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id="toc-Initial_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_surrender_and_initial_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_surrender_and_initial_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Japanese surrender and initial landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_surrender_and_initial_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Size and scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial phase</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_phase-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial phase subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding_the_starving_populace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding_the_starving_populace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Feeding the starving populace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding_the_starving_populace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preserving_the_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserving_the_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Preserving the Emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserving_the_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disarmament_and_demobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disarmament_and_demobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disarmament and demobilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disarmament_and_demobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_of_political_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_of_political_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Release of political prisoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_of_political_prisoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disestablishment_of_State_Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disestablishment_of_State_Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Disestablishment of State Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disestablishment_of_State_Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_Union_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_Union_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Trade Union Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_Union_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purge_of_wartime_public_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purge_of_wartime_public_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Purge of wartime public officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purge_of_wartime_public_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enfranchisement_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enfranchisement_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Enfranchisement of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enfranchisement_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hirohito_renounces_his_divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hirohito_renounces_his_divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Hirohito renounces his divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hirohito_renounces_his_divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Constitutional amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaibatsu_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaibatsu_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Zaibatsu dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaibatsu_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_Standards_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_Standards_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Labor Standards Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_Standards_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Education reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Land reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishing_war_criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishing_war_criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Punishing war criminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishing_war_criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Reverse_Course"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Reverse_Course""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The "Reverse Course"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Reverse_Course"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_the_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_the_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ending the occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_the_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Japanese women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_American_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_American_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Japanese American contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_American_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accounts_from_the_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_from_the_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Accounts from the time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts_from_the_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupation of Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besetting_van_Japan" title="Besetting van Japan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Besetting van Japan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="احتلال اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتلال اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Ocupación de Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ocupación de Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ژاپون ایشغالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون ایشغالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_%C3%AA_Chi%C3%A0m-ni%C3%A1" title="Ji̍t-pún ê Chiàm-niá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún ê Chiàm-niá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Акупацыя Японіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акупацыя Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Окупация на Япония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Окупация на Япония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Ocupació del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocupació del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojeneck%C3%A1_okupace_Japonska" title="Spojenecká okupace Japonska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojenecká okupace Japonska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besatzungszeit_in_Japan" title="Besatzungszeit in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Besatzungszeit in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_okupatsioon_Jaapanis" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide okupatsioon Jaapanis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide okupatsioon Jaapanis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1945-1952)" title="Κατοχή της Ιαπωνίας (1945-1952) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατοχή της Ιαπωνίας (1945-1952)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Ocupación de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okupacio_de_Japanio" title="Okupacio de Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okupacio de Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="اشغال ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشغال ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_du_Japon" title="Occupation du Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation du Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EA%B5%B0_%EC%A0%90%EB%A0%B9%ED%95%98_%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8" title="연합군 점령하 일본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연합군 점령하 일본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okupacija_Japana" title="Okupacija Japana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Okupacija Japana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_oleh_Sekutu" title="Pendudukan Jepang oleh Sekutu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Jepang oleh Sekutu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_de_Japon" title="Occupation de Japon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Occupation de Japon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_del_Giappone" title="Occupazione del Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occupazione del Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="יפן בתקופת הכיבוש האמריקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יפן בתקופת הכיבוש האמריקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okup%C4%93t%C4%81_Jap%C4%81na" title="Okupētā Japāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Okupētā Japāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa_de_Nion" title="Ocupa de Nion – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ocupa de Nion" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_megsz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1sa" title="Japán megszállása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán megszállása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Окупација на Јапонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Окупација на Јапонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepun" title="Pendudukan Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendudukan Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezetting_van_Japan" title="Bezetting van Japan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bezetting van Japan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="連合国軍占領下の日本 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連合国軍占領下の日本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%DB%81" title="جاپان اُتے قبضہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاپان اُتے قبضہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="د جاپان نیواک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جاپان نیواک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okupacja_aliancka_Japonii" title="Okupacja aliancka Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okupacja aliancka Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Ocupação do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocupação do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C8%9Bia_Japoniei" title="Ocupația Japoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ocupația Japoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Окупация Японии – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Окупация Японии" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Оккупация Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оккупация Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Occupation of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miehitetty_Japani" title="Miehitetty Japani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miehitetty Japani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockupationen_av_Japan" title="Ockupationen av Japan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ockupationen av Japan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="การยึดครองญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การยึดครองญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fgal_Japonyas%C4%B1" title="İşgal Japonyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşgal Japonyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Окупація Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Окупація Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%DB%81" title="جاپان پر قبضہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپان پر قبضہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFm_%C4%91%C3%B3ng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Chiếm đóng Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiếm đóng Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="同盟國軍事佔領日本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同盟國軍事佔領日本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Occupation of Japan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">占領下の日本</span></span><br /><small>senryō-ka no Nihon</small></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1945–1952</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of 占領下の日本 senryō-ka no Nihon"><img alt="Flag of 占領下の日本 senryō-ka no Nihon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan#U.S._occupation" title="Flag of Japan">Left: Civil and naval ensign<br />Right: State flag (de facto)</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupied_Japan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="De jure map of Japan under Allied occupation. # The Japanese archipelago, placed under the authority of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (de facto United States), effective 1945–1952.[a] # Japanese Taiwan and its Spratly Islands, placed under the authority of China. # Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands, placed under the authority of the Soviet Union. # Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea, granted independence in 1948 as the Republic of Korea (South Korea). # The Kwantung Leased Territory, a Japanese colony occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to China in 1955. # Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration, granted independence in 1948 as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) # The South Pacific Mandate, a Japanese colony in the name of the League of Nations, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands of the United Nations under the US administration in 1947."><img alt="De jure map of Japan under Allied occupation. # The Japanese archipelago, placed under the authority of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (de facto United States), effective 1945–1952.[a] # Japanese Taiwan and its Spratly Islands, placed under the authority of China. # Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands, placed under the authority of the Soviet Union. # Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea, granted independence in 1948 as the Republic of Korea (South Korea). # The Kwantung Leased Territory, a Japanese colony occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to China in 1955. # Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration, granted independence in 1948 as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) # The South Pacific Mandate, a Japanese colony in the name of the League of Nations, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands of the United Nations under the US administration in 1947." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Occupied_Japan.png/250px-Occupied_Japan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Occupied_Japan.png/375px-Occupied_Japan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Occupied_Japan.png/500px-Occupied_Japan.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><i>De jure</i> map of Japan under Allied occupation. <div style="margin: 0 1em 0 0; text-align: left;"> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>, placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> United States), effective 1945–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese Taiwan</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>, placed under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Prefecture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese Korea</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel north</a>, placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a>, granted independence in 1948 as the Republic of Korea (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a>, a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">China</a> in 1955.</li> <li>Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a>, granted independence in 1948 as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Mandate">South Pacific Mandate</a>, a Japanese colony in the name of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> under the US administration in 1947.</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_on_the_globe_(de-facto)_(Japan_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="De facto map of Japan (red) under Allied occupation, with modern borders."