CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>World War II by country - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9c676534-cc8b-4255-9df3-d730cb816965","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"World_War_II_by_country","wgTitle":"World War II by country","wgCurRevisionId":1276426101,"wgRevisionId":1276426101,"wgArticleId":1393850,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher", "Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with excerpts","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016", "Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012","Commons category link is on Wikidata","World War II by country","Politics of World War II"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"World_War_II_by_country","wgRelevantArticleId":1393850,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q718921","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/1200px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="743"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/800px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="495"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/640px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="396"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="World War II by country - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_by_country"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_by_country"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-World_War_II_by_country rootpage-World_War_II_by_country skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+War+II+by+country" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+War+II+by+country" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=World+War+II+by+country" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=World+War+II+by+country" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Participants_and_non-participants_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participants_and_non-participants_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Participants and non-participants during World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Participants_and_non-participants_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Participants and non-participants during World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Participants_and_non-participants_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutral_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Neutral powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Axis powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Allied powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Andorra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Antarctica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua_and_Barbuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Antigua and Barbuda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Australia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Australia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Australia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papua_and_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_and_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Papua and New Guinea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_and_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bahamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bahrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Belgium </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Belgium subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Belgian Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda-Urundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda-Urundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Rwanda-Urundi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-Urundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bhutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Borneo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Borneo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 British Borneo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Honduras_(Belize)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Honduras_(Belize)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 British Honduras (Belize) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Honduras_(Belize)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma_(Myanmar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma_(Myanmar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Burma (Myanmar) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma_(Myanmar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Caribbean Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceylon_(Sri_Lanka)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceylon_(Sri_Lanka)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Ceylon (Sri Lanka) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceylon_(Sri_Lanka)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comoros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comoros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 Comoros </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comoros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28 Costa Rica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 29 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 30 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31 Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Czechoslovakia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slovak_Republic_(Slovakia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovak_Republic_(Slovakia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 31.1 Slovak Republic (Slovakia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovak_Republic_(Slovakia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 32 Danzig </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 33 Denmark </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Denmark subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faroe_Islands_and_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faroe_Islands_and_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 33.1 Faroe Islands and Greenland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faroe_Islands_and_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 34 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 35 Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 36 Ecuador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 37 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 38 El Salvador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 39 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 40 Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 41 Fiji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 42 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43 France </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle France subsection </button> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vichy_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43.1 Vichy France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43.2 Free France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Equatorial_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Equatorial_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43.3 French Equatorial Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Equatorial_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43.4 French Somaliland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 43.5 French West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 44 Gambia Colony and Protectorate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 45 Germany </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Germany subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 45.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 46 Gibraltar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_Coast_(Ghana)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_Coast_(Ghana)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 47 Gold Coast (Ghana) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_Coast_(Ghana)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 48 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 49 Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 50 Guyana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 51 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 52 Honduras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 53 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 54 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 55 Iceland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 56 India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 56.1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indochina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 57 Indochina </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indochina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indochina subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indochina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 57.1 Laos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 58 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 59 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 60 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 61 Italy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Italy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 61.1 Italian East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 62 Jamaica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 63 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 64 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 65 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 66 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 67 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 68 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 69 Liberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 70 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 71 Liechtenstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 72 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 73 Luxembourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 74 Madagascar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 75 Malaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maldives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 76 Maldives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 77 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manchukuo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchukuo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 78 Manchukuo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchukuo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 79 Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mengjiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mengjiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 80 Mengjiang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mengjiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 81 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monaco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monaco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 82 Monaco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monaco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 83 Mongolia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 84 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nauru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nauru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 85 Nauru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nauru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 86 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 87 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 88 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 89 Newfoundland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 90 Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 91 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Rhodesia_(Zambia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Rhodesia_(Zambia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 92 Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Rhodesia_(Zambia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 93 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nyasaland_(Malawi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyasaland_(Malawi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 94 Nyasaland (Malawi) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyasaland_(Malawi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 95 Oman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 96 Pacific Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 97 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 98 Panama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 99 Paraguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 100 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 101 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 102 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 103 Portugal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Portugal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 103.1 Macau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Timor_(East_Timor)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Timor_(East_Timor)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 103.2 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Timor_(East_Timor)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 104 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 105 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 106 Samoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Marino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Marino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 107 San Marino </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Marino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 108 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 109 Sierra Leone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 110 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 111 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomon_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomon_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 112 Solomon Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomon_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 113 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa_(Botswana,_Lesotho,_and_Eswatini)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa_(Botswana,_Lesotho,_and_Eswatini)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 114 Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa_(Botswana,_Lesotho,_and_Eswatini)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 115 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116 Soviet Union </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Soviet Union subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_SSR_(Armenia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_SSR_(Armenia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116.1 Armenian SSR (Armenia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_SSR_(Armenia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan_SSR_(Azerbaijan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan_SSR_(Azerbaijan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116.2 Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan_SSR_(Azerbaijan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byelorussian_SSR_(Belarus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byelorussian_SSR_(Belarus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116.3 Byelorussian SSR (Belarus) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byelorussian_SSR_(Belarus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_SSR_(Georgia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_SSR_(Georgia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116.4 Georgian SSR (Georgia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_SSR_(Georgia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_SSR_(Ukraine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_SSR_(Ukraine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 116.5 Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_SSR_(Ukraine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 117 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Lucia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Lucia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 118 St. Lucia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Lucia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 119 Suriname </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swaziland_(Eswatini)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swaziland_(Eswatini)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 120 Swaziland (Eswatini) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swaziland_(Eswatini)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 121 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 122 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 123 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanganyika_(Tanzania)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanganyika_(Tanzania)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 124 Tanganyika (Tanzania) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanganyika_(Tanzania)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 125 Tibet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 126 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 127 Tonga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transjordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transjordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 128 Transjordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transjordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 129 Trinidad and Tobago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 130 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 131 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 132 Tuva </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 133 United Kingdom </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle United Kingdom subsection </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Channel_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 133.1 Channel Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isle_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isle_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 133.2 Isle of Man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isle_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 134 United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 134.1 American Samoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 134.2 Native American nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 134.3 Puerto Rico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 135 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 136 Vatican City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 137 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 138 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 139 Yugoslavia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Yugoslavia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_State_of_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 139.1 Independent State of Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_State_of_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nedić's_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nedić's_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 139.2 Nedić's Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nedić's_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 139.3 Kingdom of Montenegro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 140 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 141 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 142 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 143 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 144 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">World War II by country</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدول المشاركة في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدول المشاركة في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegf%C3%BChrende_Staaten_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg" title="Kriegführende Staaten im Zweiten Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegführende Staaten im Zweiten Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Συμμετέχοντες στον Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμμετέχοντες στον Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Participantes_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Anexo:Participantes en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Participantes en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partoprenantoj_en_la_Dua_Mondmilito" title="Partoprenantoj en la Dua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partoprenantoj en la Dua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جنگ جهانی دوم بر پایه کشور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی دوم بر پایه کشور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_impliqu%C3%A9s_dans_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Pays impliqués dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays impliqués dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84_%EC%B0%B8%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AD" title="제2차 세계 대전 참전국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전 참전국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_yang_terlibat_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Daftar negara yang terlibat dalam Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar negara yang terlibat dalam Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioni_coinvolte_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Nazioni coinvolte nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazioni coinvolte nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם השנייה לפי מדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העולם השנייה לפי מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяведа иштирак авунвайбур – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяведа иштирак авунвайбур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II_mengikut_negara" title="Perang Dunia II mengikut negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dunia II mengikut negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%82%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="第二次世界大戦の参戦国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次世界大戦の参戦国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B8_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم بلحاظ ملک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم بلحاظ ملک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%DA%9A%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%84_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې ښکېل هېوادونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې ښکېل هېوادونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participantes_da_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Participantes da Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Participantes da Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participan%C8%9Bii_la_Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Participanții la Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Participanții la Al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Государства — участники Второй мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государства — участники Второй мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World War II by country" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Учасники Другої світової війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Учасники Другої світової війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B8_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم بلحاظ ملک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم بلحاظ ملک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E5%8F%82%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="第二次世界大战参战国列表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次世界大战参战国列表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q718921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:World_War_II_by_country" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/World_War_II_by_country" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/World_War_II_by_country" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&oldid=1276426101" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=World_War_II_by_country&id=1276426101&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorld_War_II_by_country">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorld_War_II_by_country">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=World_War_II_by_country&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II_by_country" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q718921" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">List of participating countries and their involvement</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/400px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/600px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/800px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Allies before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Allies that joined after the attack on Pearl Harbor or after 1942</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Axis powers (not including occupied territory)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral powers</a></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Navigation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Campaigns</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Almost every country in the world participated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Most were neutral at the beginning, but only a relative few <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">nations remained neutral</a> to the end. The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>. It is estimated that 74 million people died, with estimates ranging from 40 million to 90 million dead (including all genocide casualties).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The main Axis powers were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>; while the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> were the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four (World War II)">Big Four</a>" Allied powers.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div>The countries involved in or affected by World War II are listed alphabetically, with a description of their role in the conflict: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participants_and_non-participants_during_World_War_II">Participants and non-participants during World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Participants and non-participants during World War II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_powers">Neutral powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neutral powers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> (before August 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">North Yemen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> (before September 1944)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_powers">Axis powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axis powers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> (from 1940-1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (from 1940-1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (from 1940-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a> (from 1940-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> (1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania</a> (from 1940-1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (from 1941-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (from 1940-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a> (from 1942-1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a> (1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="376" /> <a href="/wiki/Nedic%E2%80%99s_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedic’s Serbia">Nedic’s Serbia</a> (from 1941-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a> (from 1943-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a> (from 1941-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1941)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_powers">Allied powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allied powers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Republic of China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> (to 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> (1939)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a> (1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> (1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (from 1942)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Brazil</a> (from 1942)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (from 1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="566" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (from 1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> (1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (from 1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a> (from 1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (1945)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> (from 1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1940)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="349" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Albania</a> (from 1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (from 1941)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="390" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a> (from 1941-1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> (from 1941)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></div> Under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashim_Khan" title="Mohammad Hashim Khan">Mohammad Hashim Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> stayed neutral. The kingdom had c trade.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Despite British pressure, Afghanistan maintained friendly relations with the Axis during the war, in the hopes that the Axis would help stop British influence in the region, which came from the British Raj and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1940, the Afghanistan legation in Berlin asked whether Germany would cede land in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> to Afghanistan if it should win the war; specifically, the king and minister wanted to acquire all the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> land between the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Despite this stated goal, Afghanistan stayed out of the war, neither suffering an attack nor attacking any other country. In 1941, Western press reported that <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, a former king who lost his throne in a <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">civil war in the 1920s</a>, was working as an agent for Nazi Germany in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It is believed he was involved in plans to regain his throne with <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> help.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Following the Axis loss in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> in 1943, the plans cooled off and were never executed.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Albania">Albania</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German occupation of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement (Albania)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Partisans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Albanian partisans fighting against the Germans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/220px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/330px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Albanian_Partisans.JPG/440px-Albanian_Partisans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Albanian partisans fighting against the Germans</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> in April 1939, 100,000 Italian soldiers and 11,000 Italian <a href="/wiki/Colonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonists">colonists</a> who wanted to integrate <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> settled in the country. Initially the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a> received support from the population, mainly because of the unification of Kosovo and other Albanian-populated territories with Albania proper after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">conquest of Yugoslavia</a> and Greece by the Axis in Spring 1941. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> boasted in May 1941 to a group of Albanian fascists that he had achieved the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> long wanted by the Tirana nationalists. On June 22, 1941, Germany launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and on June 28 <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania</a> also declared war on the USSR. In October 1941, small Albanian Communist groups established an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Communist Party">Albanian Communist Party</a> in Tirana of 130 members under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>. In mid-1942, however, party leaders increased their popularity by calling young people to fight for the liberation of their country from Italy. In September 1942, the party organized the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">Albanian National Anti-Fascist Front</a>, from a number of resistance groups, including several that were strongly anti-communist. They assembled a National Liberation Army. Germany occupied Albania in September 1943, dropping paratroopers into <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> before the Albanian guerrillas could take the capital, and soon drove the guerrillas into the hills and to the south. Berlin subsequently announced it would recognize the independence of a neutral Albania and organized an Albanian government, police, and military. Many <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> units and leaders collaborated. The partisans entirely liberated Albania from German occupation on November 29, 1944. The Albanian partisans also helped in the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and parts of Yugoslavia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algeria">Algeria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG/220px-World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG/330px-World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG/440px-World_war_two_algiers_luftwaffe_raid_french_algeria_1943.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a> fire during a German air raid on Free French-held Algiers, 1943</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, along with France's <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">other possessions in Africa</a>, were under the control of Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. Next, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> launched a squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to attack the port of <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-El-Kébir</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> because it was full of French warships. On November 8, 1942, the Allies launched a major offensive codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. Afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italians</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Algiers" title="Raid on Algiers">bombed Algiers</a>. Then, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> attempted to capture the cities of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> by naval landing but the French troops and navy were in large quantity. So, they first took <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a> and then Algeria along the way, establishing the liberation of northern Africa. During the War, large numbers of both Muslim and European Algerians served with the French Army. Algerian troops particularly distinguished themselves in the <a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Juin" title="Alphonse Juin">General Juin</a> during the Italian campaign of 1943 and in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>, the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Andorra">Andorra</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Andorra">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a></div> Andorra remained politically neutral throughout the war but was used as a smuggling route by Axis <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> and Axis-aligned <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish</a> personnel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-15-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>SDF forces enter <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Piazza Italia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign#Tripoli" title="Western Desert campaign">capture of Tripoli</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> The condominium of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> was at war from the time of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s declaration in 1939. Fighting reached <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 1940 when <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> entered the war. Sudan had a long border with <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> and therefore became the <a href="/wiki/Northern_front,_East_Africa,_1940" title="Northern front, East Africa, 1940">Northern Front</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a>. Italian forces captured the railway junction at <a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a> and other towns and raided as far north as <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Units of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force" title="Sudan Defence Force">Sudan Defence Force</a> (SDF) were combined with the Indian <a href="/wiki/1st_Horse_(Skinner%27s_Horse)" title="1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)">1st Horse</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Northern_front,_East_Africa,_1940#Gazelle_Force" title="Northern front, East Africa, 1940">Gazelle Force</a>, which helped drive the Italian forces out of Sudanese territory in January 1941.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Another SDF battalion was part of <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a>, which invaded <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, while others took part in the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. The SDF took part in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> along the northern Sudanese border with Libya, supplying the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Desert_Group" title="Long Range Desert Group">Long Range Desert Group</a> stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antarctica">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/23px-Blank_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/35px-Blank_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/45px-Blank_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica during World War II</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica_during_World_War_II&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg/220px-British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg/330px-British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg/440px-British_Antarctic_Survey_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>Personnel of Operation Tabarin unload supplies at <a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a>, 1944.</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II6862" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II6862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Serbian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> Other campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> Coups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> International competition extended to the continent of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> during the World War II era, though the region saw no combat. During the prelude to war, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> organised the 1938 <a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">Third German Antarctic Expedition</a> to preempt Norway's claim to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctica_during_World_War_II_admle-12">[12]</a> The expedition served as the basis for a new German claim, called <a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A year later, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service_Expedition" title="United States Antarctic Service Expedition">United States Antarctic Service Expedition</a> established two bases, which operated for two years before being abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Responding to these encroachments, and taking advantage of Europe's wartime turmoil, the nearby nations of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> made their own claims. In 1940 Chile proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a> in areas already claimed by Britain, while Argentina proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica" title="Argentine Antarctica">Argentine Antarctica</a> in 1943 in an overlapping area. In response to the activities of Germany, Chile, Argentina, and the United States, Britain launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> in 1943. Its objective was to establish a permanent presence and assert Britain's claim to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies" title="Falkland Islands Dependencies">Falkland Islands Dependencies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> as well as to deny use of the area to the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>, which was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points. There was also a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. The expedition under Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">James Marr</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> left the Falklands on 29 January 1944. Bases were established on <a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a>, the coast of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay,_Antarctica" title="Hope Bay, Antarctica">Hope Bay</a>. The research begun by Operation Tabarin continued in subsequent years, ultimately becoming the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the postwar period, competition continued among Antarctica's claimant powers, as well as the United States and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the late 1950s, this competition would gave way to a cooperative international framework with the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antigua_and_Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antigua and Barbuda">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argentina">Argentina</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> Before the start of World War II in <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> had maintained a long tradition of neutrality regarding European wars, which had been upheld and defended by all major political parties since the 19th century. One of the main reasons for this policy was related to Argentina's economic position as one of the world's leading exporters of foodstuffs and agricultural products, to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in general and to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Thus, initially, even though the government of Argentina was sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a><a href="#cite_note-Escudé-19">[19]</a> and provided economic assistance to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Galasso-20">[20]</a> the country's political tradition of neutralism prevailed. Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Japan">American declaration of war upon Japan</a>, American pressure for Argentine entry into the war begun to increase.<a href="#cite_note-Escudé-19">[19]</a> Relations worsened further following a <a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">military coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>, as the plotters were accused of holding <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of World War II">Axis</a> sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-Galasso-20">[20]</a> Because of strong divisions and internal disputes between members of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Argentine military</a>, the country would continue to remain <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral</a>, even after American sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-Galasso-20">[20]</a> However, Argentina eventually gave in to the Allies' pressure, broke relations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> on January 26, 1944,<a href="#cite_note-Galasso-20">[20]</a> and declared war on March 27, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Galasso-20">[20]</a> Over 4,000 Argentine volunteers fought on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRN143472-21">[21]</a> Beginning in the late stages of the war and continuing for some years after, the <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a> were systems of escape routes for German Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe. Argentina, with the clandestine support and encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> and his government, was the principal destination of these escape routes and became a haven for thousands of people associated with the Hitler regime.