data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_refresh" title="Memory refresh">Memory refresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_record" title="Storage record">Storage record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_repository" title="Information repository">Information repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">Knowledge base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_deletion" title="File deletion">File deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_dump" title="Core dump">Core dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_dump" title="Hex dump">Hex dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_transfer" title="Information transfer">Information transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">Volume (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">Boot sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">Volume boot record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">Disk array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">Disk mirroring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_aggregation" title="Disk aggregation">Disk aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Disk partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">Locality of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">Logical disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">Storage virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">Memory-mapped file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software entropy">Software entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">Persistence (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">Persistent data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">Bank switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kryder#Kryder's_law_projection" title="Mark Kryder">Kryder's law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Volatile_memory" title="Volatile memory">Volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)#HARDWARE" title="Cache (computing)">Hardware cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDRAM" title="EDRAM">eDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory#Synchronous_Graphics_RAM_(SGRAM)" title="Synchronous dynamic random-access memory">SGRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPDDR" title="LPDDR">LPDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Data_Rate_SRAM" title="Quad Data Rate SRAM">QDRSRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM" title="Dynamic random-access memory">EDO DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDR_DRAM" title="XDR DRAM">XDR DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDRAM" title="RDRAM">RDRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_SDRAM" title="DDR SDRAM">DDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1T-SRAM" title="1T-SRAM">1T-SRAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">QRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">Content-addressable memory</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_RAM" title="Computational RAM">Computational RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Video random access memory">VRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-ported_RAM" title="Dual-ported RAM">Dual-ported RAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams–Kilburn tube</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">Delay-line memory</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellon_optical_memory" title="Mellon optical memory">Mellon optical memory</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-RAM" title="T-RAM">T-RAM</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-RAM" title="Z-RAM">Z-RAM</a> (2002–2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Non-volatile</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diode_matrix" title="Diode matrix">Diode matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory#Factory-programmed" title="Read-only memory">MROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a> (SSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> is used in:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drive</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">Solid-state hybrid drive</a> (SSHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">IBM FlashSystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Core_Module" title="Flash Core Module">Flash Core Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SxS" title="SxS">SxS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQD_card" title="XQD card">XQD card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">Programmable metallization cell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PCM</a> (<a href="/wiki/3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_RAM" title="Magnetoresistive RAM">MRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">Nano-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early-stage <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FeRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">ReRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe_FET" title="Fe FET">FeFET memory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex videotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">Magnetic recording</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">Magnetic-tape data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">Tape drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">Tape library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">Digital Data Storage</a> (DDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">Videocassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">8 mm video format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CDDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable#DVD+R_and_DVD+RW_(DVD_"plus")" title="DVD recordable">DVD+R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_card" title="DVD card">DVD card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">In development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterned_media" title="Patterned media">Patterned media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_quantum_holography" title="Electronic quantum holography">Electronic quantum holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D_optical_data_storage" title="5D optical data storage">5D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage" title="DNA digital data storage">DNA digital data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_memory" title="Universal memory">Universal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_memory" title="Quantum memory">Quantum memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">Plugboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum memory</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Magnetic-core memory</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plated-wire_memory" title="Plated-wire memory">Plated-wire memory</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_rope_memory" title="Core rope memory">Core rope memory</a> (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin-film memory</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor memory</a> (~1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble memory</a> (~1970)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Floppy disk</a> (1971)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory_types" title="Template:Memory types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory_types" title="Template talk:Memory types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg/220px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg/330px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg/440px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>8-inch floppy disk,<br /> inserted in drive,<br />(3½-inch floppy diskette,<br /> in front, shown for scale)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_disc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Floppy_disc.jpg/220px-Floppy_disc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Floppy_disc.jpg/330px-Floppy_disc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Floppy_disc.jpg/440px-Floppy_disc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>3½-inch, high-density floppy diskettes with adhesive labels affixed</figcaption></figure> <p>The first commercial floppy disks, developed in the late 1960s, were 8 inches (203.2 mm) in diameter;<sup id="cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teja_1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they became commercially available in 1971 as a component of IBM products and both drives and disks were then sold separately starting in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These disks and associated drives were produced and improved upon by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and other companies such as Memorex, <a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Shugart Associates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "floppy disk" appeared in print as early as 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although IBM announced its first media as the <i>Type 1 Diskette</i> in 1973, the industry continued to use the terms "floppy disk" or "floppy". </p><p>In 1976, Shugart Associates introduced the 5¼-inch floppy disk drive. By 1978, there were more than ten manufacturers producing such drives.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were competing <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_format" title="Floppy disk format">floppy disk formats</a>, with hard- and soft-sector versions and encoding schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Differential_Manchester_encoding" title="Differential Manchester encoding">differential Manchester encoding</a> (DM), <a href="/wiki/Modified_frequency_modulation" title="Modified frequency modulation">modified frequency modulation</a> (MFM), <a href="/wiki/Modified_frequency_modulation#MMFM" title="Modified frequency modulation">M<sup>2</sup>FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_coded_recording" title="Group coded recording">group coded recording</a> (GCR). The 5¼-inch format displaced the 8-inch one for most uses, and the hard-sectored disk format disappeared. The most common capacity of the 5¼-inch format in DOS-based PCs was 360 KB (368,640 bytes) for the Double-Sided Double-Density (DSDD) format using MFM encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, IBM introduced with its <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer/AT">PC/AT</a> the 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes) dual-sided 5¼-inch floppy disk, but it never became very popular. IBM started using the 720 KB <a href="/wiki/Double_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Double density">double density</a> 3½-inch microfloppy disk on its <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a> laptop computer in 1986 and the 1.44 MB (1,474,560 bytes) <a href="/wiki/High-density_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density storage media">high-density</a> version with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">IBM Personal System/2</a> (PS/2) line in 1987. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. In 1988, Y-E Data introduced a drive for 2.88 MB Double-Sided Extended-Density (DSED) diskettes which was used by IBM in its top-of-the-line PS/2 and some <a href="/wiki/IBM_RS/6000" title="IBM RS/6000">RS/6000</a> models and in the second-generation <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> and <a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a>; however, this format had limited market success due to lack of standards and movement to 1.44 MB drives.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the early 1980s, limits of the 5¼-inch format became clear. Originally designed to be more practical than the 8-inch format, it was becoming considered too large; as the quality of recording media grew, data could be stored in a smaller area.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several solutions were developed, with drives at 2-, 2½-, 3-, 3¼-,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3½- and 4-inches (and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s 90 mm × 94 mm (3.54 in × 3.70 in) disk) offered by various companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all had several advantages over the old format, including a rigid case with a sliding metal (or later, sometimes plastic) shutter over the head slot, which helped protect the delicate magnetic medium from dust and damage, and a sliding <a href="/wiki/Write_protection" title="Write protection">write protection</a> tab, which was far more convenient than the adhesive tabs used with earlier disks. The large market share of the well-established 5¼-inch format made it difficult for these diverse mutually-incompatible new formats to gain significant market share.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarrett_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarrett-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant on the Sony design, introduced in 1983 by many manufacturers, was then rapidly adopted. By 1988, the 3½-inch was outselling the 5¼-inch.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, the term floppy disk persisted, even though later style floppy disks have a rigid case around an internal floppy disk. </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, 5¼-inch disks had been superseded by 3½-inch disks. During this time, PCs frequently came equipped with drives of both sizes. By the mid-1990s, 5¼-inch drives had virtually disappeared, as the 3½-inch disk became the predominant floppy disk. The advantages of the 3½-inch disk were its higher capacity, its smaller physical size, and its rigid case which provided better protection from dirt and other environmental risks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg/220px-Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg/330px-Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg/440px-Imation_USB_FDD_20060623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imation" class="mw-redirect" title="Imation">Imation</a> USB floppy drive, model 01946: an external drive that accepts high-density disks</figcaption></figure> <p>Floppy disks became commonplace during the 1980s and 1990s in their use with <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> to distribute software, transfer data, and create <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backups</a>. Before hard disks became affordable to the general population,<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Costs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Costs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> floppy disks were often used to store a computer's <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS). Most home computers from that time have an elementary OS and <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> stored in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM), with the option of loading a more advanced OS from a floppy disk. </p><p>By the early 1990s, the increasing software size meant large packages like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> required a dozen disks or more. In 1996, there were an estimated five billion standard floppy disks in use.