><img alt="De facto map of Japan (red) under Allied occupation, with modern borders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg/250px-Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg/375px-Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg/500px-Japan_on_the_globe_%28de-facto%29_%28Japan_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><i>De facto</i> map of Japan (red) under Allied occupation, with modern borders.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1947 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Ashida" title="Hitoshi Ashida">Hitoshi Ashida</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Emperor Hirohito announces surrender of Japan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Occupation begins </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Official surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Transfer of the administration of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan island">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pescadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescadores">Pescadores</a> to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitutional amendment</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">15 August 1948</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1952</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238254956">.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-list-title{border:none;background:gainsboro}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-below{padding-top:0.2em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macarthur_hirohito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/250px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/375px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/500px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">General Douglas MacArthur meets with Emperor Hirohito, September 27, 1945</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Periods</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Japan was <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">surrender</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> on September 2, 1945, at the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">war's end</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> took effect on April 28, 1952. The occupation, led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American military</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">support</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> and under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Commission" title="Far Eastern Commission">Far Eastern Commission</a>, involved a total of nearly one million <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999206_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999206-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation was overseen by the US General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> by the US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a> in 1951. Unlike in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupations of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a>, the Soviet Union had little to no influence in Japan, declining to participate because it did not want to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200294_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200294-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This foreign presence marks the only time in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">history of Japan</a> that it has been occupied by a foreign power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike in Germany, the Allies never assumed direct control over Japan's civil administration. In the immediate aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Japan's military</a> surrender, the country's government continued to formally operate under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>. </p><p>Furthermore, at General MacArthur's insistence, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> remained on the imperial throne and was effectively granted full immunity from prosecution for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, which among other things called for the country to become a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>. Under MacArthur's guidance, the Japanese government introduced sweeping social reforms and implemented economic reforms that recalled American "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>" priorities of the 1930s under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, a sweeping amendment to the Meiji Constitution was passed that effectively repealed it in its entirety and replaced it with a new, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">American-written constitution</a>, and the Emperor's theoretically vast powers, which for many centuries had been constrained only by conventions that had evolved over time, became strictly limited by law as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9 of the constitution</a> explicitly forbade Japan from maintaining a military or pursuing war as a means to settle international disputes, this policy soon became problematic especially as neighboring China <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">fell under the control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> broke out. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Reserve" title="National Police Reserve">National Police Reserve</a> (NPR) was founded in 1950. The NPR was reorganized into the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> (JSDF) in 1954, effectively completing the <i>de facto</i> remilitarization of Japan. </p><p>The occupation officially ended with the coming into force of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which the US military ceased any direct involvement in the country's civil administration thus effectively restoring full sovereignty to Japan with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>). The simultaneous implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Security Treaty between the United States and Japan">US-Japan Security Treaty</a> (replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">revised treaty in 1960</a>) allowed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">tens of thousands of American soldiers to remain based in Japan</a> indefinitely, albeit at the invitation of the Japanese government and not as an occupation force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, it is the first and only sustained presence of a foreign military on Japanese soil in its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">history</a>. </p><p>The occupation of Japan can be usefully divided into three phases: the initial effort to punish and reform Japan; the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a>" in which the focus shifted to suppressing dissent and reviving the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japanese economy</a> to support the US in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as a country of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>; and the final establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">formal peace treaty with the 48 Allies of the Second World War</a> and an <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Alliance">enduring military alliance</a> with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-OfficeofTheHistorian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficeofTheHistorian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_planning">Initial planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American planning for a post-war occupation of Japan began as early as February 1942, when President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> established an <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Postwar_Foreign_Policy" title="Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy">Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy</a> to advise him on the postwar reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a>, and Japan (<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>). On matters related to Japan, this committee was later succeeded by the smaller Inter-Departmental Area Committee on the Far East (IDAFE), which met 234 times between the autumn of 1942 and the summer of 1945 and had frequent discussions with two US presidents, Roosevelt and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201732-33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201732-33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>. Under the final plan, however, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> (SCAP) was to be given direct control over the main islands of Japan (<a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Northern Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">Southern Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Islands" title="Okinawa Islands">Okinawa Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amami_Islands" title="Amami Islands">Amami Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> and Japanese possessions in <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan after World War II">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a></li></ul> <p>In early August 1945, with <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> seeming probable, the US <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> recommended to President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> that Pacific Theatre Commander General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> be named <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> (SCAP) to oversee the surrender and occupation of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman agreed, and MacArthur asked his staff in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> to begin making concrete preparations for the occupation of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200248_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Soviets moved in to occupy their allotted territories, some Japanese forces continued to resist even after the Japanese surrender. Such operations included final battles on the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin well past the end of August in 1945. In the end, despite its initial hopes, the Soviet Union did not manage to occupy any part of the Japanese home islands, largely due to significant U.S. opposition that was backed by the leverage gained by its then newly realized status as the world's only nuclear-armed state. </p><p>In any case, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was not inclined to press the Americans very far following Japan's surrender. He was not willing to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command. Furthermore, in terms of both strategic interests and prestige the Soviets had achieved most of their war aims in the Far East. Moreover, whereas China, Korea and Japan were all a considerable distance from the USSR's European heartland, Stalin regarded establishing a powerful buffer against further military threats from the west to be vital to the Soviet Union's future existence. He therefore placed a far greater priority on establishing <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet communist influence in Europe</a> rather than in Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_surrender_and_initial_landings">Japanese surrender and initial landings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese surrender and initial landings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropping of atomic bombs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan</a>, on the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> announced his decision that the Japanese government should accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki_Cabinet" title="Kantarō Suzuki Cabinet">his administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Japan's surrender to the Japanese people in a nationwide radio broadcast</a>. Two days after Japanese Emperor's first radio broadcast informing the surrender of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a> (a member of Japanese imperial family and father-in-law of Hirohito's eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Shigeko Higashikuni</a>) became first post-war Prime Minister on August 17, 1945. </p><p>Japanese officials left for <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to discuss surrender terms. On August 28, 1945, a week before the official surrender ceremony, 150 US personnel flew to <a href="/wiki/Atsugi" title="Atsugi">Atsugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>. They were followed by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose accompanying vessels landed the <a href="/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Marine Regiment (United States)">4th Marine Regiment</a> on the southern coast of Kanagawa. The <a href="/wiki/11th_Airborne_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Airborne Division (United States)">11th Airborne Division</a> was airlifted from <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Atsugi" title="Naval Air Facility Atsugi">Atsugi Airdrome</a>, 50 kilometres (30 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Other Allied personnel followed. </p><p>MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 and immediately decreed several laws. No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people or eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the <i><a href="/wiki/Hinomaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinomaru">Hinomaru</a></i> (sun disc), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">national flag of Japan</a> was initially severely restricted (although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it); this restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-flag_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 2, 1945, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a>. On September 6, U.S. President Truman approved a document titled "<a href="/wiki/U.S._Initial_Post-Surrender_Policy_for_Japan" title="U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan">U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document set two main objectives for the occupation: eliminating Japan's war potential and turning Japan into a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> nation with pro-<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> orientation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_scope">Size and scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Size and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Gurkha_Rifles,_Japan_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/220px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/330px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg/440px-5th_Gurkha_Rifles%2C_Japan_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>May 1946: The Indian Army 2nd Battalion <a href="/wiki/5th_Royal_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Royal Gurkha Rifles">5th Royal Gurkha Rifles</a> march through <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure, Hiroshima</a> soon after their arrival in Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1945, around 430,000 American soldiers were stationed throughout Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200265_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200265-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the main Japanese islands, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._24th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 24th Infantry Division">24th Infantry Division</a>, with some responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>. <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">First Cavalry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth United States Army">Sixth Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> was occupied by the 77th Infantry and 11th Airborne Divisions. By the beginning of 1946, replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur's <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth Army</a>, headquartered in Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/DN_Tower_21" title="DN Tower 21">Dai-Ichi</a> building. In total, including rotations of replacement troops throughout the seven years, nearly 1 million American soldiers would serve in the Occupation, in addition to thousands of civilian contractors and tens of thousands of dependents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999206_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999206-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American forces</a> were supplemented by around 40,000 troops from the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200294_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200294-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> (BCOF), composed of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand</a> personnel, did not begin deployment to Japan until February 21, 1946. While U.S. forces were responsible for the overall occupation, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a>. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan, and officially wound up in 1951. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Commission" title="Far Eastern Commission">Far Eastern Commission</a> and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of a multilateral Allied council for Japan was proposed by the Soviet government as early as September 1945, and was supported partially by the British, French and Chinese governments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_phase">Initial phase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial phase of the Occupation focused on punishing Japan for having made war on the Allies, and undertook a thorough reformation of Japanese society to ensure that Japan would never again be a threat to world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20188_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20188-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms targeted all major sectors of Japanese society, government, and economy. Historians have emphasized similarities to the American <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore and Robinson note that, "New Deal liberalism seemed natural, even to conservative Republicans such as MacArthur and <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Whitney" title="Courtney Whitney">Whitney</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding_the_starving_populace">Feeding the starving populace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding the starving populace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto1001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/220px-Sto1001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/330px-Sto1001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/440px-Sto1001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nihonbashi" title="Nihonbashi">Nihonbashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, in 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/220px--Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm/Gaetano_Faillace_-_Occupied_Tokyo_-_film.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Half-destroyed Tokyo as filmed by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Faillace" title="Gaetano Faillace">Gaetano Faillace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before reforms could be undertaken, MacArthur's first priority was to set up a food distribution network. Following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually the entire Japanese populace was starving. The <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan's urban centers</a> left millions displaced, and food shortages (created by bad harvests and the demands of the war) worsened when the seizure of foodstuffs from Korea, Taiwan, and China ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower199990_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199990-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repatriation of Japanese people living in other parts of Asia and hundreds of thousands of demobilized prisoners of war only aggravated the hunger problem in Japan, as these people put more strain on already scarce resources. Around 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1, 1945, and another million returned in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower199954_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199954-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As expressed by Kazuo Kawai, "Democracy cannot be taught to a starving people".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the U.S. government provided emergency food relief through Government Aid and Relief in Occupied Areas (<a href="/wiki/GARIOA" title="GARIOA">GARIOA</a>) funds. In fiscal year 1946, this aid amounted to US$92 million in loans. From April 1946, under the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia, private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief. Even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preserving_the_Emperor">Preserving the Emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preserving the Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macarthur_hirohito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two men standing in a black and white portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/170px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/255px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Macarthur_hirohito.jpg/340px-Macarthur_hirohito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Faillace" title="Gaetano Faillace">Gaetano Faillace</a>'s famous photo of Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the food network was in place, MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. The two men met for the first time on September 27, 1945; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999292_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no tie, instead of his dress uniform, when meeting the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>. The difference in height between the towering MacArthur and the diminutive Hirohito also impressed upon Japanese citizens who was in charge now.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999293_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the cooperation of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur had the political ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war criminal</a>, MacArthur resisted such calls, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people. He also rejected calls for <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a>, promoted by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial family</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">Takahito, Prince Mikasa</a> (younger brother of Hirohito) and former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a> (Hirohito's eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Princess Shigeko</a>'s father-in-law) and demands of intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Tatsuji_Miyoshi" title="Tatsuji Miyoshi">Tatsuji Miyoshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disarmament_and_demobilization">Disarmament and demobilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disarmament and demobilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/220px--1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv/1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-06-20_Japan_Today.ogv&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>1946 newsreel</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese soldiers were rapidly disarmed and demobilized en masse. On September 15, 1945, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002107_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002107-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December, all Japanese military forces in the Japanese home islands were fully disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002107_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002107-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation forces also exploded or dumped into the sea over 2 million tons of unused munitions and other war materiel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002108_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002108-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_of_political_prisoners">Release of political prisoners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Release of political prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Release_of_Communist.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Release_of_Communist.JPG/220px-Release_of_Communist.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Release_of_Communist.JPG/330px-Release_of_Communist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Release_of_Communist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese government releases members of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> on October 10, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>The issuing of the <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Restrictions_on_Political,_Civil,_and_Religious_Liberties" title="Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties">Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties</a> directive by SCAP on October 4, 1945, led to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> and the release of all political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndl_glossary_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndl_glossary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese communists were released from jail, and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">Japan Communist Party</a> was granted legal status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disestablishment_of_State_Shinto">Disestablishment of State Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disestablishment of State Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 15, 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Shinto_Directive" title="Shinto Directive">Shinto Directive</a> was issued, abolishing <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> as a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_Union_Act">Trade Union Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade Union Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 22, 1945, at SCAP's direction, the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Diet</a> passed Japan's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union, to organize, and take industrial action. There had been pre-war attempts to do so, but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_of_1949" title="Trade Union Act of 1949">Trade Union Law</a> was passed on June 1, 1949, which remains in place to the present day. According to Article 1 of the Act, the purpose of the act is to "elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purge_of_wartime_public_officials">Purge of wartime public officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Purge of wartime public officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purge_(occupied_Japan)" title="Purge (occupied Japan)">Purge (occupied Japan)</a></div> <p>In January 1946, SCAP issued directives calling for the purge of wartime officials from public offices. Individuals targeted in the purge included accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a>, business leaders involved in Japanese overseas economic expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders involved in the decisions leading Japan into war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002267_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002267-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, SCAP screened a total of 717,415 possible purgees, and wound up excluding 201,815 of them from holding public office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002269_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002269-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a>" in Occupation policy, most of the purgees would be de-purged and allowed to return to public life by 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enfranchisement_of_women">Enfranchisement of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enfranchisement of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Japan's surrender, women's leaders in Japan began calling for women's enfranchisement. In August 1945, <a href="/wiki/Ichikawa_Fusae" title="Ichikawa Fusae">Ichikawa Fusae</a> (a leader of the pre-war women's suffrage movement) organized the Women's Committee to Cope with Postwar Conditions, a group of 70 Japanese women whose top priorities included women's enfranchisement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mire,_Koikare_2008,_p._48_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mire,_Koikare_2008,_p._48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swayed by the urges of female leaders, Home Minister Horiuchi Zenjiro advocated for granting women enfranchisement in a meeting of the Japanese male leaders of the Shidehara Cabinet on October 9, 1945. Convinced, the cabinet voted unanimously to grant women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Mire,_Koikare_2008,_p._48_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mire,_Koikare_2008,_p._48-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, before any action was taken to enact the cabinet's decision, General MacArthur issued his five-point reform directive, one of the points being an order to liberate Japanese women through enfranchisement.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After MacArthur issued his directive, the Japanese government officially lowered the voting age and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">extended the voting franchise to women</a> in future elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002241_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002241-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 10, 1946, <a href="/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election" title="1946 Japanese general election">first post-war Japanese general election</a> with 78.52% voter turnout among men and 66.97% among women was held,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving Japan its first prime minister partially elected by men and women, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a> as prime minister, took office on May 22, 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hirohito_renounces_his_divinity">Hirohito renounces his divinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hirohito renounces his divinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">Humanity Declaration</a></div> <p>At SCAP's insistence, as part of a New Year's Day message, Emperor Hirohito publicly renounced his own divinity, declaring: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection. They do not depend upon mere legends and myths. They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine, and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the world.