<a href="#cite_note-Eloy_Martinez-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian home front during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg/220px-Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg/330px-Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg/440px-Aeroplane_factory_1943_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6974" data-file-height="5389" /></a><figcaption>Workers assemble rudders for <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort" title="Bristol Beaufort">Bristol Beaufort</a> bombers in Melbourne, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was among the first countries to announce it was at war with Germany, on 3 September 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> considered that the British declaration legally bound Australia, and he announced a state of war between Australia and Germany as a direct consequence of the British declaration.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> More than one million Australian men served in the war out of a total population of around seven million. Although it was ill-prepared for war, the Australian government soon dispatched squadrons and personnel to serve with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (RAN) commenced operations against Italy in June 1940. Later that year the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa campaign">North Africa campaign</a> and fought in Greece. German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchantmen">raiding ships</a> operated in Australian waters throughout the war. After the outbreak of hostilities with Japan in late 1941, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> aircraft launched a bombing <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin_(February_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Darwin (February 1942)">attack on Darwin in February</a>, and smaller <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–43">air raids on Australia, 1942–43</a>. For the remainder of the war, the Australian war effort was concentrated in <a href="/wiki/South-east_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-east Asia">south-east Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area" title="South West Pacific Area">South West Pacific Area</a>: they were involved from January 1942 in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and the Australian <a href="/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. During mid-1942 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Militia</a> troops fought the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a> came to occupy the attention of most of the Australian armed forces until 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_and_New_Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Papua and New Guinea">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg/220px-Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg/330px-Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg/440px-Wounded_Australian_soldier_led_by_a_Papuan_orderly_at_Buna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An Australian soldier is aided by a Papuan orderly near <a href="/wiki/Buna,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Buna, Papua New Guinea">Buna</a> in December 1942.</figcaption></figure> What is now <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> consisted of two territories under Australian administration, the Territories of <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Volunteer_Rifles" title="New Guinea Volunteer Rifles">New Guinea Volunteer Rifles</a> were organized as a militia unit of white expatriates in the New Guinea territory, while the bulk of the Australian military was deployed in the Mediterranean. Japanese forces invaded beginning in January 1942 with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">Battle of Rabaul</a>; in the following months Japan occupied most of the Territory of New Guinea. From late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, mostly Australian and US forces, cleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Territory of New Guinea, and finally from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch West New Guinea">Dutch West New Guinea</a>. The campaign resulted in heavy losses for Japan. Disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than combat. Allied forces effectively besieged enemy garrisons, cutting them off from food and medical supplies.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the war, civil administration in both territories ceased and the whole area was placed under martial law. Only a single battalion, the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Infantry_Battalion" title="Papuan Infantry Battalion">Papuan Infantry Battalion</a>, was ever recruited from the native Papuan population. Many other people were recruited to bring supplies up to the front and carry injured Australian troops: the so-called <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Wuzzy_Angels" title="Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels">Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels</a>. Civil government was restored after the war, and in 1949 the two territories were united as the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahamas">Bahamas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bahamas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li></ul> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a> of 1940, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> established a base and airstrip at <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Bahamas" title="George Town, Bahamas">George Town</a> on <a href="/wiki/Exuma" title="Exuma">Great Exuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Some Bahamians enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Regiment" title="Caribbean Regiment">Caribbean Regiment</a> and other British units. The <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Duke of Windsor</a>, the former King Edward VIII, was installed as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a> in August 1940. It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the war, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Duke was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He was also praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot",<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Duke resigned the post on 16 March 1945.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In April 1942 the United Kingdom asked Canada to provide military support in Nassau, in part to protect the Duke. A company of the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Guard_of_Canada" title="Veterans Guard of Canada">Veterans Guard of Canada</a> served in the Bahamas, followed by a company of <a href="/wiki/The_Pictou_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pictou Highlanders">the Pictou Highlanders</a>. The Canadian garrison left Nassau in 1946<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bahrain">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">History of Bahrain</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Sheikh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939. On October 19, 1940, four Italian planes <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">bombed Bahrain</a> to destroy oil refineries supplying the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The raid caused minimal damage to the oil refineries but made the Allies increase the defense around Bahrain (being a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> protectorate). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/220px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/330px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/440px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Free Belgian</a> soldiers training in Wales, 1942</figcaption></figure> In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> had declared its neutrality in the event of war in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Nevertheless, in May 1940, Germany launched a surprise attack during its wider <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> against France.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Belgian forces resisted the invasion in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Battle of Belgium</a> for 18 days, but the Belgian army and its commander, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a>, surrendered on 28 May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A few Belgian soldiers <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dynamo">escaped via Dunkirk</a>, but the King and most of the army were made prisoners of war. Many remained imprisoned until the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Germany occupied Belgium</a> and installed a military government. The occupiers imposed harsh taxes and strict rationing.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Hundreds of thousands of Belgians laboured in Germany during the war, most as part of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany's forced labour programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Around 25,000 Jews and Romani were deported during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">the Holocaust in Belgium</a>, most passing through the <a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen transit camp</a>. Nearly all lost their lives in the Nazi death camps.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Belgium" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Nazi collaborationist</a> groups operated in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> other Belgians collaborated through the national administration<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/27th_SS_Volunteer_Division_Langemarck" class="mw-redirect" title="27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> comprised numerous groups that fought against the occupation in various ways. <a href="/wiki/Groupe_G" title="Groupe G">Groupe G</a> ran a successful campaign of sabotage against railroads, while other groups worked to protect Jewish people from deportation or help downed Allied airmen escape from the country.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Belgium's elected government fled the occupation, relocating to France and then London, where it established the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgian government in exile</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot" title="Hubert Pierlot">Hubert Pierlot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Free Belgian Forces</a> under <a href="/wiki/Victor_van_Strydonck_de_Burkel" title="Victor van Strydonck de Burkel">Victor van Strydonck de Burkel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Belgian forces participated in the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate">landings on Walcheren Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Britain and the United States targeted occupied Belgium with <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a>, which caused many civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a> began in September 1944 when Allied forces, including Free Belgians, entered the country.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> German troops counterattacked in December with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes Offensive</a>; the failure of that offensive forced all German troops out of Belgium by February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> German <a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-bomb</a> attacks continued until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Post-war Belgium joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> customs union, while accusations of collaboration by King Leopold sparked the political crisis called the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">Royal Question</a>.<a href="#cite_note-church1-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Congo</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Force_Publique_leaving_for_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> soldiers leaving the Congo for the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Colonial Empire">Belgian Colonial Empire</a> stayed loyal to the Allies: after Belgium's surrender, both the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> remained under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgian government in exile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Free Belgian Forces</a>. The Congo played an important role as an economic asset, producing large amounts of raw materials for the Allies, notably gold and uranium. The nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were made with uranium from Congolese mines. Congolese troops also fought as the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a>, which saw combat against Italian forces in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a>. Medical troops were also brought on the east-Asian front. The colonial government's demands on the Congolese population provoked strikes, riots and other forms of resistance. These were repressed, often violently, by the colonial authorities. The Congo's comparative prosperity during the conflict led to a wave of post-war immigration from Belgium, bringing the white population to 100,000 by 1950, as well as a period of industrialisation and urbanisation that continued throughout the 1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwanda-Urundi">Rwanda-Urundi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rwanda-Urundi">edit</a>]</div> Belgium's <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> consisted of the modern nations of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. There, the war years were marked by the <a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a>. Though initially caused by a drought, the famine's effects were made worse by the Belgian war effort as authorities tried to send agricultural produce to the Congo to support the Allies. The famine killed between a fifth and a third of the colony's population and displaced many thousands more.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bhutan">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> was under <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British suzerainty</a>, it remained independent; and under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Wangchuck">Jigme Wangchuck</a> the kingdom continued to maintain almost complete isolation from the outside world with only limited relations with the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in India. Despite his policy of neutrality, upon the outbreak of the war the king sent the government of India a gift of 100,000 rupees as a gesture of friendship.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">History of Bolivia (1920–1964)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> was one of many Latin American countries to declare war on Germany later on in the war, joining the Allies on 7 April 1943. It was one of the three countries to declare war in 1943, the others being Chile and Colombia. Shortly after war was declared, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Enrique Peñaranda">Enrique Peñaranda</a>, was overthrown in a coup. The new ruler, <a href="/wiki/Gualberto_Villarroel" title="Gualberto Villarroel">Gualberto Villarroel</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> leanings, but foreign pressure[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] compelled him to remain at peace and to suppress his more extreme pro-Nazi supporters. Bolivian mines supplied needed <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> to the Allies, but with no coastline, the landlocked country did not send troops or warplanes overseas.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Brazil</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">Brazilian Expeditionary Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#World_War_II" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg/220px-GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg/330px-GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg/440px-GAC_P-47s_of_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>P-47s carried the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senta_a_pua!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senta a pua! (page does not exist)">"Senta a Pua!"</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senta_a_pua!_(s%C3%ADmbolo)" class="extiw" title="pt:Senta a pua! (símbolo)">pt</a>] emblem as nose art along with the national insignia of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil-uboat-Propaganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brasil-uboat-Propaganda.jpg/220px-Brasil-uboat-Propaganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Brasil-uboat-Propaganda.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian poster announcing the declaration of war, November 10, 1943</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> was under its <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">second civilian-military dictatorship</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, maintaining its official neutrality until 1941, when it allowed US forces to use bases to patrol the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a>. The United States built several airfields on Brazilian soil with the understanding that shortly after the war ended, they would be turned over to Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the declarations of war of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy against the US, in January 1942 at the 9th <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil helped to influence other American countries to cut diplomatic relations with Axis Powers. In retaliation, Germany and Italy extended their submarine warfare against them. In the first half of 1942 Axis submarines sank Brazilian merchant ships, and Brazilian naval forces chased and attacked these submarines. When seven merchant ships were sunk by the German Submarine <a href="/wiki/U-507" class="mw-redirect" title="U-507">U-507</a>, Vargas decided to make official the state of war against Germany and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Northeastern Brazil hosted at <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a> the largest single American air base outside of its own territory, and at <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, the U.S. 4th Fleet Headquarter under <a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._Ingram" title="Jonas H. Ingram">Admiral Ingram</a>'s command. The air base in Natal gave support to the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa campaign">North Africa campaign</a>, and a route for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> airplanes to fly to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Brazilian naval forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#South_Atlantic_(May_1942_–_September_1943)" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> helped US and British Navies to patrol the South and Central Atlantic Ocean, combating Axis U-boats and raiders. In 1943, Allied naval forces sunk most of the Axis submarines which were active in the West of the South Atlantic, the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-199" title="German submarine U-199">U-199</a> among them. After this intense campaign, the South Atlantic became a lost battle to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> After two years of preparation, a complete infantry <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> (about 25,000 troops, called the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">Brazilian Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF)) was sent in July 1944 to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>. They fought in the last two stages of the Italian campaign: the slow breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">final Allied offensive in that front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Borneo">British Borneo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: British Borneo">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_paratroopers_heading_to_Borneo%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marine_paratroopers_of_World_War_II" title="Japanese marine paratroopers of World War II">Japanese paratroopers</a> on a transport to Borneo, December 1941</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> was divided into five territories: four in the north under the British – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> island, and <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo">British North Borneo</a> – and the remainder and bulk of the island to the south under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). The Japanese invasion plan called for the British territories to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Army and the southern Dutch territory to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Navy.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On 8 December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rajah">Brooke</a> government instructed that the oilfields at <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a> and refinery at Lutong be quickly demolished. At dawn on 16 December, two Japanese landing units secured Miri and Seria with little resistance from British forces. A few hours later, <a href="/wiki/Lutong" title="Lutong">Lutong</a> was captured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Honduras_(Belize)">British Honduras (Belize)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: British Honduras (Belize)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarians_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bulgarians_1941.jpg/220px-Bulgarians_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bulgarians_1941.jpg/330px-Bulgarians_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bulgarians_1941.jpg/440px-Bulgarians_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian soldiers enter a village in northern Greece, April 1941.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> gave up neutrality and became a German ally, signing the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> on 1 March 1941. Their main contribution was transit rights for German units involved against Yugoslavia and Greece. Bulgaria occupied portions of Greece and Yugoslavia to recreate the 19th-century boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a>, but it did not participate in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. After the Communist-dominated <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944">Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944</a> of 9 September, the Bulgarian government declared war on Germany. Bulgarian armies attacked the German positions in Yugoslavia. An <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> was signed with the Allies in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> on 28 October 1944. After the Nazis fled Yugoslav territory, the Bulgarian Army continued its offensive in Hungary and Austria. Bulgaria's participation in World War II ended when its soldiers met British troops in <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in May 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burma_(Myanmar)">Burma (Myanmar)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Burma (Myanmar)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India,_January_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg/260px-Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg/390px-Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg/520px-Burmese_refugees_flee_along_the_Prome_Road_into_India%2C_January_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Refugees flee Burma along the <a href="/wiki/Pyay_Road" title="Pyay Road">Prome Road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and eventually on to India, January 1942.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> was separated from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> in 1937 as a Crown Colony with a constitutional government. The colony was important for sending supplies to China via the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>, which was completed in 1938. Nevertheless, it was left lightly defended at the outbreak of World War II: the British considered it a backwater and unlikely target of attack.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> began its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">conquest of Burma</a> with small raids in December 1941, launching a full invasion the following January. Japan held most of the country by April and ceded <a href="/wiki/Saharat_Thai_Doem" title="Saharat Thai Doem">the Shan states</a> to its ally <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a>. Many Burmese hoped to gain support of the Japanese in expelling the British, so that Burma could become independent.<a href="#cite_note-Clod-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruhl-67">[67]</a> Japan had already trained the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Comrades" title="Thirty Comrades">Thirty Comrades</a>, who now formed the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a>. Japan declared the colony independent as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> on 1 August 1943. A <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a> was installed. However, many Burmese began to believe the Japanese had no intention of giving them real independence.<a href="#cite_note-Clod-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruhl-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> and other nationalist leaders formed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a> in August 1944, which asked the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to form a coalition with the other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> against the Japanese. Allied forces launched <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma campaign 1944–45">offensives into Burma</a> beginning in late 1944. They captured Rangoon following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elephant_Point" title="Battle of Elephant Point">Battle of Elephant Point</a> in May 1945. Subsequently, negotiations began between the Burmese and the British for independence. Under Japanese occupation, 170,000 to 250,000 civilians died.<a href="#cite_note-Clod-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruhl-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#Newfoundland">§ Newfoundland</a>, which was not part of Canada at the time</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Let%27sGoCanada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Let%27sGoCanada.jpg/220px-Let%27sGoCanada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Let%27sGoCanada.jpg/330px-Let%27sGoCanada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Let%27sGoCanada.jpg/440px-Let%27sGoCanada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda Poster created by the Canadian Wartime Information Board, 1942</figcaption></figure> On 10 September 1939, Canada likewise declared war on Germany,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> this was the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada's</a> participation in the largest combined national effort in its history. Canada's military was active mainly in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Northwestern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and the North Atlantic. Over the course of the war, 1.1 million Canadians served in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Land_Force_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces Land Force Command">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a>. Of these <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">more than 45,000 lost their lives</a> and another 54,000 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The financial cost was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>21,786,077,519.13, between the 1939 and 1950 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By the end of the War, Canada had the world's fourth largest air force,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and third largest navy.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As well, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Merchant_Navy" title="Canadian Merchant Navy">Canadian Merchant Navy</a> completed over 25,000 voyages across the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Many Allied pilots trained in Canada during the war. Canadians also served in the militaries of various <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied countries</a>. Canadian forces deployed to the United Kingdom in 1939. One corps fought in the Italian campaign while the other fought in Northwest Europe beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> on 6 June 1944, invading Juno Beach. The 1st Canadian Army ended the war on German soil with five Canadian divisions and a host of allied formations under direct command. During the war, Canada was subject to direct attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a>, and in the shelling of a lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Estevan_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Estevan Point">Estevan Point</a> in British Columbia. The war had significant cultural, political and economic effects on Canada, including the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">conscription crisis</a>. However, the war effort not only strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canadian economy</a> but further established Canada as a major actor on the world stage.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean_Islands">Caribbean Islands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Caribbean Islands">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/23px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/35px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/45px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Battle of the Caribbean</a></div> Over the course of World War II, the United States assumed Britain's defense responsibilities in the Caribbean. In September 1940, the two countries agreed to the Lend-Lease Agreement (also called the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement</a>). It involved the loan of American destroyers in return for leasing, rent free for ninety-nine years, eleven naval and air bases on British territory, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana, and Bermuda, as well as Newfoundland. The eastern Caribbean became the forward edge of American defense strategy, formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Conference_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Conference (1939)">Panama Declaration</a> of 1939. American strategists called the West Indies as "the bulwark that we watch."<a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Islands_–_World_War_II-77">[77]</a> More than 50 percent of the supplies sent to Europe and Africa from the United States were shipped from ports in the Gulf of Mexico and passed through the Caribbean. One year after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a>, the United States Caribbean Defense Command reached a total of 119,000 personnel, half of them stationed in Panama to protect the canal from an anticipated Japanese attack. Meanwhile, the German <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> inflicted massive damage on shipping in the Caribbean in 1942. By the end of that year, U-boats operating in the Caribbean had sunk 336 ships, at least half of which were oil tankers.<a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Islands_–_World_War_II-77">[77]</a> Parts of the Caribbean had been colonized by countries that now came under Axis occupation. <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a>, but because they housed valuable refineries that processed Venezuelan petroleum, they were placed under British protection. Both islands were subjected to German attacks in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neuland" title="Operation Neuland">Operation Neuland</a>. In 1942 they were transferred to the United States, which had also stationed troops in <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> in 1941 to secure its bauxite mines.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. American and British pressure ensured that several French ships, including its only aircraft carrier, <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_B%C3%A9arn" title="French aircraft carrier Béarn">Béarn</a>, remained interned at Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Thousands of refugees fled, many going to <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, while an anti-Vichy <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance</a> movement grew.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-78">[78]</a> The islands, along with <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Guiana" title="History of French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, switched to <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> in 1943. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceylon_(Sri_Lanka)">Ceylon (Sri Lanka)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ceylon (Sri Lanka)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), was a British colony and a major Allied naval base. On 5 April 1942, over 300 aircraft from Japanese carriers <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">bombed the island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> called it "the most dangerous moment" of World War II, because the Japanese wished to replicate a grander success of the attack at Pearl Harbor. British ships, however, were moved to <a href="/wiki/Addu_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Addu Atoll">Addu Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> Islands. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> lost an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> squadrons on Ceylon suffered severe losses. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Artillery" title="Sri Lanka Artillery">Ceylon Garrison Artillery Regiment</a> was stationed on Horsburgh Island in the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos Islands</a>, to defend it from Japanese attack. However, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">the regiment mutinied</a> on the night of 8 May 1942, intending to hand the islands over to the Japanese. The mutiny was suppressed and three of the Ceylonese soldiers were executed. Following the Cocos Islands Mutiny, no Ceylonese combat unit was deployed in front-line combat, although Supply & Transport Corps troops were used in rear areas in the Middle East. The defences of Sri Lanka were beefed up to three Allied army divisions because the island was strategically important, as a producer of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>. Ceylonese in Japanese-occupied Malaya and Singapore were recruited by the Japanese for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanka_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanka Regiment (page does not exist)">Lanka Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, to fight against the Allies. They never actually saw action. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chile">Chile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">History of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Operation Bolívar">Operation Bolívar</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Chile" title="List of wars involving Chile">List of wars involving Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG/220px-Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG/330px-Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG/440px-Carabineros_atacan_a_asaltantes_de_Seguro_Obrero.JPG 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Chilean <a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros</a> open fire on Nacistas occupying the <a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">Seguro Obrero building</a>, 5 September 1938.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> declared its neutrality upon the outbreak of war in Europe, having close trading links with Germany. Later in the war, however, Chile actively distanced itself from the Axis powers, and the Chilean government took steps to dismiss pro-German military officers. An attempted <a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">Nazi-backed coup</a> in September 1938 turned most of the Chilean population against the German community within Chile. Following the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Tolten" title="SS Tolten">Toltén</a> by a Nazi submarine off the coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and anti-German <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">demonstrations</a> in Chile,<a href="#cite_note-ASM-80">[80]</a> relations with Axis countries were broken on January 20, 1943. Throughout the duration of the war, Chilean naval presence around <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> was strengthened to ward-off a feared Japanese attack (as the Japanese had territorial ambitions for all the islands of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">to be under their rule</a>), and bolstered defensive capabilities at the vital harbors of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coquimbo" title="Coquimbo">Coquimbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talcahuano" title="Talcahuano">Talcahuano</a>. Chilean merchant naval ships also aided Peruvian, Colombian and Cuban ships in patrolling the area around the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Battle of the Caribbean</a>. From 1943 to 1945, the Chilean prison camp of <a href="/wiki/Pisagua_internment_camp" title="Pisagua internment camp">Pisagua</a> became the site of wartime internment for citizens of enemy nations. Chile eventually declared war on <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> on April 13, 1945, becoming the last country in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> to do so.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In mid-2017, newly declassified documents revealed that Chile's Investigative Police Units had stopped a Nazi spy ring's plot to bomb Northern Chilean copper mines and blow up the Panama Canal.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian.com-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg/220px-%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg/330px-%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg/440px-%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">meet in Chongqing</a>, 1945.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> had been fighting Japan intermittently since the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Mukden_incident" title="Mukden incident">Mukden incident</a>, when Japan annexed <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. On 7 July 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge incident</a> led the two countries to full-scale war. With this and civil conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party) and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Government">Chinese Nationalist Government</a>'s full attention was within its borders. However, Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> still managed to send troops to Britain's aid in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, in early 1942. More than 1.5 million Japanese military personnel were bogged down in China with casualties estimated at 1.1–1.9  million. At the start of the war, the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Chinese army</a> had 2.6 million soldiers; by end of the war it had grown to 5.7 million (excluding communist soldiers). The war cooled China's formerly warm relations with Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation">Sino-German cooperation</a>), and following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, China formally joined the Allies and declared war on Germany on 9 December 1941. Many of China's urban centers, industrial resources, and coastal regions were occupied by Japan for most of the war. China suffered a large death toll from the war, both military and civilian. The Chinese Nationalist army suffered some 3.2 million casualties, and 17 million civilians died in the crossfire. After the war, China gained one of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent seats</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] Although the Nationalists and Communists had cooperated to oppose the Japanese, once the war was over the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> erupted once again. The Nationalist government was defeated by the Communists in 1949 and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, while the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was established on the mainland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colombia">Colombia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg/220px-Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg/330px-Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg/440px-Colombian_destroyer_Caldas_in_the_1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The destroyer ARC Caldas in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> After the attack on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> broke diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Colombia provided the Allies with <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> products. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-505" title="German submarine U-505">German submarine U-505</a> destroyed a Colombian <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a>, which caused Colombia to declare a "status of <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerency</a>" against Germany on 26 November 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> The German ambassador left the country, and measures of control were implemented, including the internment of German citizens in designated areas. Photographs and reconnaissance airplanes belonging to the Colombian-German company <a href="/wiki/Scadta" class="mw-redirect" title="Scadta">Scadta</a>, which used to take aerial shots of Colombian and German cities, were also handed to the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Navy</a> assisted in patrolling the waters near the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Battle of the Caribbean</a>. The only notable engagement occurred in 1944: the destroyer <a href="/wiki/ARC_Caldas_(1933)" title="ARC Caldas (1933)">ARC Caldas</a> attacked the German submarine <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-154_(1941)" title="German submarine U-154 (1941)">U-154</a>, which faked its own destruction in order to escape.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comoros">Comoros</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Comoros">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros#French_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">History of the Comoros § French Comoros</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Costa Rica">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">History of Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> Left-wing reformist President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</a> was an ally of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and hostile to Nazism. In 1940, it was reported that Calderón and Roosevelt had agreed to the construction of an American base on <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos Island</a>, Costa Rica's territory in the Pacific; however, the United States ultimately decided on <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">a base</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos</a> instead. Costa Rica joined the Allies on 8 December 1941, declaring war on Japan the day after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, and on Germany and Italy shortly afterwards. While Costa Rica's small army of 500 men could not contribute directly to the fighting, Calderón's administration introduced wartime measures against people from Axis nations in the country, including property seizure and internment. Targets included Germans, Italians, and Spaniards, the last of whom were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">franquistas</a> sympathetic to fascism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuba">Cuba</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg/220px-USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg/330px-USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg/440px-USS_Texas_Havana_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Morro_Castle_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morro Castle (Havana)">Morro Castle</a> in the background, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">USS Texas</a> sails into <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a>, February 1940.</figcaption></figure> President <a href="/wiki/Federico_Laredo_Br%C3%BA" title="Federico Laredo Brú">Federico Laredo Brú</a> led <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> when war broke out in Europe, though real power belonged to <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> as Chief of Staff of the army.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1940, Laredo Brú infamously denied entry to 900 Jewish refugees who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> aboard the German oceanliner <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS St. Louis</a>. After both the United States and Canada likewise refused to accept the refugees, they returned to Europe, where many were eventually murdered in the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-88">[88]</a> Batista became president in his own right following <a href="/wiki/1940_Cuban_general_election" title="1940 Cuban general election">the election of 1940</a>. He cooperated with the United States as it moved closer to war against the Axis. Cuba declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941, and on Germany and Italy on 11 December.