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt to enhance the existing 3½-inch designs was the <a href="/wiki/SuperDisk" title="SuperDisk">SuperDisk</a> in the late 1990s, using very narrow data tracks and a high precision head guidance mechanism with a capacity of 120 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and backward-compatibility with standard 3½-inch floppies; a <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">format war</a> briefly occurred between SuperDisk and other high-density floppy-disk products, although ultimately recordable CDs/DVDs, solid-state flash storage, and eventually cloud-based online storage would render all these removable disk formats obsolete. External <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>-based floppy disk drives are still available, and many modern systems provide firmware support for booting from such drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_transition_to_other_formats">Gradual transition to other formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gradual transition to other formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg/220px-Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg/330px-Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg/440px-Disk-cleaning-kit-front-and-rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Front and rear of a retail 3½-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disk drive cleaning kit, as sold in Australia at retailer Big W, circa early 1990s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg/220px-Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg/330px-Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg/440px-Forty_years_of_Removable_Storage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5124" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption>A collection of removable data storage media: Floppy disks, <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> media, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">tape-based media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">optical discs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1990s, mechanically incompatible higher-density floppy disks were introduced, like the <a href="/wiki/Zip_drive" title="Zip drive">Iomega Zip disk</a>. Adoption was limited by the competition between proprietary formats and the need to buy expensive drives for computers where the disks would be used. In some cases, failure in market penetration was exacerbated by the release of higher-capacity versions of the drive and media being not <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward-compatible</a> with the original drives, dividing the users between new and old adopters. Consumers were wary of making costly investments into unproven and rapidly changing technologies, so none of the technologies became the established standard. </p><p>Apple introduced the <a href="/wiki/IMac_G3" title="IMac G3">iMac G3</a> in 1998 with a CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive; this made USB-connected floppy drives popular accessories, as the iMac came without any writable removable media device. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">Recordable CDs</a> were touted as an alternative, because of the greater capacity, compatibility with existing CD-ROM drives, and—with the advent of <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">re-writeable CDs</a> and packet writing—a similar reusability as floppy disks. However, CD-R/RWs remained mostly an archival medium, not a medium for exchanging data or editing files on the medium itself, because there was no common standard for packet writing which allowed for small updates. Other formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical discs</a>, had the flexibility of floppy disks combined with greater capacity, but remained niche due to costs. High-capacity backward compatible floppy technologies became popular for a while and were sold as an option or even included in standard PCs, but in the long run, their use was limited to professionals and enthusiasts. </p><p>Flash-based <a href="/wiki/USB_thumb_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="USB thumb drive">USB thumb drives</a> finally were a practical and popular replacement, that supported traditional file systems and all common usage scenarios of floppy disks. As opposed to other solutions, no new drive type or special software was required that impeded adoption, since all that was necessary was an already common <a href="/wiki/USB_port" class="mw-redirect" title="USB port">USB port</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_the_21st_century">Usage in the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg/220px-Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg/330px-Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg/440px-Floppy_hardware_emulator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_hardware_emulator" title="Floppy disk hardware emulator">floppy hardware emulator</a>, same size as a 3½-inch drive, provides a USB interface to the user.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2002, most manufacturers still provided floppy disk drives as standard equipment to meet user demand for <a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">file-transfer</a> and an emergency boot device, as well as for the general secure feeling of having the familiar device.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the retail cost of a floppy drive had fallen to around $20 (equivalent to $34 in 2023), so there was little financial incentive to omit the device from a system. Subsequently, enabled by the widespread support for USB flash drives and BIOS boot, manufacturers and retailers progressively reduced the availability of floppy disk drives as standard equipment. In February 2003, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, one of the leading personal computer vendors, announced that floppy drives would no longer be pre-installed on <a href="/wiki/Dell_Dimension" title="Dell Dimension">Dell Dimension</a> home computers, although they were still available as a selectable option and purchasable as an aftermarket <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> add-on.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 2007, only 2% of computers sold in stores contained built-in floppy disk drives.<sup id="cite_ref-PCW_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCW-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floppy disks are used for emergency boots in aging systems lacking support for other <a href="/wiki/Boot_disk" title="Boot disk">bootable media</a> and for <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> updates, since most BIOS and <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> programs can still be executed from <a href="/wiki/Boot_disk#Boot_floppies" title="Boot disk">bootable floppy disks</a>. If BIOS updates fail or become corrupt, floppy drives can sometimes be used to perform a recovery. The music and theatre industries still use equipment requiring standard floppy disks (e.g. synthesizers, samplers, drum machines, sequencers, and <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">lighting consoles</a>). Industrial automation equipment such as programmable <a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">machinery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robots</a> may not have a USB interface; data and programs are then loaded from disks, damageable in industrial environments. This equipment may not be replaced due to cost or requirement for continuous availability; existing software emulation and <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a> do not solve this problem because a customized operating system is used that has no <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> for USB devices. <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_hardware_emulator" title="Floppy disk hardware emulator">Hardware floppy disk emulators</a> can be made to interface <a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_controller" title="Floppy-disk controller">floppy-disk controllers</a> to a USB port that can be used for flash drives. </p><p>In May 2016, the United States <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> released a report that covered the need to upgrade or replace legacy computer systems within federal agencies. According to this document, old <a href="/wiki/IBM_Series/1" title="IBM Series/1">IBM Series/1</a> minicomputers running on <a href="#8.0">8-inch floppy disks</a> are still <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_command_and_control" title="Nuclear command and control">used to coordinate</a> "the operational functions of the United States' nuclear forces". The government planned to update some of the technology by the end of the 2017 fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thehill-20160525_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehill-20160525-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use in Japan's government ended in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> no longer come with drivers for floppy disk drives (both internal and external). However, they will still support them with a separate device driver provided by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a> fleet, up to its retirement in 2020, used 3½-inch floppy disks to load avionics software.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sony, who had been in the floppy disk business since 1983, ended domestic sales of all six 3½-inch floppy disk models as of March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been viewed by some as the end of the floppy disk.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While production of new floppy disk media has ceased,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sales and uses of this media from inventories is expected to continue until at least 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-Til2026_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Til2026-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_Icon_in_Open_Office.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Save_Icon_in_Open_Office.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="55" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot depicting a floppy disk as "save" icon</figcaption></figure> <p>For more than two decades, the floppy disk was the primary external writable storage device used. Most computing environments before the 1990s were non-networked, and floppy disks were the primary means to transfer data between computers, a method known informally as <a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">sneakernet</a>. Unlike hard disks, floppy disks were handled and seen; even a novice user could identify a floppy disk. Because of these factors, a picture of a 3½-inch floppy disk became an <a href="/wiki/Interface_metaphor" title="Interface metaphor">interface metaphor</a> for saving data. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the floppy disk <a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph" title="Skeuomorph">symbol</a> is still used by software on user-interface elements related to saving files even though physical floppy disks are largely obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-Til2026_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Til2026-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such software include <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Microsoft Paint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="8-inch_and_5¼-inch_disks"><span id="8-inch_and_5.C2.BC-inch_disks"></span>8-inch and 5¼-inch disks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 8-inch and 5¼-inch disks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT,_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg/220px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg/330px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg/440px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria_-_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The inside of a destructively disassembled 8-inch floppy disk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squareholepunch2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Squareholepunch2.png/170px-Squareholepunch2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Squareholepunch2.png/255px-Squareholepunch2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Squareholepunch2.png/340px-Squareholepunch2.png 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>A disk notcher punch, which could make read-only 5¼" floppies writable, and <a href="/wiki/Flippy_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Flippy disk">convert certain single-sided 5¼-inch diskettes to double-sided</a>, by adding cutouts which drives use to determine if the disk is writable.