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_amendment">Constitutional amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Constitutional amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a></div> <p>In 1947, the Diet ratified a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> through amendment of <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> that followed closely a "model copy" drafted by American civilian officials within SCAP,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxvii_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxvii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was promulgated to replace the old <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> that had granted the Emperor theoretically unlimited powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002270_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002270-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution drew inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/US_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bill of Rights">U.S. Bill of Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> social legislation, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal constitution">liberal constitutions</a> of several European states and even the Soviet Union, and transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in the revised charter was the famous <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article Nine</a>, whereby Japan forever renounced war as an instrument of state policy and became forbidden to maintain a standing army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1947 Constitution also officially enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae2002xxxix-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaibatsu_dissolution">Zaibatsu dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zaibatsu dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></div> <p>To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Commission" title="Far Eastern Commission">Far Eastern Commission</a> decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized. In the end, SCAP adopted a program of de-industrialization and de-concentration in Japan that was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_plans_for_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial plans for Germany">"industrial disarmament" program in Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, the prewar <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> industrial conglomerates were pressured into undergoing "voluntary" dissolution into smaller independent companies. Although SCAP originally planned to break up 325 Japanese companies, as a result of changes in priorities in connection with the "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a>," in the end only the 11 largest companies were dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugita200332_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugita200332-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_Standards_Act">Labor Standards Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Labor Standards Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labor_Standards_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Standards Act of 1947">Labor Standards Act</a> was enacted on April 7, 1947, to govern working conditions in Japan. According to Article 1 of the Act, its goal was to ensure that "Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support stemming from the Allied occupation has introduced better working conditions and pay for numerous employees in Japanese business.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for more sanitary and hygienic working environments along with welfare and government assistance for health insurance, pensions plans and work involving other trained specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was created while Japan was under occupation, the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces. It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Thought Police</a>, who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999246_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999246-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_reform">Education reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Educational_reform_in_occupied_Japan" title="Educational reform in occupied Japan">Educational reform in occupied Japan</a></div> <p>Before and during the war, <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Japanese education</a> was based on the German system, with "<a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasien</a>" (selective grammar schools) and universities to train students after primary school. During the occupation, Japan's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three-year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the United States: Junior high school became compulsory, but senior high school remained optional. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a> was repealed, and the Imperial University system reorganized. The longstanding issue of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a>, which had been planned for decades but continuously opposed by more conservative elements, was also resolved during this time. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> was drastically reorganized with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform#Tōyō_kanji" title="Japanese script reform">Tōyō kanji</a>-list in 1946, predecessor of today's <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a>, and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_reform">Land reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Land reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sweeping <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> was also conducted, led by <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Ladejinsky" title="Wolf Ladejinsky">Wolf Ladejinsky</a> from SCAP. However, Ladejinsky would claim that the real architect of the reform was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroo_Wada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroo Wada (page does not exist)">Hiroo Wada</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%84" class="extiw" title="ja:和田博雄">ja</a>]</span>, former Japanese <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Minister of Agriculture and Forestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 5,800,000 acres (23,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land (approximately 38% of Japan's cultivated land) were purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a> under the government's reform program and resold at extremely low prices (after inflation) to the farmers who worked them. MacArthur's land reform redistribution resulted in only 10% of the land being worked by non-owners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1950, three million peasants had acquired land, dismantling a power structure that the landlords had long dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishing_war_criminals">Punishing war criminals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Punishing war criminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal">Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg/220px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg/330px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg/440px-Japanese_War_Crimes_Trials._Manila_-_NARA_-_292612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> (Prime Minister of Japan, took office from 1941 to 1944) takes the stand at the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo war crimes tribunal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While these other reforms were taking place, various military tribunals, most notably the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ichigaya" title="Ichigaya">Ichigaya</a>, were trying Japan's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war criminals</a> and sentencing many to death and imprisonment. However, many suspects such as <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Tsuji" title="Masanobu Tsuji">Masanobu Tsuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Nobusuke Kishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Yoshio Kodama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Ryōichi Sasakawa</a> were never judged, while the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, all members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial family</a> implicated in the war such as <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito,_Prince_Chichibu" title="Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu">Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu</a> (younger brother of Hirohito), <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Prince Yasuhiko Asaka">Prince Yasuhiko Asaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Hiroyasu" title="Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu">Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu</a>, former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Princess Shigeko</a>, Hirohito's eldest daughter's father-in-law) and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Tsuneyoshi_Takeda" title="Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda">Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda</a>, and all members of <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>—including its director Dr. <a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Ishii" title="Shirō Ishii">Shirō Ishii</a>—were granted immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur. </p><p>Before the war crimes trials actually convened, the SCAP, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as <i>Class A</i> suspects and incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Sugamo" title="Sugamo">Sugamo</a> prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999325_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999325-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, months before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo tribunal">Tokyo tribunal</a> commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> to former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a>, "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999326_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999326-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Dower's view, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters, and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities, cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right-wing war criminals like the later prime minister <a href="/wiki/Kishi_Nobusuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishi Nobusuke">Kishi Nobusuke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999562_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999562-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"Reverse_Course""><span id="The_.22Reverse_Course.22"></span>The "Reverse Course"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The "Reverse Course""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Course" title="Reverse Course">Reverse Course</a></div> <p>The <b>Reverse Course<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">逆コース</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gyaku kōsu</i></span>)</span></b> is the name commonly given to a major shift in the Occupation policies that began in 1947 in response to the emerging global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, U.S. priorities shifted from punishing and reforming Japan to ensuring internal political stability, rebuilding the shattered economy, and remilitarizing Japan to the extent possible under <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a>, in support of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> objectives in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involved relaxing and in some cases even partially undoing earlier reforms the Occupation had enacted in 1945 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> official history puts it, "this 'Reverse Course'...focused on strengthening, not punishing, what would become a key Cold War ally."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early sign of the shift in SCAP's thinking came in January 1947 when MacArthur announced that he would not permit a massive, nationwide general strike that labor unions had scheduled for February 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the broader shift in Occupation policies became more and more apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of conservative and nationalist wartime leaders were de-purged and allowed to reenter politics and government ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the industrial sector, plans for further anti-trust actions against the remains of the old <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> industrial conglomerates were scrapped, and some earlier anti-trust policies were partially undone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incomplete suppression of the <i>zaibatsu</i> allowed them to partially reform as "informal associations" known as <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCAP also attempted to weaken the labor unions they had recently empowered, most notably issuing an edict stripping public-sector workers of their right to go on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg/220px-Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg/330px-Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hayato_Ikeda_meets_Joseph_Dodge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> meets Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a> in 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to stabilize the Japanese economy as soon as possible, American banker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> was brought in as an economic consultant. Dodge implemented the "<a href="/wiki/Dodge_Line" title="Dodge Line">Dodge Line</a>" in 1949, a set of draconian contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that caused much hardship for the Japanese populace but succeeded in getting rampant <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> under control. Dodge also fixed the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, a favorable rate that would help boost Japanese exports in the years to come and power the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a>. </p><p>As part of the Reverse Course, the United States also began pressuring Japan to remilitarize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, SCAP established the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Reserve" title="National Police Reserve">National Police Reserve</a> (NPR), which would later become the basis of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Self Defense Forces">Japan Self Defense Forces</a> (JSDF), founded in 1954. </p><p>The climax of the Reverse course came in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a>" (<i>reddo pāji</i>) of 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-10_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20189-10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Fall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of China">fall</a>" of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the communists in 1949 and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950 had heightened <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> fears that <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> was on the march in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Against this backdrop, the Japanese government and business leaders, with the connivance and encouragement of SCAP, purged tens of thousands of communists, alleged communists, and other <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftists</a> from government posts, private sector jobs, and teaching positions at schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201810_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201810-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reverse Course significantly weakened left-wing forces and strengthened conservatives, laying the foundations for decades of conservative rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, it did not completely destroy leftist forces that had been deliberately unleashed in the Occupation's early stages, setting the stage for extremely contentious political struggles and labor strife in the 1950s, culminating in the massive <a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miike_Struggle" title="Miike Struggle">Miike Coal Mine Strike</a>, both in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811,_135_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811,_135-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ending_the_occupation">Ending the occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ending the occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg/250px-Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg/375px-Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg/500px-Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, which brought an end to the Allied Occupation of Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan's native rulers, and the Occupation began to draw to a close. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, which was to end the occupation, was signed on September 8, 1951. It came into effect on April 28, 1952, formally ending all occupation powers of the Allied forces and restoring full sovereignty to Japan, except for the island chains of <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Islands" title="Okinawa Islands">Okinawa</a>, which the United States continued to hold. American occupation forces remained in Japan in a diminished capacity, until the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)" title="Far East Command (United States)">Far East Command</a> on July 1, 1957. Iwo Jima was returned to Japan in 1968, and <a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">most of Okinawa was returned in 1972</a>. </p><p>As a condition of securing the end of the Occupation and the restoration of Japanese sovereignty, Japan was compelled by the United States to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>, which has allowed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">US troops to remain based on Japanese soil</a> on an indefinite basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the Occupation officially ended in 1952, a total of 260,000 American soldiers remained based on mainland Japan (exclusive of U.S.