<a href="#cite_note-urrib2000.narod.ru-89">[89]</a> Cuba was an important participant in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Battle of the Caribbean</a> and its navy gained a reputation for skill and efficiency. The navy escorted hundreds of Allied ships through hostile waters, flew thousands of hours on convoy and patrol duty, and rescued over 200 victims of German U-boat attacks from the sea. Six Cuban merchant ships were sunk by U-boats, taking the lives of around eighty sailors. On 15 May 1943, a squadron of Cuban <a href="/wiki/Submarine_chasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine chasers">submarine chasers</a> sank the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-176" title="German submarine U-176">German submarine U-176</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sabana-Camag%C3%BCey_Archipelago" title="Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago">Cayo Blanquizal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Cuba received millions of dollars in American military aid through the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> program, which included air bases, aircraft, weapons, and training.<a href="#cite_note-urrib2000.narod.ru-89">[89]</a> The United States naval station at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a> also served as a base for convoys passing between the mainland United States and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> or other points in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-hague-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Regiment" title="Cyprus Regiment">Cyprus Regiment</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> Regiment was founded on 12 April 1940, and made part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> structure. It was mostly volunteers from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus, but also included other Commonwealth nationalities. About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Regiment. It included Infantry, Mechanical, Transport, and Pack Transport Companies. Cypriot mule drivers were the first colonial troops sent to the Western Front. They served in France, Ethiopia and Italy carrying equipment to areas inaccessible to vehicles. The regiment served at Dunkirk, in the Greek campaign (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a>), North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>), France, the Middle East and Italy. In the post war years and prior to its disbandment, the regiment served in Cyprus and the Middle East, including Palestine in 1945–1948. The Regiment was disbanded on 31 March 1950. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/250px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/375px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg/500px-Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Residents of Prague greet <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Soviet Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a>, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">dismembered</a> starting with the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> in 1938. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> became part of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> was annexed by Poland, and southern Czechoslovakia became part of Hungary. Later on, the newly separated <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a>, a Nazi-dependent <a href="/wiki/Puppet_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet regime">puppet regime</a> led by Roman Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> was set up, while the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was occupied and annexed by Hungary. The next day the Czech part of the country became the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> under state-President <a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a>. From 1940, a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in London under former Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> was recognized as an Allied power. In April 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso's government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovak_Republic_(Slovakia)">Slovak Republic (Slovakia)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Slovak Republic (Slovakia)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul> The newly founded <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> was proclaimed on March 14, 1939, allying with Nazi Germany and its armed forces participated in war against Poland and Soviet Union. Slovakia adopted Nazi antisemitic policy and paid Germany for deportation of its Jews. <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> was annexed by Germany following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>, the Slovak National Uprising, commenced in August 1944 was suppressed by German forces at the end of October; partisans, however, continued fighting in the mountains until the war's end. In April 1945, the Red Army defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso's government, and restored the Czechoslovak state.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Danzig">Danzig</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Danzig">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A,_Danzig,_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-030-01A%2C_Danzig%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlingstreck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Refugees flee Danzig ahead of the Soviet advance, February 1945.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, a semi-autonomous city-state under <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> protection, was predominantly German and had a Nazi government by 1936.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On 30 August 1939, Germany gave great Poland an ultimatum demanding control of the city, provoking the <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September. The city-state aided Nazi Germany during the invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Police" title="Free City of Danzig Police">Free City of Danzig Police</a> and militia fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Battle of Westerplatte</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig" title="Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig">attack on the Polish post office in Danzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After the Polish campaign, Danzig was annexed to Germany. The Nazis subjected Danzig's Jewish and Polish minorities to the violence of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> occupied Danzig on 30 March 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expelled its Germans</a>; an estimated 290,800 had fled or been expelled from the city by 1950.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> became part of Poland after the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denmark">Denmark</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg/220px-Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg/330px-Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg/440px-Schalburgerblegdamsvej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Schalburg_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalburg Corps">Schalburg Corps</a>, a Danish <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> unit, in Copenhagen after 1943.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> officially remained neutral from the outbreak of the war. Germany invaded without declaration of war as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a> on 9 April 1940, and overwhelmed Denmark in a few hours of fighting. The Danish government remained in office in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> until 1943 and signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>. On 29 August 1943, the government resigned and dissolved, as a response to German demands for more concessions. Denmark was now under German military occupation. Civil affairs were handled by SS-general <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>. On 4 May 1945, German forces in Denmark surrendered to the British army. Since the German commander of the eastern island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> refused to surrender to the Soviet Union, two local towns were bombed and the garrison forced to surrender. Bornholm remained under Soviet control until 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faroe_Islands_and_Greenland">Faroe Islands and Greenland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Faroe Islands and Greenland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">British occupation of the Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland in World War II</a></div> On 10 May 1940, the British invaded <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">Iceland</a> and the Danish <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands in World War II">Faroe Islands</a>. The United States occupied <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, a position later supported by the Danish <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">envoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Kauffmann" title="Henrik Kauffmann">Henrik Kauffmann</a>. Iceland, which was later transferred from British to American control, <a href="/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum">declared independence</a> in 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> declared war on Germany and Japan following the attacks of Pearl Harbor and the Nazi declaration of war on the U.S. It did not directly contribute with troops, aircraft, or ships, however 112 Dominicans were integrated into the U.S. military and fought in the war. In addition, 27 Dominicans were killed when German submarines sank four Dominican-crewed ships in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)">Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Indonesische_jongens_tijdens_hun_soldatentraining_door_de_Japanners_TMnr_10001989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Young Indonesian boys being trained by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, c. 1945</figcaption></figure> The rich petroleum resources of the Dutch East Indies were a prime objective of the Japanese military in its attack on the Allies from 7 December 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> were part of the <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a>, but with the Netherlands having been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">occupied by Germany in 1940</a>, the country was little able to defend its colony. The Japanese navy and army overran Dutch and allied forces in less than three months, completing the occupation in March 1942.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Some Dutch personnel and ships escaped to Australia, where they continued to fight the Japanese. The period of the Japanese occupation was one of the most critical in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesian history</a>. Initially, many Indonesians joyfully welcomed the Japanese as liberators from Dutch colonialism. The sentiment changed, however, as Indonesians realized that they were expected to endure hardships for the Japanese war effort. In <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, the Japanese educated, trained and armed many young Indonesians and gave nationalist leaders a political voice. In this way, the Japanese occupation created the conditions for Indonesian independence.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1944–1945, Allied troops largely bypassed Indonesia. Therefore, most of the colony was still under Japanese occupation at the time of its surrender in August 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a> was read within days of the Japanese surrender in the Pacific. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> followed, winning independence for the country in 1949. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> About 2.4 million people died in Java from famine during 1944–45.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ecuador">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History of Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> was one of several South American nations to join the Allies late in the war (joined against Germany on 2 February 1945), allowing the United States use of <a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra Island</a> as a naval base.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egypt">Egypt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/150px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/225px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg/300px-A_mine_explodes_close_to_a_British_truck_as_it_carries_infantry_through_enemy_minefields_and_wire_to_the_new_front_lines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>A mine explodes close to a British artillery tractor as it advances through minefields at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>.</figcaption></figure> Britain had <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">unilaterally recognized</a> the independence of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1922, but continued to occupy the country militarily, and to dominate it. By the Anglo–Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the British occupation was limited to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal Zone</a>, but it allowed British troops to re-occupy the rest of the country in time of war. Egypt was of vital strategic importance because of the Suez Canal and Egypt's central geographical location. The Egyptian government supplied the British forces, but some engaged in secret negotiations with Germany about the prospect of Egypt's joining the Axis should the British be defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a>. Many Egyptian politicians and army officers sought Axis support for removing the occupying British forces from the country. After British forces defeated the initial Italian invasion, Germany entered the North African theatre to save <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>. A series of German victories brought Axis forces within 160 kilometres (99 miles) of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, creating great expectation among Egyptian nationalists. However, British victory at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El-Alamein</a> heralded the end of Axis advances in Egypt, and the eventual Axis defeat in North Africa. Although Egypt had almost all of its military fighting the Axis on the western desert campaign, <a href="/wiki/King_Farouk" class="mw-redirect" title="King Farouk">King Farouk</a> still resisted British pressure to declare war on Germany until 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: El Salvador">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">Military dictatorship in El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png/220px-El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png/330px-El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png/440px-El_Salvador_nationality_documents_to_Jews.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Representation of documents that were given to a Jewish family from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Most of the Jews that came to El Salvador were from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. 40,000 people were saved with Salvadoran citizenship documents like these, given by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castellanos_Contreras" title="José Castellanos Contreras">José Castellanos Contreras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gustavo_Guerrero" title="José Gustavo Guerrero">José Gustavo Guerrero</a>.</figcaption></figure> From 1931 to 1944, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> was ruled by the military dictator <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a>, an admirer of Hitler and Mussolini. Despite his personal admiration, Hernández Martínez declared war on both Japan (8 December 1941) and Germany (12 December 1941) shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> due to El Salvador's strong economic ties with the United States. He removed Germans from the government and interned Japanese, German, and Italian nationals. The Second World War made Salvadorans weary of their dictatorship, and a general national strike in 1944 forced Hernández Martínez to resign and flee to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. Postwar, he was later killed in Honduras by a vengeful Salvadoran citizen.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castellanos_Contreras" title="José Castellanos Contreras">José Castellanos Contreras</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Armed_Force_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Force of El Salvador">Salvadoran army</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> who, while working as El Salvador's <a href="/wiki/Consul_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul General">Consul General</a> for <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and together with a <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Hungarian">Jewish-Hungarian</a> businessman named <a href="/wiki/George_Mantello" title="George Mantello">György Mandl</a>, helped save up to 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europeans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> persecution by providing them with false papers of Salvadoran <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gustavo_Guerrero" title="José Gustavo Guerrero">José Gustavo Guerrero</a> was a Salvadoran judge who challenged the Nazis during Hitler's invasion on Europe. The distinguished Salvadoran jurist lived in Europe for many years in his career as a diplomat and as presiding judge of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. In 1937, during the rise of Nazism in Europe, Doctor Guerrero took over as president, until he was forced to leave in 1940 by the Nazis. Precisely after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Netherlands">fall of the Netherlands</a>, on May 17, 1940, the Nazis tried to take the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> of the Permanent Court of International in The Hague, but there they met the Salvadoran, the only judge who stayed with a group of Dutch officers. When a German general approached, the Presiding Judge told him: "The Court and its staff are inviolable. Only on my body can they enter the palace." For this and others before courage in defense of Universal Law, Guerrero was twice nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. Once established in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Guerrero was visited by the Consul General of El Salvador in Switzerland, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castellanos_Contreras" title="José Castellanos Contreras">José Castellanos Contreras</a>, who had fled from Germany, where he served as Consul until El Salvador broke relations with the Hitler regime. Castellanos had already granted several visas to people of Jewish origin who were persecuted by the Nazis. However, now that it was part of a larger project: the handing over of false documents of Salvadoran nationality to people of Jewish origin. Castellanos then consulted Guerrero, who immediately agreed to the plan that saved the lives of thousands of Jews. According to the investigations, Guerrero would have contributed to writing the text of the document that was then given to them to save their lives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonia">Estonia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></div> The August 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union left <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in the Soviet sphere of interest. The Soviet Union threatened Estonia with war if Estonia did not agree with "a mutual assistance pact", which would allow the Soviet troops to use several military bases in Estonia during a 10-year period. The Estonian government, convinced that a war against USSR would be inevitably lost, agreed on 28 September 1939. The Soviets conducted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> with the start of the full Soviet occupation of Estonia by the Red Army in June 1940, and <a href="/wiki/1940_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1940 Estonian parliamentary election">a sham election</a> was held under Soviet control. The new government took office and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was proclaimed on 21 July 1940. The <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> was formally accepted into the Soviet Union on 6 August. The legality of the annexation was not recognized by most Western countries and the <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">Baltic states continued to exist</a> formally as independent nations until they regained independence in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> Estonia was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind (1941)">occupied by Germany</a> in 1941 after war broke out between Germany and the Soviet Union. With the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">return of the Soviet Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Estonia_by_Nazi_Germany#Estonians_in_German_Military_Units_in_1941–1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany">70,000 Estonians</a> joined or were conscripted by the German side to fight the Soviets. The <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" title="National Committee of the Republic of Estonia">National Committee</a> failed <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Government_in_Exile#Failure_to_reestablish_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Government in Exile">to restore the national government</a> in September 1944 due to the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_States#Under_Soviet_rule_1944–1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Baltic States">Soviet reoccupation</a>. At the end of the war, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> armed insurrection against the Soviet authorities started, which lasted in the Baltic states until the mid-1950s. Estonia remained a <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">de facto</a> part of the USSR until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia#World_War_II" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history of Ethiopia § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbegnuoc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Arbegnuoc_1.jpg/220px-Arbegnuoc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Arbegnuoc_1.jpg/330px-Arbegnuoc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Arbegnuoc_1.jpg/440px-Arbegnuoc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jagama_Kello" title="Jagama Kello">Jagama Kello</a> (center) with two other <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a> fighters, 1940</figcaption></figure> At the outbreak of the war, Ethiopia was under <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian occupation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was in exile in England trying in vain to obtain Allied support for his nation's cause. The <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a> movement had begun its guerrilla war against the occupying Italian forces the day <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> fell in May 1936. Upon the emperor's flight into exile, remnants of Ethiopia's disbanded imperial army had transformed into guerrilla units. Urban city residents throughout the country formed underground movements to aid the Patriots as the overall population led a passive resistance campaign aimed at stifling Mussolini's economic agenda for the region. Throughout the occupation and into the beginning of the Second World War, the constant harassment of Italian columns and communication and supply lines reduced their fighting capabilities and their morale. A state of paranoia among Italian troops and civilians alike had sunk in as they became increasingly isolated from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fascist retaliation to Patriot attacks was brutal and often targeted the civilian population, which only further filled the ranks of the Patriots creating a cycle that led to the eventual demise of Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard_Mosley_1964-103">[103]</a> Britain's declaration of war against Italy reinvigorated the Patriot movement and paved the way for the final ousting of the Italians in Ethiopia and in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. The Allied liberation campaign of Ethiopia began in the winter of 1940. <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Emperor Haile Selassie</a>, with the support and cooperation of the British, was transported to the Sudan to work alongside Major <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a> to organize and lead the main Ethiopian Patriot divisions that had fled fascist-controlled Ethiopia upon news of Britain's declaration of war. The <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> was conducted by a largely multi-African force and consisted of Ethiopian, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrean</a>, British, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Rhodesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South African</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Ghanaian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a>. Within months, the liberation of Ethiopia was achieved, and on 5 May 1941, five years to the day that the Emperor fled his capital, Haile Selassie was restored to his throne. The defeat of fascists in Ethiopia marked the first victory for the Allies in the Second World War[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and allowed for the remaining forces to be quickly moved up to Egypt to confront the Axis advance towards Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard_Mosley_1964-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiji">Fiji</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Fiji">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Fiji#Fiji_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Fiji">Colonial Fiji § Fiji in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">British colony</a> during World War II. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Fiji Military Forces">Fiji Defence Force</a> served with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a> formations, under the Allied <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas" title="Pacific Ocean Areas">Pacific Ocean Areas</a> command. The <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Infantry_Regiment" title="Fiji Infantry Regiment">Fiji Infantry Regiment</a> fought in the Solomon Islands campaign against the Japanese. Fiji became a major military sea port for convoy traffic between the U.S. and Australia. It was the closest reasonably safe route around the embattled Solomon Islands, a stopping-off point for troops and supplies being shipped to the Solomons, just to the north, and the closest protected harbor available to ships damaged around Guadalcanal. Fiji also constructed many facilities such as airfields for Allied bombing runs, barracks and training grounds.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland">Finland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraati_viipurissa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paraati_viipurissa.jpg/220px-Paraati_viipurissa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paraati_viipurissa.jpg/330px-Paraati_viipurissa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paraati_viipurissa.jpg/440px-Paraati_viipurissa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption>Finnish soldiers on parade after <a href="/wiki/Finnish_invasion_of_the_Karelian_Isthmus" title="Finnish invasion of the Karelian Isthmus">the recapture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>, August 1941</figcaption></figure> Finland was left to the Soviet sphere of interest in <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, and when it refused to allow the Soviet Union to build bases on its territory, it was attacked by Soviet forces in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940). After the war, Finland unsuccessfully sought protection from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to counter the continuing Soviet pressure, before turning to improving relations with Nazi Germany. This produced cooperation between the countries, which led three days after the start of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> to a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive attack">pre-emptive air attack</a> on Finland, which started the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (25 June 1941 – 4 September 1944), in which Finland was a <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerent</a> of Germany. The UK declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> declared war on Finland on 7 December, as did <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> the following day. To secure military support needed to stop the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive</a> coordinated with <a href="/wiki/D-Day_(military_term)" title="D-Day (military term)">D-Day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ryti%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Agreement" title="Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</a> was signed on 26 June 1944, in which Finnish and Nazi German relations became closest to an alliance. An <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">armistice</a> was signed after the Soviet offensive was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tali%E2%80%93Ihantala" title="Battle of Tali–Ihantala">fought to a standstill</a>, and the Wehrmacht was retreating from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The treaty required Finland to expel all German troops, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a> (15 September 1944 – 25 April 1945). This was shortly before the complete surrender of Nazi forces all over Europe on 7–8 May 1945 (<a href="/wiki/V-E_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-E Day">V-E Day</a>). Complete peace with the UK and the USSR was concluded in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356,_Paris,_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21356%2C_Paris%2C_Franz%C3%B6sinen_mit_Judenstern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>French Jewish women wearing the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badge</a>, Paris, 1942</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> was one of the original guarantors of Polish security and as such was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany. For several months, little fighting occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> or drôle de guerre ("funny war"). On May 10, 1940, Germany began its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">attack on France</a>. After six weeks of intense battling, the French government signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> After the armistice, France was split into two parts, an <a href="/wiki/Zone_occup%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone occupée">occupied sector</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">unoccupied sector</a>. Within <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Otto von Stülpnagel">Otto von Stülpnagel</a> and his cousin and successor, <a href="/wiki/Carl-Heinrich_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel">Carl-Heinrich</a>, led a military administration. Citizens were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">Service du travail obligatoire</a>, a program of forced labor in Germany. Jews and Roma faced the persecution of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">the Holocaust in France</a>. An active <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a> fought against the occupying forces throughout the war. Southern France was administered by a puppet government under <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, known therefore as <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. In opposition, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> led <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a>, a government-in-exile in London with control over France's unoccupied overseas territories and forces which fought on the Allied side. The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> began with the Allied invasions of 1944, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> at Normandy in the north and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> in the south. Allied forces achieved the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> in August. De Gaulle established the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a>, and the entire country returned to the Allies. Further fighting occurred in France during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">advance to the Rhine</a> of 1944–1945. After the war, France became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A_short_history_of_NATO-107">[107]</a> and a permanent member of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Security_Council-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vichy_France">Vichy France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Vichy France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></div> The Vichy regime remained officially neutral during the conflict but collaborated with Germany. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> repeatedly sought to bring France closer to the Axis side but was vetoed by Pétain. On several occasions, Vichy forces were attacked by British and Free French forces, especially in <a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">French Africa</a>. As a result of Vichy North Africa violating the terms of the 1940 armistice by calling a cease-fire following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the Germans <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">occupied all of continental France</a> in the fall of 1942 but allowed the Vichy government to continue operating. Vichy North Africa's government and military led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> joined the Allies. After Darlan was assassinated, de Gaulle took power alongside <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a>. Laval was executed for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> after the war. Pétain was sentenced to death but his sentence was commuted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_France">Free France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Free France">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history of France during World War II</a></div> The Free French Forces (FFF) of the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a> (CFLN), a London-based exile group led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, were formed in 1940 to maintain the French commitment to the Allies and liberate French territory occupied by Germany. Together with the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, they played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">liberation of western Europe</a>, including France in 1944. By 1943, free France controlled large territories but had no war industry, remaining dependent on US aid. It regrouped with the Vichy authority that joined it and the interior resistance into fighting France. The CFLN took control of France in August and September 1944. In 1944, FFF soldiers numbered about 560,000 and in 1945, more than 1,300,000. The Resistance (forces of the interior), according to D. E. Eisenhower, played a role equal to 15 fighting divisions. The FFF and Resistance played a major role during the liberation of France. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Equatorial_Africa">French Equatorial Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: French Equatorial Africa">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa#History" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free French Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg/220px-Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg/330px-Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg/440px-Gabon_campaign_%271e_Compagnie_de_Chars_de_Combat_de_la_France_Libre%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Free French tanks during the Battle of Gabon, November 1940</figcaption></figure> The colonial federation rallied to the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French Forces</a> under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89bou%C3%A9" title="Félix Éboué">Félix Éboué</a> in August 1940, except for <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> until 12 November 1940, when the Vichy administration surrendered to invading Free French in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a>. Afterward, the federation became the strategic centre of Free French activities in Africa, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> serving as the capital of Free France from 1940 to 1943.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1944, Brazzaville hosted a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> forces and representatives of France's African colonies. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Conference of 1944">Brazzaville Declaration</a> represented an attempt to redefine the relationship between France and its African colonies.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Somaliland">French Somaliland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: French Somaliland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, was the scene of skirmishing and a blockade during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> of World War II. After Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940, there was some fighting between their forces in Somaliland until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> on 25 June. The local conseil d'administration declared for the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> on 19 July.<a href="#cite_note-Djibouti_and_the_Horn_of_Africa-111">[111]</a> Italy occupied the French fort at <a href="/wiki/Loyada" title="Loyada">Loyada</a> and used it as a base for its <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">invasion of British Somaliland</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Britain established a naval blockade and bombed Djibouti in September. In response, the new Vichy governor, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nouailhetas" title="Pierre Nouailhetas">Pierre Nouailhetas</a>, instituted a brutal reign of terror against both Europeans and locals.<a href="#cite_note-Djibouti_and_the_Horn_of_Africa-111">[111]</a> He was recalled and forced to retire in 1942. As the blockade tightened, many French forces defected and fled to <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>. This finally prompted the governor to surrender to <a href="/wiki/Free_French_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French forces">Free French forces</a> on 26 December 1942, the last French possession in Africa to remain loyal to Vichy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> After the territory's liberation, French Somaliland cycled through governors rapidly and recovery from the deprivation of 1940–42 only began when the war ended. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_West_Africa">French West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: French West Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> was not the scene of major fighting. Only one large-scale action took place there: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a> (23–25 September 1940). The region remained under the control of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> (25 June 1940) and until the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied invasion of North Africa</a> (8–16 November 1942). <a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">French Gabon</a>, the only colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> not to join <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> after the armistice, fell to invading Free French Forces from the neighbouring colonies after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a> (8–12 November 1940), further isolating West Africa. Unlike in metropolitan France, the French <a href="/wiki/Troupes_coloniales" title="Troupes coloniales">Colonial Troops</a> in West Africa were not reduced after the 1940 armistice and the region was little interfered with by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, providing a valuable addition to the forces of Free France after it had been liberated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Gambia Colony and Protectorate">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia#World_War_II" title="History of the Gambia">History of the Gambia § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa,_April_1943_TR905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg/220px-Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg/330px-Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg/440px-Lockheed_Hudson_-_Royal_Air_Force_in_West_Africa%2C_April_1943_TR905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>RAF fitters and local workers change an aircraft engine at a West African base, probably <a href="/wiki/Banjul_International_Airport" title="Banjul International Airport">Yundum</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</a> was ruled by Britain. In 1939 its military, the Gambia Company, was expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Regiment" title="Gambia Regiment">Gambia Regiment</a>, with a strength of two battalions from 1941. It fought in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. The colony also formed an Auxiliary Police, who, among other things, helped to enforce blackouts in Bathurst. The Gambia itself was home to RAF Bathurst, a flying boat base, and <a href="/wiki/Banjul_International_Airport" title="Banjul International Airport">RAF Yundum</a>, an air force station, which became the country's first airport.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> HMS Melampus, a shore base, was based at Bathurst for some of the war, and in 1942, a <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> named <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gambia_(48)" title="HMS Gambia (48)">HMS Gambia</a> was launched, which maintained ties to the colony until it was decommissioned in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Gambia was home to a succession of wartime British General Hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> stopped overnight in Bathurst en route to and from the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>. This marked the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa">visit to the African continent</a> by a sitting US president.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> After the war, attention turned to economic and political reform in the colony, such as decreasing its reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">groundnut</a>, which made up almost 100% of its exports.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen,_Germany,_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_(cleanup).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/220px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/330px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg/440px-Prisoners_in_the_concentration_camp_at_Sachsenhausen%2C_Germany%2C_12-19-1938_-_NARA_-_540175_%28cleanup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, was the primary Axis Power in the European Theatre. German forces instigated the war in September 1939 by invading Poland. Poland was divided with the Soviet Union. The <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phony War</a> ensued and in the spring of 1940 German forces invaded and conquered Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Attempts to subdue the United Kingdom by air in the summer of 1940 failed and a planned invasion was called off. In the summer of 1941 Germany turned its forces east by invading the Soviet Union. The Eastern Front became the main theatre of war for the Germans. The invasion of the USSR had been delayed by campaigns in Greece and Yugoslavia, aimed at assisting floundering Italian forces. The <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> was similarly dispatched to the Western Desert to assist struggling Italian forces there, and German forces grew to an entire army group. Major defeats at Stalingrad in February 1943 and the destruction of Axis forces in North Africa shortly after are commonly thought to be the war's turning points. German forces fought on Sicily, and when Italy switched sides, German forces seized power, fighting a successful withdrawal and diverting Allied forces from Northwest Europe. Severe losses at Kursk in the summer of 1943 and during the Soviet summer offensives of 1944 shattered German fighting power, and Allied landings in Normandy and Southern France forced the Germans to fight on several fronts simultaneously. The surrender of the German forces between 4 May and 8 May 1945 signaled the end of the war in Europe. German forces were very active at sea, primarily through its submarine force. The German air force provided effective tactical and logistical support until Allied air superiority was achieved by the middle of 1944. Strategic use of airpower failed and despite heavy aerial bombardment (and later, the V-1 and V-2 rockets) of the United Kingdom, failed to achieve lasting results. Hitler's war aims included the destruction of the Jews of Europe, and at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> in early 1942, a system of extermination was finalized which led to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Military history of Austria</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> became a full part of Nazi Germany in 1938 among popular acclaim during the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>. About 1.2 million Austrians served in all branches of the German armed forces during World War II. After the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Allies occupied Austria in four occupation zones set up at the end of World War II until 1955, when the country again became a fully independent republic under the condition that it remained neutral. The four occupations zones were French, American, British, and Soviet, with <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> also divided among the four powers. This paralleled the situation in post-war Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Gibraltar">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Military history of Gibraltar during World War II</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territories">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> has been a British fortress and bulwark for over 300 years. From the first days of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock</a> became a pivot of the Mediterranean; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the invasion of North Africa, was coordinated from the Rock. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tracer" title="Operation Tracer">Operation Tracer</a>, a top-secret mission in which six men were to be concealed inside a secret bunker inside the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a> so that they could monitor enemy movements if the Rock was captured was also conducted through Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-c12-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gold_Coast_(Ghana)">Gold Coast (Ghana)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Gold Coast (Ghana)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast in World War II</a></div> Colonial troops from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast Colony</a> played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a>, particularly in attacking Italian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, the capital, hosted Allied aircraft as they flew between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Europe and the Pacific. The Gold Coast also benefited financially from the war. By 1945, increased British government spending and the introduction of an income tax led to an expansion of local revenue. The war changed the demographics of the colony, concentrating workers in a few large towns and cities. The colonial government launched a program to deal with a housing shortage by constructing inexpensive but sturdy local building material (an earthquake in 1939 had badly damaged infrastructure in many towns).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greece">Greece</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Military history of Greece during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/220px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/330px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/440px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>Partisans of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> initially resisted the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion</a> of 28 October 1940 and pushed Mussolini's forces back into Albania. Hitler reluctantly sent forces to bail out his ally and subdue Greece (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Marita" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Marita">Operation Marita</a>). The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a> in April 1941 delayed the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, and the heavy losses of the German <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmjäger (World War II)">Fallschirmjäger</a> over <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a> effectively put a halt to large-scale German airborne operations. The government and the King <a href="/wiki/Greek_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government in exile">fled the country</a> to Egypt, from where they continued the fight. The <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">occupation forces</a> installed a series of <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet governments</a>, which commanded little allegiance. A vigorous <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Resistance movement</a> developed from 1942 on, dominated largely by the communist-led <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> (EAM) and the non-communist <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES). Throughout 1943, the guerrillas liberated much of the country's mountainous interior, establishing a free zone called "<a href="/wiki/Free_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Greece">Free Greece</a>". After the Italian capitulation in September 1943, the Germans took over the Italian zone, often accompanied by bloodshed, as the Italians tried to resist both them and the Allies trying to occupy Italian-held areas (the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese campaign</a>). As Liberation approached, the Resistance became divided along political lines, and civil strife ensued. An agreement establishing a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> was reached in the May 1944 <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon conference">Lebanon conference</a>, which eased tension somewhat. With the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> through Eastern Europe in summer 1944, the German forces withdrew from the Greek mainland in October–November 1944, although many island garrisons were left behind and surrendered after the unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. The returning government in exile, backed by British forces, soon clashed with EAM forces in Athens, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>; a conflict that would last until 1949 and leave a divisive legacy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Guatemala">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> initially stayed out of World War II, with President <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ubico" title="Jorge Ubico">Jorge Ubico</a> declaring the country's neutrality on 4 September 1941. This pronouncement was reinforced five days later with another declaration. Ubico implemented strong prohibitions on Nazi propaganda in Guatemala, which had one of Latin America's largest German immigrant populations. Later, Guatemala moved into the Allied camp—on 9 December 1941, it declared war on Japan, and three days later, it declared war on Germany and Italy. Ubico permitted the United States to build an air base in the country.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Unrest in Guatemala grew during the war years, culminating in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a> in June 1944. Ubico resigned in June following a general strike, and the new dictator that replaced him fell to a democratic popular revolution in October. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a> won a presidential election held that December; he led Guatemala for the remainder of the war period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guyana">Guyana</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Guyana">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> The Guyanese military sent 1000 troops to support the Allies in D-Day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haiti">Haiti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Haiti</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Renewed_dictatorship" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti § Renewed dictatorship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> remained neutral in World War II until the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Thus, in late 1941, Haiti declared war on <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> (8 December), <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (12 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (12 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (24 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-46)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920-46)">Hungary</a> (24 December) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (24 December).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Out of these six <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941).<a href="#cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_2005,_p._218-123">[123]</a> Haiti gave food supplies to Allied forces and hosted a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> but did not contribute troops, however five Haitians from the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haitian Air Force</a> were integrated into the U.S. army (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a> division) and fought in the war.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Lescot" title="Élie Lescot">Élie Lescot</a>, introduced several unpopular emergency measures during the war, which critics claimed were designed to increase his power. Lescot was deposed the year after the war ended.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honduras">Honduras</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Honduras">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honduras_in_World_War_II" title="Honduras in World War II">Honduras in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> was initially neutral in the war but joined the Allied side after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941, and on Germany and Italy five days later. It contributed food and raw materials to the Allied war effort and did send troops, of whom 150 died. Due to this, the country began a series of air patrols using NA-16 model aircraft starting in 1942. German submarines also sank three Honduran ships throughout the war and one was captured by the Japanese navy. In addition to patrolling Honduran territory, Honduran airmen also flew in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico in joint support with other Latin American nations to prevent more ships destined for the United States from sinking<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Since they were a big producer of bananas, they've also sent thousands of bananas to the allied forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_HK_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_HK_03.jpg/220px-Battle_of_HK_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_HK_03.jpg/330px-Battle_of_HK_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_HK_03.jpg/440px-Battle_of_HK_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Japanese troops in <a href="/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui" title="Tsim Sha Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> had been a British colony for a century. Japan occupied the city after the grueling <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>, which ended on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> of 1941. The Japanese turned many healthcare facilities into <a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">field hospitals</a> to help injured soldiers returning from the Pacific theater.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Strict food rations were also enforced, and to keep the rations low, many citizens were deported to China. By the end of the war Hong Kong's population had fallen from 1,500,000 to a mere 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The United States Navy carried out <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_the_Hong_Kong_area_(1942%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on the Hong Kong area (1942–1945)">air raids on Hong Kong</a> for three years while the Royal Australian Navy lay mines nearby, but the city remained in Japanese hands until after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> in 1945. A group of cruisers led by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(08)" title="HMS Swiftsure (08)">HMS Swiftsure</a> arrived at Hong Kong on 30 August to retake it for Britain; the Japanese formally surrendered on 16 September.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary">Hungary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian Jewish women and children after their arrival at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> death camp, 1944</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> was a significant German ally. It signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> on 20 November 1940, and joined in the invasion of the Soviet Union the next year. When, in 1944, the government of Regent <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> wished to sign a ceasefire with the Allies, he was overthrown by the Nazis and replaced by a government run by the Hungarist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross</a> movement, which ruled the country until it was overrun by the Soviets in 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iceland">Iceland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Iceland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">Invasion of Iceland</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> was a free state at the outbreak of war in personal union with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">King of Denmark</a> acting as head of state. After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark (1940)</a>, Iceland lost all contact with the King. British forces invaded Iceland on 10 May 1940, to secure bases for themselves and to deny Germany the same option. A small armed force was present, but obeyed orders not to resist the British. The British proceeded to arrest a number of German nationals, including the German <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Gerlach (page does not exist)">Werner Gerlach</a>, and seize radio and telephone services. Iceland's government formally protested the occupation, but provided the British with de facto cooperation. During the height of the occupation, 25,000 British soldiers were stationed in Iceland, compared to roughly 40,000 inhabitants of Reykjavík. On 7 July 1941, control of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the USA. The U.S. was not yet at war, but Iceland needed to be denied to the Germans. Iceland experienced an economic boom during the occupation, since many Icelanders took jobs working for the foreigners, and some say that bretavinnan (roughly, the British Jobs) provided some of the successes of the post-war Icelandic economy. On 17 June 1944, with American encouragement, Iceland became a permanently independent republic, and it cut all ties with Denmark. Despite being occupied, Iceland remained officially neutral throughout the duration of the Second World War. Icelandic air bases such as at <a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk" title="Keflavík">Keflavík</a> were important to the Allied fight against the German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. With its small population, Iceland was in no position to raise any armed forces. The close cooperation between the Americans and the Icelanders led to Iceland's giving up neutrality and becoming a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) in 1949. Iceland has not had any armed forces (but see <a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a>), but its contribution was bases for its allies: the American Air Force Base and Naval Air Station at <a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk" title="Keflavík">Keflavík</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg/220px-Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg/330px-Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg/440px-Indian_women_labourers_at_a_base_in_Bengal_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Indian women labourers pass mechanics at an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Indian Air Force">RAF</a> base in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, 1944.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a> consisted of the present day territory of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> had become a separate colony in 1937, though unofficially the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a> was included. As part of the British Empire, India was covered by Britain's declaration of war. Two and a half million Indian soldiers fought under British command with the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force" title="Royal Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a>, forming the largest army raised by voluntary enlistment. Around 87,000 Indian members of the armed forces were killed in action,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and another 64,000 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Many Indian personnel received awards for gallantry, including 30 <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> during the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-khanbbc-132">[132]</a> The labour of millions more Indians contributed to the Allied war effort. Poor working conditions and accidents such as the <a href="/wiki/1944_Bombay_explosion" title="1944 Bombay explosion">1944 Bombay explosion</a> claimed many lives.<a href="#cite_note-khanbbc-132">[132]</a> Strategically, India provided the base for American operations in support of China in the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a>. Supplies flowed from India to China overland along the <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> and by air over <a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">the Hump</a>. Cities on India's eastern coast were menaced by Japanese air raids;<a href="#cite_note-khanbbc-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> for instance, was bombed several times.<a href="#cite_note-Randhawa-134">[134]</a> In 1944, Japanese forces <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">invaded eastern India</a>, suffering devastating losses from disease, malnutrition, and exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> An estimated 2.1–3 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died of starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Historians have frequently characterized the famine as "man-made", asserting that wartime colonial policies created and then exacerbated the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> While large sectors of Indian society lent their support to the war, including the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, Indians were far from unanimous in their support. The <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a> of 1942 failed to win support of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> for the war effort and future <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status. Instead, Congress, led by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, demanded independence in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>. In response, Gandhi and most of the Congress leadership were arrested. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> led a nationalist movement that sought to use World War II as an opportunity to fight the British. Bose's movement spawned a government in exile, called <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>, and military units that fought with the Axis: the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> in Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Andaman and Nicobar Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></div> On 23 March 1942, Japanese forces invaded the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. In December 1943, the Japanese-sponsored Free India Movement (<a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>) was formed. The Andaman Islands were renamed Shaheed Islands, and the Nicobars were renamed Swaraj Islands. Andaman & Nicobar Islanders fought alongside the Japanese during this time. The islands were not reoccupied by the British until 6 October 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indochina">Indochina</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Indochina">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vo_Nguyen_Giap,_Vietminh_forces,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg/220px-Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg/330px-Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg/440px-Vo_Nguyen_Giap%2C_Vietminh_forces%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> addresses <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> forces in the jungle, 1944.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, the colonial administration of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>) passed to <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. In September 1940 Japanese troops <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">entered parts of Indochina</a>; in July 1941 Japan occupied the entire territory. Thailand took this opportunity to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> between October 1940 and May 1941. Japan used Indochina to launch part of its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">invasion of Malaya</a>; this and attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and other British and American territories sparked the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, bringing World War II to Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> During the Japanese occupation, Indochinese communists established a base in <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Bằng Province">Cao Bằng Province</a>, but most of the resistance to Japan and Vichy France, including both communist and non-communist groups, remained based over the border in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. China released <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> from jail in 1941; with the aid of Western intelligence services, he revived the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> to fight the Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Patti-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> in 1944 ended the Vichy regime. The new <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, and its administration in Indochina began to give covert support to Allied operations in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Therefore, on 9 March 1945, Japan launched <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">a coup d'état to oust the French administration</a>. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos became nominally independent members of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>. In reality, the Japanese were in control of Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came in August. The general disorganization of Indochina, coupled with several natural disasters, led to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">Vietnamese Famine of 1945</a>. The Việt Minh staged the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> and issued a <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">proclamation of independence</a> at the war's end. The French <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">took back control</a> of the country in 1945–1946, but the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> that began that December would bring an end to French rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laos">Laos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Laos">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos#Laos_during_World_War_II" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate of Laos § Laos during World War II</a></div> In 1945 the Japanese occupied Vientiane in April. <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">King Sīsavāngvong</a> was allowed to keep his throne, but his son Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Savang_Vatthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Savang Vatthana">Savāngvatthanā</a> called on all Laotians to resist the occupiers. <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Prince Phetxarāt</a> opposed this position, and thought that Lao independence could be gained by siding with the Japanese, who made him Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng, though not of Laos as a whole. In practice the country was in chaos and Phetxarāt's government had no real authority. Another Lao group, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a> (Free Lao), received unofficial support from the Free Thai movement in the Isan region. Thailand re-annexed a small portion of Laos following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Thai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French–Thai War">French–Thai War</a> in 1941. The territories were only returned to French sovereignty in October 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran">Iran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg/220px-Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg/330px-Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg/440px-Soviet_and_British_infantrymen_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Soviet and British soldiers in Iran, following the Anglo-Soviet invasion, August 1941</figcaption></figure> During the start of the war the Allies demanded that <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> remove German nationals from their soil, fearing they might be <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> spies or harm the British-owned oil facilities, but <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> refused, stating that they had nothing to do with the Nazis. The Allies worried that Germany would look to neutral Iran for oil. Soon the Allies questioned themselves about Iranian neutrality and they gave Reza Shah a final warning to remove the German workers. He refused once again. In August 1941, the British and Soviet troops invaded Iran (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Countenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Countenance">Operation Countenance</a>) and, in September 1941, forced <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> to abdicate his throne. He was replaced by his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>, who was willing to enter the war on the side of the Allies. Iran became known as "The Bridge of Victory". Iran provided a 'blue water' supply route to the Soviet Union via the port of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a> and a specially constructed railway route. The supply routes were known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a>. Soviet political operatives known as "<a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprops</a>" infiltrated Iran and helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> in early 1942. In September 1943, Iran declared war on Germany, which qualified it for membership in the United Nations (UN). The Soviet Union fomented revolts among the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish peoples</a> in Iran and soon formed the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">People's Republic of Azerbaijan</a> in December 1945 and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish People's Republic</a> not long after. Both were run by Soviet-controlled leaders. Soviet troops remained in Iran, following the January 1946 expiration of a wartime treaty providing for the presence of American, British and Soviet troops.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq">Iraq</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq#Independent_Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History of Iraq § Independent Kingdom of Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg/220px-Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg/330px-Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg/440px-Heinkel_He_111_in_Syria_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Tail of a downed bomber with Iraqi and Nazi German markings, Syria, December 1941</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was important to Britain due to its position on a route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the strategic oil supplies that it provided. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, these were protected by a significant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniyah</a> and by maintaining sympathetic governments. Because of the United Kingdom's weakness early in the war, Iraq backed away from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iraq–United Kingdom relations">Anglo-Iraqi alliance</a>. When the British High Command requested to send reinforcements to Iraq, the country's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, allowed a small British force to land. Consequently, he was forced to resign after <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">a pro-Axis coup</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a> in April 1941. Later British requests to reinforce Iraq were denied by the new leadership. The new regime secretly began negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. The Germans and Italians responded quickly and sent military aid by <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> via Syria. Indian troops consequently invaded in late April 1941 and reached Baghdad and RAF Habbaniyah in May. The Iraqi army attacked Habbaniyah but quickly capitulated and Rashid Ali fled the country. The United Kingdom urged Iraq to declare war on the Axis in 1942. British forces remained to protect the vital oil supplies. Iraq declared war on the Axis powers in 1943 after cutting diplomatic ties. Germany initially refused to accept the declaration, as they still recognised Rashid Ali as the legitimate government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The Iraqi army played a role in protecting the logistic routes of the Allies, especially the military aids to the Soviet Union which used to arrive from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. British and Indian operations in Iraq should be viewed in conjunction with events in neighbouring Syria and Persia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency (Ireland)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Irish neutrality during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg/220px-Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg/330px-Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg/440px-Eire_sign_1950s-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>An "Eire" sign placed on the coast to warn aircraft that they were in the airspace of neutral Ireland</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> remained neutral throughout the war, the only member of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">the British Commonwealth</a> to do so. The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Powers_Act_1939" title="Emergency Powers Act 1939">Emergency Powers Act 1939</a> gave sweeping new powers to the government for the duration, including internment, censorship, and government control of the economy. Internment of both Axis and Allied military took place in separate sections of the same camp. <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Camp#Internment_of_belligerents" title="Curragh Camp">No.1</a> Internment camp, built by the British pre-1922, held <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republicans</a> who had a suspected link to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">IRA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Irish citizens were free to work abroad and join foreign militaries. By the end of the war, figures suggest that 70,000 men and women born in the State served in the British armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> although this estimate has risen considerably over the years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> One Irishman, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Finucane" title="Paddy Finucane">Paddy Finucane</a>, the youngest <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">wing commander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fighter_ace" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter ace">fighter ace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s history,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> before the age of 22 achieved one of the highest kill rates in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and in offensive operations over France.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some civilians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Bombing of Dublin in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Carlow" title="County Carlow">County Carlow</a> in apparently-accidental bombings by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The bombings have been cited as the result of either deliberate attacks, errors in navigation or British <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic countermeasures">electronic countermeasures</a> against the Luftwaffe. It was established much later that the Luftwaffe bombed Dublin's North Strand district as part of Operation Roman Helmet, an operation carried out in retribution for Ireland's breaches of neutrality which included Eamon DeValera's decision to send fire engines across the border to assist in fighting fires in the Belfast blitz.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In June 1940 British Major General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> was tasked to make plans to invade Ireland in order to seize<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Cork and Cobh. Winston Churchill also made plans to invade to take the three former <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Ports_(Ireland)" title="Treaty Ports (Ireland)">Treaty Ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The decision to go ahead with the <a href="/wiki/D-day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-day">D-day</a> landings was decided by an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> weather report from <a href="/wiki/Blacksod_Lighthouse" title="Blacksod Lighthouse">Blacksod Lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a> Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32,_Korfu,_italienische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans on <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Acqui_Division" title="Massacre of the Acqui Division">Massacre of the Acqui Division</a>, September 1943</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> had completed conquests (<a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Albania</a>) prior to its entry into World War II. After the initially successful campaigns of Nazi Germany, Italy joined in the war in June 1940, planning to get a share of Allied territory with the defeat of France. The Italians <a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">bombed Mandatory Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">invaded Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">occupied British Somaliland</a> with initial success. A friendly Fascist regime had been <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War">installed in</a> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">puppet regime</a> installed in Croatia following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, coastal Dalmatia, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> had been directly annexed into the Italian state. Most of Greece had been occupied by Italy (despite initial defeat), as had the French territories of Corsica and Tunisia following Vichy France's collapse and <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a>. However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa and Eastern Front, the Allies started to invade Italy in the summer of 1943 and Mussolini's government collapsed. The new royal government of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> signed an armistice with the allies, but most of the country was quickly occupied by the Germans, who established a puppet government under Mussolini in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%B2" title="Salò">Salò</a> Republic, from its headquarters). Badoglio and King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> escaped to Brindisi without giving any order to the army, which was left in chaos and without leadership: some divisions surrendered to the Germans, others fought back on their own. The royal government remained in control of the south and declared war on Germany; the military forces it still controlled joined the Allies in a position of <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerence</a>. It was eventually re-established as the government of all of Italy shortly before the end of the war in the spring of 1945, when <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">partisan</a> uprisings liberated northern Italy. Italy would become a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> after the war, but lost the region of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> to Yugoslavia, and all its colonies excluding <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_East_Africa">Italian East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Italian East Africa">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg/220px-Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg/330px-Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg/440px-Guillet_-_Squadroni_Amhara_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Italian Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Guillet" title="Amedeo Guillet">Amedeo Guillet</a>, a Libyan <a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Spahi</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Gruppo Bande Amhara</a>, 1940.<a href="#cite_note-152">[nb 1]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had formed <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> in 1936 by merging <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">recently conquered</a> Ethiopia with the older colonies of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, which made Italian military forces in East Africa a danger to the bordering British and French colonies. The <a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a> (Italian General Staff) had planned for a war after 1942; in the summer of 1940 Italy was not ready for a long war or for the occupation of large areas of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> began on 13 June 1940 with an Italian air raid on a British air base at <a href="/wiki/Wajir" title="Wajir">Wajir</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">Kenya</a>. To mount their counterattack, the Allies assembled a largely multi-African force that included Ethiopians, Eritreans, soldiers from Britain's African colonies and from India, and soldiers of the Congolese <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> fighting for <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_forces" title="Free Belgian forces">Free Belgium</a>. The campaign continued until Italian forces had been pushed back from Kenya and Sudan, through Somaliland, Eritrea and Ethiopia in 1940 and early 1941. The bulk of the Italian forces still in the colony surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gondar" title="Battle of Gondar">Battle of Gondar</a> in November 1941, but small groups kept fighting a <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> in September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The East African campaign was the first Allied strategic victory in the war. After the campaign, the victorious Allies dismantled Italian East Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement">Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement</a> restored <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> to the Ethiopian throne (see the section on <a href="#Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>). Somaliland and Eritrea were placed under British military administration. In 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland under close supervision, on condition that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> In 1950 Eritrea was ceded to Ethiopia. Both British and Italian Somaliland became independent in 1960 soon after united as the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Jamaica">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg/220px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg/330px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg/440px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-b01_by_Besho_Yahachirou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Bombing of Tokyo</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in the Pacific Theatre. Some scholars consider the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, which began when Japan invaded China after the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge incident</a> in 1937, to be the true beginning of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> This conflict merged with the world war following Japan's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941, which was immediately followed by a series of coordinated attacks on the U.S.-held <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>; on the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colonies of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Outbreak_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; and on the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Kingdom of Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> During 1942 Japan launched offensives in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War#Japanese_expansion" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Pacific Theatres</a> of the war. By late 1942 Japan was on the defensive as the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> reversed its earlier gains. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> by the United States convinced the Japanese government to <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender unconditionally on September 2, 1945</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Many political and military leaders from Japan were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">convicted for war crimes</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo tribunal">Tokyo tribunal</a> and other Allied tribunals in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenya">Kenya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAR_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KAR_Kenya.jpg/220px-KAR_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KAR_Kenya.jpg/330px-KAR_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/KAR_Kenya.jpg/440px-KAR_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>KAR soldiers train in Kenya, 1944.</figcaption></figure> During the war, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> was one of the most important conscription grounds for the British Army in Africa. During the course of the war, 98,240 Kenyans were enlisted as <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askaris</a> into the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR), representing 30% of the unit's total strength.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The soldiers from Kenya, of whom most were conscripted,<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> were overwhelmingly African, and the policy of racial segregation in the British Army meant that they were commanded by white officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-Commissioned_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Commissioned Officers">NCOs</a>. Blacks were not able to rise above the rank of <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer">Warrant Officer</a>. Kenyan soldiers served in the successful <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> against the Italians, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invasion of Vichy-held Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese</a>, alongside troops from west Africa. Individual Kenyans also served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. Fighting occurred in northern Kenya as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Southern_front,_1940" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Southern Front</a> of the East African campaign. In July 1940, Italian forces advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Buna,_Kenya" title="Buna, Kenya">Buna</a>, about 100 km south of the border with Ethiopia. By early 1941, the Italians had withdrawn to the border. In January and February 1941, British forces launched <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Southern_Ethiopia" title="East African campaign (World War II)">an offensive across the border</a> into southern Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea">Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Korean women are putting comfort articles into comfort bags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg/220px-Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg/330px-Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg/440px-Korean_women_packing_comfort_bags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Korean women pack <a href="/wiki/Comfort_bag" title="Comfort bag">comfort bags</a> to send to Korean soldiers serving in the Japanese military.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was under <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japan's 50-year imperialist expansion</a> (22 August 1910 to 15 August 1945). During World War II more than 100,000<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Koreans were mandatorily drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Independence movements during the colonial era included the <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a>. Koreans created an official, formal government to prepare for independence. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of Republic of Korea</a> was established in 1919. It created the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a> (KLA) on September 17, 1940, and declared war against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> on December 10, 1941. The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle, a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region (<a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>), on August 18, 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes, submarines, and airborne troops during the operation. However, the plan failed due to the early <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on August 15, 1945. The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States military government in Korea after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> was established on August 15, 1948, and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially. Formally, Japanese rule ended on 2 September 1945 upon the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese defeat in World War II</a> in 1945. Postwar Korea was jointly occupied by Soviet and American forces, with political disagreements leading to the separation of the peninsula into two independent nations. This eventually escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latvia">Latvia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Military history of Latvia during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438,_Lettland,_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-054438%2C_Lettland%2C_Baltenumsiedlung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Latvian officials check items belonging to <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> emigrants during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi–Soviet population transfers">Nazi–Soviet population transfers</a>, 1939.