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 8-inch and 5¼-inch floppy disks contain a magnetically coated round plastic medium with a large circular hole in the center for a drive's spindle. The medium is contained in a square plastic cover that has a small oblong opening in both sides to allow the drive's heads to read and write data and a large hole in the center to allow the magnetic medium to spin by rotating it from its middle hole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Inside the cover are two layers of fabric with the magnetic medium sandwiched in the middle. The fabric is designed to reduce friction between the medium and the outer cover, and catch particles of debris abraded off the disk to keep them from accumulating on the heads. The cover is usually a one-part sheet, double-folded with flaps glued or spot-welded together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A small notch on the side of the disk identifies whether it is writable, as detected by a mechanical switch or <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_sensor" title="Photoelectric sensor">photoelectric sensor</a>. In the 8-inch disk, the notch being covered or not present enables writing, while in the 5¼-inch disk, the notch being present and uncovered enables writing. Tape may be used over the notch to change the mode of the disk. Punch devices were sold to convert read-only 5¼" disks to writable ones, and also to enable writing on the unused side of single-sided disks for computers with single-sided drives. The latter worked because single- and double-sided disks typically contained essentially identical actual magnetic media, for manufacturing efficiency. Disks whose obverse and reverse sides were thus used separately in single-sided drives were known as <a href="/wiki/Flippy_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Flippy disk">flippy disks</a>. Disk notching 5¼" floppies for PCs was generally only required where users wanted to overwrite original 5¼" disks of store-bought software, which somewhat commonly shipped with no notch present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another LED/photo-transistor pair located near the center of the disk detects the <i>index hole</i> once per rotation in the magnetic disk. Detection occurs whenever the drive's sensor, the holes in the correctly inserted floppy's plastic envelope and a single hole in the rotating floppy disk medium line up. This mechanism is used to detect the angular start of each track, and whether or not the disk is rotating at the correct speed. Early 8‑inch and 5¼‑inch disks also had holes for each sector in the enclosed magnetic medium, in addition to the index hole,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the same <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radial distance</a> from the center, for alignment with the same envelope hole. These were termed <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_sectoring" title="Hard sectoring">hard sectored</a></i> disks. Later <i>soft-<a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">sectored</a></i> disks have only one index hole in the medium, and sector position is determined by the disk controller or low-level software from patterns marking the start of a sector. Generally, the same drives are used to read and write both types of disks, with only the disks and controllers differing. Some operating systems using soft sectors, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, do not use the index hole, and the drives designed for such systems often lack the corresponding sensor; this was mainly a hardware cost-saving measure.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3½-inch_disk"><span id="3.C2.BD-inch_disk"></span>3½-inch disk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3½-inch disk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg/220px-Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg/330px-Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg/440px-Back_of_floppy_disk_with_transparent_case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption>Rear side of a 3½-inch floppy disk in a transparent case, showing its internal parts</figcaption></figure> <p>The core of the 3½-inch disk is the same as the other two disks, but the front has only a label and a small opening for reading and writing data, protected by the shutter—a spring-loaded metal or plastic cover, pushed to the side on entry into the drive. Rather than having a hole in the center, it has a metal hub which mates to the spindle of the drive. Typical 3½-inch disk magnetic coating materials are:<sup id="cite_ref-SCS_2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCS_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>DD: 2 μm magnetic <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a></li> <li>HD: 1.2 μm <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>-doped iron oxide</li> <li>ED: 3 μm <a href="/wiki/Barium_ferrite" title="Barium ferrite">barium ferrite</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Two holes at the bottom left and right indicate whether the disk is write-protected and whether it is high-density; these holes are spaced as far apart as the holes in punched <a href="/wiki/A4_paper_size" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper size">A4</a> paper, allowing write-protected high-density floppy disks to be clipped into international standard (<a href="/wiki/ISO_838" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 838">ISO 838</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ring_binder" title="Ring binder">ring binders</a>. The dimensions of the disk shell are not quite square: its width is slightly less than its depth, so that it is impossible to insert the disk into a drive slot sideways (i.e. rotated 90 degrees from the correct shutter-first orientation). A diagonal notch at top right ensures that the disk is inserted into the drive in the correct orientation—not upside down or label-end first—and an arrow at top left indicates direction of insertion. The drive usually has a button that, when pressed, ejects the disk with varying degrees of force, the discrepancy due to the ejection force provided by the spring of the shutter. In <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>, Commodores, Apple II/IIIs, and other non-Apple-Macintosh machines with standard floppy disk drives, a disk may be ejected manually at any time. The drive has a disk-change switch that detects when a disk is ejected or inserted. Failure of this mechanical switch is a common source of disk corruption if a disk is changed and the drive (and hence the operating system) fails to notice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the chief <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability; even inside a closed plastic housing, the disk medium is highly sensitive to dust, condensation and temperature extremes. As with all <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a>, it is vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank disks have been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose it to dangerous conditions. Rough treatment or removing the disk from the drive while the magnetic media is still spinning is likely to cause damage to the disk, drive head, or stored data. On the other hand, the 3½‑inch floppy disk has been lauded for its mechanical usability by <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Donald Norman</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A simple example of a good design is the 3½-inch magnetic diskette for computers, a small circle of floppy magnetic material encased in hard plastic. Earlier types of floppy disks did not have this plastic case, which protects the magnetic material from abuse and damage. A sliding metal cover protects the delicate magnetic surface when the diskette is not in use and automatically opens when the diskette is inserted into the computer. The diskette has a square shape: there are apparently eight possible ways to insert it into the machine, only one of which is correct. What happens if I do it wrong? I try inserting the disk sideways. Ah, the designer thought of that. A little study shows that the case really isn't square: it's rectangular, so you can't insert a longer side. I try backward. The diskette goes in only part of the way. Small protrusions, indentations, and cutouts prevent the diskette from being inserted backward or upside down: of the eight ways one might try to insert the diskette, only one is correct, and only that one will fit. An excellent design. </p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg/220px-Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg/330px-Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg/440px-Floppy_drive_spindle_motor_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The spindle motor from a 3½‑inch unit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg/220px-Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg/330px-Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg/440px-Citizen_W1D-9364_-_read_write_head-4005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_head" title="Disk read-and-write head">read-write head</a> from a 3½‑inch unit</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg/220px-Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg/330px-Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg/440px-Lecteur_de_disquette_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>How the read-write head is applied on the floppy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_(CMOS-MagView).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg/220px-Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg/330px-Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg/440px-Visualization_of_magnetic_information_on_a_Floppy_Disk_%28CMOS-MagView%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of magnetic information on floppy disk (image recorded with CMOS-MagView)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>A spindle motor in the drive rotates the magnetic medium at a certain speed, while a stepper motor-operated mechanism moves the magnetic read/write heads radially along the surface of the disk. Both read and write operations require the media to be rotating and the head to contact the disk media, an action originally accomplished by a disk-load solenoid.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later drives held the heads out of contact until a front-panel lever was rotated (5¼-inch) or disk insertion was complete (3½-inch). To write data, current is sent through a coil in the head as the media rotates. The head's magnetic field aligns the magnetization of the particles directly below the head on the media. When the current is reversed the magnetization aligns in the opposite direction, encoding one bit of data. To read data, the magnetization of the particles in the media induce a tiny voltage in the head coil as they pass under it. This small signal is amplified and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk controller">floppy disk controller</a>, which converts the streams of pulses from the media into data, checks it for errors, and sends it to the host computer system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formatting">Formatting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disk_formatting" title="Disk formatting">Disk formatting</a></div> <p>A blank unformatted diskette has a coating of magnetic oxide with no magnetic order to the particles. During formatting, the magnetizations of the particles are aligned forming tracks, each broken up into <a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">sectors</a>, enabling the controller to properly read and write data. The tracks are concentric rings around the center, with spaces between tracks where no data is written; gaps with padding bytes are provided between the sectors and at the end of the track to allow for slight speed variations in the disk drive, and to permit better interoperability with disk drives connected to other similar systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Each sector of data has a header that identifies the sector location on the disk. A <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a> (CRC) is written into the sector headers and at the end of the user data so that the disk controller can detect potential errors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some errors are <a href="/wiki/Soft_error" title="Soft error">soft</a> and can be resolved by automatically re-trying the read operation; other errors are permanent and the disk controller will signal a failure to the operating system if multiple attempts to read the data still fail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insertion_and_ejection">Insertion and ejection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Insertion and ejection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a disk is inserted, a catch or lever at the front of the drive is manually lowered to prevent the disk from accidentally emerging, engage the spindle clamping hub, and in two-sided drives, engage the second read/write head with the media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some 5¼-inch drives, insertion of the disk compresses and locks an ejection spring which partially ejects the disk upon opening the catch or lever. This enables a smaller concave area for the thumb and fingers to grasp the disk during removal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Newer 5¼-inch drives and all 3½-inch drives automatically engage the spindle and heads when a disk is inserted, doing the opposite with the press of the eject button.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On Apple <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> computers with built-in 3½-inch disk drives, the ejection button is replaced by software controlling an ejection motor which only does so when the operating system no longer needs to access the drive. The user could drag the image of the floppy drive to the trash can on the desktop to eject the disk. In the case of a power failure or drive malfunction, a loaded disk can be removed manually by inserting a straightened <a href="/wiki/Paper_clip" title="Paper clip">paper clip</a> into a small hole at the drive's front panel, just as one would do with a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive in a similar situation. The <a href="/wiki/X68000" title="X68000">X68000</a> has soft-eject 5¼-inch drives. Some late-generation <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> machines had soft-eject 3½-inch disk drives as well for which some issues of <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS_5.02" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS 5.02">PC DOS 5.02</a> and higher) offered an <a href="/w/index.php?title=EJECT_(DOS_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EJECT (DOS command) (page does not exist)">EJECT</a> command.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finding_track_zero">Finding track zero</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finding track zero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before a disk can be accessed, the drive needs to synchronize its head position with the disk tracks. In some drives, this is accomplished with a Track Zero Sensor, while for others it involves the drive head striking an immobile reference surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In either case, the head is moved so that it is approaching track zero position of the disk. When a drive with the sensor has reached track zero, the head stops moving immediately and is correctly aligned. For a drive without the sensor, the mechanism attempts to move the head the maximum possible number of positions needed to reach track zero, knowing that once this motion is complete, the head will be positioned over track zero.