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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=CD-ROM" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CD-ROM" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-ROM_discs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM_discs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>CD-ROM discs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CD-ROM_discs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle CD-ROM discs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM_discs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-ROM_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>CD-ROM format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CD-ROM_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle CD-ROM format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sector_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sector_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sector structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sector_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-ROM_XA_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM_XA_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>CD-ROM XA extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM_XA_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Disc images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-ROM_drives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM_drives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>CD-ROM drives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CD-ROM_drives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle CD-ROM drives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM_drives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laser_and_optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_and_optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Laser and optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_and_optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transfer rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Original speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_advancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_advancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Speed advancements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_advancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Physical limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workarounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workarounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Workarounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workarounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Speed ratings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Speed table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CD-ROM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="সিডি-রম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিডি-রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd-rom" title="Cd-rom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cd-rom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-ROM" title="KD-ROM – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="KD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سی‌دی-رام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌دی-رام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%BAthdhiosca_cuimhne_inl%C3%A9ite_amh%C3%A1in" title="Dlúthdhiosca cuimhne inléite amháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlúthdhiosca cuimhne inléite amháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisladiskadrif" title="Geisladiskadrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geisladiskadrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd-rom" title="Cd-rom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cd-rom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிடி-ரோம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிடி-ரோம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="سی ڈی روم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی ڈی روم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CD-ROM" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">CD-ROM</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_Disc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Compact_Disc.png/220px-Compact_Disc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Compact_Disc.png/330px-Compact_Disc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Compact_Disc.png/440px-Compact_Disc.png 2x" data-file-width="5662" data-file-height="5680" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A traditional CD-ROM</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">553–900 MB (12 cm), 194 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> (8 cm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">600-780 nm laser diode, 150 <a href="/wiki/KB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="KB/s">KB/s</a> (1×; 150 × 2<sup>10</sup>), 10,800 KB/s (72×)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">Pressed mold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ISO/IEC 10149<sup id="cite_ref-iso-cdrom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-cdrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Data storage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><b>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></b></li> <li><b>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></b></li> <li><b>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>CD-ROM</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <b>compact disc read-only memory</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> consisting of a pre-pressed optical <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> that contains <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data</a> computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_CD" title="Enhanced CD">enhanced CDs</a>, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a>, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> format PC CD-ROMs). </p><p>During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> for computers and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_video_game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth generation video game console">fifth generation video game consoles</a>. <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Downloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloading">downloading</a> started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in the early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now uncommon. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest theoretical work on optical disc storage was done by independent researchers in the United States including <a href="/wiki/David_Paul_Gregg" title="David Paul Gregg">David Paul Gregg</a> (1958) and <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(inventor)" title="James Russell (inventor)">James Russel</a> (1965–1975). In particular, Gregg's patents were used as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> specification that was co-developed between <a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">MCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> after MCA purchased Gregg's patents, as well as the company he founded, Gauss Electrophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LaserDisc was the immediate precursor to the CD, with the primary difference being that the LaserDisc encoded information through an analog process whereas the CD used digital encoding. </p><p>Key work to digitize the optical disc was performed by <a href="/wiki/Toshitada_Doi" title="Toshitada Doi">Toshi Doi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> during 1979–1980, who worked on a taskforce for <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CD-DA), defined in 1980. The CD-ROM was later designed as an extension of the CD-DA, and adapted this format to hold any form of digital data, with an initial storage capacity of 553 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony and Philips created the <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a> that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what came to be called the <i>Yellow Book</i>. The CD-ROM was announced in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced by <a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> at the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> computer show in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1985, several computer industry participants, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation,</a> met to create a specification to define a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> format for CD-ROMs.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquarian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquarian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting specification, called the High Sierra format, was published in May 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquarian_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquarian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was eventually standardized, with a few changes, as the <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> standard in 1988. One of the first products to be made available to the public on CD-ROM was the <i><a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a> Academic Encyclopedia</i>, presented at the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> CD-ROM Conference in March 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquarian_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquarian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CD-ROMs began being used in <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Home video game consoles">home video game consoles</a> starting with the <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16#TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²" title="TurboGrafx-16">PC Engine CD-ROM<sup>2</sup></a> (TurboGrafx-CD) in 1988, while CD-ROM drives had also become available for <a href="/wiki/Home_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Home computers">home computers</a> by the end of the 1980s. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Data_East" title="Data East">Data East</a> demonstrated an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system board">arcade system board</a> that supported CD-ROMs, similar to 1980s <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc video games">LaserDisc video games</a> but with digital data, allowing more flexibility than older LaserDisc games.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1990, about 300,000 CD-ROM drives were sold in Japan, while 125,000 CD-ROM discs were being produced monthly in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some computers that were marketed in the 1990s were called "<a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. The first <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> to have an integrated CD-ROM drive as an option was 1993's <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_CF-V21P" title="Panasonic CF-V21P">CF-V21P</a> by <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>; however, the drive only supported <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">mini CDs</a> up to 3.5 inches in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-ptg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> The first notebook to support standard 4.7-inch-diameter discs was <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_755" title="IBM ThinkPad 755">ThinkPad 755CD</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On early audio CD players that were released prior to the advent of the CD-ROM, the raw binary data of CD-ROM was played back as noise. To address this problem, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode#Channels" title="Compact Disc subcode">subcode channel Q</a> has a "data" flag in areas of the disc that contain computer data rather than playable audio. The data flag instructs CD players to mute the audio.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CD-ROM_discs">CD-ROM discs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CD-ROM discs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD-ROM_Drive_(Dell).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg/220px-CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg/330px-CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg/440px-CD-ROM_Drive_%28Dell%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A CD-ROM in the tray of a partially open CD-ROM drive.</figcaption></figure> <p>CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">audio CDs</a>, and data are stored and retrieved in a very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a> standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shaped_Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaped Compact Disc">shaped compact discs</a> in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card-sized media</a>), also exist. </p><p>Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations called "pits", with the non-indented spaces between them called "lands". A <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected <a href="/wiki/Light_beam" title="Light beam">beam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> is shifted in relation to the incoming beam, causing <a href="/wiki/Destructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructive interference">destructive interference</a> and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is converted into binary data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard">Standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a>. The <i>Yellow Book</i>, created in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1994_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 10149<sup id="cite_ref-iso-cdrom_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-cdrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> standard and in 1989 as the <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>-130<sup id="cite_ref-ecma130_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma130-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">Red Book</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)"><i>White Book</i></a> for <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CDs</a>, further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications. The <i>Yellow Book</i> itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. </p><p>There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM. <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> defines the standard <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> for a CD-ROM. <a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a> is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential <a href="/wiki/Write_Once_Read_Many" class="mw-redirect" title="Write Once Read Many">write-once</a> and re-writeable discs such as <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Session_(CD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Session (CD)">multiple sessions</a>. The ISO 13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a subset of it evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a> format, which was adopted for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>. A bootable CD specification, called <a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a>, was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Compact Disc manufacturing</a></div> <p>Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable (<a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>) and rewritable (<a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby the data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> material in a process that is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">burning</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CD-ROM_format"><span class="anchor" id="Mode_1"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mode_2"></span>CD-ROM format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CD-ROM format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio#Data_encoding" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD data encoding</a> techniques described in the <i>Red Book</i> specification (originally defined for <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">audio CD</a> only). This includes <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_coding" title="Cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding">cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding</a> (CIRC), <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> (EFM), and the use of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc#Physical_details" title="Compact disc">pits and lands</a> for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD. </p><p>The structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the <i>Red Book</i>. Like audio CDs (CD-DA), a CD-ROM <i>sector</i> contains 2,352 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> of user data, composed of 98 frames, each consisting of 33 bytes (24 bytes for the user data, 8 bytes for error correction, and 1 byte for the sub code). Unlike audio CDs, the data stored in these sectors corresponds to any type of digital data, not audio samples encoded according to the audio CD specification. To structure, address and protect this data, the CD-ROM standard further defines two sector modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2, which describe two different layouts for the data inside a sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Track_(CD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (CD)">track</a> (a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in a CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks. They can also coexist with audio CD tracks, which is the case of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">mixed mode CDs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sector_structure">Sector structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sector structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Mode 1 and 2 sectors use the first 16 bytes for <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> information, but differ in the remaining 2,336 bytes due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> bytes. Unlike an audio CD, a CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>; a higher reliability of the retrieved data is required. To achieve improved error correction and detection, Mode 1, used mostly for digital data, adds a 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a> (CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of <a href="/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction" title="Reed–Solomon error correction">Reed–Solomon error correction</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC). Mode 1 therefore contains 288 bytes per sector for error detection and correction, leaving 2,048 bytes per sector available for data. Mode 2, which is more appropriate for image or video data (where perfect reliability may be a little bit less important), contains no additional error detection or correction bytes, having therefore 2,336 available data bytes per sector. Both modes, like audio CDs, still benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio#Data_encoding" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">lower layers of error correction</a> at the frame level.<sup id="cite_ref-cdrfaq_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdrfaq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma130_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma130-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the <i>Red Book</i> in order to be finally stored on a CD. </p><p>The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs:<sup id="cite_ref-ecma130_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma130-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Format </th> <th colspan="8">← 2,352 byte sector structure → </th></tr> <tr> <th>CD digital audio: </th> <td colspan="8">2,352 (Digital audio) </td></tr> <tr> <th>CD-ROM Mode 1: </th> <td>12 (Sync pattern) </td> <td>3 (Address) </td> <td>1 (Mode, 0x01) </td> <td>2,048 (Data) </td> <td>4 (Error detection) </td> <td>8 (Reserved, zero) </td> <td colspan="2">276 (Error correction) </td></tr> <tr> <th>CD-ROM Mode 2: </th> <td>12 (Sync pattern) </td> <td>3 (Address) </td> <td>1 (Mode, 0x02) </td> <td colspan="5">2,336 (Data) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 <a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">channels</a> × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 150 <a href="/wiki/KB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="KB/s">KB/s</a> (150 × 2<sup>10</sup>) . This value, 150 Kbyte/s, is defined as "1× speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second. </p><p>The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or <a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">sectors</a>. Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 650 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> (650 × 2<sup>20</sup>). For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 703 MB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-ROM_XA_extension"><span class="anchor" id="XA"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mode_2_Form_1"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mode_2_Form_2"></span>CD-ROM XA extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CD-ROM XA extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>CD-ROM XA</i> is an extension of the <i>Yellow Book</i> standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD-interactive_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD-interactive standard)">Green Book</a>) and was published by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, and backed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-techtarget_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techtarget-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first announced in September 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture. </p><p>CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2). XA Mode 2 Form 1 is similar to the Mode 1 structure described above, and can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 2 sectors; it is used for data. XA Mode 2 Form 2 has 2,324 bytes of user data, and is similar to the standard Mode 2 but with error detection bytes added (though no error correction). It can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, and it is used for audio/video data.