</figcaption></figure> When the war began on September 1, 1939, Latvia declared its neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> After the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> was compelled by a Soviet ultimatum to accept Red Army garrisons on its territory in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> On 16 June 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding that government be replaced and that unlimited number of Soviet troops be admitted.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The government acceded to the demands, and Soviet troops <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">occupied the country</a> on June 17. On August 5, 1940, Latvia was <a href="/wiki/Annexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexed">annexed</a> into the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. The following year, USSR security agencies "<a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietized</a>" Latvia, resulting in the deaths of between 35,000 and 50,000 residents of Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-170">[nb 2]</a> The legality of the annexation was not recognised by most Western countries and the <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">Baltic states continued to exist</a> as formally independent nations until 1991. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German-Soviet hostilities</a>, Soviet forces were quickly driven out by German forces. Initially, the German forces were almost universally hailed as liberators, but <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Nazi occupation policies</a> gradually changed that. Riga was retaken by Soviet forces on 13 October 1944, and a major part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_Group_North" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army Group North">German Army Group North</a> (Heersgruppe Nord) was cut off in <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Kurzeme</a>, the peninsula that forms the northwestern part of Latvia. There, they and locally raised Latvian units formed the "<a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Kurland Fortress</a>", which successfully held out until the end of the war in May 1945. The first <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Police Battalions">Latvian Police Battalions</a> were formed in early 1943, and the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Waffen_SS_Volunteer_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Waffen SS Volunteer Legion">Latvian Waffen SS Volunteer Legion</a> on 16 March 1943. The German Occupation Government soon resorted to conscription, and Latvia became one of two countries (the other was <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>) from where the Waffen SS soldiers were draftees. By 1 July 1944, more than 110,000 men were under arms in German-controlled units. The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Legion" title="Latvian Legion">Latvian Legion</a> consisted of 87,550 men, of them 31,446 serving in the <a href="/wiki/15th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Latvian)" title="15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)">15th</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Latvian)" title="19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)">19th</a> Waffen-Grenadier Divisions, 12,118 served in Border Guard regiments, 42,386 in various Police Forces, and 1,600 in other units. 22,744 men served in units outside the Legion such as Wehrmacht Auxiliaries and as <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">Luftwaffenhelfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Approximately 70,000 Latvians (both from Latvia and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) were recruited, mostly through conscription, into national units in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen_Soviet_Divisions" title="Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions">Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions</a>). Also, a <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Mercantile_Marine_during_World_War_II" title="Latvian Mercantile Marine during World War II">small fleet of Latvian ships</a>, which did not return to their home country after the start of the Soviet occupation, became a part of the Allied merchant marine while flying the Latvian flag.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Some Latvian personnel took an <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">active part during the Holocaust</a>, working as part of both the Soviet and the Nazi occupation governments.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Attempts were made by various movements to restore an independent and democratic Latvia with ties to the Western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Central_Council" title="Latvian Central Council">Latvian Central Council</a>, but these efforts were thwarted by Nazi and Soviet regimes. At the end of the war, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> armed insurrection against the Soviet authorities lasted in the Baltic states until the mid-1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Independence_Day" title="Lebanese Independence Day">Lebanese Independence Day</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History of Lebanon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">under French rule</a>, was controlled by the Vichy government after the fall of the French Third Republic. Most Lebanese people did not tolerate the Vichy government and the way it ruled, many Lebanese would mock and criticize the French soldiers for becoming <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s ally. Lebanon was invaded and occupied by Allied forces from Palestine during the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> declared Lebanon independent on 22 November 1943. In 1945, Lebanon declared war on Germany and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberia">Liberia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Liberia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> granted Allied forces access to its territory early in the war. It was used as a transit point for troops and resources bound for North Africa, particularly war supplies flown from <a href="/wiki/Parnamirim" title="Parnamirim">Parnamirim</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Perhaps more importantly, it served as one of the Allies' only sources of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> during the war when the plantations of Southeast Asia had been taken over by the Japanese. The importance of this resource led to significant improvement of Liberia's transport infrastructure and a modernisation of its economy. Liberia's strategic significance was emphasised when <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, after attending the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>, visited Liberia and met President <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Barclay" title="Edwin Barclay">Edwin Barclay</a>. Despite its assistance to the Allies, Liberia was reluctant to end its official neutrality and did not declare war on Germany until 27 January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libya">Libya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg/220px-Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg/330px-Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg/440px-Jewish_Holocaust_survivors_return_to_Libya_from_Concentration_Camp_Bergen-Belsen_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Libyan Jewish survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a> return home, 1945.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libya_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in World War II">Libya in World War II</a></div> The coastal parts of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> became an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> under a law of 9 January 1939, and Libya came to be called "the Fourth Shore of Italy" (Quarta Sponda).<a href="#cite_note-rodogno-174">[172]</a> Libyans were given "Special <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italian Citizenship</a>" that was only valid within Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Jon_Wright_P._165-175">[173]</a> Libyans were allowed join the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>. This allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army: the <a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_Sibille" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Libyan Division Sibille">1st Sibille</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_Pescatori" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Libyan Division Pescatori">2nd Pescatori</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The units had Italian officers with Libyan NCOs and soldiers. The Libyan divisions were loyal to Italy and performed well in combat.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Squadrons of Libyan <a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Spahis</a> served as light cavalry. These measures reduced the appeal of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_resistance_movement" title="Libyan resistance movement">Libyan resistance movement</a> and kept it mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, and even there it remained weak before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> troops in the area. Beginning in the late 1930s, Libyan Jews faced the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Libya_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Libya during the Holocaust">the Holocaust in Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Libya saw some of the fiercest fighting of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>. At the start of the war, Italy aimed to extend Libya's borders to the south and annex a land bridge connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stegemann-179">[177]</a> In September 1940, Italy launched the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">invasion of Egypt</a>. That December, the British counterattacked with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, which pushed Italian forces back over the border, occupied all of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, and captured most of the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">Tenth Army</a>. With German support, this territory was regained during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a>, though the Allies successfully lifted the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> in 1942 finally drove the Allies from Tobruk and back into Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in Egypt spelled doom for the Axis forces in Libya and the end of the Western Desert campaign. In February 1943, retreating German and Italian forces abandoned Libya and withdrew to Tunisia, permanently ending Italian rule. The Free French occupied <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> in 1943. At the close of World War II, Britain and France collaborated with local resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied administration of Libya</a>. In 1951, the Allies ceded power to <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a>, now king of an independent Libya.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein § World War II</a></div> After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> concluded a customs and monetary agreement with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and entrusted its larger neighbor with its external relations. Following the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of March 1938, <a href="/wiki/Franz_I,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince Franz</a> abdicated in favor of his third cousin, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Franz Joseph II</a>. Franz's wife <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Gutmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth von Gutmann">Elisabeth von Gutmann</a> was Jewish, and it was worried that her ancestry could provoke Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>, the vast lands that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">House of Liechtenstein</a> owned there were confiscated, forcing Prince Franz Joseph to move to Liechtenstein itself, the first prince to take up residence within the principality.<a href="#cite_note-Minorsights-182">[180]</a> When war broke out, Franz Joseph kept the principality out of the war and relied upon its close ties to Switzerland for its protection.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Li-183">[181]</a> The neutrality of the country itself was never violated, but the House of Liechtenstein never recovered its landholdings outside the principality, including its former seat in <a href="/wiki/Lednice%E2%80%93Valtice_Cultural_Landscape" title="Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape">Lednice–Valtice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minorsights-182">[180]</a> The country took in some 400 Jewish refugees from occupied Europe and granted citizenship to some others, mostly people of means who were able to pay.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Li-183">[181]</a> Jewish laborers at a concentration camp in <a href="/wiki/Strasshof_an_der_Nordbahn" title="Strasshof an der Nordbahn">Strasshof</a> were hired out to work on estates belonging to the princely family.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Li-183">[181]</a> In 1945 Liechtenstein gave asylum to nearly 500 Russians of the pro-Axis <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_National_Army" title="First Russian National Army">First Russian National Army</a>. It refused Soviet demands to repatriate them, and most eventually resettled in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The National Socialist "<a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a>" was active but small. It called for unification with Germany and the expulsion of Liechtenstein's Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Liechtenstein_National_Archives-185">[183]</a> In March 1939, the party <a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_putsch" title="1939 Liechtenstein putsch">attempted a coup</a> that ended in total failure, its leaders having fled or been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Liechtenstein_National_Archives-185">[183]</a> The organization was formed anew in 1940 but did not gain any power. Its publication <a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Umbruch</a> was banned in 1943 and its leader was convicted of high treason after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Liechtenstein_National_Archives-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">German occupation of Lithuania during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427,_Litauen,_brennende_Synagoge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19427%2C_Litauen%2C_brennende_Synagoge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers and Lithuanians watch the burning of a synagogue, 9 July 1941.</figcaption></figure> As a result of <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lithuania_by_Soviet_Union_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Lithuania by Soviet Union 1940">occupied by the Red Army and forcibly annexed</a> into the Soviet Union along with <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, with no military resistance. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The legality of the annexation was not recognised by most Western countries and the <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">Baltic states continued to exist</a> as formally independent nations until 1991. Some Lithuanians sided with Germany after Hitler eventually invaded the Soviet Union in the hopes of restoring Lithuania's independence. Some collaborators were <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">involved in the Holocaust</a> and other crimes against humanity. A Lithuanian division (the <a href="/wiki/16th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">16th Rifle Division</a>) and other units (<a href="/wiki/29th_Rifle_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Rifle Corps (Soviet Union)">29th Rifle Corps</a>) were formed in the Red Army. Unlike in Latvia, an attempt by the German authorities to form a 'Lithuanian Legion' failed, with the most notable unit formed being the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a>. At the end of the war, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> armed insurrection against the Soviet authorities started, which lasted in the Baltic states until the mid-1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg/220px-Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg/330px-Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg/440px-Luxemburger_du_bist_Deutch-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3788" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster during the occupation: "Luxembourger, you are German, your mother tongue is German!"</figcaption></figure> When Germany invaded France by way of the Low Countries in the spring of 1940, it also <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Luxembourg">invaded Luxembourg</a>, despite its neutrality. The country was occupied quickly: the government made an attempt to slow the advancing German forces, but local forces put up little resistance and surrendered before the end of the first day.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">German occupation</a>, the administration was led by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Simon" title="Gustav Simon">Gustav Simon</a>, who pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> and carried out <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">the Holocaust in Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In August 1942, Germany fully annexed Luxembourg and attached it to <a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Gau Moselland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_government_in_exile" title="Luxembourg government in exile">exiled Luxembourgish government</a> meanwhile fled to France and then Portugal before establishing itself in London for the remainder of the war, while <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Grand Duchess Charlotte</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The exiled government committed its very limited resources to the Allied war effort, signing the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>. It also formed the agreement that created the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> customs union with the exiled governments of Belgium and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourgers collaborated with Nazi Germany</a> or were drafted into the German armed forces. A total of 12,000 Luxembourgers served in the German military, of whom nearly 3,000 died during the war.<a href="#cite_note-AEL1-191">[189]</a> Others joined the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg Resistance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1942_Luxembourgish_general_strike" title="1942 Luxembourgish general strike">general strike of 1942</a> was an act of passive resistance that mobilized a large portion of the population and led to the execution of 21 leaders.<a href="#cite_note-AEL1-191">[189]</a> American forces liberated the capital in September 1944, but the country continued to see combat. Luxembourg Resistance fought German forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vianden" title="Battle of Vianden">Battle of Vianden</a> in November, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> was fought in the country between December and January.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Madagascar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg/220px-Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg/330px-Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg/440px-Westland_Lysander_-_Madagascar_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a> aircraft fly over Madagascar in 1942.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a> played an important role in the war due to the presence of critically important harbors and the contribution of Malagasy troops. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> in 1940, Madagascar became a crucial flashpoint in the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. The island was consequential in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Theater of World War II">Pacific theater</a> of the war as <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese naval forces</a> operated unopposed off the island for some time. Madagascar was also briefly considered as the solution to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a> by the government of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> who floated the idea of deporting Europe's Jewish population to the island in 1940. This scheme, the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a>, never came to fruition for a variety of reasons. In May 1942, the British and several other Allied forces launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invasion of Madagascar</a>, seeking to protect its position as a link in Allied shipping and deny its use to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. The northern naval base at <a href="/wiki/Antsiranana" title="Antsiranana">Diego Suarez</a> quickly surrendered. That September, newly arrived troops from East Africa, South Africa, and Northern Rhodesia launched an offensive to capture the rest of the island. British forces took the capital <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Tananarive</a> in late September; on 8 November, the last Vichy forces surrendered. The British handed the island over to Free France in 1943, under whose control it remained for the rest of the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaya">Malaya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Malaya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a></div> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> was under British rule before the war began. It was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">occupied by Japan</a> in 1942 through 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> became the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British Forces in Malaya fled to <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, where they would eventually be defeated. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration of Malaya</a> took over the country. The 4 Malay states of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu were annexed by Thailand, which was under a Fascist Regime and aligned to the Axis Powers. These territories were gifted by Japan, as they had occupied Malaya almost 2 years prior. All 4 states were given back to Malaya after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese Surrender</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maldives">Maldives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Maldives">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> were a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protected state</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sultans of the Maldives">a succession of sultans</a>. The islands were only lightly affected by the war. Britain built <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gan" title="RAF Gan">RAF Gan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Addu_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Addu Atoll">Addu Atoll</a> at the southern end of the country, which was later redeveloped as <a href="/wiki/Gan_International_Airport" title="Gan International Airport">Gan International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_February_1941" title="Action of 27 February 1941">Action of 27 February 1941</a> occurred near the Maldives. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_I" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb I">Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb I</a> had escaped the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Flotilla" title="Red Sea Flotilla">Red Sea Flotilla</a> and sailed for Japanese-controlled territory. <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Leander" title="HMNZS Leander">HMNZS Leander</a> engaged and sank Ramb I; most of the crew were rescued and taken to <a href="/wiki/Gan_(Addu_Atoll)" title="Gan (Addu Atoll)">Gan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The RAF forces created "Port T". The <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldive Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and other naval bases and areas in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> were victims to the Easter Sunday Raids of 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> were also a victim to massive resource shortages, notably economy and food-wise. Most food was imported into the country by boat during the war, and the nation relied on local fishing in the islands. This was commonly known as the great famine in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malta">Malta</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Ohio_supported.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SS-Ohio_supported.jpg/220px-SS-Ohio_supported.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SS-Ohio_supported.jpg/330px-SS-Ohio_supported.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SS-Ohio_supported.jpg/440px-SS-Ohio_supported.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The tanker <a href="/wiki/SS_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Ohio">Ohio</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbour" title="Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a> after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a>, 15 August 1942.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British colony</a> during World War II. The Legislative Council of Malta reaffirmed the people's loyalty to Britain on 6 September 1939. Between June 1940 and December 1942, Malta became the besieged and battered arena for one of the most decisive struggles of World War II. Malta was the most bombed place in the war and was crucial to Allied efforts to thwart Axis maneuvers in Africa. Britain awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> to the island of Malta in a letter dated 15 April 1942, from <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> to Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Dobbie" title="William Dobbie">William Dobbie</a>: "To honour her brave people, I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history".<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The fortitude of the population under sustained air raids and a naval blockade, which almost saw them starved into submission, won widespread admiration, with some historians dubbing it "the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>". The George Cross is woven into the modern <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malta" title="Flag of Malta">Flag of Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Manchukuo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showa_Steel_Works.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/220px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/330px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Showa_Steel_Works.JPG/440px-Showa_Steel_Works.JPG 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Showa_Steel_Works" title="Showa Steel Works">Showa Steel Works</a> produced millions of tonnes of steel for the Japanese war effort.</figcaption></figure> Established in 1931 as a puppet state of Japan, the Empire of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Pu_Yi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu Yi">Pu Yi</a>, the last Emperor of China, who reigned as Emperor Kang De. The state remained a loyal ally to Japan until 1945. In 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and Manchukuo was subsequently invaded and abolished. The former puppet state was subsequently returned to China. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius#British_rule_(1810–1968)" title="History of Mauritius">History of Mauritius § British rule (1810–1968)</a></div> During the Second World War, the Mauritius Territorial Force was expanded to two battalions and renamed the Mauritius Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The 1st Battalion went to <a href="/wiki/Antsiranana" title="Antsiranana">Diego Suarez</a>, Madagascar, in December 1943 to relieve imperial forces who had captured the island in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a>. Shortly after landing, the battalion mutinied due to poor conditions and because they had been told they would not leave Mauritius. Disarmed by the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a>, 300 soldiers were arrested, but only 6 remained imprisoned by 1946.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Mauritius also had a home guard formation, the Mauritius Defence Force of 2,000 men, and a naval Coastal Defence Force.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Mengjiang">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></div> Mengjiang was established in Inner Mongolia as a puppet state of Japan, and contributed <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">troops</a> which fought alongside the Japanese in China. It ceased to exist following the Soviet invasion in 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BraceroProgram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg/220px-BraceroProgram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg/330px-BraceroProgram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/BraceroProgram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The first Braceros arrive in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> Mexico entered World War II in response to German attacks on Mexican ships. The <a href="/wiki/SS_Potrero_del_Llano" title="SS Potrero del Llano">Potrero del Llano</a>, originally an Italian tanker, had been seized in port by the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> government in April 1941 and renamed in honor of a region in Veracruz. It was attacked and crippled by the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-564" title="German submarine U-564">German submarine U-564</a> on 13 May 1942. The attack killed 13 of 35 crewmen.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> On 20 May 1942, a second tanker, <a href="/wiki/Faja_de_Oro" class="mw-redirect" title="Faja de Oro">Faja de Oro</a>, also a seized Italian ship, was attacked and sunk by the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-160_(1941)" title="German submarine U-160 (1941)">German submarine U-160</a>, killing 10 of 37 crewmen. In response, President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> and the Mexican government declared war on the Axis powers on 22 May 1942. A large part of Mexico's contribution to the war came through an agreement January 1942 that allowed Mexican nationals living in the United States to join the American armed forces. As many as 250,000 Mexicans served in this way.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In the final year of the war, Mexico sent one air squadron to serve under the Mexican flag: the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force" title="Mexican Air Force">Mexican Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_201" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuadrón 201">Escuadrón Aéreo de Pelea 201</a> (201st Fighter Squadron), which saw combat in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in the war against <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In addition to those in the armed forces, tens of thousands of Mexican men were hired as farm workers in the United States during the war years through the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a>, which continued and expanded in the decades after the war.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> World War II helped spark an era of rapid industrialization known as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Miracle">Mexican Miracle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Mexico supplied the United States with more strategic raw materials than any other country, and American aid spurred the growth of industry.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> President Ávila was able to use the increased revenue to improve the country's credit, invest in infrastructure, subsidize food, and raise wages.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monaco">Monaco</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Monaco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II</a></div> While <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Louis II, Prince of Monaco">Prince Louis II</a>'s sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> neutral during World War II, and he supported the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> government of his old army colleague, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>. In 1943, the Italian army invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist government administration. Shortly thereafter, following Mussolini's collapse in Italy, the German army occupied Monaco and began the deportation of the Jewish population. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="René Blum (ballet)">René Blum</a>, founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballet_de_l%27Opera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballet de l'Opera (page does not exist)">Ballet de l'Opera</a>, who died in a Nazi extermination camp.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> In August 1944, the Germans executed three Resistance leaders. Under Prince Louis's secret orders, the Monaco police, often at great risk to themselves, warned in advance those people whom the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> planned to arrest.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The country was liberated, as German troops retreated, on 3 September 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Mongolia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/220px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/330px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/440px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Army" title="Mongolian People's Army">Mongolian People's Army</a> soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkhin Gol</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> During the war, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>—officially the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>—was ruled by the communist government of <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> and was closely linked to the Soviet Union. Mongolia was considered a breakaway province of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> by most nations. In August 1937, as part of their effort to support China, the Soviets decided to station troops along Mongolia's southern and southeastern frontiers. The arrival of the Soviet army coincided with <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia" title="Stalinist repressions in Mongolia">a series of intensified terrors and purges</a> (the "Great Terror").<a href="#cite_note-Batbayar-209">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> of 13 April 1941 recognized the neutrality of Mongolia and its place with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. Its geographical situation made it a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between Japanese forces and the Soviet Union. In addition to keeping around 10% of the population under arms, Mongolia provided supplies and raw materials to the Soviet military and financed several units, and half million military trained horses. Mongolian troops took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a> in the summer of 1939 and in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> in August 1945, both times as small part in Soviet-led operations. On 10 August 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Khural" title="Little Khural">Little Khural</a>, the Mongolian parliament, issued a formal <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> For Mongolia, the most important result of World War II was the recognition of its independence by China, American consent having been given with the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta agreement">Yalta agreement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morocco">Morocco</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Morocco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">History of Morocco § Opposition to European control</a></div> Most of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of France during World War II, and entered on France's side at the beginning. When France was defeated, Morocco came under the control of the Vichy regime, and therefore was nominally on the side of the Axis powers, although an active resistance movement operated. In November 1942, it was invaded by the Allies as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. From that point, Moroccan forces (especially the <a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumier</a>'s) fought on the side of the Allies. A small area in northern Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, was a Spanish protectorate and remained neutral throughout the war, as did the international city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nauru">Nauru</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Nauru">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">History of Nauru § World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> was administered by Australia under a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Nauru was shelled by a German surface <a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">raider</a> in December 1940, aiming to incapacitate its <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mining operations (this action was probably the most distant military activity carried out by Germany during the entire war). Phosphates are important for making <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nauru was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945, and was the target of shelling by American battleships and cruisers, and aerial bombing by the Allies. For example, Nauru was bombarded by the American battleships <a href="/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_(BB-55)" title="USS North Carolina (BB-55)">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_South_Dakota_(BB-57)" title="USS South Dakota (BB-57)">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-58)" title="USS Indiana (BB-58)">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-59)" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-59)">Massachusetts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">Alabama</a>, on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">Washington</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nepal">Nepal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal in World War II</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> declared war on Germany on September 4, 1939. Once Japan entered the conflict, sixteen battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Nepalese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Nepalese Army">Royal Nepalese Army</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. In addition to military support, Nepal contributed guns, equipment, and hundreds of thousands of pounds of tea, sugar and raw materials such as timber to the Allied war effort. Besides RNA troops, Nepalese fought in the British Indian <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> units and were engaged in combat all over the world. A total of 250,280<a href="#cite_note-Cross32-211">[209]</a> Gurkhas served in 40 battalions during the war,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> in almost all theatres. In addition to keeping peace in India, Gurkhas fought in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and against the Japanese in <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">northeast India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> They did so with considerable distinction, earning 2,734 bravery awards<a href="#cite_note-Cross32-211">[209]</a> and suffering around 32,000 casualties in all theatres.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> After the war, Gurkha troops formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation force in Japan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Military history of the Netherlands during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herdenking_februaristaking_1941,_overzicht,_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg/220px-Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg/330px-Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg/440px-Herdenking_februaristaking_1941%2C_overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-8411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2567" /></a><figcaption>Dutch citizens gather in Amsterdam during the <a href="/wiki/February_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="February Strike">February Strike</a> in protest of the deportation of Jews, 1941.</figcaption></figure> Like the Belgians, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a> were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a>. Until their liberation in 1945, the Dutch fought alongside the Allies around the globe, from the battles in the Pacific to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. On the islands of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (Netherlands West Indies) a large oil refinery was of major importance for the war effort in Europe, especially after D-day. As a protection, a considerable U.S. military force was stationed on the island. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Military history of New Zealand during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG/220px-486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG/330px-486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG/440px-486_Squadron_RNZAF_Wittering_1942.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">Night fighter</a> pilots of <a href="/wiki/No._486_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 486 Squadron RNZAF">No. 486 Squadron RNZAF</a>, England, 1942</figcaption></figure> New Zealand declared war on 3 September 1939, backdating the date to the time of Britain's declaration. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future, we range ourselves without fear beside Britain. Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand. We are only a small and young nation, but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></blockquote> New Zealand sent one Army division that served in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and it offered a fair number of pilots and aircrew to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in England. <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> (RNZN) warships fought in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a>, including in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of Rio de la Plata</a> in 1939, before being called back to defend the homeland. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] New Zealand fought in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> through warships of the Royal New Zealand Navy, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> (RNZAF), and independent army brigades, such as on <a href="/wiki/Vella_Lavella" title="Vella Lavella">Vella Lavella</a>. While New Zealand's home islands were not attacked, the casualty rate suffered by the military was the worst per capita of all Commonwealth nations, except for Great Britain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theater</a>, the RNZAF participated in a unique force, <a href="/wiki/AirSols" title="AirSols">AirSols</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, consisting of squadrons from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a>, and RNZAF, with occasional help from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Newfoundland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Military history of Newfoundland during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg/220px-Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg/330px-Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg/440px-Newfoundlanders_loading_6_inch_gun_UK_WWII_IWM_D_8883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Newfoundlanders of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> load a gun while training in England, 1942.</figcaption></figure> During World War II the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> was governed directly by the United Kingdom. It joined the war on 4 September 1939, declaring war on Germany. The defenses of Newfoundland, and the Newfoundland Home Guard forces were integrated with the Canadian military, and both governments agreed to form a joint <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defense_and_fortification" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal defense and fortification">coastal defense</a> organization. As part of the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a>, the United States was granted Air Force and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> bases on Newfoundland's territory. The influx of American money and personnel had significant social, economic, and political effects on the island.