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some drive mechanisms such as the Apple II 5¼-inch drive without a track zero sensor, produce characteristic mechanical noises when trying to move the heads past the reference surface. This physical striking is responsible for the 5¼-inch drive clicking during the boot of an Apple II, and the loud rattles of its DOS and ProDOS when disk errors occurred and track zero synchronization was attempted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finding_sectors">Finding sectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finding sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All 8-inch and some 5¼-inch drives used a mechanical method to locate sectors, known as either <i>hard sectors</i> or <i>soft sectors</i>, and is the purpose of the small hole in the jacket, off to the side of the spindle hole. A light beam sensor detects when a punched hole in the disk is visible through the hole in the jacket.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For a soft-sectored disk, there is only a single hole, which is used to locate the first sector of each track. Clock timing is then used to find the other sectors behind it, which requires precise speed regulation of the drive motor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For a hard-sectored disk, there are many holes, one for each sector row, plus an additional hole in a half-sector position, that is used to indicate sector zero.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Apple II computer system is notable in that it did not have an index hole sensor and ignored the presence of hard or soft sectoring. Instead, it used special repeating data synchronization patterns written to the disk between each sector, to assist the computer in finding and synchronizing with the data in each track.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The later 3½-inch drives of the mid-1980s did not use sector index holes, but instead also used synchronization patterns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most 3½-inch drives used a constant speed drive motor and contain the same number of sectors across all tracks. This is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">Constant Angular Velocity</a> (CAV). In order to fit more data onto a disk, some 3½-inch drives (notably the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive" title="Macintosh External Disk Drive">Macintosh External 400K and 800K drives</a>) instead use <a href="/wiki/Constant_Linear_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Linear Velocity">Constant Linear Velocity</a> (CLV), which uses a variable speed drive motor that spins more slowly as the head moves away from the center of the disk, maintaining the same speed of the head(s) relative to the surface(s) of the disk. This allows more sectors to be written to the longer middle and outer tracks as the track length increases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes">Sizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_format" title="Floppy disk format">Floppy disk format</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats" title="List of floppy disk formats">List of floppy disk formats</a></div> <p>While the original IBM 8-inch disk was actually so defined, the other sizes are defined in the metric system, their usual names being but rough approximations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different sizes of floppy disks are mechanically incompatible, and disks can fit only one size of drive. Drive assemblies with both 3½-inch and 5¼-inch slots were available during the transition period between the sizes, but they contained two separate drive mechanisms. In addition, there are many subtle, usually software-driven incompatibilities between the two. 5¼-inch disks formatted for use with Apple II computers would be unreadable and treated as unformatted on a Commodore. As <a href="/wiki/Computer_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer platforms">computer platforms</a> began to form, attempts were made at interchangeability. For example, the "<a href="/wiki/SuperDrive" title="SuperDrive">SuperDrive</a>" included from the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE" title="Macintosh SE">Macintosh SE</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3" title="Power Macintosh G3">Power Macintosh G3</a> could read, write and format IBM PC format 3½-inch disks, but few IBM-compatible computers had drives that did the reverse. 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3½-inch drives were manufactured in a variety of sizes, most to fit standardized <a href="/wiki/Drive_bay" title="Drive bay">drive bays</a>. Alongside the common disk sizes were <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_variants" title="Floppy disk variants">non-classical sizes</a> for specialized systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8-inch_floppy_disk"><span class="anchor" id="8.0"></span>8-inch floppy disk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 8-inch floppy disk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT,_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/170px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/255px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/340px-8-inch_floppy_disk_-_IZOT%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3848" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>8-inch floppy disk</figcaption></figure> <p>Floppy disks of the first standard are 8 inches in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teja_1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protected by a flexible plastic jacket. It was a read-only device used by IBM as a way of loading microcode.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Read/write floppy disks and their drives became available in 1972, but it was IBM's 1973 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_3740" title="IBM 3740">3740 data entry system</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that began the establishment of floppy disks, called by IBM the <i>Diskette 1</i>, as an industry standard for information interchange. Diskettes formatted for this system stored 242,944 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> used for engineering, business, or word processing often used one or more 8-inch disk drives for removable storage; the <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> operating system was developed for microcomputers with 8-inch drives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The family of 8-inch disks and drives increased over time and later versions could store up to 1.2 MB;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many microcomputer applications did not need that much capacity on one disk, so a smaller size disk with lower-cost media and drives was feasible. The 5¼-inch drive succeeded the 8-inch size in many applications, and developed to about the same storage capacity as the original 8-inch size, using higher-density media and recording techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5¼-inch_floppy_disk"><span id="5.C2.BC-inch_floppy_disk"></span><span class="anchor" id="5.25"></span><span class="anchor" id="5.25-inch_floppy_disk"></span><span class="anchor" id="5¼-inch_floppy_disk"></span>5¼-inch floppy disk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 5¼-inch floppy disk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:259px;max-width:259px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5.25_inch_floppy_disk,_front_and_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg/257px-5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg/386px-5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg/514px-5.25_inch_floppy_disk%2C_front_and_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5947" data-file-height="2961" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">5¼-inch floppies, front and back</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg/127px-5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg/191px-5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg/254px-5.25_in._floppy_disk_drive_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Uncovered 5¼‑inch disk mechanism with disk inserted</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The head gap of an 80‑track high-density (1.2 MB in the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Frequency Modulation">MFM</a> format) 5¼‑inch drive (a.k.a. <b>Mini diskette</b>, <b>Mini disk</b>, or <a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Minifloppy</a>) is smaller than that of a 40‑track double-density (360 KB if double-sided) drive but can also format, read and write 40‑track disks provided the controller supports double stepping or has a switch to do so. 5¼-inch 80-track drives were also called <b>hyper drives</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Hyperdrive_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Hyperdrive-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A blank 40‑track disk formatted and written on an 80‑track drive can be taken to its native drive without problems, and a disk formatted on a 40‑track drive can be used on an 80‑track drive. Disks written on a 40‑track drive and then updated on an 80 track drive become unreadable on any 40‑track drives due to track width incompatibility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Single-sided disks were coated on both sides, despite the availability of more expensive double sided disks. The reason usually given for the higher price was that double sided disks were certified error-free on both sides of the media. Double-sided disks could be used in some drives for single-sided disks, as long as an index signal was not needed. This was done one side at a time, by turning them over (<a href="/wiki/Flippy_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Flippy disk">flippy disks</a>); more expensive dual-head drives which could read both sides without turning over were later produced, and eventually became used universally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3½-inch_floppy_disk"><span id="3.C2.BD-inch_floppy_disk"></span><span class="anchor" id="3.5"></span><span class="anchor" id="3.5-inch_floppy_disk"></span><span class="anchor" id="3½-inch_floppy_disk"></span><span class="anchor" id="microfloppy"></span>3½-inch floppy disk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 3½-inch floppy disk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg/170px-Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg/255px-Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg/340px-Floppy_disk_internal_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Internal parts of a 3½-inch floppy disk. <div><ol style="margin-left:0;"><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">A hole that indicates a high-capacity disk.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">The hub that engages with the drive motor.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">A shutter that protects the surface when removed from the drive.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">The plastic housing.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">A polyester sheet reducing friction against the disk media as it rotates within the housing.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">The magnetic coated plastic disk.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">A schematic representation of one sector of data on the disk; the tracks and sectors are not visible on actual disks.</li><li style="margin-bottom:0; list-style-position:inside;">The <a href="/wiki/Write_protection" title="Write protection">write protection</a> tab (unlabeled) in upper left.</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg/220px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg/330px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg/440px-Floppy_Disk_Drive_SDF-321B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption>A 3½-inch floppy disk drive</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, many manufacturers introduced smaller floppy drives and media in various formats. A consortium of 21 companies eventually settled on a 3½-inch design known as the <i>Micro diskette</i>, <i>Micro disk</i>, or <i>Micro floppy</i>, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> design but improved to support both single-sided and double-sided media, with formatted capacities generally of 360 KB and 720 KB respectively. Single-sided drives of the consortium design first shipped in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and double-sided in 1984. The double-sided, high-density 1.44 MB (actually 1440 KiB = 1.41 MiB or 1.47 MB) disk drive, which would become the most popular, first shipped in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a> computers used single-sided 3½-inch floppy disks, but with 400 KB formatted capacity. These were followed in 1986 by double-sided 800 KB floppies. The higher capacity was achieved at the same recording density by varying the disk-rotation speed with head position so that the linear speed of the disk was closer to constant. Later Macs could also read and write 1.44 MB HD disks in PC format with fixed rotation speed. Higher capacities were similarly achieved by Acorn's <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> (800 KB for DD, 1,600 KB for HD) and <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> (880 KB for DD, 1,760 KB for HD). </p><p>All 3½-inch disks have a rectangular hole in one corner which, if obstructed, write-enables the disk. A sliding detented piece can be moved to block or reveal the part of the rectangular hole that is sensed by the drive. The HD 1.44 MB disks have a second, unobstructed hole in the opposite corner that identifies them as being of that capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In IBM-compatible PCs, the three densities of 3½-inch floppy disks are backwards-compatible; higher-density drives can read, write and format lower-density media. It is also possible to format a disk at a lower density than that for which it was intended, but only if the disk is first thoroughly demagnetized with a bulk eraser, as the high-density format is magnetically stronger and will prevent the disk from working in lower-density modes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Writing at different densities than those at which disks were intended, sometimes by altering or drilling holes, was possible but not supported by manufacturers. A hole on one side of a 3½-inch disk can be altered as to make some <a href="/wiki/Disk_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drives">disk drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> treat the disk as one of higher or lower density, for bidirectional compatibility or economical reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some computers, such as the <a href="/wiki/PS/2" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2">PS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes" title="Acorn Archimedes">Acorn Archimedes</a>, ignored these holes altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sizes">Other sizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_variants" title="Floppy disk variants">Floppy disk variants</a></div> <p>Other smaller floppy sizes were proposed, especially for portable or pocket-sized devices that needed a smaller storage device. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Drivette" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Drivette">3¼-inch floppies</a> otherwise similar to 5¼-inch floppies were proposed by <a href="/wiki/Tabor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Corporation">Tabor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysan" title="Dysan">Dysan</a>.</li> <li>Three-inch disks similar in construction to 3½-inch were manufactured and used for a time, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Amstrad#Computer_product_lines" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a> computers and word processors.</li> <li>A two-inch nominal size known as the <a href="/wiki/Video_Floppy" title="Video Floppy">Video Floppy</a> was introduced by Sony for use with its Mavica still video camera.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An incompatible two-inch floppy produced by Fujifilm called the LT-1 was used in the <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Minisport" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith Minisport">Zenith Minisport</a> portable computer.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>None of these sizes achieved much market success.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sizes,_performance_and_capacity"><span id="Sizes.2C_performance_and_capacity"></span>Sizes, performance and capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sizes, performance and capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floppy disk size is often referred to in inches, even in countries using <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">metric</a> and though the size is defined in metric. The ANSI specification of 3½-inch disks is entitled in part "90 mm (3.5-inch)" though 90 mm is closer to 3.54 inches.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formatted capacities are generally set in terms of <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Historical sequence of floppy disk formats <small><br />In quantities of bits (b) or bytes (B) the prefixes: <br /> k = 1,000 and K = 1,024 <br /> M has varying amounts.</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Disk format </th> <th>Year introduced </th> <th>Formatted storage capacity </th> <th>Marketed capacity </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">8-inch: IBM 23FD (read-only) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1971 </td> <td style="text-align: right">81.664 kB<sup id="cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.ibm.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>not marketed commercially </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">8-inch: Memorex 650 </td> <td style="text-align: center">1972 </td> <td>175 kB<sup id="cite_ref-memorex650_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorex650-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.5 megabit full track<sup id="cite_ref-memorex650_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorex650-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">8-inch: SS SD <p>IBM 33FD / Shugart 901 </p> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1973 </td> <td style="text-align: right">242.844 kB<sup id="cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.ibm.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.1 megabit unformatted </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">8-inch: DS SD <p>IBM 43FD / Shugart 850 </p> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1976 </td> <td style="text-align: right">568.320 kB<sup id="cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.ibm.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6.2 megabit unformatted </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch (35 track) Shugart SA 400 </td> <td style="text-align: center">1976<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>87.5 KB<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>110 kB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">8-inch DS DD <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats#IBM_8-inch_formats" title="List of floppy disk formats">IBM 53FD</a> / Shugart 850 </p> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1977 </td> <td>962–1,184 KB depending upon sector size </td> <td>1.2 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch DD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1978 </td> <td>360 or 800 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Apple Disk II (Pre-DOS 3.3) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1978 </td> <td style="text-align: right">113.75 KB (256 byte sectors, 13 sectors/track, 35 tracks) </td> <td>113 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Atari DOS 2.0S </td> <td style="text-align: center">1979 </td> <td>90 KB (128 byte sectors, 18 sectors/track, 40 tracks) </td> <td>90 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch <a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a> 1.0 (SSDD) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1979<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>172.5 KB<sup id="cite_ref-progPET_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progPET-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>170 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch <a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a> 2.1 (SSDD) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1980<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>170.75 KB<sup id="cite_ref-progPET_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progPET-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>170 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Apple Disk II (DOS 3.3) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1980 </td> <td>140 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 35 tracks) </td> <td>140 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Apple Disk II (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,16399/">Roland Gustafsson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fabiensanglard.net/prince_of_persia/pop_boot.php">RWTS18</a>) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1988 </td> <td>157.5 KB (768 byte sectors, 6 sectors/track, 35 tracks) </td> <td>Game publishers privately contracted 3rd party custom DOS. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (SSDD) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1982<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>612 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks) </td> <td>600 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 (DSDD) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1982<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,196 KB (512 byte sectors, 11-19 variable sectors / track, 80 tracks) </td> <td>1,200 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch HP SS </td> <td style="text-align: center">1982 </td> <td>280 KB (256 byte sectors, 16 sectors/track, 70 tracks) </td> <td>264 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch Atari DOS 3 </td> <td style="text-align: center">1983 </td> <td>127 KB (128 byte sectors, 26 sectors/track, 40 tracks) </td> <td>130 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3-inch </td> <td style="text-align: center">1982<sup id="cite_ref-Amdisk-3MF_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amdisk-3MF-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3inch_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3inch-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>? </td> <td>125 KB (SS/SD), <p>500 KB (DS/DD)<sup id="cite_ref-3inch_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3inch-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch SS DD (at release) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1983 </td> <td>360 KB (400 KB on Macintosh) </td> <td>500 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch DS DD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1983 </td> <td>720 KB (800 KB on Macintosh and RISC OS,<sup id="cite_ref-RISC_OS_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISC_OS-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 880 KB on Amiga) </td> <td>1 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch QD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1980<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>720 KB </td> <td>720 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch RX50 (SSQD) </td> <td style="text-align: center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1982</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>400 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch HD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1982<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,200 KB </td> <td>1.2 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3-inch Mitsumi Quick Disk </td> <td style="text-align: center">1985 </td> <td>128 to 256 KB </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3-inch <a href="/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System" title="Famicom Disk System">Famicom Disk System</a> (derived from Quick Disk) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1986 </td> <td>112 KB </td> <td>128 KB<sup id="cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Famicom_Disk_System_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revisiting_the_Famicom_Disk_System-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">2-inch </td> <td style="text-align: center">1989 </td> <td>720 KB<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_July_1989_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_July_1989-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">2½-inch Sharp CE-1600F,<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE1600F-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CE-140F (chassis: FDU-250, medium: CE-1650F)<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE140F-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1986<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE1600F-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE140F-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986_maxell_drives-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flippy_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Flippy disk">turnable</a> diskette with 62,464 bytes per side (512 byte sectors, 8 sectors/track, 16 tracks, <a href="/wiki/GCR_(4/5)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCR (4/5)">GCR (4/5)</a> recording)<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE1600F-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE140F-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2× 64 KB (128 KB)<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE1600F-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE140F-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">5¼-inch<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perpendicular </td> <td style="text-align: center">1986<sup id="cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986_maxell_drives-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 KB per inch<sup id="cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1986_maxell_drives-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch HD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1986<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_November_1986_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_November_1986-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,440 KB (512 bytes sectors, 18 sectors/track, 160 tracks); 1,760 KB on Amiga </td> <td>1.44 MB (2.0 MB unformatted) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch HD </td> <td style="text-align: center">1987 </td> <td>1,600 KB on RISC OS<sup id="cite_ref-RISC_OS_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISC_OS-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.6 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch ED </td> <td style="text-align: center">1987<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,880 KB (3,200 KB on Sinclair QL) </td> <td>2.88 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch <a href="/wiki/Floptical" title="Floptical">Floptical</a> (LS) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1991 </td> <td>20,385 KB </td> <td>21 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch <a href="/wiki/SuperDisk" title="SuperDisk">SuperDisk</a> (LS-120) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1996 </td> <td>120,375 KB </td> <td>120 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch <a href="/wiki/SuperDisk" title="SuperDisk">SuperDisk</a> (LS-240) </td> <td style="text-align: center">1997 </td> <td>240,750 KB </td> <td>240 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">3½-inch <a href="/wiki/HiFD" class="mw-redirect" title="HiFD">HiFD</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1998/99 </td> <td>? </td> <td>150/200 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center">Abbreviations: <span class="nowrap"><b>SD</b> = Single Density;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>DD</b> = Double Density;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>QD</b> = Quad Density;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>HD</b> = High Density;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>ED</b> = Extra-high Density;</span><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intel_1992_82077SL_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_1992_82077SL-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap"><b>LS</b> = Laser Servo;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>HiFD</b> = High capacity Floppy Disk;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>SS</b> = Single Sided;</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>DS</b> = Double Sided</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: left">Formatted storage capacity is total size of all sectors on the disk: <ul><li>For 8-inch see <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats#IBM_8-inch_formats" title="List of floppy disk formats">List of floppy disk formats#IBM 8-inch formats</a></i>. Spare, hidden and otherwise reserved sectors are included in this number.</li> <li>For 5¼- and 3½-inch capacities quoted are from subsystem or system vendor statements.