-controlled Okinawa, which based tens of thousands more).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201814_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even today, some 31,000 US military personnel remain based in Japan, including at major bases near <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aomori,_Aomori" class="mw-redirect" title="Aomori, Aomori">Aomori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ishikari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishikari">Ishikari</a>. </p><p>Popular anger at the continuing presence of these U.S. military bases in Japan even after the official end of the Occupation continued to grow over the course of the 1950s, leading to a nationwide anti-base movement and a number of spectacular protests, including <a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Sunagawa_Struggle" title="Sunagawa Struggle">Sunagawa Struggle</a> from 1955 to 1957, and the <a href="/wiki/Girard_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Girard Incident">Girard Incident</a> protests in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201814-17_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201814-17-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partially in response to these protests, the original 1951 Security Treaty was revised into a somewhat less one-sided pact in 1960, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Anpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anpo">current U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>, which has had the effect of establishing a <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Japan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Japan Alliance">military alliance between the United States and Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201817_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201817-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even the revised treaty was opposed by many in Japan, leading to the massive <a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">1960 Anpo protests</a>, which were the largest protests in Japan's modern history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur20181_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the end of the Occupation, the United States has continuously pressured Japan to revise its American-imposed constitution to remove <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> and fully remilitarize. As a result, in 1954 the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Reserve" title="National Police Reserve">National Police Reserve</a> was reorganized into the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a>, a <i>de facto</i> military force, with U.S. assistance. However, thus far Japan has resisted U.S. pressures to fully rearm and remilitarize. Under the <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Doctrine" title="Yoshida Doctrine">Yoshida Doctrine</a>, Japan continued to prioritize economic growth over defense spending, relying on American military protection to ensure it could focus mainly on economic recovery. Through "guided capitalism," Japan was able to use its resources to economically recover from the war and revive industry,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually sparking a lengthy period of unprecedented economic growth remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a> occurred from the 1960s to the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a> of the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prostitution">Prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasuura_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/220px-Yasuura_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/330px-Yasuura_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/440px-Yasuura_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Allied servicemen visit the <a href="/wiki/Special_Comfort_Facility_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Comfort Facility Association">Special Comfort Facility Association</a> (SCFA).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities, the Japanese organized a <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> system (the euphemistically named "<a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a>," or RAA) for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmadge_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmadge-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Japanese civilians and government officials feared that the Allied occupation troops were likely to rape Japanese women. "The strategy was, through the special work of experienced women, to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls."<sup id="cite_ref-Talmadge_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmadge-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large contributor to this system being hastily implemented was the experience of the prior <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1945, a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute: "The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging, occasionally supplemented by her willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family", he wrote. "It is the belief of our informants, however, that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls, while much less prevalent than in the past, still exists. The worst victims ... were the women who, with no previous experience, answered the ads calling for 'Women of the New Japan.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Talmadge_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmadge-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacArthur issued an order, SCAPIN 642 (SCAP Instruction), on January 21 ending licensed brothels for being "in contravention of the ideals of democracy". Although SCAPIN 642 ended the RAA's operations, it did not affect "voluntary prostitution" by individuals. Ultimately, SCAP responded by making all brothels and other facilities offering prostitution off-limits to Allied personnel on March 25, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November, the Japanese government had introduced the new <a href="/wiki/Akasen" title="Akasen">akasen</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">赤線</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"red-line"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> system in which prostitution was permissible only in certain designated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lie_1997,_p._258_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lie_1997,_p._258-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></div> <p>According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. However, he asserts this is probably not the true figure, as most cases were unreported.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have estimated that U.S. troops committed thousands of rapes among the population of the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa Campaign">Okinawa Campaign</a> and the beginning of the American occupation in 1945. One Okinawan historian estimated as many as 10,000 Okinawan women may have been raped in total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeifer2001373_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeifer2001373-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2002212_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2002212-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As described above, Japanese authorities had set up a large system of prostitution facilities in order to protect the population from sexual assault. According to <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a>, precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when it created the prostitution facilities, while the RAA was in place "the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999130_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999130-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was a resulting large rise in venereal disease among the soldiers, which led MacArthur to close down the prostitution in early 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999130_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999130-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels, possibly eight-fold; Dower states that "According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 <i>daily</i> while the RAA was in operation, and then rose to an average of 330 a day after it was terminated in early 1946."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999579_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999579-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Walsh disputes Dower's numbers and states that rape was uncommon throughout the Occupation, with the number of daily rapes being much lower. According to Walsh, the increase in rapes during the termination of the RAA was brief in duration, and the numbers quickly declined thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael S. Molasky states that while rape and other violent crime were widespread in naval ports like <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> during the first few weeks of occupation, according to Japanese police reports and journalistic studies, the number of incidents declined shortly after and they were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan#Occupation_of_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship in Japan § Occupation of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan#Allied_censorship_of_Japanese_media" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan § Allied censorship of Japanese media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Censorship_Detachment" title="Civil Censorship Detachment">Civil Censorship Detachment</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in 1945, SCAP abolished all forms of Japanese censorship and controls on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, which would later be enshrined in Article 21 of the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>. However, two weeks into the Occupation, SCAP began censoring all media; on September 10, 1945, SCAP "issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200267_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200267-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included any mention of rape or other sensitive social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Svoboda2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svoboda2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999412_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999412-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David M. Rosenfeld: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Not only did Occupation censorship forbid criticism of the United States or other Allied nations, but the mention of censorship itself was forbidden. This means, as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Donald Keene</a> observes, that for some producers of texts "the Occupation censorship was even more exasperating than Japanese military censorship had been because it insisted that all traces of censorship be concealed. This meant that articles had to be rewritten in full, rather than merely submitting XXs for the offending phrases." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Keene, quoted in <i>Dawn to the West</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_women">Japanese women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Japanese women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women in Japan</a></div> <p>It has been argued that the granting of rights to women played an important role in the radical shift Japan underwent from a war nation to a <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Demilitarization">demilitarized</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election" title="1946 Japanese general election">first postwar general election of 1946</a>, for which Japanese women had suffrage for the first time, over a third of the votes were cast by women. This unexpectedly high female voter turnout led to the election of 39 female candidates, and the increasing presence of women in politics was perceived by Americans as evidence of an improvement of Japanese women's condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American feminists saw Japanese women as victims of feudalistic and chauvinistic traditions that had to be broken by the Occupation. American women assumed a central role in the reforms that affected the lives of Japanese women: they educated Japanese about Western ideals of democracy, and it was an American woman, <a href="/wiki/Beate_Sirota_Gordon" title="Beate Sirota Gordon">Beate Sirota</a>, who wrote the articles guaranteeing equality between men and women for the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200227–30_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoikari200227–30-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> did not mean for Japanese women to give up their central role in the home as wives and mothers, but rather that they could now assume other roles simultaneously, such as that of worker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, journalist Ichirō Narumigi commented that Japan had received "liberation of sex" along with the "four presents" that it had been granted by the occupation (respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and women's enfranchisement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the occupation also had a great impact on relationships between men and women in Japan. The "<a href="/wiki/Modern_girl" title="Modern girl">modern girl</a>" phenomenon of the 1920s and early 1930s had been characterized by greater sexual freedom, but, despite this, sex was usually not perceived as a source of pleasure (for women) in Japan. Westerners, as a result, were thought to be <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuous</a> and sexually deviant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010511–512_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010511–512-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sexual liberation of European and North American women during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was unthinkable in Japan, especially during wartime where rejection of Western ways of life was encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010514_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010514-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese public was thus astounded by the sight of some 45,000 so-called "pan pan girls" (<a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a>) fraternizing with American soldiers during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the 200 wives of U.S. officers landing in Japan to visit their husbands also had a similar impact when many of these reunited couples were seen walking hand-in-hand and kissing in public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010529_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010529-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both prostitution and marks of affection had been hidden from the public until then, and this "democratization of eroticism" was a source of surprise, curiosity, and even envy. The occupation set new models for relationships between Japanese men and women: The Western practice of "<a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">dating</a>" spread, and activities such as dancing, movies and coffee were not limited to "pan pan girls" and American troops anymore, and became popular among young Japanese couples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010519–520_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010519–520-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">government of Japan</a> continued to exist during the occupation. Although MacArthur's official staff history of the occupation referred to "the Eighth Army <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military Government</a> System", it explained that while "In Germany, with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a>, all government agencies disintegrated, or had to be purged", the Japanese retained an "integrated, responsible government and it continued to function almost intact":<sup id="cite_ref-macarthur1950_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macarthur1950-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In effect, there was no "military government" in Japan in the literal sense of the word. It was simply a SCAP superstructure over already existing government machinery, designed to observe and assist the Japanese along the new democratic channels of administration.