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Newfoundlanders were encouraged to enlist in the large armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Over 3,200 Newfoundlanders enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. On 14 September 1939, The Royal Navy requested 625 experienced fishermen or seamen for special service in the Northern Patrol, guarding the Atlantic shipping lanes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> raised the <a href="/wiki/166th_(Newfoundland)_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="166th (Newfoundland) Field Artillery Regiment">166th Newfoundland Field Artillery Regiment</a>, which fought in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/59th_(Newfoundland)_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment" title="59th (Newfoundland) Heavy Artillery Regiment">59th Newfoundland Heavy Artillery</a>, which fought in Normandy and northwestern Europe. Another 700 Newfoundlanders served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, most notably with the <a href="/wiki/No._125_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 125 Squadron RAF">125th Newfoundland Squadron</a>. In all, some 15,000 Newfoundlanders saw active service, and thousands more were engaged in the hazardous duty of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a>. Some 900 Newfoundlanders (including at least 257 Merchant Mariners) lost their lives in the conflict. Newfoundland was directly attacked by German forces when U-boats attacked four Allied ore carriers and the loading pier at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a> S.S. Saganaga and S.S. Lord Strathcona were sunk by the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-513" title="German submarine U-513">German submarine U-513</a> on 5 September 1942, and the S.S. Rosecastle and P.L.M. 27 were sunk by the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-518" title="German submarine U-518">German submarine U-518</a> on 2 November 1942. German troops were landed in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> to establish weather stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Nicaragua">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#The_Somoza_Dynasty_(1936–1979)" title="History of Nicaragua">History of Nicaragua § The Somoza Dynasty (1936–1979)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> During the war, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a>, who had assumed the presidency after a military coup in 1937. Somoza was an ally of the United States, and Nicaragua declared war on Japan immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Three days later, on 11 December, Nicaragua declared war on Germany and Italy, and, on 19 December, on Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. Out of these six <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day (19 December 1941).<a href="#cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_2005,_p._218-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria#Second_World_War" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria § Second World War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_African_Casualties_in_Burma,_August_1944_K7403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg/220px-West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg/330px-West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg/440px-West_African_Casualties_in_Burma%2C_August_1944_K7403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Doctors tend to a wounded soldier of the <a href="/wiki/81st_(West_Africa)_Division" title="81st (West Africa) Division">81st West Africa Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kaladan_River" title="Kaladan River">Kaladan Valley</a>, Burma, 1944.</figcaption></figure> During World War II, three battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Regiment" title="Nigeria Regiment">Nigeria Regiment</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa campaign</a>. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Command" title="Palestine Command">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a>. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. Inside Nigeria, union membership increased sixfold during the war to 30,000. This rapid growth of organised labour brought new political forces into play. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Macaulay" title="Herbert Macaulay">Herbert Macaulay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons</a>, a nationalist and pro-labour political party advocating Nigerian independence.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Rhodesia_(Zambia)">Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia#Constitutional_developments_and_World_War" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia § Constitutional developments and World War</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>) was a British colony. As such, it was covered by the British declaration of war. Northern Rhodesian units served in <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a>, Madagascar and Burma.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norway">Norway</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortraship" title="Nortraship">Nortraship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norskeflyktninger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Norskeflyktninger.jpg/220px-Norskeflyktninger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Norskeflyktninger.jpg/330px-Norskeflyktninger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Norskeflyktninger.jpg/440px-Norskeflyktninger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian refugees cross the border into Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> was strategically important as a route for the transport of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> from Sweden to Germany, via <a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a>. Both sides had designs on Scandinavia. Norwegian neutrality was compromised in the <a href="/wiki/Altmark_incident" title="Altmark incident">Altmark incident</a>. Norway remained neutral until it was invaded by Germany on 9 April 1940, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a>. The Norwegian government fled the capital and after <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">two months of fighting</a> went to Britain and continued the fight in exile. The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (<a href="/wiki/Nortraship" title="Nortraship">Nortraship</a>) was established in London in April 1940 to administer the merchant fleet outside German-controlled areas. Nortraship operated some 1,000 vessels and was the largest shipping company in the world. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> politician, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker,_Baron_Noel-Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker</a> commented after the war that "Without the Norwegian merchant fleet, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and the allies would have lost the war."<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> After the occupation, the Germans began producing <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> in Norway. After <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">commando raids and bomber attacks</a>, the Germans decided to move heavy water supplies to Germany. The Allies maintained a deception of a planned invasion of Norway. As a result, additional German forces were held there to repel any attempts. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> was liberated by the Soviet Union, and (together with the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>) totally destroyed by the retreating Nazis. German forces surrendered on 8 May 1945. Norway declared war on Japan on 6 July 1945, with reciprocal effect dating back to 7 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> The delay was because it had been impossible for the parliament to convene during the German occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Greve272-222">[220]</a> Several hundred Norwegian sailors died when their ships were sunk by Japanese forces or during subsequent captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Greve272-222">[220]</a> After the war, Norway became one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nyasaland_(Malawi)">Nyasaland (Malawi)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: Nyasaland (Malawi)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland in World War II</a></div> Throughout the war, the <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> Protectorate was an economic asset for the Allies and contributed a significant number of soldiers to fight in the British Army. At the outbreak of war, the Acting Governor requested aid, fearful that the German settlers might organize a pro-Nazi uprising. In response, 50 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> arrived in Nyasaland by air. They returned to <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> after only a month, having found no risk of a possible rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Polish_civilian_camps_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish civilian camps in World War II">camps</a> were constructed in Nyasaland intended to house <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> war refugees. Additionally, perceived "enemy aliens" – primarily members of the German community, but also <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> settlers<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> – were brought to Southern Rhodesia for internment during the war.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Many Nyasas fought for the British, primarily as <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">askaris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR). Others were recruited into the Artillery, Engineers, Service Corps and Medical Corps, placing the total number of enlisted Nyasas at around 27,000. Nyasas fought in a number of theatres, including the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. Nyasaland's economy benefited from the end of the war as returning soldiers came home with useful skills, such as the 3,000 who had been trained as lorry drivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken2012238–240-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oman">Oman</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=112" title="Edit section: Oman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oman_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman in World War II">Oman in World War II</a></div> The Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939, as it was then part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as a protectorate. During the Second World War, Great Britain recognized the strategic importance of Oman's geographical location by expanding facilities throughout the country. A new airfield was built on Masirah Island, which, from 1943 onwards, housed No. 33 Staging Post. In 1943, both Masirah and Ras Al-Hadd became Royal Air Force stations in their own right. Units of No. 2925 Squadron of the RAF Regiment guarded these bases while the marine craft was based in Oman to perform air-sea rescue duties.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_Islands">Pacific Islands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=113" title="Edit section: Pacific Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands home front during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/220px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/330px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/440px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Hellcats</a> on <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> island in February 1944</figcaption></figure> The population, culture and infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>) were completely changed between 1941 and 1945 due to the logistical requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in their war against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> At the start of the war the islands had experienced 200 years of colonialism from Europe and its colonies; some islands were on the verge of being fully annexed while others were close to independence. The early Japanese expansion through the western Pacific then introduced a new colonial system to many islands. The Japanese occupation <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">subjected the indigenous people of Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">other Islands</a> to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps, and forced prostitution, but also created opportunities for advanced education.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> The Pacific Islands then experienced military action, massive troop movements, and resource extraction and building projects as the Allies pushed the Japanese back to their home islands.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The juxtaposition of all these cultures led to a new understanding among the indigenous Pacific Islanders of their relationship with the colonial powers. In communities that had very little contact with Europeans before the war, the sudden arrival and rapid departure of men and machines spurred the growth of so-called <a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">"cargo cults"</a> in parts of Melanesia,<a href="#cite_note-Lindstrom-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> such as the cult of <a href="/wiki/John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a> that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palestine">Palestine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=114" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Regiment" title="Palestine Regiment">Palestine Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg/220px-Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg/330px-Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg/440px-Palestine_Regiment_Training_Depot_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93-ZKlugerPhotos-00132jj-0907170685128d10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Regiment" title="Palestine Regiment">Palestine Regiment</a> train at <a href="/wiki/Tzrifin" title="Tzrifin">Sarafand base</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> remained under British rule via the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> system. During the war, Palestine was a location of hostilities, a staging area for the British and a source of troops. In July 1940, Italy began <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palestine_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Palestine in World War II">bombing Tel Aviv, Haifa</a> and other coastal cities. Since Nazi Germany was seen as a greater threat, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jews in Palestine</a> to set aside their grievances against the British stemming from the <a href="/wiki/1939_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 White Paper">1939 White Paper</a> restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine, stating "support the British as if there is no White Paper and oppose the White Paper as if there is no war". The <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> also felt this way and many of its leaders were released from prison. The more radical branch of the Irgun disagreed and, on 17 July 1940, it split under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Avraham Stern</a> and became known as "The National Military Organization in Israel" as opposed to Irgun's official name, "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel". It would later change its name to <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>, referred to by the British as the "Stern Gang", as a completely separated militia.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a> starting on 8 June 1941, many volunteers from Palestine participated in the fighting, including <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> units that had been attached to allied troops. It was during this campaign that <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, attached to the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">Australian 7th Division</a>, lost an eye, requiring him to wear what would become his trademark eye-patch.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> In order to maintain the status quo ante bellum between the Jews and the Arabs, the British instated a policy of equal recruitment from both groups to the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Regiment" title="Palestine Regiment">Palestine Regiment</a>. However, due to the events of the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> and the alliance of exiled former <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, only one Arab volunteered for every three Jewish volunteers. On August 6, 1942, the policy was relinquished and the regiment was formed, containing three Jewish battalions and one Arab. The regiment was assigned mostly to guard duty in Egypt and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> On 3 July 1944, Britain agreed to allow the Jews to fight against the Nazis directly and not just in a supportive role. Thus the three Jewish battalions of the Palestine Regiment together with the 200th Field Regiment were reorganized under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a>, which would see action in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> At the start of the war, approximately a thousand German nationals residing in Palestine known as <a href="/wiki/Templers_(religious_believers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Templers (religious believers)">Templers</a> were deported by Britain to Australia, where they were held in internment camps until 1946–47. Although some had been registered members of the Nazi party and Nazi marches had taken place in their settlements, no evidence had been presented until 2007 that the majority supported Hitler. Although their property had been confiscated by the British authorities, the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> chose to compensate them in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panama">Panama</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=115" title="Edit section: Panama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama#Military_coups_and_coalitions" title="History of Panama">History of Panama § Military coups and coalitions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> The small <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> was <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> territory, and American forces from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Howard_Air_Force_Base" title="Howard Air Force Base">Howard Air Force Base</a>), and Colombian forces helped inside the Canal Zone, guarded the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> from both ends. This Canal provided the United States and its Allies with the ability to move warships and troops rapidly between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Since most of the American shipbuilding capability was on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, the Canal was vital for moving new warships to the Pacific to fight the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=116" title="Edit section: Paraguay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay#Stroessner_dictatorship,_rise_and_fall" title="History of Paraguay">History of Paraguay § Stroessner dictatorship, rise and fall</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>'s authoritarian government under <a href="/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo">Higinio Morínigo</a> was sympathetic to the Axis powers early in the war; the country's large German community, in particular, were supporters of Nazism, as well as most of the Paraguayan population.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Serious thought was given to joining the war on Germany's side, but United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt avoided this by providing aid and military hardware in 1942. Paraguay declared war on Germany on February 2, 1945, by which time the war was almost over and many Paraguayans joined the Brazilian air force for fighting the Axis Powers.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peru">Peru</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=117" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Democratic_Spring_(1939–1948)" title="History of Peru">History of Peru § Democratic Spring (1939–1948)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> broke off relations with the Axis on 24 January 1942. Because of its ability to produce aviation fuel and its proximity to the Panama Canal, the oil refinery and port city of <a href="/wiki/Talara" title="Talara">Talara</a>, in northwest Peru, became an American air base. Although Peru did not declare war on Germany and Japan until February 1945 (Peru declared a "state of belligerency"), the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a> patrolled the Panama Canal area. As many as 2,000 Peruvian citizens of Japanese descent were detained and sent to the United States under American orders as part of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a> policy. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=118" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Military history of the Philippines during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot-9432-17_(23555117450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg/220px-Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg/330px-Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg/440px-Lot-9432-17_%2823555117450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a> display a sword taken from the body of a Japanese officer during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a>, April 1942.</figcaption></figure> In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth">Philippine Commonwealth</a> was a semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(United_States_insular_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth (United States insular area)">commonwealth</a> of the United States, with full Independence scheduled for 4 July 1946.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a> was commanded by American General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, and the Philippines was one of the first countries invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>; combined Filipino and <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the United States">American</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)">maintained a stubborn resistance</a> against the invasion. General MacArthur was ordered by the President to withdraw his headquarters to Australia, where he made his famous statement "I came out of <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, and I shall return". The Americans in the Philippines surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a>, on 6 May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-corregidor-243">[241]</a> Despite the official surrender, there was a significant <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">local resistance movement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese Occupation</a>. Elements of the Philippine Army continued their activity and were able to free all but twelve of the then-fifty <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces of the Philippines</a>, whilst other groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a> were also involved. While in exile, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> continued to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_Council" title="Pacific War Council">represent the Philippines</a> until his death from tuberculosis in 1944. American forces under General MacArthur made their return in October 1944, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">amphibious landing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Leyte_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyte (island)">Leyte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phusdod-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-corregidor-243">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland">Poland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=119" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">Military history of Poland during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/220px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/330px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/440px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Jewish prisoners liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> The Second World War started in September 1939, as <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> suffered <a href="/wiki/Polish_September_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish September campaign">an attack by Nazi Germany and later by the USSR</a>. Many Polish troops and other servicemen escaped the occupied country. They <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_in_France_(1939%E2%80%931940)" title="Polish Army in France (1939–1940)">reorganized in France</a> and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. Later Poles <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army in the United Kingdom">organized troops in the United Kingdom</a> and were integrated into the forces of Britain with Polish pilots serving with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. Polish soldiers also played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> in 1944. Poland was the only German-occupied country that never had any official collaboration with the Nazis. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish Resistance Movement</a> was the largest anti-Nazi resistance in the whole Nazi-occupied Europe and the only non-Communist resistance among the Slavic countries. It is remembered for its daring and brave methods of resisting occupation, often facing German forces in a pitched battle. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Polish armies also reformed in Soviet territory</a>. The Polish-Jewish community was mostly exterminated in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Nazi-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland">Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland</a>, while Poles themselves were considered to be a threat to the "German race", and were classified as "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhumans</a>". <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles">Millions of Poles were sent to concentration camps or were killed in other fashions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>. German-occupied Poland was the only territory where any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and his whole family. However, many Polish civilians risked their lives, and the lives of their families, to <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">save the Jews from the Nazis</a>. Moreover, Poles created "<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a>" – the only organization in occupied Europe, entirely focused on helping the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-AS-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal">Portugal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=120" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal during World War II</a></div> For the duration of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> was under the control of the dictator <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>. Early in September 1939, Portugal proclaimed neutrality to avoid a military operation in Portuguese territory. This action was welcomed by Great Britain. Germany's invasion of France brought the Nazis to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, which increased the ability of Hitler to bring pressures on Portugal and Spain. Following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, which cut off their supply of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> metal, Germany sought tungsten from Portugal. Salazar attempted to limit their purchases, and in late 1941, German U-boats attacked Portuguese ships. In January 1942 Salazar signed an agreement to sell tungsten to Germany. In June 1943, Britain invoked the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a> requesting the use of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, to establish an air force and naval air base. Salazar complied at once. The Allies promised all possible aid in the event of a German attack and guaranteed the integrity of Portugal's territorial possessions. In 1944, Portugal declared a total embargo of tungsten shipments to Germany. Germany protested but did not retaliate. Lisbon became a safe-haven to a scattering of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> from all over Europe. Jewish refugees from Central Europe were granted resident status. After the German invasion of France, Portugal allowed thousands of Jewish refugees to enter the country. As the war progressed, Portugal gave entry <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> to people coming via rescue operations, on the condition that Portugal would only be used as a transit point. More than 100,000 Jews and other refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany into freedom via Lisbon. By the early 1940s, there were thousands of Jews arriving in Lisbon and leaving weeks later to other countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=121" title="Edit section: Macau">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau#1938–1949:_World_War_II" title="History of Macau">History of Macau § 1938–1949: World War II</a></div> Although the Japanese military invaded and occupied the neighboring British colony of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 1941, they initially avoided direct interference in the affairs of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. It remained a neutral territory, belonging to Portugal, but Portuguese authorities lacked the ability to prevent Japanese activities in and around Macau. In 1943, Japan ordered the government of Macau to accept Japanese advisors. The limited Portuguese military forces at Macau were disarmed, although Macau was never occupied. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Timor_(East_Timor)">Portuguese Timor (East Timor)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=122" title="Edit section: Portuguese Timor (East Timor)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Battle of Timor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_village_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/220px-Native_village_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/330px-Native_village_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/440px-Native_village_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The village of <a href="/wiki/Turiscai" title="Turiscai">Mindelo</a> is burnt to the ground by Australian guerrillas to prevent its use as a Japanese base, December 1942.</figcaption></figure> In early 1942, Portuguese authorities maintained their neutrality, in spite of warnings from the Australian and Dutch East Indies governments that Japan would invade. To protect their own positions in neighboring <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Dutch Timor</a>, Australian and Dutch forces landed in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> and occupied the territory. There was no armed opposition from Portuguese forces or the civilian population. However, within a matter of weeks, Japanese forces landed but were unable to subdue substantial resistance, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla campaign</a> launched by Allied <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> and continued by the local population. It is estimated that 40,000–70,000 Timorese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during 1942–1945.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qatar">Qatar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=123" title="Edit section: Qatar">edit</a>]</div> Qatar was a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protected state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>. The country's first oil strike occurred at <a href="/wiki/Dukhan" title="Dukhan">Dukhan</a> in 1939, but the outbreak of war halted production. The petroleum industry that was to transform the country did not resume until after the war.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The war also disrupted food supplies, prolonging a period of economic hardship going back to the 1920s with the collapse of the pearl trade, continuing through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and a Bahraini embargo in 1937. Entire families and tribes moved to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, leaving many Qatari villages deserted. Emir <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani" title="Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani">Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani</a> abdicated in 1940 in favor of his second son, <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Abdullah_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani">Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romania">Romania</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=124" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/220px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/330px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/440px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>American bomber over a burning oil refinery at <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Operation Tidal Wave</a>, August 1943</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> had its first involvement in the war in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">providing transit rights</a> for members of the Polish government, its treasury, and many Polish troops in 1939. During 1940, threatened with Soviet invasion, Romania ceded territory to the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Bulgaria, and following an internal political upheaval, Romania joined the Axis. Subsequently, the Romanian army participated with over 600,000 men in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German-led invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, with its forces taking part in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> and ultimately suffering irrecoverable losses at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Romania was also a major source of oil for Nazi Germany via the <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> oil fields. With the entry of Soviet troops into Romania and a <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">royal coup</a> in August 1944, a pro-Allied government was installed, and after Germany and Hungary declared war on Romania, the country joined the Allies as a <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerent</a> for the remainder of the war. The total number of troops deployed against the Axis was 567,000 men in 38 army divisions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Romanian Army was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">siege of Budapest</a> and reached as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the war, Romania forcibly became a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">people's republic</a> as the country fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and joined the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samoa">Samoa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=125" title="Edit section: Samoa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History of Samoa</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> declared war on Germany along with New Zealand, which <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">administered all of Western Samoa</a> under a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Samoa had been a <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German colony</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_German_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of German Samoa">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1914. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Germany relinquished its claims to the islands. Samoa sent many troops to fight with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand armed forces">New Zealand armed forces</a> in the war. After the sinking of a Samoan food ship by a Japanese gunboat in 1940, the Samoan government was forced to dispatch a light-gunned ship. HMS Fa'i was in action and sank seven ships, including the attacking gunboat. When the American armed forces entered Samoa, using it as a port, four <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Midget submarines">midget submarines</a> were spotted entering the capital <a href="/wiki/Apia,_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apia, Samoa">Apia</a>'s port. The Samoan home guard reacted by firing a fair number of rounds, resulting in the sinking of the Hirojimi and the Shijomiki.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="San_Marino">San Marino</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=126" title="Edit section: San Marino">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino during World War II</a></div> Ever since the times of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> has maintained strong ties with the Italian state. Throughout the war, San Marino maintained its neutrality, although it did not remain unscathed from both sides. Germany invaded San Marino on 13 September,<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> and on 17–20 September 1944 retreating German troops of the 278th Infantry Division fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a> within the country against units of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Division">4th Indian Division</a>. Allied victory was followed by a short occupation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=127" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia#Modern_history" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History of Saudi Arabia § Modern history</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> severed diplomatic contacts with Germany on 11 September 1939, and with Japan in October 1941. Although officially neutral, the Saudis provided the Allies with large supplies of oil. <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">bombed</a> by Italian planes in October 1940, targeting the oil refineries. Diplomatic relations with the United States were established in 1943. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud</a> was a personal friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Americans were then allowed to build an air force base near Dhahran. On 28 February 1945, Saudi Arabia declared war on Germany and Japan, but no military actions resulted from the declaration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=128" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> served as a critical convoy station for the Allies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singapore">Singapore</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=129" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, and is in a strategic location for shipping routes connecting Asia to Europe. For these reasons, Japan invaded Singapore in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a> from 7 February to 14 February 1942. The city was renamed Syonan and kept under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in September 1945.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=130" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia during World War II. See this article's section on <a href="#Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in general, and its subsection on the <a href="#Slovak_Republic_(Slovakia)">Slovak Republic</a> in particular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solomon_Islands">Solomon Islands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=131" title="Edit section: Solomon Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadPatrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/GuadPatrol.jpg/220px-GuadPatrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/GuadPatrol.jpg/330px-GuadPatrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/GuadPatrol.jpg/440px-GuadPatrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines cross the <a href="/wiki/Matanikau_River" title="Matanikau River">Matanikau River</a>, September 1942.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> occupied several areas in the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a> during the first six months of 1942. The Japanese began to build naval and air bases to protect the flank of their <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">offensive in New Guinea</a>. The Allies, led by the United States, launched a counterattack with the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a> beginning 7 August 1942. These landings initiated a series of battles in the central and northern Solomons, on and around <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia" title="New Georgia">New Georgia</a> Island, and on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a> Island. In a campaign of attrition fought by land, sea, and air, the Allies wore the Japanese down, inflicting irreplaceable losses. The Allies retook parts of the Solomon Islands, but Japanese resistance continued until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The impact of the war on islanders was profound. The destruction, together with the introduction of modern materials, machinery and Western material culture, transformed traditional ways of life. Some 680 islanders enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate_Defence_Force" title="British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force">British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force</a>, while another 3,000 worked as labourers in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_Labour_Corps" title="Solomon Islands Labour Corps">Solomon Islands Labour Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The experiences of Corps members affected the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pijin_language" title="Pijin language">Pijin language</a> and helped spark the postwar political movement <a href="/wiki/Maasina_Ruru" title="Maasina Ruru">Maasina Ruru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> During the war, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> was damaged, while the Americans did much to develop the infrastructure around <a href="/wiki/Honiara_International_Airport" title="Honiara International Airport">Henderson Field</a> on Guadalcanal. After the war, this evolved into the new capital, <a href="/wiki/Honiara" title="Honiara">Honiara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=132" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Military history of South Africa during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria,_South_Africa,_January_1943._TR1255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg/220px-Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg/330px-Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg/440px-Basuto_%27hangar_boys%27_clean_and_polish_a_Miles_Master_at_No._23_Air_School_at_Waterkloof_in_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa%2C_January_1943._TR1255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a> "hangar boys" under the supervision of a White officer clean a plane at an air school in <a href="/wiki/Waterkloof" title="Waterkloof">Waterkloof</a>, January 1943.</figcaption></figure> As a member of the British Commonwealth, the Union of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> declared war on Germany shortly after the United Kingdom, on 6 September 1939. Three South African infantry divisions and one armored division fought under Allied commands in Europe and elsewhere, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_2nd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African 2nd Infantry Division">South African 2nd Division</a> was taken prisoner with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_capture_of_Tobruk" title="Axis capture of Tobruk">fall of Tobruk</a> on 21 June 1942. Under the Joint Air Training Scheme, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a>, South Africa trained 33,347 aircrews for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> and other Allied air forces. Only Canada trained more.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_Africa_(Botswana,_Lesotho,_and_Eswatini)">Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=133" title="Edit section: Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps" title="African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps">African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini in World War II</a></div> The so-called High Commission Territories of <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini#British_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)" title="History of Eswatini">Swaziland</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>) had autonomous governments under the supervision of the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a>. In July 1941, the paramount chiefs of these territories convinced the colonial authorities to create an independent force consisting of their subjects: the <a href="/wiki/African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps" title="African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps">African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps</a>. During its service the corps provided crucial logistical support to the Allied war effort during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaigns</a>. Initially a <a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">labor battalion</a>, AAPC's duties were gradually expanded to include anti-aircraft artillery operation and other combat duties. Unequal treatment of the African soldiers compared to their white counterparts led to resentment and unrest, including mutinies and riots when the unit's return home was delayed after the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)">Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=134" title="Edit section: Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia in World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (modern-day Zimbabwe) had been a self-governing British colony since 1923. It was covered by the British declaration of war, but its colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war anyway.