</li></ul> <p>Marketed capacity is the capacity, typically unformatted, by the original media OEM vendor or in the case of IBM media, the first OEM thereafter. Other formats may get more or less capacity from the same drives and disks. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg/220px-Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg/330px-Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg/440px-Box_of_floppy_disks_and_USB_memory_stick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption>The USB stick under the two boxes of about 80 floppy disks is capable of holding over 130 times as much data as the two boxes of disks put together.</figcaption></figure> <p>Data is generally written to floppy disks in sectors (angular blocks) and tracks (concentric rings at a constant radius). For example, the HD format of 3½-inch floppy disks uses 512 bytes per sector, 18 sectors per track, 80 tracks per side and two sides, for a total of 1,474,560 bytes per disk.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Article cited lacks the information stated. (August 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Some disk controllers can vary these parameters at the user's request, increasing storage on the disk, although they may not be able to be read on machines with other controllers. For example, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> applications were often distributed on 3½-inch 1.68 MB <a href="/wiki/Distribution_Media_Format" title="Distribution Media Format">DMF</a> disks formatted with 21 sectors instead of 18; they could still be recognized by a standard controller. On the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> and most other microcomputer platforms, disks were written using a <a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">constant angular velocity</a> (CAV) format,<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the disk spinning at a constant speed and the sectors holding the same amount of information on each track regardless of radial location.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because the sectors have constant angular size, the 512 bytes in each sector are compressed more near the disk's center. A more space-efficient technique would be to increase the number of sectors per track toward the outer edge of the disk, from 18 to 30 for instance, thereby keeping nearly constant the amount of physical disk space used for storing each sector; an example is <a href="/wiki/Zone_bit_recording" title="Zone bit recording">zone bit recording</a>. Apple implemented this in early Macintosh computers by spinning the disk more slowly when the head was at the edge, while maintaining the data rate, allowing 400 KB of storage per side and an extra 80 KB on a double-sided disk.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This higher capacity came with a disadvantage: the format used a unique drive mechanism and control circuitry, meaning that Mac disks could not be read on other computers. Apple eventually reverted to constant angular velocity on HD floppy disks with their later machines, still unique to Apple as they supported the older variable-speed formats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Disk_formatting" title="Disk formatting">Disk formatting</a> is usually done by a utility program supplied by the computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> manufacturer; generally, it sets up a file storage directory system on the disk, and initializes its sectors and tracks. Areas of the disk unusable for storage due to flaws can be locked (marked as "bad sectors") so that the operating system does not attempt to use them. This was time-consuming so many environments had quick formatting which skipped the error checking process. When floppy disks were often used, disks pre-formatted for popular computers were sold. The unformatted capacity of a floppy disk does not include the sector and track headings of a formatted disk; the difference in storage between them depends on the drive's application. Floppy disk drive and media manufacturers specify the unformatted capacity (for example, 2 MB for a standard 3½-inch HD floppy). It is implied that this should not be exceeded, since doing so will most likely result in performance problems. <a href="/wiki/Distribution_Media_Format" title="Distribution Media Format">DMF</a> was introduced permitting 1.68 MB to fit onto an otherwise standard 3½-inch disk; utilities then appeared allowing disks to be formatted as such.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix#Floppy_drives" title="Binary prefix">Mixtures</a> of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), consistent with neither a decimal <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> nor a binary <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">mebibyte</a> (MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1,300 to 1,760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a standard 3½-inch high-density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as <a href="/wiki/2M_(DOS)" title="2M (DOS)">2M/2MGUI</a>). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the <a href="/wiki/LS-240" class="mw-redirect" title="LS-240">LS-240</a> drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The raw maximum transfer rate of 3½-inch ED floppy drives (2.88 MB) is nominally 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobits</a>/s, or approximately 83% that of single-speed CD‑ROM (71% of audio CD). This represents the speed of raw data bits moving under the read head; however, the effective speed is somewhat less due to space used for headers, gaps and other format fields and can be even further reduced by delays to seek between tracks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berg_connector" title="Berg connector">Berg connector</a> for 3½-inch floppy drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd (Unix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">Disk image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk controller">Floppy disk controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_hardware_emulator" title="Floppy disk hardware emulator">Floppy disk hardware emulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_variants" title="Floppy disk variants">Floppy disk variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_floppy_disk" title="History of the floppy disk">History of the floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats" title="List of floppy disk formats">List of floppy disk formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugart_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Shugart bus">Shugart bus</a> – popular mainly for 8-inch drives, and partially for 5¼-inch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Extended_Density_Format" title="IBM Extended Density Format">XDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA-Copy" title="VGA-Copy">VGA-Copy</a> copy tool (retries on errors, over-formatted floppies), DOS, discontinued</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MO_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="MO disc">MO disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_precompensation" title="Write precompensation">Write precompensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_accelerated_floppy_drive" title="X10 accelerated floppy drive">X10 accelerated floppy drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_drive" title="Zip drive">Zip drive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_Costs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Costs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cost of a hard disk with a controller in the mid 1980s was thousands of dollars, for capacity of 80 MB or less.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_Hyperdrive-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Hyperdrive_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hyper drive" was an alternative name for 5¼-inch 80-track HD floppy drives with 1.2 MB capacity. The term was used, for example, by <a href="/wiki/Philips_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Austria">Philips Austria</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Philips_:YES" title="Philips :YES">Philips :YES</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/floppy-disk">"Floppy Disk: History & Definition"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 12 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616212241/https://www.britannica.com/technology/floppy-disk">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Floppy+Disk%3A+History+%26+Definition&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Ffloppy-disk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/history/floppy-disk">"IBM History – Floppy disk storage"</a>. <i>IBM</i>. 16 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616211336/https://www.ibm.com/history/floppy-disk">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=IBM+History+%E2%80%93+Floppy+disk+storage&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fhistory%2Ffloppy-disk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory.org_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/261">"Floppy Disks - CHM Revolution"</a>. <i>www.computerhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103071537/http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/261">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computerhistory.org&rft.atitle=Floppy+Disks+-+CHM+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fmemory-storage%2F8%2F261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teja_1985-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teja_1985_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeja1985" class="citation book cs1">Teja, Edward R. (1985). <i>The Designer's Guide to Disk Drives</i> (1st ed.). Reston, Virginia, US: <a href="/wiki/Reston_Publishing_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Reston Publishing Company, Inc.">Reston</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall Company">Prentice hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8359-1268-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8359-1268-X"><bdi>0-8359-1268-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Designer%27s+Guide+to+Disk+Drives&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia%2C+US&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Reston+%2F+Prentice+hall&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8359-1268-X&rft.aulast=Teja&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2007" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Richard (30 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803487/PC-World-announces-the-end-of-the-floppy-disk.html">"PC World Announces the End of the Floppy Disk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102061653/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2803487/PC-World-announces-the-end-of-the-floppy-disk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=PC+World+Announces+the+End+of+the+Floppy+Disk&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2F2803487%2FPC-World-announces-the-end-of-the-floppy-disk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/floppy-disk-loads-mainframe-computer-data">"1971: Floppy disk loads mainframe computer data"</a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080520/http://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/floppy-disk-loads-mainframe-computer-data">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=1971%3A+Floppy+disk+loads+mainframe+computer+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fstorageengine%2Ffloppy-disk-loads-mainframe-computer-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102519/http://www.disktrend.com/5decades2.htm">"Five decades of disk drive industry firsts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disktrend.com/5decades2.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+decades+of+disk+drive+industry+firsts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disktrend.com%2F5decades2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM's 370/145 Uncovered; Interesting Curves Revealed, Datamation, November 1, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Watson (24 May 2010). "The Floppy Disk". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Business" title="Canadian Business">Canadian Business</a></i>. Vol. 83, no. 8. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Business&rft.atitle=The+Floppy+Disk&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.au=Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/22178/when-did-5-25-floppies-exceed-the-capacity-of-8">"When did 5.25″ floppies exceed the capacity of 8″?"</a>. <i>Retrocomputing</i>. <q>Single-sided double-density (SSDD) systems used original media, 40 tracks and MFM encoding for a capacity of around 160 KB/diskette. Double-sided double-density (DSDD or sometimes "2D") systems obviously doubled the above to about 320 KB/diskette.access-date=20 November 2024</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Retrocomputing&rft.atitle=When+did+5.25%E2%80%B3+floppies+exceed+the+capacity+of+8%E2%80%B3%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrocomputing.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F22178%2Fwhen-did-5-25-floppies-exceed-the-capacity-of-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1992" class="citation report cs1">Porter, James (November 1992). 1992 Disk/Trend Report - Flexible Disk Drives (Report). p. DT14-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=1992+Disk%2FTrend+Report+-+Flexible+Disk+Drives&rft.pages=DT14-3&rft.date=1992-11&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarrett-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarrett_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Microfloppy—One Key to Portability", Thomas R. Jarrett, Computer Technology Review, winter 1983 (Jan 1984), pp. 245–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/325_inch.jpg">Picture of disk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1991 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives, Figure 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Reinhardt, Andy (12 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706151833/http://www.businessweek.com/1996/33/b3488114.htm">"Iomega's Zip drives need a bit more zip"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=US+nuclear+emergency+messaging+system+still+uses+floppy+disks&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.aulast=Trujillo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ftechnology%2F281191-us-nuclear-emergency-messaging-system-still-uses-floppy-disks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift2024" class="citation web cs1">Swift, Rocky (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-declares-victory-effort-end-government-use-floppy-disks-2024-07-03/">"Japan declares victory in effort to end government use of floppy disks"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>Turns out the obsolete floppy is way more in demand than you'd think. ... I expect to be in this business for at least another four years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Spoke+With+the+Last+Person+Standing+in+the+Floppy+Disk+Business&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Hilkmann&rft.aufirst=Niek&rft.au=Walskaar%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feyeondesign.aiga.org%2Fwe-spoke-with-the-last-person-standing-in-the-floppy-disk-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/fdd/diskette/diskette.htm#hardsoft">"Floppy Disk / Diskettes // Retrocmp / Retro computing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floppy+Disk+%2F+Diskettes+%2F%2F+Retrocmp+%2F+Retro+computing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrocmp.de%2Ffdd%2Fdiskette%2Fdiskette.htm%23hardsoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219091809/https://apple2history.org/history/ah05/">"The Disk II"</a>. <i>Apple II History</i>. 