<sup id="cite_ref-cdrfaq_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdrfaq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Music_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Music CD">Enhanced Music CDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> use these sector modes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-ROM XA modes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Format </th> <th colspan="8">← 2,352 byte sector structure → </th></tr> <tr> <th>CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1: </th> <td>12 (Sync pattern) </td> <td>3 (Address) </td> <td>1 (Mode) </td> <td>8 (Subheader) </td> <td>2,048 (Data) </td> <td>4 (Error detection) </td> <td colspan="2">276 (Error correction) </td></tr> <tr> <th>CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2: </th> <td>12 (Sync pattern) </td> <td>3 (Address) </td> <td>1 (Mode) </td> <td>8 (Subheader) </td> <td colspan="3">2,324 (Data) </td> <td>4 (Error detection) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disc_images">Disc images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disc images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">disc image</a> of a CD-ROM is created, this can be done in either "raw" mode (extracting 2,352 bytes per sector, independent of the internal structure), or obtaining only the sector's useful data (2,048/2,336/2,352/2,324 bytes depending on the CD-ROM mode). The file size of a disc image created in raw mode is <i>always</i> a multiple of 2,352 bytes (the size of a block).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disc image formats that store raw CD-ROM sectors include <a href="/wiki/CloneCD_Control_File" title="CloneCD Control File">CCD/IMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cue_sheet_(computing)" title="Cue sheet (computing)">CUE/BIN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MDF_and_MDS_file_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="MDF and MDS file pair">MDS/MDF</a>. The size of a disc image created from the data in the sectors will depend on the type of sectors it is using. For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO disc images</a>. </p><p>On a 74-minute CD-R, it is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ≈650 MB <i>Red Book</i> CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity">Capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Print_vs._bytes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Print_vs._bytes.jpg/220px-Print_vs._bytes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Print_vs._bytes.jpg/330px-Print_vs._bytes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Print_vs._bytes.jpg/440px-Print_vs._bytes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A CD-ROM can easily store the entirety of a paper encyclopedia's words and images, plus audio & video clips.</figcaption></figure> <p>CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary prefixes">binary prefixes</a>, subtracting the space used for error correction data. The capacity of a CD-ROM depends on how close the outward data track is extended to the disc's outer rim.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standard 120 mm, <i>700 MB</i> CD-ROM can actually hold about 703 MB of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer <a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a> can hold 4.7 GB (4.7 × 10<sup>9</sup> bytes) of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Capacities of Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Type </th> <th rowspan="2">Sectors </th> <th colspan="2">Data (mode 1) max. size </th> <th>Audio max. size </th> <th>Time </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>) </th> <th>Approx. (1 = 2<sup>20</sup>) </th> <th>(MiB) </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">min</a>) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>8 cm </th> <td>94,500 </td> <td>193.536 </td> <td>184.570 </td> <td>222.264 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>553 MB </th> <td>283,500 </td> <td>580.608 </td> <td>553.711 </td> <td>666.792 </td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>650 MB </th> <td>333,000 </td> <td>681.984 </td> <td>650.391 </td> <td>783.216 </td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>700 MB </th> <td>360,000 </td> <td>737.280 </td> <td>703.125 </td> <td>846.720 </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>800 MB </th> <td>405,000 </td> <td>829.440 </td> <td>791.016 </td> <td>952.560 </td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th>900 MB </th> <td>445,500 </td> <td>912.384 </td> <td>870.117 </td> <td>1,047.816 </td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><small><i>Note:</i> mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 2<sup>20</sup>) values are approximate.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CD-ROM_drives">CD-ROM drives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CD-ROM drives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Information on access time latency. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_laser_assembly1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CD_laser_assembly1.jpg/220px-CD_laser_assembly1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CD_laser_assembly1.jpg/330px-CD_laser_assembly1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CD_laser_assembly1.jpg/440px-CD_laser_assembly1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A view of a CD-ROM drive's disassembled laser system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif/220px-Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif/330px-Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif/440px-Cd-rom-drive-reading-head-movement.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The movement of the laser enables reading at any position of the CD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg/220px-Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg/330px-Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg/440px-Plextor_PX-W8432Ti_-_laser-lens-unit-4539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3689" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption>The laser system of a CD-ROM drive</figcaption></figure> <p>CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a>), <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1394 interface">FireWire</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> interface or a proprietary interface, such as the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_CD_interface" title="Panasonic CD interface">Panasonic CD interface</a>, LMSI/Philips, Sony and Mitsumi standards. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">audio CDs</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CDs</a> and other data standards) when used with the right software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_and_optics">Laser and optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laser and optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD-ROM drives employ a near-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> 780 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a>. The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether the beam has been reflected or scattered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_rates">Transfer rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transfer rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_speed">Original speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Original speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs. If a CD-ROM is read at the same rotational speed as an <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">audio CD</a>, the data transfer rate is 150 Kbyte/s, commonly called "1×" (with constant linear velocity, short <i>"CLV"</i>). At this data rate, the track moves along under the laser spot at about 1.2 m/s. To maintain this linear velocity as the optical head moves to different positions, the angular velocity is varied from about 500 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a> at the inner edge to 200 rpm at the outer edge. The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150 Kbyte/s) is different from the 1× speed rating for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> (1.32 MB/s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_advancements">Speed advancements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Speed advancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the speed at which the disc is spun is increased, data can be transferred at greater rates. For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8× speed spins the disc at 1600 to 4000 rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6 m/s and a transfer rate of 1200 Kbyte/s. Above 12× speed most drives read at <a href="/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity" title="Constant angular velocity">Constant angular velocity</a> (CAV, constant rpm) so that the motor is not made to change from one speed to another as the head seeks from place to place on the disc. In CAV mode the "×" number denotes the transfer rate at the outer edge of the disc, where it is a maximum. 20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32× CD-ROM drive which uses a ball <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearing</a> system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise. As of 2004, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52× or 10,400 rpm and 7.62 MB/s. Higher spin speeds are limited by the strength of the polycarbonate plastic of which the discs are made. At 52×, the linear velocity of the outermost part of the disc is around 65 m/s. However, improvements can still be obtained using multiple laser pickups as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenwood Electronics">Kenwood</a> TrueX 72× which uses seven laser beams and a rotation speed of approximately 10×. </p><p>The first 12× drive was released in late 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above 12× speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. CAV drives give speeds up to 30× at the outer edge of the disc with the same rotational speed as a standard (<a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a>, CLV) 12×, or 32× with a slight increase. However, due to the nature of CAV (linear speed at the inner edge is still only 12×, increasing smoothly in-between) the actual throughput increase is less than 30/12; in fact, roughly 20× average for a completely full disc, and even less for a partially filled one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_limitations">Physical limitations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Physical limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since the late 1990s. Over 10 years later, commonly available drives vary between 24× (slimline and portable units, 10× spin speed) and 52× (typically CD- and read-only units, 21× spin speed), all using CAV to achieve their claimed "max" speeds, with 32× through 48× most common. Even so, these speeds can cause poor reading (drive error correction having become very sophisticated in response) and even shattering of poorly made or physically damaged media, with small cracks rapidly growing into catastrophic breakages when centripetally stressed at 10,000–13,000 rpm (i.e. 40–52× CAV). High rotational speeds also produce undesirable noise from disc vibration, rushing air and the spindle motor itself. Most 21st-century drives allow forced low speed modes (by use of small utility programs) for the sake of safety, accurate reading or silence, and will automatically fall back if numerous sequential read errors and retries are encountered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workarounds">Workarounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Workarounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other methods of improving read speed were trialled such as using multiple optical beams, increasing throughput up to 72× with a 10× spin speed, but along with other technologies like 90~99 minute recordable media, <a href="/wiki/GigaRec" class="mw-redirect" title="GigaRec">GigaRec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">double-density compact disc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">Purple Book</a> standard) recorders, their utility was nullified by the introduction of consumer <a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a> drives capable of consistent 36× equivalent CD-ROM speeds (4× DVD) or higher. Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2.5 minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment. A similar stratification effect has since been seen in DVD development where maximum speed has stabilised at 16× CAV (with exceptional cases between 18× and 22×) and capacity at 4.3 and 8.5 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (single and dual layer), with higher speed and capacity needs instead being catered to by Blu-ray drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_ratings">Speed ratings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Speed ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings: one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e. a 12×/10×/32× CD drive can write to CD-R discs at 12× speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10× speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from CDs at 32× speed (4.69 MB/s), if the CPU and <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">media player software</a> permit speeds that high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_table">Speed table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Speed table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common data transfer speeds for CD-ROM drives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: center">Transfer speed </th> <th><a href="/wiki/KB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="KB/s">KB/s</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> (outer to inner edge) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>1× </th> <td>150 </td> <td>1.2288 </td> <td>0.146 </td> <td>200–530<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>2× </th> <td>300 </td> <td>2.4576 </td> <td>0.293 </td> <td>400–1,060 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>4× </th> <td>600 </td> <td>4.9152 </td> <td>0.586 </td> <td>800–2,120 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>8× </th> <td>1,200 </td> <td>9.8304 </td> <td>1.17 </td> <td>1,600–4,240 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>10× </th> <td>1,500 </td> <td>12.288 </td> <td>1.46 </td> <td>2,000–5,300 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>12× </th> <td>1,800 </td> <td>14.7456 </td> <td>1.76 </td> <td>2,400–6,360 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>20× </th> <td>1,200–3,000 </td> <td>up to 24.576 </td> <td>up to 2.93 </td> <td>4,000 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>24× </th> <td>1,440–3,600 </td> <td>up to 29.491 </td> <td>up to 3.51 </td> <td>4,800 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>32× </th> <td>1,920–4,800 </td> <td>up to 39.3216 </td> <td>up to 4.69 </td> <td>6,400 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>36× </th> <td>2,160–5,400 </td> <td>up to 44.2368 </td> <td>up to 5.27 </td> <td>7,200 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>40× </th> <td>2,400–6,000 </td> <td>up to 49.152 </td> <td>up to 5.86 </td> <td>8,000 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>48× </th> <td>2,880–7,200 </td> <td>up to 58.9824 </td> <td>up to 7.03 </td> <td>9,600 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>52× </th> <td>3,120–7,800 </td> <td>up to 63.8976 </td> <td>up to 7.62 </td> <td>10,400 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>56× </th> <td>3,360–8,400 </td> <td>up to 68.8128 </td> <td>up to 8.20 </td> <td>11,200 (<a href="/wiki/Constant_Angular_Velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Angular Velocity">CAV</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>72× </th> <td>6,750–10,800 </td> <td>up to 88.4736 </td> <td>up to 10.5 </td> <td>2,700 (multi-beam)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_issues">Copyright issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Copyright issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">Compact Disc and DVD copy protection</a></div> <p>Software distributors, and in particular distributors of computer games, often make use of various copy protection schemes to prevent software running from any media besides the original CD-ROMs. This differs somewhat from <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">audio CD</a> protection in that it is usually implemented in both the media and the software itself. The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manufacturers of CD writers (<a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> or <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with "<a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a>" that is usually stamped on discs produced by CD recording plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_recording" title="Optical recording">Optical recording</a> (history of)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD/DVD_authoring" class="mw-redirect" title="CD/DVD authoring">CD/DVD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiLevel_Recording" title="MultiLevel Recording">MultiLevel Recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_Dual" title="Phase-change Dual">Phase-change Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-CD" title="Thor-CD">Thor-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_manufacturers" title="List of optical disc manufacturers">List of optical disc manufacturers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Interleaved_Reed-Solomon_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding">CIRC</a> error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To three <a href="/wiki/Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">significant figures</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CD-ROM&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iso-cdrom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-cdrom_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-cdrom_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFISO1995" class="citation web cs1">ISO (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25869">"ISO/IEC 10149:1995 – Information technology – Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115213634/https://www.iso.org/standard/25869.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+10149%3A1995+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Data+interchange+on+read-only+120+mm+optical+data+disks+%28CD-ROM%29&rft.date=1995&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D25869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediatechnics.com/yellowbook.htm">"CD Yellow Book Standards"</a>. <i>mediatechnics.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521040159/http://www.mediatechnics.com/yellowbook.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediatechnics.com&rft.atitle=CD+Yellow+Book+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediatechnics.com%2Fyellowbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/19/optical-disc.html">"Optical Disc invented by David Paul Gregg in year 1958"</a>. <i>targetstudy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=targetstudy.com&rft.atitle=Optical+Disc+invented+by+David+Paul+Gregg+in+year+1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftargetstudy.com%2Fknowledge%2Finvention%2F19%2Foptical-disc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318132453/http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/beethoven.htm">"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc"</a>. <i>exp-math.uni-essen.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/beethoven.htm">the original</a> on 2015-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exp-math.uni-essen.de&rft.atitle=Shannon%2C+Beethoven%2C+and+the+Compact+Disc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exp-math.uni-essen.de%2F~immink%2Fpdf%2Fbeethoven.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTwQAQAAMAAJ">"Videodisc Update, Volumes 1–3"</a>. 1982. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videodisc+Update%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTwQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoworld1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infoworld1994_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoworld1994_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88">"InfoWorld Vol. 16, No. 23"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. June 6, 1994. p. 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InfoWorld+Vol.+16%2C+No.+23&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=InfoWorld&rft.date=1994-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1983/">"1983 | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum"</a>. <i>computerhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=computerhistory.org&rft.atitle=1983+%7C+Timeline+of+Computer+History+%7C+Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ftimeline%2F1983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Japanese1985">Japanese PCs (1985)</a> (14:20), <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiquarian-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antiquarian_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquarian_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquarian_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher,_Jimmy2016" class="citation web cs1">Maher, Jimmy (September 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filfre.net/2016/09/a-slow-motion-revolution/">"A Slow-Motion Revolution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Slow-Motion+Revolution&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.au=Maher%2C+Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filfre.net%2F2016%2F09%2Fa-slow-motion-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-16-issue-no.-6-march-1991-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2016%2C%20Issue%20No.%206%20-%20March%201991%20%28Compressed%29/page/n2">"Hot Off The Press! More Revolution"</a>. <i>RePlay</i>. Vol. 16, no. 6. March 1991. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RePlay&rft.atitle=Hot+Off+The+Press%21+More+Revolution&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fre-play-volume-16-issue-no.-6-march-1991-600dpi%2FRePlay%2520-%2520Volume%252016%252C%2520Issue%2520No.