</p></blockquote> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Horace_Robertson" title="Horace Robertson">Horace Robertson</a> of Australia, head of BCOF, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-awmwood_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awmwood-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>MacArthur at no time established in Japan what could be correctly described as Military government. He continued to use the Japanese government to control the country, but teams of military personnel, afterward replaced to quite a considerable extent by civilians, were placed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prefectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese prefectures">Japanese prefectures</a> as a check on the extent to which the prefectures were carrying out the directives issued by MacArthur’s headquarters or the orders from the central government. <br />The really important duty of the so called Military government teams was, however, the supervision of the issue throughout Japan of the large quantities of food stuffs and medical stores being poured into the country from American sources. The teams also contained so-called experts on health, education, sanitation, agriculture and the like, to help the Japanese in adopting more up to date methods sponsored by SCAP’s headquarters. The normal duties of a military government organisation, the most important of which are law and order and a legal system, were never needed in Japan since the Japanese government’s normal legal system still functioned with regard to all Japanese nationals ... The so-called military government in Japan was therefore neither military nor government.</p></blockquote> <p>The Japanese government's <i>de facto</i> authority was strictly limited at first, however, and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities before the first post-war elections were held. Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began. Left-wing organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">Japan Communist Party</a>, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old <a href="/wiki/Seiyukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiyukai">Seiyukai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseito" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseito">Rikken Minseito</a> came back as, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1945)" title="Liberal Party (Japan, 1945)">Liberal Party</a> (Nihon Jiyuto) and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Progressive_Party" title="Japan Progressive Party">Japan Progressive Party</a> (Nihon Shimpoto). The first postwar elections were held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time), and the Liberal Party's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> (1878–1967), became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister</a>. For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Japan,_1947)" title="Democratic Party (Japan, 1947)">Japan Democratic Party</a> (Minshuto). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">cabinet</a>, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_American_contribution">Japanese American contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japanese American contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_service_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American service in World War II">Japanese American service in World War II</a></div> <p>Japan accepted the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> on August 15, and <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">officially surrendered on September 2, 1945</a>. Over 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> served in the occupation of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of Japanese Americans served as translators, interpreters, and investigators in the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>. Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan. He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima, and the USS <i>Missouri</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a>. Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS <i>Missouri</i> when the Japanese formally surrendered. Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe. Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter-aide for General Douglas MacArthur.<sup id="cite_ref-javadc.org_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-javadc.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Japanese American interpreter to <a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB_Prison" title="Fuchū Prison">Fuchū Prison</a>, where the Japanese government imprisoned communists <a href="/wiki/Tokuda_Kyuichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokuda Kyuichi">Tokuda Kyuichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Shiga_(Communist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshio Shiga (Communist)">Yoshio Shiga</a>, and Shiro Mitamura.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the day the occupation of Japan was over, the <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i> published a very critical essay on the occupation, calling it "almost akin to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>" and claiming it turned the Japanese population "irresponsible, obsequious and listless... unable to perceive issues in a forthright manner, which led to distorted perspectives".<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Japan" title="1945 in Japan">1945 in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beate_Sirota_Gordon" title="Beate Sirota Gordon">Beate Sirota Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Job_in_Japan" title="Our Job in Japan">Our Job in Japan</a> - American occupation military training film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_Between_the_United_States_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan">Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_Control_Authority_for_the_Japanese_Merchant_Marine" title="Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine">Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Burati" title="Valery Burati">Valery Burati</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A portion of Japanese territory was put under United States administration after 1952 in accordance with Article 3 of San Francisco Peace Treaty: Iwo Jima (until 1968) and Okinawa (until 1972); such arrangement was treaty based, and not part of the Allied occupation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999206-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999206_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999206_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDower1999">Dower 1999</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200294-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200294_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200294_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakemae2002">Takemae 2002</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eaj/ht11eaj.htm">"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Japan, 1900 a.d.–present"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618073035/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eaj/ht11eaj.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History%3A+Japan%2C+1900+a.d.%E2%80%93present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F11%2Feaj%2Fht11eaj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Cohen, and Herbert Passin, <i>Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal</i> (Free Press, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201811-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapur201811_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapur2018">Kapur 2018</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OfficeofTheHistorian-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OfficeofTheHistorian_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/japan-reconstruction">"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1945%E2%80%931952+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Fjapan-reconstruction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201732-33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201732-33_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2017">Barnes 2017</a>, p. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200248_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200248_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakemae2002">Takemae 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bix, <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i> pp. 525-526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39078"><i>Video: Allied Forces Land In Japan (1945)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a>. 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225213159/http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39078">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+Allied+Forces+Land+In+Japan+%281945%29&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgov.archives.arc.39078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">text in <i>Department of State Bulletin</i>, September 23, 1945, pp. 423–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200265-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200265_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakemae2002">Takemae 2002</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/bcof.htm">"British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52"</a>. <i>awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820040331/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/bcof.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=British+Commonwealth+Occupation+Force+1945%E2%80%9352&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fbcof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Diet Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/glossary.html">Glossary and Abbreviations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115012404/http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/glossary.html">Archived</a> 2006-11-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02/d139">"Memorandum by the Soviet Delegation to the Council of Foreign Ministers, Sept. 24, 1945"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531094208/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v02/d139">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12033-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12033-8"><bdi>0-231-12033-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49395493">49395493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comfort+women+%3A+sexual+slavery+in+the+Japanese+military+during+World+War+II&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49395493&rft.isbn=0-231-12033-8&rft.aulast=Yoshimi&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F49395493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanaka2003">Tanaka 2003</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lie_1997,_p._258-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lie_1997,_p._258_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLie1997">Lie 1997</a>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka2003" class="citation cs2">Tanaka, Yuki (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qdLb-LKtpgC&q=raped+okinawa&pg=PA112"><i>Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II</i></a>, Routledge, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3"><bdi>0-203-30275-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Comfort+Women%3A+Sexual+Slavery+and+Prostitution+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-203-30275-3&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qdLb-LKtpgC%26q%3Draped%2Bokinawa%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeifer2001373-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeifer2001373_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeifer2001">Feifer 2001</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2002212-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijvers2002212_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchrijvers2002">Schrijvers 2002</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999130-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999130_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999130_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDower1999">Dower 1999</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999579-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999579_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDower1999">Dower 1999</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Brian (October 2018). "Sexual Violence During the Occupation of Japan". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>82</b> (4): 1199–1230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Sexual+Violence+During+the+Occupation+of+Japan&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1199-1230&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molasky, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VRS0Fh73AYC&pg=PA121"><i>The American occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VRS0Fh73AYC&pg=PA121">Archived</a> 2016-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Routledge, 1999, p. 121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19194-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19194-7">0-415-19194-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakemae200267-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakemae200267_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakemae2002">Takemae 2002</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svoboda2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svoboda2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvoboda2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Terese_Svoboda" title="Terese Svoboda">Svoboda, Terèse</a> (May 23, 2009), "U.S. Courts-Martial in Occupation Japan: Rape, Race, and Censorship", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/3148"><i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i></a>, vol. 21-1-09, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129114944/http://www.japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/3148">archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=U.S.