2 December 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>. <q>Wozniak's technique would allow the drive to do self-synchronization ("soft sectoring"), not have to deal with that little timing hole, and save on hardware.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+II+History&rft.atitle=The+Disk+II&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapple2history.org%2Fhistory%2Fah05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCS_2007-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCS_2007_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(M)Tronics_SCS2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">(M)Tronics SCS (20 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619194609/http://www.hardware-bastelkiste.de/index.html?floppy.html">"Floppy-Disketten-Laufwerke"</a> [Floppy disk drives] (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardware-bastelkiste.de/floppy.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floppy-Disketten-Laufwerke&rft.date=2007-05-20&rft.au=%28M%29Tronics+SCS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardware-bastelkiste.de%2Ffloppy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Norman, Donald</a> (1990). "Chapter 1". <a href="/wiki/The_Design_of_Everyday_Things" title="The Design of Everyday Things"><i>The Design of Everyday Things</i></a>. New York, US: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26774-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26774-6"><bdi>0-385-26774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=The+Design+of+Everyday+Things&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-385-26774-6&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2005" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Jim, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513110507/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/8_inch_Floppy_Drive/8_inch_Floppy_Drive.oral_history.2005.102657926.pdf">"Oral History Panel on 8 inch Floppy Disk Drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/8_inch_Floppy_Drive/8_inch_Floppy_Drive.oral_history.2005.102657926.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Panel+on+8+inch+Floppy+Disk+Drives&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Ftext%2FOral_History%2F8_inch_Floppy_Drive%2F8_inch_Floppy_Drive.oral_history.2005.102657926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228185002/https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/INCITS/ANSIX31621988R1994"><i>X3.162</i></a>, ANSI, 1994, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/INCITS/ANSIX31621988R1994">the original</a> on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>, <q>Information Systems – Unformatted Flexible Disk Cartridge for Information Interchange, 5.25 in (130 mm), 96 Tracks per inch (3.8 Tracks per Millimeter), General, Physical, and Magnetic Requirements (includes ANSI X3.162/TC-1-1995) Specifies the general, physical, and magnetic requirements for interchangeability for the two-sided, 5.25 in (130 mm) flexible disk cartridge</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=X3.162&rft.pub=ANSI&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.ansi.org%2FStandards%2FINCITS%2FANSIX31621988R1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018004741/http://grok.lsu.edu/Article.aspx?articleid=11150">"Floppy Disk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grok.lsu.edu/Article.aspx?articleid=11150">the original</a> on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floppy+Disk&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrok.lsu.edu%2FArticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D11150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225162318/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/rochester/rochester_4016.html">"3740"</a>. <i>Archives</i>. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/rochester/rochester_4016.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives&rft.atitle=3740&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Frochester%2Frochester_4016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/3740/GA21-9152-2_IBM_3740_DataEntrySystem_SystemSummary_and_InstallationManual_PhysicalPlanning_Jun74.pdf"><i>IBM 3740 Data Entry System System Summary and Installation Manual – Physical Planning</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. 1974. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215173042/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/3740/GA21-9152-2_IBM_3740_DataEntrySystem_SystemSummary_and_InstallationManual_PhysicalPlanning_Jun74.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span> – via Stuttgart University. <q>The diskette is about 8" (20 cm) square and has a net capacity of 1898 128-character records – about one day's data entry activity. Each of the diskette's 73 magnetic recording tracks available for data entry can hold 26 sectors of up to 128 characters each.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+3740+Data+Entry+System+System+Summary+and+Installation+Manual+%E2%80%93+Physical+Planning&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F3740%2FGA21-9152-2_IBM_3740_DataEntrySystem_SystemSummary_and_InstallationManual_PhysicalPlanning_Jun74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/IBM_GA21_9182_4.txt">"The IBM Diskette General Information Manual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Z80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028015720/http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/IBM_GA21_9182_4.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IBM+Diskette+General+Information+Manual&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=Z80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpm.z80.de%2Fmanuals%2FIBM_GA21_9182_4.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1983" class="citation news cs1">Shea, Tom (13 June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8">"Shrinking drives increase storage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. pp. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11. <q>Shugart is one of the major subscribers to the 3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-inch micro-floppy standard, along with Sony and 20 other company ... Its single-sided SA300 micro-floppy drive offers 500K of unformatted storage. Shugart's Kevin Burr said the obvious next step is to put another 500K of storage on the other side of the diskette and that the firm will come out with a double-sided 1-megabyte micro-floppy drive soon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Shrinking+drives+increase+storage&rft.pages=1%2C+7%2C+8%2C+9%2C+11&rft.date=1983-06-13&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzS8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>1986 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives</i>. Disk/Trend, Inc. November 1986. p. FSPEC-59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1986+Disk%2FTrend+Report+%E2%80%93+Flexible+Disk+Drives&rft.pages=FSPEC-59&rft.pub=Disk%2FTrend%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span> Reports Sony shipped in 1Q 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolrpt.com/disks.htm">"Managing Disks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524021845/http://www.carolrpt.com/disks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+Disks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolrpt.com%2Fdisks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlaforums.com/viewtopic.php?p=22991294">"A question of floppies"</a>. <i>Jla Forums</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001231411/http://www.jlaforums.com/viewtopic.php?p=22991294">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jla+Forums&rft.atitle=A+question+of+floppies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlaforums.com%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fp%3D22991294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohlandl.ipv7.net/floppy/floppy.html#Format_720K_On_144MB">"Formatting 720K Disks on a 1.44MB Floppy"</a>. <i>Floppy Drive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723160004/http://ohlandl.ipv7.net/floppy/floppy.html#Format_720K_On_144MB">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Floppy+Drive&rft.atitle=Formatting+720K+Disks+on+a+1.44MB+Floppy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohlandl.ipv7.net%2Ffloppy%2Ffloppy.html%23Format_720K_On_144MB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obsoletemedia.org/2-inch-floppy-disk-video-floppy/">"Sony / Canon 2 Inch Video Floppy"</a>. <i>Museum of Obsolete Media</i>. 2 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113005125/http://www.obsoletemedia.org/2-inch-floppy-disk-video-floppy/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Obsolete+Media&rft.atitle=Sony+%2F+Canon+2+Inch+Video+Floppy&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obsoletemedia.org%2F2-inch-floppy-disk-video-floppy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obsoletemedia.org/lt-1/">"2 inch lt1 floppy disk"</a>. <i>Museum of Obsolete Media</i>. 22 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104221008/http://www.obsoletemedia.org/lt-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Obsolete+Media&rft.atitle=2+inch+lt1+floppy+disk&rft.date=2017-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obsoletemedia.org%2Flt-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disk/Trend Report-Flexible Disk Drives, Disk/Trend Inc., November 1991, pp. SUM-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI X3.137, One- and Two-Sided, Unformatted, 90-mm (3.5-inch) 5,3-tpmm (135-tpi), Flexible Disk Cartridge for 7958 bpr Use. General, Physical and Magnetic Requirements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-research.ibm.com-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-research.ibm.com_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngh1981" class="citation journal cs1">Engh, James T. (September 1981). 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"Evolution of the Minifloppy Product Family". <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 160–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ITM....14..160S">1978ITM....14..160S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.1978.1059748">10.1109/TMAG.1978.1059748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9464">0018-9464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32505773">32505773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Minifloppy+Product+Family&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=160-66&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.1978.1059748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32505773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978ITM....14..160S&rft.aulast=Sollman&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527094602/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/SA400/SA400_Index.htm">"Shugart SA 400 Datasheet"</a>. Swtpc. 25 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/SA400/SA400_Index.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shugart+SA+400+Datasheet&rft.pub=Swtpc&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swtpc.com%2Fmholley%2FSA400%2FSA400_Index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealsn.d." class="citation magazine cs1">Beals, Gene (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.6502.org/publications/pet_user_notes/pet_user_notes_v2_i1_may_1979.pdf">"New Commodore Products: A Quick Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PET User Notes</i>. Vol. 2, no. 1. Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611084859/http://archive.6502.org/publications/pet_user_notes/pet_user_notes_v2_i1_may_1979.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PET+User+Notes&rft.atitle=New+Commodore+Products%3A+A+Quick+Review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Beals&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.6502.org%2Fpublications%2Fpet_user_notes%2Fpet_user_notes_v2_i1_may_1979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-progPET-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-progPET_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-progPET_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1982" class="citation book cs1">West, Raeto Collin (January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/COMPUTEs_Programming_the_PET-CBM_1982_Small_Systems_Services/page/n175"><i>Programming the PET/CBM: The Reference Encyclopedia For Commodore PET & CBM Users</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor+9000+Hardware+Reference+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fvictor%2Fvictor9000%2FVictor_9000_Hardware_Reference_Manual_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amdisk-3MF-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amdisk-3MF_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikkicox.tripod.com/comp1981.htm">"Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers − 1981–1983 Business Takes Over"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112541/http://nikkicox.tripod.com/comp1981.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Events+in+the+History+of+Microcomputers+%E2%88%92+1981%E2%80%931983+Business+Takes+Over&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikkicox.tripod.com%2Fcomp1981.