%25206%2520-%2520March%25201991%2520%2528Compressed%2529%2Fpage%2Fn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%205%20-%20February%201990/page/48">"Special Report: A Fact of Life"</a>. <i>RePlay</i>. Vol. 15, no. 5. February 1990. pp. 48–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RePlay&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+A+Fact+of+Life&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=48-9&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fre-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi%2FRePlay%2520-%2520Volume%252014%252C%2520Issue%2520No.%25205%2520-%2520February%25201990%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ptg_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, Robert S. (January 24, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AghQgqwUzgUC&pg=PA111">"Color Portables: Power to Go"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <b>14</b> (2). Ziff-Davis: 108–181 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Color+Portables%3A+Power+to+Go&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-181&rft.date=1995-01-24&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAghQgqwUzgUC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Michael R. (September 26, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16260892/GPS?sid=wikipedia">"New ThinkPad will include built-in CD-ROM"</a>. <i>PC Week</i>. <b>11</b> (38). 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Standards.com. 1996-02-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132201/http://www.standards.com/StandardsDownloads/birth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Electronic Frontier Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014825/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2007/07/harry-potter-and-digital-fingerprints">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+Potter+and+the+Digital+Fingerprints&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2007-06-20&rft.aulast=Schoen&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2007%2F07%2Fharry-potter-and-digital-fingerprints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACD-ROM" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rainbow_Books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rainbow_Books" title="Template:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rainbow_Books" title="Template talk:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rainbow_Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rainbow Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rainbow_Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Red Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yellow Book <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CD-ROM_format">CD-ROM XA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW#CD-MO" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">CD-i Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">Blue Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">E-CD/CD+</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beige Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">PCD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scarlet Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Purple Book <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DDCD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template talk:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standards_of_Ecma_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows" title="Application Programming Interface for Windows">APIW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">OpenXPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecma_International_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/100px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/150px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/200px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (tape)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">Advanced Intelligent Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (Ultrium-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (disk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CD File System</a> (CDFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_3D" title="Universal 3D">Universal 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">E4X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">Full BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio link interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compact_disc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compact_disc" title="Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compact_disc" title="Template talk:Compact disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compact_disc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> <ul><li>Red Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> <ul><li>Orange Book</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD-ROM</a> <ul><li>Yellow Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">CD-MRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">CD+</a> <ul><li>Blue Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> (Karaoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">Gold CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a> <ul><li>Beige Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMCD" title="PMCD">PMCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">shaped CD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card CD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">CD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Uses" title="Disk image">CD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">CD manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">CD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">CD rot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">CD bronzing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode">CD subcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">4ch CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">XRCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">CD Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini CD single">Mini CD single</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-Book-Standard" title="Orange-Book-Standard">Orange-Book-Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">CD copy protection schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">CD player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_software" title="List of optical disc authoring software">Optical disc authoring software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants based on CD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATRAC_CD" title="ATRAC CD">ATRAC CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DD-CD</a> <ul><li>Purple Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Hybrid DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Hybrid SACD</a> <ul><li>Scarlet Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_audio_optical_disc" title="Compressed audio optical disc">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">VideoNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Compact_disc" title="Category:Compact disc">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compact discs">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139307-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CD-ROMs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87002389">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cédéroms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100225h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cédéroms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100225h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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