+Courts-Martial+in+Occupation+Japan%3A+Rape%2C+Race%2C+and+Censorship&rft.btitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.aulast=Svoboda&rft.aufirst=Ter%C3%A8se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanfocus.org%2F-Terese-Svoboda%2F3148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1999412-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1999412_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDower1999">Dower 1999</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Rosenfeld, <i>Dawn to the West</i>, New York: Henry Holt, 1984), p. 967, quoting from <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Donald Keene</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIeyCNiD43sC&dq=criticism+censorship+Germany+allied+occupation&pg=PA86"><i>Unhappy Soldier: Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163258/https://books.google.com/books?id=iIeyCNiD43sC&pg=PA86&dq=criticism+censorship+Germany+allied+occupation&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3ht1X9rb44TcaJIy7_PKv0Eff4yw">Archived</a> 2016-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoneyama, Lisa. "Liberation under Siege: U.S. Military Occupation and Japanese Women's Enfranchisement" American Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sept., 2005), pp. 887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200229_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoikari2002">Koikari 2002</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoikari200227–30-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoikari200227–30_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoikari2002">Koikari 2002</a>, pp. 27–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010518_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLelland2010">McLelland 2010</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010511–512-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010511–512_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLelland2010">McLelland 2010</a>, pp. 511–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010514-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010514_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLelland2010">McLelland 2010</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010529-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010529_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLelland2010">McLelland 2010</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010519–520-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2010519–520_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLelland2010">McLelland 2010</a>, pp. 519–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macarthur1950-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macarthur1950_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch7.htm"><i>Reports of General MacArthur / MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase</i></a>. Center for Military History, United States Army. 1950. pp. 193–194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110035537/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+General+MacArthur+%2F+MacArthur+in+Japan%3A+The+Occupation%3A+Military+Phase&rft.pages=193-194&rft.pub=Center+for+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V1%2520Sup%2Fch7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awmwood-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awmwood_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_James" class="citation web cs1">Wood, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104140103/https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/BCOF_history.pdf">"The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian War Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/BCOF_history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Military+Contribution+to+the+Occupation+of+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.pub=Australian+War+Museum&rft.au=Wood%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2FBCOF_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.javadc.org/Nisei%20Intelligence%20War%20Against%20Japan.htm">"The Nisei Intelligence War Against Japan by Ted Tsukiyama"</a>. Japanese American Veterans Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405145911/http://www.javadc.org/Nisei%20Intelligence%20War%20Against%20Japan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nisei+Intelligence+War+Against+Japan+by+Ted+Tsukiyama&rft.pub=Japanese+American+Veterans+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.javadc.org%2FNisei%2520Intelligence%2520War%2520Against%2520Japan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._McNaughton" class="citation book cs1">James C. McNaughton. <i>Nisei linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II</i>. Government Printing Office. pp. 392–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nisei+linguists%3A+Japanese+Americans+in+the+Military+Intelligence+Service+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=392-442&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.au=James+C.+McNaughton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-javadc.org-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-javadc.org_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.javadc.org/Nisei%20Intelligence%20War%20Against%20Japan.htm">"NOTED NISEI VETERAN KAN TAGAMI PASSES. HELD UNPRECEDENTED ONE-ON-ONE PRIVATE MEETING WITH EMPEROR HIROHITO AT IMPERIAL PALACE. AKAKA PAYS HIGH TRIBUTE"</a>. Japanese American Veterans Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405145911/http://www.javadc.org/Nisei%20Intelligence%20War%20Against%20Japan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOTED+NISEI+VETERAN+KAN+TAGAMI+PASSES.+HELD+UNPRECEDENTED+ONE-ON-ONE+PRIVATE+MEETING+WITH+EMPEROR+HIROHITO+AT+IMPERIAL+PALACE.+AKAKA+PAYS+HIGH+TRIBUTE.&rft.pub=Japanese+American+Veterans+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.javadc.org%2FNisei%2520Intelligence%2520War%2520Against%2520Japan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19451005&id=Le4-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HE0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,2955372&hl=en">"Japanese Diet Called Farce"</a>. <i>The Tuscaloosa News</i>. October 5, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409221937/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19451005&id=Le4-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HE0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,2955372&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+Diet+Called+Farce&rft.date=1945-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19451005%26id%3DLe4-AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DHE0MAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6294%2C2955372%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantimes-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20020428a6.html">"Japan's 'long-awaited spring'", <i>Japan Times</i>, April 28, 2002</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a> Staff, <i>The Pacific Rivals: A Japanese View of Japanese-American Relations</i>, New York: Weatherhill, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0070-0">978-0-8348-0070-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2017" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Dayna (2017). <i>Architects of Occupation: American Experts and the Planning for Postwar Japan</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501703089" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501703089"><bdi>978-1501703089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Occupation%3A+American+Experts+and+the+Planning+for+Postwar+Japan&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1501703089&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Dayna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Bix, Herbert</a> (2001). <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093130-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093130-2"><bdi>0-06-093130-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-093130-2&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaninwarpeaces00dowe"><i>Japan in War and Peace</i></a>, New York, NY: The New Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-067-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-067-4"><bdi>1-56584-067-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-56584-067-4&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaninwarpeaces00dowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Embracing_Defeat:_Japan_in_the_Wake_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II"><i>Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II</i></a>, Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04686-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04686-9"><bdi>0-393-04686-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embracing+Defeat%3A+Japan+in+the+Wake+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-04686-9&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeifer2001" class="citation book cs1">Feifer, George (2001). <i>The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb</i>. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585742158" title="Special:BookSources/9781585742158"><bdi>9781585742158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Okinawa%3A+The+Blood+and+the+Bomb&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781585742158&rft.aulast=Feifer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(historian)" title="Andrew Gordon (historian)">Gordon, Andrew</a> (2003). <i>A Modern History of Japan</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9"><bdi>0-19-511060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-511060-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Nick (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ"><i>Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674984424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674984424"><bdi>978-0674984424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Conflict+and+Compromise+after+Anpo&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0674984424&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe5hDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijvers2002" class="citation book cs1">Schrijvers, Peter (2002). <i>The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II</i>. New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814798164" title="Special:BookSources/9780814798164"><bdi>9780814798164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+GI+war+against+Japan+%3A+American+soldiers+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific+during+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780814798164&rft.aulast=Schrijvers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugita2003" class="citation book cs1">Sugita, Yoneyuki (2003). <i>Pitfall or Panacea: The Irony of U.S. Power in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94752-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94752-9"><bdi>0-415-94752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitfall+or+Panacea%3A+The+Irony+of+U.S.+Power+in+Occupied+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-94752-9&rft.aulast=Sugita&rft.aufirst=Yoneyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakemae2002" class="citation book cs1">Takemae, Eiji (2002). <i>Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy</i>. Translated by Ricketts, Robert; Swann, Sebastian. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826462472" title="Special:BookSources/0826462472"><bdi>0826462472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+GHQ%3A+The+Allied+Occupation+of+Japan+and+its+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0826462472&rft.aulast=Takemae&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45583413">45583413</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimi2002" class="citation book cs1">Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2002). <i>Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II</i>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231120326" title="Special:BookSources/9780231120326"><bdi>9780231120326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comfort+Women%3A+Sexual+Slavery+in+the+Japanese+Military+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780231120326&rft.aulast=Yoshimi&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores1970" class="citation journal cs1">Flores, Edmundo (July–August 1970). "Issues of Land Reform". <i>The Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 890–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F259682">10.1086/259682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154104106">154104106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Issues+of+Land+Reform&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-905&rft.date=1970-07%2F1970-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F259682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154104106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Edmundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawai1951" class="citation journal cs1">Kawai, Kazuo (1951). "American Influence on Japanese Thinkin". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>278</b>: 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271625127800104">10.1177/000271625127800104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144554054">144554054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=American+Influence+on+Japanese+Thinkin&rft.volume=278&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271625127800104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144554054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kawai&rft.aufirst=Kazuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoikari2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koikari, Mire (2002). "Exporting Democracy? American Women, 'Feminist Reforms,' and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952". <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 23–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffro.2002.0006">10.1353/fro.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144915178">144915178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Exporting+Democracy%3F+American+Women%2C+%27Feminist+Reforms%2C%27+and+Politics+of+Imperialism+in+the+U.S.+Occupation+of+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-45&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffro.2002.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144915178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koikari&rft.aufirst=Mire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLie1997" class="citation cs2">Lie, John (1997), "The State as Pimp: Prostitution and the Patriarchal State in Japan in the 1940s", <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>, <b>38</b> (2): 251–263, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4120735">4120735</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+State+as+Pimp%3A+Prostitution+and+the+Patriarchal+State+in+Japan+in+the+1940s&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-263&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4120735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLelland2010" class="citation journal cs1">McLelland, Mark (September 2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kissing Is a Symbol of Democracy!' Dating, Democracy, and Romance in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 508–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2010.0007">10.1353/sex.2010.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21110475">21110475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35663215">35663215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=%27Kissing+Is+a+Symbol+of+Democracy%21%27+Dating%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Romance+in+Occupied+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=508-535&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35663215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21110475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2010.0007&rft.aulast=McLelland&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ness, Gayl D. (1967). "Review of <i>Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World</i>". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>32</b> (5): 818–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2092029">10.2307/2092029</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2092029">2092029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Social+Origins+of+Dictatorship+and+Democracy%3A+Lord+and+Peasant+in+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=818-820&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2092029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2092029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Gayl+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldousSuzuki2012" class="citation book cs1">Aldous, Christopher; Suzuki, Akihito (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJPHBQAAQBAJ"><i>Reforming public health in occupied Japan, 1945-52: alien prescriptions?</i></a>. Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68149-0"><bdi>978-0-415-68149-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706022631">706022631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+public+health+in+occupied+Japan%2C+1945-52%3A+alien+prescriptions%3F&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706022631&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68149-0&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Akihito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJPHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprioSugita2007" class="citation book cs1">Caprio, Mark E.; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqxMC9mkfLkC&pg=PA21"><i>Democracy in occupied Japan: the U.S. occupation and Japanese politics and society</i></a>. Routledge studies in Asia's transformations. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41589-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41589-7"><bdi>978-0-415-41589-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+occupied+Japan%3A+the+U.S.+occupation+and+Japanese+politics+and+society&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+Asia%27s+transformations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41589-7&rft.aulast=Caprio&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft.au=Sugita%2C+Yoneyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqxMC9mkfLkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtō2020" class="citation book cs1">Etō, Jun (2020). <i>Closed linguistic space: censorship by the occupation forces and postwar Japan</i>. Tōkyō, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Publishing_Industry_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture">Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture</a> (JPIC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-114-9"><bdi>978-4-86658-114-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1225931435">1225931435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closed+linguistic+space%3A+censorship+by+the+occupation+forces+and+postwar+Japan&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture+%28JPIC%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1225931435&rft.isbn=978-4-86658-114-9&rft.aulast=Et%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2022" class="citation book cs1">Finn, Richard B. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o898EAAAQBAJ"><i>Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33322-2"><bdi>978-0-520-33322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winners+in+Peace%3A+MacArthur%2C+Yoshida%2C+and+Postwar+Japan&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-520-33322-2&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do898EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukunaga2021" class="citation book cs1">Fukunaga, Fumio (2021). <i>The occupation of Japan 1945-1952: Tokyo, Washington, and Okinawa</i>. Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Publishing_Industry_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture">Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-125-5"><bdi>978-4-86658-125-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+occupation+of+Japan+1945-1952%3A+Tokyo%2C+Washington%2C+and+Okinawa&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-4-86658-125-5&rft.aulast=Fukunaga&rft.aufirst=Fumio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayn1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gayn" title="Mark Gayn">Gayn, Mark</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhMdBAAAQBAJ"><i>Japan Diary</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1152-3"><bdi>978-1-4629-1152-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Diary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1152-3&rft.aulast=Gayn&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhMdBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirano1992" class="citation book cs1">Hirano, Kyoko (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrsmithgoestotok00hira"><i>Mr. Smith goes to Tokyo: Japanese cinema under the American occupation, 1945-1952</i></a></span>. Washington [D.C.] London: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-157-2"><bdi>978-1-56098-157-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25367560">25367560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Smith+goes+to+Tokyo%3A+Japanese+cinema+under+the+American+occupation%2C+1945-1952&rft.place=Washington+%5BD.C.%5D+London&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25367560&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-157-2&rft.aulast=Hirano&rft.aufirst=Kyoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrsmithgoestotok00hira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirataDower2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hirata, Tetsuo; Dower, John W. (July 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/john-w-dower/2462/article">"Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought"</a>. <i>The Asia Japan Journal: Japan Focus</i>. <b>5</b> (7). Translated by Middleton, Ben.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia+Japan+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Red+Purge%3A+Lessons+from+a+Saga+of+Suppression+of+Free+Speech+and+Thought&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft.aulast=Hirata&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rft.au=Dower%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2Fjohn-w-dower%2F2462%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacerda1946" class="citation book cs1">Lacerda, John (1946). <i>The Conqueror comes to tea, Japan under MacArthur, by John Lacerda</i>. New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459312597">459312597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conqueror+comes+to+tea%2C+Japan+under+MacArthur%2C+by+John+Lacerda&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459312597&rft.aulast=Lacerda&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Rochner, Bertrand M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocj.pdf">"Relations between Allied Forces and the Population of Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Report. Paris: Institute for Theoretical and High Energy Physics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_6" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 6">University of Paris 6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocj.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relations+between+Allied+Forces+and+the+Population+of+Japan&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Working+Report&rft.pub=Institute+for+Theoretical+and+High+Energy+Physics%2C+University+of+Paris+6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rochner&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpthe.jussieu.fr%2F~roehner%2Focj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinjiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Rinjiro, Sodei (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfAHpsK42UgC"><i>Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation</i></a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1116-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1116-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-1116-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+General+MacArthur%3A+Letters+from+the+Japanese+During+the+American+Occupation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1116-3&rft.aulast=Rinjiro&rft.aufirst=Sodei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfAHpsK42UgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll" class="citation web cs1">Toll, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917001448/http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/Zaibatsu-Dissolution--Reparations-and-Administrative-Guidance-/2444">"Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance"</a>. <i>Symposia: The Online Philosophy Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/Zaibatsu-Dissolution--Reparations-and-Administrative-Guidance-/2444">the original</a> on September 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Symposia%3A+The+Online+Philosophy+Journal&rft.atitle=Zaibatsu+Dissolution%2C+Reparations+and+Administrative+Guidance&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.ilovephilosophy.com%2FArticle%2FZaibatsu-Dissolution--Reparations-and-Administrative-Guidance-%2F2444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Occupied_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Occupied Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/aoc">American Occupation of Japan, Voices of the Key Participants</a> in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/036/036tx.html">J.C.S 1380/15</a> Basic Directive for Post-surrender Military Government in Japan Proper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scarsdalemura-kara.com/sweet-memory.htm">A sweet memory: My first encounter of an American soldier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchive.dartmouth.edu/cdm/search/collection/presstrans">Japanese Press Translations produced by the General Headquarters of SCAP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/472">Mary Koehler slides</a>, photographs documenting her experiences as secretary to the Chief of the Forestry Division, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, 1945 - 1949. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/510">Robert P. Schuster photographs and negatives</a>, photographs from the experiences of medical equipment repair specialist for the Allied Forces in 1946. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland libraries</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts_from_the_time">Accounts from the time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Japan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Accounts from the time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19451010&id=91pfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0VoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2093,370025&hl=en">"Four Jap Prisons Open Their Doors"</a>. <i>Lawrence Journal-World</i>. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World&rft.atitle=Four+Jap+Prisons+Open+Their+Doors&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2199%26dat%3D19451010%26id%3D91pfAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D0VoNAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2093%2C370025%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JSdPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zR8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5946%2C5173394">"Nippon Communists March Through Allied-Ruled Tokyo, Ask Removal of Jap Emperor"</a>. The Bulletin. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nippon+Communists+March+Through+Allied-Ruled+Tokyo%2C+Ask+Removal+of+Jap+Emperor&rft.pub=The+Bulletin&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJSdPAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DzR8EAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5946%252C5173394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19451010&id=0CQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BtwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5820,1637380&hl=en">"Japanese Wave Red Banners In Tokyo Parade"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Japanese+Wave+Red+Banners+In+Tokyo+Parade&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19451010%26id%3D0CQzAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DBtwFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5820%2C1637380%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1601&dat=19451010&id=pvE6AAAAIBAJ&sjid=fyoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3992,19166212&hl=en">"Remove Hirohito is Cry of Freed Jap Communists"</a>. Toronto Daily Star. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remove+Hirohito+is+Cry+of+Freed+Jap+Communists&rft.pub=Toronto+Daily+Star&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1601%26dat%3D19451010%26id%3DpvE6AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DfyoMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3992%2C19166212%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91947219?searchTerm=tokuda%20kyuichi%20prison&searchLimits=">"Japs. Say Sack Emperor"</a>. Examiner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japs.+Say+Sack+Emperor&rft.pub=Examiner&rft.date=1945-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article91947219%3FsearchTerm%3Dtokuda%2520kyuichi%2520prison%26searchLimits%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article188760208?searchTerm=prison%20rain%20tokio&searchLimits=">"Amazed Tokio People See Communist March"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. October 11, 1945 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Amazed+Tokio+People+See+Communist+March&rft.date=1945-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article188760208%3FsearchTerm%3Dprison%2520rain%2520tokio%26searchLimits%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19451010&id=Me4-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=HE0MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5575,3179353&hl=en">"Communist Crowds Voice Imperial Rule Opposition; Nippons Band To Assail Reds"</a>. <i>The Tuscaloosa News</i>. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Communist+Crowds+Voice+Imperial+Rule+Opposition%3B+Nippons+Band+To+Assail+Reds&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19451010%26id%3DMe4-AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DHE0MAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5575%2C3179353%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19451009&id=ExksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dsYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5963,366778&hl=en">"Anti-Russian Organization Rises In Japan; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft"</a>. <i>Times Daily</i>. October 9, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Daily&rft.atitle=Anti-Russian+Organization+Rises+In+Japan%3B+Red+Liaison+Officer+Says+That+American+Occupation+Too+Soft&rft.date=1945-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1842%26dat%3D19451009%26id%3DExksAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DdsYEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5963%2C366778%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19451010&id=T-NXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ePUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7192,2028563&hl=en">"Tokyo Communists, Koreans Shout Opposition to Hirohito"</a>. Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 10, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyo+Communists%2C+Koreans+Shout+Opposition+to+Hirohito&rft.pub=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.date=1945-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1338%26dat%3D19451010%26id%3DT-NXAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DePUDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7192%2C2028563%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/95606295?searchTerm=kyuichi%20citizens%20tokuda&searchLimits=">"Changes in Japan"</a>. Kalgoorie Miner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+in+Japan&rft.pub=Kalgoorie+Miner&rft.date=1945-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F95606295%3FsearchTerm%3Dkyuichi%2520citizens%2520tokuda%26searchLimits%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19451011&id=q8YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k-4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=2091,650863&hl=en">"Reds Stage Parade, Ask Hirohito Ouster"</a>. Lodi News-Sentinel. October 11, 1945 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reds+Stage+Parade%2C+Ask+Hirohito+Ouster&rft.pub=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.date=1945-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2245%26dat%3D19451011%26id%3Dq8YzAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dk-4HAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2091%2C650863%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1351653/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069508">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Japon -- 1945-1952 (Occupation alliée)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121169013">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Japon -- 1945-1952 (Occupation alliée)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121169013">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="日本--歴史--1945-1952"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01201856">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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\u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.1"],["type","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","3.1"],["[others]","220","17.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-rmjp6","timestamp":"20241128015408","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupation_of_Japan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q696251","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q696251","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-20T02:40:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T18:28:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg","headline":"1945 Allied occupation of Japan following WWII"}</script> </body> </html>