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3inch-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3inch_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3inch_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808174200/http://csdl.computer.org/plugins/dl/pdf/mags/mi/1982/02/04070788.pdf">"Three-inch floppy disk product announced"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three-inch+floppy+disk+product+announced&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsdl.computer.org%2Fplugins%2Fdl%2Fpdf%2Fmags%2Fmi%2F1982%2F02%2F04070788.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RISC_OS-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RISC_OS_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RISC_OS_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riscos.com/support/users/userguide3/book1b/c_2.html">"6. Using floppy and hard discs"</a>. <i>RISC OS 3.7 User Guide</i>. 21 January 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RISC+OS+3.7+User+Guide&rft.atitle=6.+Using+floppy+and+hard+discs&rft.date=1997-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riscos.com%2Fsupport%2Fusers%2Fuserguide3%2Fbook1b%2Fc_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1982" class="citation book cs1">Porter, James (December 1982). <i>1982 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives</i>. Disk/Trend. p. DT13-3. <q>The original 48 tpi drives were joined by 96tpi drives from Tandon, Micro Peripherals and Micropolis in 1980 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1982+Disk%2FTrend+Report+%E2%80%93+Flexible+Disk+Drives&rft.pages=DT13-3&rft.pub=Disk%2FTrend&rft.date=1982-12&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1986 Disk/Trend Report, Flexible Disk Drives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revisiting_the_Famicom_Disk_System-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Famicom_Disk_System_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2019-retro-revisiting-famicom-disk-system">"Revisiting the Famicom Disk System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a></i>. 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Famicom+Disk+System&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Fdigitalfoundry-2019-retro-revisiting-famicom-disk-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_July_1989-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_July_1989_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT20">"Viability of 2-Inch Media Standard for PCs in Doubt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>11</b> (31): 21. 31 July 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Viability+of+2-Inch+Media+Standard+for+PCs+in+Doubt&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1989-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE1600F-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE1600F_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharppocketcomputers.com/4HK7JnFJDuVm/Service/ce1600f_service_manual.pdf">"Model CE-1600F"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual</i>. Yamatokoriyama, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a>, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323132153/http://sharppocketcomputers.com/4HK7JnFJDuVm/Service/ce1600f_service_manual.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Model+CE-1600F&rft.btitle=Sharp+PC-1600+Service+Manual&rft.place=Yamatokoriyama%2C+Japan&rft.pages=98-104&rft.pub=Sharp+Corporation%2C+Information+Systems+Group%2C+Quality+%26+Reliability+Control+Center&rft.date=1986-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharppocketcomputers.com%2F4HK7JnFJDuVm%2FService%2Fce1600f_service_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_1986_CE140F-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_1986_CE140F_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pockemul.free.fr/Documents/ce-140f_Service_manual.pdf"><i>Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a>. 00ZCE140F/SME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311145818/http://pockemul.free.fr/Documents/ce-140f_Service_manual.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharp+Service+Manual+Model+CE-140F+Pocket+Disk+Drive&rft.pub=Sharp+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpockemul.free.fr%2FDocuments%2Fce-140f_Service_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1986_maxell_drives-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1986_maxell_drives_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Bateman, Selby (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue70/054_1_THE_FUTURE_OF_MASS_STORAGE.php">"The Future of Mass Storage"</a>. <i>COMPUTE!</i>. No. 70. COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701002021/https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue70/054_1_THE_FUTURE_OF_MASS_STORAGE.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=COMPUTE%21&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Mass+Storage&rft.issue=70&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1986-03&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Selby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarimagazines.com%2Fcompute%2Fissue70%2F054_1_THE_FUTURE_OF_MASS_STORAGE.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFKitagamiFujiwara1988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=JPS6344319A">JP S6344319A</a>, Kitagami, Osamu & Fujiwara, Hideo, "Production of perpendicular magnetic recording medium", published 1988-02-25,  assigned to <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Maxell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi Maxell">Hitachi Maxell</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=S6344319A&rft.cc=JP&rft.title=Production+of+perpendicular+magnetic+recording+medium&rft.inventor=Kitagami&rft.assignee=%5B%5BHitachi+Maxell%5D%5D&rft.appldate=1986-08-12&rft.pubdate=1988-02-25"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_November_1986-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_November_1986_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19">"Vendor Introduces Ultra High-Density Floppy Disk Media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <b>8</b> (45): 19. 10 November 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Vendor+Introduces+Ultra+High-Density+Floppy+Disk+Media&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1986-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDwEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2004" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Scott (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1p2FDL7P5QC&pg=PA1380"><i>Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Anniversary Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Que_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Que Publishing">Que Publishing</a>. p. 1380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-2974-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7897-2974-1"><bdi>0-7897-2974-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs%2C+15th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pages=1380&rft.pub=Que+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7897-2974-1&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1p2FDL7P5QC%26pg%3DPA1380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mueller, Scott (1994). <i>Hardware-Praxis – PCs warten reparieren, aufrüsten und konfigurieren</i> (in German) (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Publishing Company">Addison-Wesley Publishing Company</a>. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89319-705-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89319-705-2"><bdi>3-89319-705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hardware-Praxis+%E2%80%93+PCs+warten+reparieren%2C+aufr%C3%BCsten+und+konfigurieren&rft.pages=441&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-89319-705-2&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc1991" class="citation web cs1">Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (14 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1T0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101">"InfoWorld"</a>. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InfoWorld&rft.pub=InfoWorld+Media+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991-10-14&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=InfoWorld+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1T0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_1992_82077SL-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_1992_82077SL_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1996" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Katen A. (1996) [September 1992, April 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pix.net/languard/pdfs/29209302.pdf"><i>Intel 82077SL for Super-Dense Floppies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Application Note) (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>, IMD Marketing. AP-358, 292093-002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619210818/http://www.pix.net/languard/pdfs/29209302.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+82077SL+for+Super-Dense+Floppies&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation%2C+IMD+Marketing&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Katen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pix.net%2Flanguard%2Fpdfs%2F29209302.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc1991" class="citation web cs1">Inc, Ziff Davis (10 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2kb8n32nTMC&pg=PT38">"PC Mag"</a>. Ziff Davis, Inc. – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PC+Mag&rft.pub=Ziff+Davis%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991-09-10&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=Ziff+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2kb8n32nTMC%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc1990" class="citation web cs1">Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (19 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT22">"InfoWorld"</a>. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InfoWorld&rft.pub=InfoWorld+Media+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990-03-19&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=InfoWorld+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjsEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/08FDK.pdf">"Chapter 8: Floppy Disk Drives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127200411/http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/08FDK.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+8%3A+Floppy+Disk+Drives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lintech.org%2Fcomp-per%2F08FDK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&index=75&sortOrder=Sort%20by%20Date&detail=high">"The Original Macintosh"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205100719/http://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&index=75&sortOrder=Sort%20by%20Date&detail=high">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Original+Macintosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.org%2FProjectView.py%3Fproject%3DMacintosh%26index%3D75%26sortOrder%3DSort%2520by%2520Date%26detail%3Dhigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207142330/http://www.mtsac.edu/~rpatters/CISB11/Chapters/Chapter_03/Chap03/LectureMain.htm">"Properties of Storage Systems"</a>. Mt. San Antonio College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtsac.edu/~rpatters/CISB11/Chapters/Chapter_03/Chap03/LectureMain.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties+of+Storage+Systems&rft.pub=Mt.+San+Antonio+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtsac.edu%2F~rpatters%2FCISB11%2FChapters%2FChapter_03%2FChap03%2FLectureMain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloppy+disk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Weyhrich, Steven (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201122002/http://apple2history.org/history/ah05.html">"The Disk II"</a>: A detailed essay describing one of the first commercial floppy disk drives (from the Apple II History website).</li> <li>Immers, Richard; Neufeld, Gerald G. (1984). <i>Inside Commodore DOS: The Complete Guide to the 1541 Disk Operating System</i>. Datamost & Reston Publishing Company (Prentice-Hall). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8359-3091-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8359-3091-2">0-8359-3091-2</a>.</li> <li>Englisch, Lothar; Szczepanowski, Norbert (1984). <i>The Anatomy of the 1541 Disk Drive</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, Abacus Software (translated from the original 1983 German edition, Düsseldorf, Data Becker GmbH). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916439-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-916439-01-1">0-916439-01-1</a>.</li> <li>Hewlett Packard: 9121D/S Disc Memory Operator's Manual; printed 1 September 1982; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpmuseum.net/document.php?hwfile=2702">part number 09121-90000</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floppy_disk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040628063124/http://www.ncits.org/Archive/2000/n751_775.htm">NCITS</a> (mention of ANSI X3.162 and X3.171 floppy standards)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/drive.html">Floppy disk drives and media technical information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hermannseib.com/documents/floppy.pdf">The Floppy User Guide -historical technical material</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcguide.com/ref/fdd/formatSummary-c.html">Summary of Floppy Disk Types and Specifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917052807/http://www.pcguide.com/ref/fdd/formatSummary-c.html">Archived</a> 17 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magnetic_storage_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template talk:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magnetic_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Tape</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Ferrite core</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Stripe card</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin film</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR_CRAM" title="NCR CRAM">CRAM</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor</a> (~1968)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Floppy disk</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble</a> (~1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">MRAM</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of 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href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (Ultrium-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (disk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CD File System</a> (CDFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a 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