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Southern Rhodesia's white troops did not serve in a composite unit (unlike their Australian, Canadian, or South African counterparts) because they constituted a significant part of the settler population; it was feared that the colony's future might be placed in jeopardy if an all-Southern Rhodesian unit went into the field and suffered heavy casualties. Southern Rhodesians served in <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a>, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. A significant number of Southern Rhodesian troops, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a>, were black or mixed race. Their service has never been recognised by the ZANU–PF government in Harare. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, the future Prime Minister, like many of his white contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ian_Smith" title="Military career of Ian Smith">served</a> under British command as a fighter pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=135" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5332" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>The center of Stalingrad after the battle, 1942</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s participation in World War II began with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> against Japan, in Mongolia between May and August 1939. Later that year, by <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">agreement with Germany</a>, it invaded eastern Poland about three weeks after the Germans invaded the west of the country. During the next eleven months the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Baltic_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Baltic Republics">occupied and annexed the Baltic states</a>. The Soviet Union supported Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)">1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement</a> and larger <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement</a> with supplies of <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a> that were otherwise blocked by the British naval blockade. After <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> rebuffed Moscow's demands for military bases and a territorial swap, the Soviet Union invaded on 30 November 1939, in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. The Soviet Union also annexed <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, leading Romania to ally with Germany. On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">massive surprise attack</a> on the Soviet Union. Soviet forces took heavy losses, but this Eastern Front fighting would inflict on German forces about half of their military casualties over the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> After an initial devastating advance, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> suffered its first defeat in war <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">at Moscow</a>. The Germans and their allies tried in 1942 to advance southward, to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. After six months of fighting, they suffered a pivotal defeat <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">at Stalingrad</a>. In late 1943, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> gained the initiative with a series of major victories. After the Allies opened a second European front with the June 1944 landings in France, the USSR was able to push the Germans back.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Soviet forces advanced into Eastern Europe during 1944 and into Germany in 1945, concluding with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>. The war against the USSR inflicted loss of lives (both civilian and military), on a scale greater than any countries in the war. Following the end of the war in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Hiroshima">American atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">USSR joined the war against Japan</a>. The Soviet Union, as one of the main victors, gained one of the permanent seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. After the war, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> was widened to cover most of Eastern Europe, formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. The Soviet Union came to be considered one of the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_SSR_(Armenia)">Armenian SSR (Armenia)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=136" title="Edit section: Armenian SSR (Armenia)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia#World_War_II" title="Military history of Armenia">Military history of Armenia § World War II</a></div> Armenia participated in the Second World War on the side of the Allies under the Soviet Union. Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Nazis never reached the South Caucasus, which they intended to do in order to capture the oil fields in Azerbaijan. Still, Armenia played a valuable role in aiding the Allies both through industry and agriculture. An estimated 300–500,000 Armenians served in the war, almost half of whom did not return.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Armenia thus had one of the highest death tolls, per capita, among the other Soviet republics. One hundred and nineteen Armenians were awarded with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Many Armenians who were living in the areas occupied regions of the Soviet Union also formed partisan groups to combat the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-SAE-268">[266]</a> Over sixty Armenians were promoted to the rank of general, and with an additional four eventually achieving the rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAE-268">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_89th_%22Tamanyan%22_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division">89th Tamanyan Division</a>, composed of ethnic Armenians, distinguished itself during the war. It fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> and entered <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan_SSR_(Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=137" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Military history of Azerbaijan">Military history of Azerbaijan</a></div> Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union since much of the petroleum needed on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. Mobilization affected all spheres of life in Azerbaijan. The oil workers extended their work to 12-hour shifts, with no days off, no holidays, and no vacations until the end of the war. By decree of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the USSR">Supreme Soviet of the USSR</a> in February 1942, more than 500 workers and employees of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan#World_War_II" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">oil industry of Azerbaijan</a> were awarded orders and medals. In addition to this labor, some 800,000 Azerbaijanis fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army, of which 400,000 died. Azeri Major-General <a href="/wiki/Hazi_Aslanov" title="Hazi Aslanov">Hazi Aslanov</a> was twice awarded <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>. Like the other people of the Caucasus, some Azerbaijanis joined the side of Germany. Baku was the primary strategic goal of the right flank of Germany's 1942 <a href="/wiki/Fall_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Blau">Fall Blau</a> offensive. In this attack, labelled <a href="/wiki/Operation_Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Edelweiss">Operation Edelweiss</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> targeted Baku's oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The German army was at first stalled in the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, then decisively defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and forced to retreat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byelorussian_SSR_(Belarus)">Byelorussian SSR (Belarus)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=138" title="Edit section: Byelorussian SSR (Belarus)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg/220px-Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg/330px-Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg/440px-Soviet_guerilla-colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4547" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Soviet partisans in Belarus, 1943</figcaption></figure> During WWII, Belarus was part of the Soviet Union as the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>. Byelorussia's borders were expanded in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> of 1939 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which divided Poland's territory into German and Soviet spheres. Despite the pact, Nazi Germany invaded on June 22, 1941; <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">Germany occupied all of Belarus</a> by August. The Jewish inhabitants were rounded up by <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> and slaughtered. In 1943 the Germans established the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarusian Central Council</a>, a collaborationist government. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarusian resistance</a> fought against the occupiers. Soviet forces took back Belarus during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> on August 1, 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_SSR_(Georgia)">Georgian SSR (Georgia)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=139" title="Edit section: Georgian SSR (Georgia)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Georgia_under_the_Soviet_Union,_1921–1990" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia under the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history of Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_(19_november_1945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg/220px-Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg/330px-Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg/440px-Georgische_soldaten_op_Texel_%2819_november_1945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Two wounded Georgian soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Uprising_of_Texel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Uprising of Texel">Texel</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> Although the Axis powers never penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, Soviet Georgia contributed to the war effort almost 700,000 officers and soldiers (about 20% of the total 3.2–3.4 million citizens mobilized), of which approximately 300,000 were killed. 137 Georgians were awarded <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>, the most numerous recipients of this award in the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> The country was also a vital source of textiles as well as an important manufacturer of warplanes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 30,000 Georgians, both captives and volunteers, fought for the Germans in units such as the <a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Battalion" title="Bergmann Battalion">Bergmann Battalion</a>. One such Axis unit, the <a href="/wiki/Georgische_Legion_(1941%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgische Legion (1941–45)">Georgian Legion</a>, staged the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Uprising_of_Texel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Uprising of Texel">Georgian Uprising of Texel</a> in the Netherlands, often described as Europe's last battle of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-273">[271]</a> When it became clear that the Germans were losing, the Georgians of the "Queen Tamar" Battalion,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-274">[272]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>]<a href="#cite_note-texel.net-275">[273]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Shalva_Loladze" title="Shalva Loladze">Shalva Loladze</a>, decided to switch sides. On 6 April 1945, they attempted to capture the island's heavily fortified coastal batteries. A German counterattack led to fierce fighting and the failure of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-texel.net-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_SSR_(Ukraine)">Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=140" title="Edit section: Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine under the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA)_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%29_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%29_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%29_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>A parade of pro-German Ukrainians in Stanislaviv in 1943</figcaption></figure> Before the German invasion, Ukraine was a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">constituent republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> minorities. It was a key subject of Nazi planning for the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">post-war expansion</a> of the German state. Upon the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, modern-day Ukraine fell under their occupation. The Nazi occupation of Ukraine ended the lives of millions of civilians in the Holocaust and other Nazi mass killings: it is estimated <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine#Death_toll" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">900,000 to 1.6 million Jews</a> and 3<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> to 4<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> million non-Jewish Ukrainians were killed during the occupation. Under the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>, many Ukrainians fled east to aid the Soviet Red Army in resisting the German advance, while others stayed behind and formed the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA) (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Українська Повстанська Армія), which waged military campaign against Germans and later Soviet forces as well against Polish civilians.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Those Ukrainians who remained at times welcomed the Germans as liberators. Those who collaborated with the German occupiers did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a>, in the German military, and serving as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> guards. An entire <a href="/wiki/14th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Ukrainian)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian)">Ukrainian volunteer SS division</a> was created. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Nationalists in western Ukraine</a> were among the most enthusiastic and hoped that their efforts would enable them to re-establish an independent state later on. For example, on the eve of Operation' Barbarossa, as many as 4000 Ukrainians, operating under <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> orders, sought to cause disruption behind Soviet lines, and some groups aided the German Army in the invasion, including the infamous <a href="/wiki/Nachtigall_Battalion" title="Nachtigall Battalion">Nachtigall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Battalion" title="Roland Battalion">Roland</a> battalions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=141" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">World War II in the Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia and World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_(Madrid,_1941).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg/220px-Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg/330px-Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg/440px-Despidiendo_a_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_%28Madrid%2C_1941%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>People gather in Madrid to see off volunteers of the Blue Division as they depart for the Eastern Front.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">German</a> intervention had aided the <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> government in the recent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, but Franco and Hitler did not achieve an agreement about Spanish participation in the new war. <a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a> became an alternate source of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> for the Reich. Despite its non-belligerency, Spain sent volunteers to fight against the Soviet Union in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a>. As the Allies emerged as possible victors, the regime declared neutrality in July 1943. Removal of Spanish troops from the Eastern Front was completed in March 1944. Spain did make plans for defense of the country. Initially, the mass of the Spanish army was stationed in southern Spain in case of Allied attack from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> during 1940 and 1941. However, Franco ordered the divisions to gradually redeploy in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> as Axis interest in Gibraltar grew. By the time it became clear that the Allies were gaining the upper hand, Franco had amassed all his troops on the French border and was assured that the Allies did not wish to invade Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="St._Lucia">St. Lucia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=142" title="Edit section: St. Lucia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suriname">Suriname</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=143" title="Edit section: Suriname">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname during World War II</a></div> In 1940, Suriname was a colony of the Netherlands. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a>, it was defended by 200 soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> and 180 local volunteers of the Schutterij.<a href="#cite_note-tris-279">[277]</a> Suriname was a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> which is used to make <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, a vital resource for the aircraft industry. Between 1940 and 1943, Suriname supplied 65% of American imports of bauxite. On 1 September 1941, three months before <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> made an offer to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Wilhelmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Wilhelmina">Queen Wilhelmina</a> to station 3,000 soldiers in Suriname.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The number of troops was later revised to 2,000 soldiers who started to arrive from November 1941 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-tris-279">[277]</a> In December 1941, the American troops started to transform <a href="/wiki/Johan_Adolf_Pengel_International_Airport" title="Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport">Airstrip Zanderij</a> into the largest airport of South America at the time.<a href="#cite_note-suriname_airport-281">[279]</a> The border with <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, was a major concern, and was defended by the Schutterij.<a href="#cite_note-tris-279">[277]</a> On 16 March 1943,<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> French Guiana sided with <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> In 1943, the American troops were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rica">Puerto Ricans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tris-279">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swaziland_(Eswatini)">Swaziland (Eswatini)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=144" title="Edit section: Swaziland (Eswatini)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini in World War II</a></div> In exchange for greater Swazi autonomy from the British, King <a href="/wiki/Sobhuza_II" title="Sobhuza II">Sobhuza II</a> gathered a few thousand Swazi volunteers to fight with the Allies in the war. Swazi soldiers served in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Invasion of Italy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=145" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden during World War II</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> maintained neutrality throughout the war, though some Swedish volunteers participated in Finland's <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Also, Sweden secretly supported both the Norwegian and Danish resistance against Germany, providing military training to thousands of Norwegian and Danish refugees. After Denmark and Norway were invaded on 9 April 1940, Sweden and the other remaining <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> countries became enclosed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, then on friendly terms with each other as formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. The lengthy fighting in Norway resulted in intensified German demands for indirect support from Sweden, demands that Swedish diplomats were able to fend off by reminding the Germans of the Swedes' feeling of closeness to their Norwegian brethren. With the conclusion of hostilities in Norway, the Swedish Cabinet gave in to German pressure and allowed railroad transports through Sweden of unarmed German soldiers on leave between Norway and Germany. Throughout the war, Sweden continued to supply Germany with iron ore through Narvik in Norway and secretly sent Britain vital shipments of ball bearings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=146" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland during the World Wars</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> intended to be a neutral power during the war, but Axis threats and military mobilizations towards its borders prompted the Swiss military to prepare for war. Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, this country was completely mobilized within three days. An invasion of Switzerland, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">Operation Tannenbaum</a>, was planned for 1940, but Hitler decided it would be a waste of resources. Unlike the Netherlands, Belgium, and other western European nations that had easily fallen under German <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a>, Switzerland had a strong military and mountainous terrain offering defenders the traditional advantage of <a href="/wiki/High_ground" title="High ground">high ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>. Despite its neutrality, Switzerland was not free from hostilities. Early in the war, Swiss fighters shot down German aircraft for violating Swiss air space. Counting both sides, hundreds of aircraft, such as those with battle damage, landed in Switzerland and were interned at Swiss airports and their crews held until the end of the war. Allied airmen were interned, in some cases contrary to Swiss law, and some were reportedly subjected to abuse in <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camps</a>. Both sides accidentally bombed Swiss cities. Because of its defensive and hostile nature toward both sides, Switzerland eventually and unofficially proclaimed itself on its own side in the war. Although the Swiss government was anti-Nazi, Swiss troops did not directly participate in the war. After the war, controversies arose over assets of the victims and perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland#Swiss_banks_and_World_War_II" title="Banking in Switzerland">Swiss banks</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syria">Syria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=147" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic#Mandatory_Syrian_Republic_(1930–1946)" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic § Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> was under French control throughout the war. Following the French surrender in 1940, this was the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a>, a puppet of the Nazi regime. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> feared that Germany could use Syria to threaten Britain's <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraqi</a> oil supplies. These appeared to be substantiated when Luftwaffe supply flights to the new pro-German Iraqi regime (under <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a>) refuelled in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In June 1941, <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">British and Free French forces invaded Syria</a>, and after giving effective opposition, the Vichy forces surrendered in July 1941. British occupation lasted until the end of the war. During the occupation, Syria gradually went on the path towards independence. The proclamation of independence took place in 1944; October 1945 Syrian Republic was recognized by the United Nations; it became a de facto sovereign state on 17 April 1946 with the withdrawal of French troops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanganyika_(Tanzania)">Tanganyika (Tanzania)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=148" title="Edit section: Tanganyika (Tanzania)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1916%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (1916–1961)">Tanganyika (1916–1961)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania#World_War_II" title="History of Tanzania">History of Tanzania § World War II</a></div> After the United Kingdom declared war, the British forces in Tanganyika were ordered to <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">intern</a> the German males living in the territory out of fear that they would try to help the Axis. Some of the Germans living in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> attempted to flee the country, but they were stopped and later interned by a small group of Tanganyikan soldiers and British officers that included <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> During the war about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Heale-285">[283]</a> Tanganyikans with the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> against the Italians, in the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascar campaign">Madagascar campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma campaign 1944–45">Burma campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Tanganyika became an important source of food and Tanganyika's export income greatly increased from the pre-war years of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Heale-285">[283]</a> however, this led to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibet">Tibet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=149" title="Edit section: Tibet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet (1912–1951)</a></div> Tibet was a de facto independent state that lacked international recognition.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> It remained neutral throughout the war. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, Tenzin Gyatso, was enthroned by the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> government at the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in 1939. Tibet established a Foreign Office in 1942, and in 1946 it sent congratulatory missions to China and India related to the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-289">[287]</a> Its era of independence ended after the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government of China</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Tibet in 1950</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thailand">Thailand</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=150" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2484.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2484.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2484.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2484.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a> inspects troops during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a>, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> was nominally an ally of Japan at the beginning of the war. Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a>, a military dictator with nationalist leanings, ruled the country under the nominal rule of King <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a>, who was just fourteen years old in 1939 and remained in Switzerland until the war ended. Thailand remained uninvolved when war broke out in Europe, but it took the opportunity of France's defeat to settle claims to parts of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a>. The December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a> brought five hours of war after which Phibun surrendered and acquiesced, making the country a stepping-stone to open the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. Japanese victory in the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a> made the Premier more enthusiastic about co-operation, and on 21 December, a formal "alliance" was concluded. On 25 January 1942, Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom. Some Thais disapproved, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Free Thai Movement</a> to resist. Eventually, when the war turned against the Japanese, Phibun was forced to resign, and Thailand renounced its alliance with Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tonga">Tonga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=151" title="Edit section: Tonga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg/220px-Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg/330px-Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg/440px-Tonga-Defence_Force_Inspection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Salote_Tupou_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Salote Tupou III">Salote Tupou III</a> inspects her troops. The Tonga Defense Service would see battle in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> By 1939, Tonga was a <a href="/wiki/Protected_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected state">protected state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> (through the United Kingdom) respectively, Britain had <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign affairs">foreign affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defence</a>, thus declaring war on Germany in 1939 and Japan in 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> The Queen of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salote_Tupou_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Salote Tupou III">Salote Tupou III</a> accepted the outcome and put her island country's resources at the disposal of Britain and supported the Allied cause throughout the war. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Armed_Forces_(Tonga)" title="His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)">Tonga Defense Service</a> (TDS) came into existence in 1939. New Zealand trained two Tongan contingents of about 2000 troops, who saw action in the Solomon Islands and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> In addition, New Zealand and US troops were stationed on <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, which became a staging point for shipping. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transjordan">Transjordan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=152" title="Edit section: Transjordan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan#1940s" title="History of Jordan">History of Jordan § 1940s</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> was a British mandate territory, and the Transjordanian forces were under British command during the war. The Transjordanian forces numbered 1,600 soldiers during the war and they took part and fought in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Lebanon during the Middle Eastern Campaign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=153" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Caribbean_Islands">§ Caribbean Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=154" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia#World_War_II" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia § World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35,_Tunesien,_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-554-0872-35%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> tank in Tunisia, January 1943</figcaption></figure> Tunisia was a <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate</a> and many Tunisians took satisfaction in France's defeat by Germany,<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> but the nationalist parties were unable to derive any benefit from it. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> Resident-General, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Esteva" title="Jean-Pierre Esteva">Jean-Pierre Esteva</a>, repressed political activity and arrested leaders of the independence party <a href="/wiki/Neo_Destour" title="Neo Destour">Neo Destour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The Bey <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_VII_al-Munsif" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad VII al-Munsif">Muhammad VII al-Munsif</a> (Moncef Bey) declared neutrality and attempted to protect <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia#World_War_II" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian Jews</a> from persecution.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Allied forces landed in Algeria with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> on 8 November 1942. Beginning on 10 November, the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">British First Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">advance toward Tunis</a>. For the next six months, Tunisia was a battlefield as Axis and Allied forces fought on northern and southern fronts. In February 1943 the Axis won a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a>, the first major engagement involving American troops, but the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf">Operation Ochsenkopf</a> offensive at the end of the month failed to stop the Allied advance. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longstop_Hill" title="Battle of Longstop Hill">Battle of Longstop Hill</a> cleared the road to Tunis, which fell on 7 May. All Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered in the following days. Following the recapture of Tunis, <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> took control of the country. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mast" title="Charles Mast">Charles Mast</a> served as the Resident General for the remainder of the war. The Free French accused Moncef Bey of collaborating with the Vichy Government and deposed him.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> From Tunisia, the Allies launched Operation Husky, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a>, in July 1943. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey">Turkey</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=155" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#1938–1950:_İnönü_(National_Chief)" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period of the Republic of Turkey § 1938–1950: İnönü (National Chief)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was neutral until several months before the end of the war, at which point it joined the Allied powers. Prior to the outbreak of war, Turkey signed a Mutual Aid Pact with France and Britain in 1939. After the German invasion of France, however, Turkey remained neutral, relying on a clause excusing them if military action might bring conflict with the USSR, which, after the division of Poland, Turkey feared, as <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> including <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and the Caucasian borderlands were especially vulnerable to a potential Soviet attack. Then, in June 1941, after neighboring Bulgaria joined the Axis and allowed Germany to move troops through to invade <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a>, Turkey signed a <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">treaty of friendship</a> with Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Turkey was an important producer of <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, which is a key ingredient in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refractory_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory brick">refractory brick</a>, and Germany had limited access to it. The key issue in Turkey's negotiations with both sides was the sale of chromite to Germany or to the Allies. The Allies had access to other sources and mainly bought the chromite in order to preclude its sale to Germany. Turkey halted its sales to Germany in April 1944 and broke off relations in August. Turkey declared war on the Axis powers in February 1945, after the Allies made its invitation to the inaugural meeting of the United Nations (along with the invitations of several other nations) conditional on full belligerency. There is no record that Turkish troops ever saw combat. The main theme of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a>'s 1940 <a href="/wiki/Spy_thriller" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy thriller">spy thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(novel)" title="Journey into Fear (novel)">Journey Into Fear</a> is the efforts of Britain and Germany to get Turkey to join them – or at least prevent it from joining the other. At the time of writing, it was far from clear what Turkey's role in the war would be. In her March 18, 1943, entry in <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl" title="The Diary of a Young Girl">The Diary of Anne Frank</a>, Frank recorded the jubilation she and her family felt at the news that Turkey had joined the war on the side of the Allies, replaced on the following day by disappointment upon hearing that in fact Turkey had not actually joined the war, only that a Turkish minister said that Turkey might end its neutrality at some future time.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuva">Tuva</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=156" title="Edit section: Tuva">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva in World War II</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a> was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">partially recognized</a> Soviet puppet state.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> Tuva volunteer forces took part in the battles on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">eastern front</a> as part of the formations of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Workers and Peasants Red Army</a>. On October 14, 1944, the Tuva People's Republic became part of the Soviet Union, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Autonomous Oblast">Tuva Autonomous Oblast</a>. From that moment on, the Tuvans participated in hostilities until the end of the war as citizens of the Soviet Union. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=157" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">Winston Churchill in the Second World War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London,_England,_UK,_1944_D21237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg/220px-Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg/330px-Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg/440px-Flying_Bomb-_V1_Bomb_Damage_in_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D21237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Service" title="Civil Defence Service">Civil Defence</a> rescue teams search a pile of rubble following a <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> attack in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Norwood" title="Upper Norwood">Upper Norwood</a>, London, 1944.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, along with most of its <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>, all of its <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/British_protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorates">its protectorates</a> declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 to honour its commitments to Poland after <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">the German invasion</a>. At the time, Britain was still the world's major <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>, having the largest navy in the world, its influence and presence in each <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, although its power and stature is not of equal standing in contrast to before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. As a result of the declaration of war, a <a href="/wiki/National_Service_(Armed_Forces)_Act_1939" title="National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939">National Service Act</a> was passed immediately after declaring war, but conscription was never implemented in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, despite urgings from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Stormont government</a>, due to Irish nationalist opposition.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a>, Britain was the only major Allied nation left in Europe. In the early war, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> engaged Axis ships in the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">the Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">the Mediterranean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> fought the Axis in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert</a> campaigns. While Nazi Germany never attacked Britain with ground forces, it subjected the country to heavy air attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> of 1940, which was won by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. Nightly attacks of <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> continued until mid-1941, which killed 40,000 people<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> and prompted <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuations of major urban centres</a>, but achieved none of Germany's strategic objectives.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> The economy of Britain was re-oriented to <a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">military production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edgerton2012-303">[301]</a> Initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Women's Land Army">Women's Land Army</a> boosted food production, while <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">a rationing program</a> regulated consumption. Britain entered the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean theater</a> when Japan seized many British colonies in Asia in 1941–1942.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> After the Soviet Union and United States joined the Allies in 1941, the U.K. launched major offensives in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Avalanche" title="Operation Avalanche">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a>. As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Alliance (World War II)">Big Three</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> participated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">conferences with the United States and the Soviet Union</a> to plan the war and the postwar world. After the war, Britain became one of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_Islands">Channel Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=158" title="Edit section: Channel Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> are self-governing Crown dependencies off the coast of France, and were the only British territory to be occupied by Germany during the War. The islands are dependent on the United Kingdom for their defence and foreign relations. In 1940, the British government demilitarised the islands, and they were subsequently occupied by German forces. Strong German defences were set up, but the Islands were not assaulted except by occasional hit-and-run commando raids. German forces surrendered at the end of the war. Almost all the Jewish people fled the islands before the German occupation; some who remained were deported to extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=159" title="Edit section: Isle of Man">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> is a self-governing Crown dependency external to the United Kingdom. Its foreign relations and defence, however, are the responsibility of the government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. <a href="/wiki/The_Captain_(novel)" title="The Captain (novel)">The Captain</a>, a 1967 WWII novel by Dutch writer <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Hartog" title="Jan de Hartog">Jan de Hartog</a>, features a Royal Navy captain originating from the Isle of Man who takes great pride in his island, and who eventually goes down, heroically defending a naval convoy under his charge against an overwhelming attack by a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> "wolf pack". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=160" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States home front during World War II</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosie_the_Riveter_(Vultee)_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/220px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/330px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/440px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">female factory worker</a> works to assemble a dive bomber in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure> A sense of having been tricked into World War I led Congress, with strong public opinion backing, to pass the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Acts of the 1930s</a>. After 1939 the Roosevelt Administration made support of Britain, China and France a priority and tried to revoke or avoid the neutrality laws. This new policy included trade with the British under terms that the Axis could not meet. The U.S. passed a <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> act in March 1941. After the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941, the debates on neutrality ended and the nation was unified in support of the war. Washington and the Allies made German defeat the priority, coordinating with London in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Theater of World War II">Pacific Theater</a>. The U.S. led the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> to develop atomic weapons, which it deployed in August 1945 in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. This attack led to the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> and the end of World War II. Inside the United States, every aspect of life from politics to personal savings was put on a wartime footing. The country directed its massive industrial production to the war effort as what President Roosevelt called "the <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a>." Civilians engaged in volunteer efforts and submitted to government-managed <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Rationing in the United States">rationing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood film industry</a> produced <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">wartime propaganda</a>. Between 110,000 and 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">forcibly moved to internment camps</a>. After the war, the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. abandoned its <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">neutrality</a> and became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A_short_history_of_NATO-107">[107]</a> and hosts the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> in which it gained one of the permanent chairs on the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Security_Council-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Samoa">American Samoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=161" title="Edit section: American Samoa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa#Colonization_by_the_United_States" title="History of American Samoa">History of American Samoa § Colonization by the United States</a></div> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> is an American territory and a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> base, and was used during the war. See also <a href="#Pacific_Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_nations">Native American nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=162" title="Edit section: Native American nations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Territorial_Guard" title="Alaska Territorial Guard">Alaska Territorial Guard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/220px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/330px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/440px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">code talkers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">4th Signal Company</a></figcaption></figure> 25,000 Native Americans in World War II fought actively: 21,767 in the Army, 1,910 in the Navy, 874 in the Marines, 121 in the Coast Guard, and several hundred Native American women as nurses. As sovereign nations, the tribes joined the war alongside the United States with their citizens enlisting in the U.S. Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> was the only Native American nation to have officially declared war on the Axis powers separately from the United States. The Iroquois representative to the U.S. stated: "We represent the oldest, though smallest, democracy in the world today. It is the unanimous sentiment among Indian people that the atrocities of the Axis nations are violently repulsive to all sense of righteousness of our people, and that this merciless slaughter of mankind can no longer be tolerated. Now we do resolve that it is the sentiment of this council that the Six Nations of Indians declare that a state of war exists between our Confederacy of Six Nations on the one part and Germany, Italy, Japan and their allies against whom the United States has declared war, on the other part."<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=163" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PRNT.jpg/220px-PRNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/PRNT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>Army nurses in <a href="/wiki/Vega_Baja,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vega Baja, Puerto Rico">Vega Baja, Puerto Rico</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> More than 65,000 Puerto Ricans served in the United States armed forces during World War II. Some guarded American installations in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a>, while others served in combat in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific theatres</a>. Many of the soldiers from the island served in the <a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="65th Infantry Regiment (United States)">65th Infantry Regiment</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard" title="Puerto Rico National Guard">Puerto Rico National Guard</a>. As recruitment increased many were assigned to units in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> to replace the continental troops serving in regular Army units. Puerto Ricans residing on the mainland were assigned to regular units of the military. They were often subject to the racial discrimination that was widespread in the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramey_Air_Force_Base" title="Ramey Air Force Base">Borinquen Army Airfield</a> (Ramey Air Force Base), was established in Puerto Rico in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> In 1940, President Roosevelt ordered the construction of a major naval base to serve as "the Pearl Harbor of the Atlantic". <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Roads_Naval_Station" title="Roosevelt Roads Naval Station">Roosevelt Roads Naval Station</a> grew into a major facility but was scaled back after the defeat of Germany. The naval station remained in use until 2003, when it was shut down.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=164" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg/220px-Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg/330px-Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg/440px-Graf_Spee_Seetakt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5415" data-file-height="4030" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee" title="German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee">German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee</a> in Montevideo, December 1939</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> was neutral for most of World War II but eventually joined the Allies. It declared its neutrality on September 4, 1939, although <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uruguay" title="President of Uruguay">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Baldomir" title="Alfredo Baldomir">Alfredo Baldomir</a> was poorly disposed towards the Axis powers. Uruguay's neutrality included a 500-kilometre (310 mi) exclusion zone extending from its coast, established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Panama">Declaration of Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> Neither side of the conflict acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">exclusion zone</a>, and in December, British warships and the German warship <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee" title="German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee">Admiral Graf Spee</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a> in the zone. This prompted a joint protest from several Latin American nations to both sides. (Admiral Graf Spee took refuge in Uruguay's capital, <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, claiming sanctuary in a neutral port, but was later ordered out.) In early 1942, President Baldomir broke off diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers. On 15 February 1945, near the end of the war, Uruguay dropped its neutrality and joined the Allies, and declaring war on Germany and Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vatican_City">Vatican City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=165" title="Edit section: Vatican City">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers in audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> following the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Liberation of Rome</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, the smallest autonomous country in the world at 0.44 km2 (0.16 sq mi, little more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>), remained unoccupied throughout the war and <a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">its small military</a> did not engage in combat. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> allegedly supported resistance efforts in secret, issued public statements against racism, and attempted to broker peace before the outbreak of total war. However, as Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, he signed the very first treaty negotiated by Nazi Germany when it came to power in 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (a treaty that remains in force).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Vatican City was also bound by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> with Italy, requiring the Vatican and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to remain politically neutral, which Pius XII successfully maintained throughout the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=166" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1908%E2%80%931958)#López_Contreras_and_Medina_Angarita_(1935–1945)" title="History of Venezuela (1908–1958)">History of Venezuela (1908–1958) § López Contreras and Medina Angarita (1935–1945)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Aruba" title="Attack on Aruba">Attack on Aruba</a></div> After the attack on Pearl Harbor, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> severed diplomatic relations with Italy, Germany, and Japan, and produced vast oil supplies for the Allies. It maintained a relative neutrality until the last years of war, when it finally declared war on Germany and the rest of the Axis countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yemen">Yemen</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=167" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen#Modern_history" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen § Modern history</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a>, which occupied the northern portion of modern <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, followed an isolationist foreign policy under King <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din</a>. It formed an alliance with Italy in 1936, an obvious precaution following the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Conquest_of_Ehiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Conquest of Ehiopia">Italian Conquest of Ehiopia</a>, directly across the Red Sea from Yemen. Yet Yemen had no intention of actually involving itself in Italy's wars, and it remained neutral for the duration of the war. The southern portion of modern Yemen, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a>, was under British control.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=168" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg/220px-Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg/330px-Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg/440px-Diverzija_u_Srbiji_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>A German train destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Uprising in Serbia (1941)</a></figcaption></figure> The Axis Powers occupied <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in 1941 and created several <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedi%C4%87%27s_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedić's Serbia">Nedić's Serbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro_(1941%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1944)">Kingdom of Montenegro</a>. Other parts of Yugoslavia were occupied directly. Yugoslavs opposing the Nazis soon started to organize resistance movements, the <a href="/wiki/Partisans_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans (Yugoslavia)">Partisans</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a>, and the monarchist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sisak_People%27s_Liberation_Partisan_Detachment" title="Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment">Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment</a> of the Yugoslav Partisans established in <a href="/wiki/Sisak" title="Sisak">Sisak</a>, Croatia, was the first Partisan armed anti-Fascist movement to take place in occupied Yugoslavia and primarily consisted of Croats. By the end of 1941, of the roughly 7,000 members of Partisans in Croatia, 5,400 were Serbs. By May 1944, the ethnic composition of the Yugoslav Partisans on a national level was made up of 44% Serbs, 30% Croats and 10% Slovenes.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> The two resistance movements had conflicting goals, and the Chetniks began collaborating in the middle of the war with the Axis powers to fight against the Partisans. The Chetniks also engaged in a campaign of ethnic cleansing of non-Serbs in the territory of the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975259-316">[314]</a> This was in accordance with Mihailović's directive of 20 December 1941 which called for the cleansing of <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> living in areas intended to be part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>. Communist <a href="/wiki/AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AVNOJ">Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> was convened on in <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> in 1942 and in <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a>. Near the end of the war, Western governments attempted to reconcile the various sides, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Tito-%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito-Šubašić Agreement">Tito-Šubašić Agreement</a> in June 1944. However, the Communist Party ruled the post-war state. After heavy bloodshed in a complex war, Yugoslavia was reestablished in 1945, including areas previously ruled by Kingdom of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>). General Mihailović and many other royalists were rounded-up and executed by the Partisans. Mihailović was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> for his resistance efforts throughout the war and for his role in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Halyard" title="Operation Halyard">Operation Halyard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_State_of_Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=169" title="Edit section: Independent State of Croatia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, or NDH) was a Nazi-puppet state that became a member of the Axis on 10 April 1941 and joined the Tripartite Pact on 15 June 1941. The state was nominally a monarchy and a de facto Italian-German quasi-<a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, after which it remained a de facto German quasi-protectorate until the German withdrawal near the end of the war. It had a government controlled by the fascist <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement who were put in power by Germany. During the war, the Ustaše regime committed <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide against Serbs</a> as well as Jews and Roma in the NDH. They also had their own separate concentration camps, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasenovac extermination camp">Jasenovac extermination camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> Its military fought alongside Axis troops; mainly on anti-Partisan operations within the NDH. Volunteers from the NDH fought in Wehrmacht formations on the Eastern Front as the 'Croatian Legion' for some time. The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia">Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia</a> remained engaged in battle a week after the capitulation of Germany on 8 May 1945 in an attempt to surrender to Allied forces rather than the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nedić's_Serbia">Nedić's Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=170" title="Edit section: Nedić's Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Nedic's Serbia</a> was a puppet regime installed by Nazi Germany. Unlike the puppet state <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, the regime in the occupied Yugoslavia was never accorded status in international law and did not enjoy formal diplomatic recognition on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tomasevich78-319">[317]</a> The regime enjoyed some support.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Serbia became the second country in Europe, following Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByfield2012304-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz2009128-322">[320]</a> to be proclaimed Judenfrei (free of Jews).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199683-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasovac1999161-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManoschek1995166-325">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200293-326">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz199986-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=171" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Montenegro">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a></div> The Kingdom of Montenegro was an occupied territory under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)">Fascist Italy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Although the Italians had intended to establish a quasi-independent Montenegrin kingdom, these plans were permanently shelved after a popular uprising in July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2006134–136-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975103-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008590-330">[328]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italian surrender</a> in September 1943, the <a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">territory of Montenegro was occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> forces which withdrew in December 1944. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=172" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists of World War II topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=173" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> "The cavalry of the Gruppo Bande were recruited for all over Ethiopia and were Amharic speaking, hence the name. But the NCOs were Eritrean, and the officers were Italians, hand-picked by Amedeo himself"<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Along with this, the unit contained <a href="/wiki/Yemeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni">Yemeni</a> infantry </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> The exact figures are not known since Russia has not made the relevant documents public. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=174" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartiromoFreeman2020" class="citation book cs1">Bartiromo, Maria; Freeman, James (27 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=ww2+deaths+%2290+million%22&pg=PT181">The Cost: Trump, China, and American Revival</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982164003" title="Special:BookSources/9781982164003"><bdi>9781982164003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cost%3A+Trump%2C+China%2C+and+American+Revival&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.isbn=9781982164003&rft.aulast=Bartiromo&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Freeman%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqfcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dww2%2Bdeaths%2B%252290%2Bmillion%2522%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1986" class="citation book cs1">Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Stalin%2C+Churchill%2C+and+Chiang+Kai-Shek%2C+1943%3A+The+Moscow%2C+Cairo%2C+and+Teheran+Conferences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sainsbury&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Dupree, Louis: Afghanistan, pages 477–478. Princeton University Press, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN9K0DZlkog">What Did Afghanistan Do In World War 2? | Central Asian Neutrality? 1939-1947</a>. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+Afghanistan+Do+In+World+War+2%3F+%7C+Central+Asian+Neutrality%3F+1939-1947&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEN9K0DZlkog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2001" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Tariq (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/51/109.html">"The king of Greater Afghanistan; A German dispatch from 1940 shows Zahir Shah's true colours"</a>. Irish Independent. Retrieved 2016-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+king+of+Greater+Afghanistan%3B+A+German+dispatch+from+1940+shows+Zahir+Shah%27s+true+colours&rft.pub=Irish+Independent&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F51%2F109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8180382">"EX-KING AMANULLAH NOW WORKS FOR HITLER"</a>. Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957). 1941-05-24. p. 4. Retrieved 2019-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Vic.+%3A+1848+%E2%80%93+1957%29&rft.atitle=EX-KING+AMANULLAH+NOW+WORKS+FOR+HITLER&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1941-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article8180382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1979" class="citation news cs1">Times, Paul Hofmann Special to The New York (1979-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/29/archives/afghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html">"Afghan King, In Rome Exile, Tightens Belt"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2019-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+King%2C+In+Rome+Exile%2C+Tightens+Belt&rft.date=1979-04-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Paul+Hofmann+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F04%2F29%2Farchives%2Fafghan-king-in-rome-exile-tightens-belt-daud-sent-money-to-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrews2015" class="citation book cs1">Crews, Robert D. (2015-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6_SCgAAQBAJ&q=amanullah+afghanistan+nazi+1941&pg=PA166">Afghan Modern: The History of a Global Nation</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674286092" title="Special:BookSources/9780674286092"><bdi>9780674286092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Modern%3A+The+History+of+a+Global+Nation&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.isbn=9780674286092&rft.aulast=Crews&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6_SCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Damanullah%2Bafghanistan%2Bnazi%2B1941%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Cernuschi, Enrico. La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.</a>; et al. (1954). <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html">The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. pp. 397, 399. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494123451">494123451</a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pages=397%2C+399&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494123451&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.+S.+O.&rft.au=with+Stitt+RN%2C+Commander+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+Air+Vice-Marshal+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-Med-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2002" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Saul (2002). The Lost Oasis: The Desert War and the Hunt for Zerzura. Westview Press. pp. 156, 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6162-0"><bdi>0-7195-6162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Oasis%3A+The+Desert+War+and+the+Hunt+for+Zerzura&rft.pages=156%2C+193&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7195-6162-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctica_during_World_War_II_admle-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Antarctica_during_World_War_II_admle_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiderøe2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Widerøe, Turi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075108/http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2008/annekteringen%20av%20dronning%20maud%20land/print_artikler_view">"Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land"</a>. Norsk Polarhistorie (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2008/annekteringen%20av%20dronning%20maud%20land/print_artikler_view">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=Annekteringen+av+Dronning+Maud+Land&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wider%C3%B8e&rft.aufirst=Turi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Fartikler%2F2008%2Fannekteringen%2520av%2520dronning%2520maud%2520land%2Fprint_artikler_view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> D. T. Murphy, German exploration of the polar world. A history, 1870–1940 (Nebraska 2002), p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrand1971" class="citation book cs1">Bertrand, Kenneth J. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansinantar0000bert">Americans in Antarctica 1775–1948</a>. New York: American Geographical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+in+Antarctica+1775%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Geographical+Society&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansinantar0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/our_history/stations_and_refuges/index.php">"About – British Antarctic Survey"</a>. www.antarctica.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antarctica.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+British+Antarctic+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.ac.uk%2Fabout_bas%2Four_history%2Fstations_and_refuges%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/">"Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge » Picture Library catalogue"</a>. www.spri.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spri.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute%2C+Cambridge+%C2%BB+Picture+Library+catalogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fpictures%2Fcatalogue%2Fhmscc1943%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/history/operation-tabarin/">"Operation Tabarin overview"</a>. British Antarctic Survey – Polar Science for Planet Earth. <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>. 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey+%E2%80%93+Polar+Science+for+Planet+Earth&rft.atitle=Operation+Tabarin+overview&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Fhistory%2Foperation-tabarin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Allén Lascano, Luís C. (1977). Argentina y la gran guerra, Cuaderno 12. «La Soberanía», Todo es Historia, Buenos Aires </li> <li id="cite_note-Escudé-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Escudé_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Escudé_19-1">b</a> Carlos Escudé: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eial.tau.ac.il/index.php/eial/article/view/1192/1220">Un enigma: la "irracionalidad" argentina frente a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, Vol. 6 Nº 2, jul-dic 1995, Universidad de Tel Aviv</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galasso-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galasso_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galasso_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galasso_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galasso_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galasso_20-4">e</a> Galasso, Norberto (2006). Perón: Formación, ascenso y caída (1893-1955), Colihue, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-581-399-6" title="Special:BookSources/950-581-399-6">950-581-399-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRN143472-21"><a href="#cite_ref-PRN143472_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=143472">"Wings of Thunder – Wartime RAF Veterans Flying in From Argentina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wings+of+Thunder+%E2%80%93+Wartime+RAF+Veterans+Flying+in+From+Argentina&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.co.uk%2Fcgi%2Fnews%2Frelease%3Fid%3D143472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eloy_Martinez-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Eloy_Martinez_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEloy_Martínez1984" class="citation journal cs1">Eloy Martínez, Tomás (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/144-peron-and-the-nazi-war-criminals">"Peron and the Nazi War Criminals"</a>. Latin American Program Working Papers (144). <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Program+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Peron+and+the+Nazi+War+Criminals&rft.issue=144&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Eloy+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2F144-peron-and-the-nazi-war-criminals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/historical/HistDocs.nsf/vVolume/60FE89B313B559EFCA256B7D0075C2B2">"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia"</a>. Info.dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Info.dfat.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.dfat.gov.au%2Finfo%2Fhistorical%2FHistDocs.nsf%2FvVolume%2F60FE89B313B559EFCA256B7D0075C2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j34/stevens.asp#23">Stevens, The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30</a> Retrieved 10 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Smith, Larry (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160336/http://www.bahamapundit.com/2011/07/planning-to-protect-our-bahamian-islands.html">"Planning to Protect our Bahamian Islands"</a>. Bahama Pundit. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bahama+Pundit&rft.atitle=Planning+to+Protect+our+Bahamian+Islands&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahamapundit.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fplanning-to-protect-our-bahamian-islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloch" title="Michael Bloch">Bloch, Michael</a> (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77947-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77947-8">0-297-77947-8</a>, pp. 79–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1991). King Edward VIII: The official biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57730-2">0-394-57730-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1988" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duchessofwind00high">The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life</a>. McGraw Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duchessofwind00high/page/331">331–332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070288010" title="Special:BookSources/9780070288010"><bdi>9780070288010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchess+of+Windsor%3A+The+Secret+Life&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780070288010&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduchessofwind00high&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ziegler, pp. 471–472 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H. C. G.</a> (September 2004; online edition January 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31061">"Edward VIII, later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor (1894–1972)"</a>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31061">10.1093/ref:odnb/31061</a>, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTACEY1955" class="citation web cs1">STACEY, C. P. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802205823/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Sixyrs_e.pdf">"Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War- Volume I -Six Years of War"</a> (PDF). National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Government of Canada. p. 181. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Sixyrs_e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 2, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Defence+and+the+Canadian+Forces&rft.atitle=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War-+Volume+I+-Six+Years+of+War&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=STACEY&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fhis%2Fdocs%2FSixyrs_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/197604/air.raid.a.sequel.htm">"Saudi Aramco World: Air Raid! A Sequel"</a>. archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.aramcoworld.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+World%3A+Air+Raid%21+A+Sequel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F197604%2Fair.raid.a.sequel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsson" class="citation web cs1">Polsson, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129070555/http://ww2timeline.info/ww21936.htm">"October 1936"</a>. 2timeline.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2timeline.info/ww21936.htm">the original</a> on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+1936&rft.pub=2timeline.info&rft.aulast=Polsson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2timeline.info%2Fww21936.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1988" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, James (1988). Storming Eagles: German Airborne Forces in World War Two. London: Arms and Armour. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-879-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-879-6"><bdi>0-85368-879-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storming+Eagles%3A+German+Airborne+Forces+in+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85368-879-6&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_authors1941" class="citation book cs1">Various authors (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Belgium/Belgium_1939-40/">Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939–40</a>. London: Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. pp. 41–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium%3A+The+Official+Account+of+What+Happened%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Belgian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FBelgium%2FBelgium_1939-40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gege6220.skyrock.com/451931930-Les-prisonniers-de-guerre-belges.html">"Les prisonniers de guerre belges"</a>. 7 May 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+prisonniers+de+guerre+belges&rft.date=2006-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgege6220.skyrock.com%2F451931930-Les-prisonniers-de-guerre-belges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_United_States_Chief_of_Counsel_for_Prosecution_of_Axis_Criminality1946" class="citation book cs1">Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-I.pdf#page=1083">"Germanization and Spoliation §4. The Western Occupied Countries"</a> (PDF). Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Vol. I. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 1064.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanization+and+Spoliation+%C2%A74.+The+Western+Occupied+Countries&rft.btitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1064&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Office+of+United+States+Chief+of+Counsel+for+Prosecution+of+Axis+Criminality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_Nazi_Vol-I.pdf%23page%3D1083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/geschichte/auslaendisch/freiwillige/index.html">"Freiwillige Zwangsarbeit? Die Expansion nach Westen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freiwillige+Zwangsarbeit%3F+Die+Expansion+nach+Westen&rft.pub=German+Federal+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fgeschichte%2Fauslaendisch%2Ffreiwillige%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054814/http://ehri-project.eu/drupal/content/belgium">"Belgium"</a>. European Holocaust Research Infrastructure Project. enhri-project.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehri-project.eu/drupal/content/belgium">the original</a> on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Holocaust+Research+Infrastructure+Project&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehri-project.eu%2Fdrupal%2Fcontent%2Fbelgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2010" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2010). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Asp. pp. 203–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8"><bdi>978-90-5487-517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Belgium%3A+From+1830+Onwards&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Asp&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-517-8&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft.au=Craeybeckx%2C+Jan&rft.au=Meynen%2C+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "La Belgique docile" report summarised in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaes" class="citation web cs1">Baes, Ruben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928024139/http://www.cegesoma.be/cms/rech_encours_en.php?article=679">"'La Belgique docile': Les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CEGES-SOMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEGES-SOMA">CEGES-SOMA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegesoma.be/cms/rech_encours_en.php?article=679">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27La+Belgique+docile%27%3A+Les+autorit%C3%A9s+belges+et+la+pers%C3%A9cution+des+Juifs&rft.pub=CEGES-SOMA&rft.aulast=Baes&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cegesoma.be%2Fcms%2Frech_encours_en.php%3Farticle%3D679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2007" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Kenneth W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/esk01/index.html">A European Anabasis: Western European Volunteers in the German Army and SS, 1940–1945</a>. Columbia: Project Gutenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13030-1"><bdi>978-0-231-13030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+European+Anabasis%3A+Western+European+Volunteers+in+the+German+Army+and+SS%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=Project+Gutenburg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13030-1&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fesk01%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2012" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Martin (12 January 2012). The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1"><bdi>978-0-19-969434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorrows+of+Belgium%3A+Liberation+and+Political+Reconstruction%2C+1944%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969434-1&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a> (Rev. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Simon & Schuster. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7"><bdi>0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaete1994" class="citation book cs1">Baete, Hubert, ed. (1994). Belgian Forces in United Kingdom. Ostend: Defence. pp. 31–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgian+Forces+in+United+Kingdom&rft.place=Ostend&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Defence&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1991" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignvolunteer00thom">Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces: 1939–45</a>. London: Osprey. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignvolunteer00thom/page/n17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-136-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Volunteers+of+the+Allied+Forces%3A+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-136-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignvolunteer00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417155350/https://ww2today.com/5th-april-1943-belgium-tragedy-in-usaaf-daylight-bombing-raid">"April 5, 1943: Belgium tragedy in USAAF daylight bombing raid"</a>. Ww2today.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2today.com/5th-april-1943-belgium-tragedy-in-usaaf-daylight-bombing-raid">the original</a> on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+5%2C+1943%3A+Belgium+tragedy+in+USAAF+daylight+bombing+raid&rft.pub=Ww2today.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2today.com%2F5th-april-1943-belgium-tragedy-in-usaaf-daylight-bombing-raid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150307201819/http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/5562">"1944: The liberation of Brussels"</a>. Brussels.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/5562">the original</a> on 2015-03-07. Retrieved 2013-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1944%3A+The+liberation+of+Brussels&rft.pub=Brussels.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brussels.be%2Fartdet.cfm%2F5562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-the-bulge">"Battle of the Bulge: December 16, 1944 – January 28, 1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+December+16%2C+1944+%E2%80%93+January+28%2C+1945&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fbattle-of-the-bulge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2627787">"V-Bomb Damage in Belgium Extensive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Times">Canberra Times</a>. 17 May 1945. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=V-Bomb+Damage+in+Belgium+Extensive&rft.date=1945-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article2627787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-church1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-church1_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangworth" class="citation web cs1">Langworth, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521023602/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-138/898-feeding-the-crocodile-was-leopold-guilty">"Feeding the Crocodile: Was Leopold Guilty?"</a>. Churchill Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-138/898-feeding-the-crocodile-was-leopold-guilty">the original</a> on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+Crocodile%3A+Was+Leopold+Guilty%3F&rft.pub=Churchill+Centre&rft.aulast=Langworth&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fsupport%2Fthe-churchill-centre%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour%2Fissues-109-to-144%2Fno-138%2F898-feeding-the-crocodile-was-leopold-guilty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingiza2012" class="citation journal cs1">Singiza, Dantès (7 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihoes.be/PDF/Analyse97DSingiza.pdf">"Ruzagayura, une famine au Rwanda au cœur du Second Conflit mondial"</a> (PDF). L'Institut d'Histoire Ouvrière, économique et Sociale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Institut+d%27Histoire+Ouvri%C3%A8re%2C+%C3%A9conomique+et+Sociale&rft.atitle=Ruzagayura%2C+une+famine+au+Rwanda+au+c%C5%93ur+du+Second+Conflit+mondial&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Singiza&rft.aufirst=Dant%C3%A8s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihoes.be%2FPDF%2FAnalyse97DSingiza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorji2008" class="citation book cs1">Dorji, Lham (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262373968">The Wangchuk Dynasty: 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan</a>. The Centre for Bhutan Studies. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3780.4889">10.13140/RG.2.1.3780.4889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wangchuk+Dynasty%3A+100+Years+of+Enlightened+Monarchy+in+Bhutan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=The+Centre+for+Bhutan+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3780.4889&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=Lham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262373968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II (1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Wesley F. Craven & <a href="/wiki/James_L._Cate" title="James L. Cate">James L. Cate</a>; The Army Air Forces in the World War II; <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Office of US Air Force History</a> 1983; page 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Maximiano, C.C.; Bonalume N., R. (2011), Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II, Long Island City: Osprey Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849084833" title="Special:BookSources/9781849084833">9781849084833</a> Page 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Affairs" title="World Affairs">World Affairs</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Society" title="American Peace Society">American Peace Society</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> 1951; Volume 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Wesley F. Craven & James L. Cate; 1983 Ibidem </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/fates/losses/">"Loss listings"</a> of WWII German U-boats. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Barone, João (2013) 1942: O Brasil e a Guerra quasi desconhecida (1942: Brazil and its almost forgotten war) (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8520933947" title="Special:BookSources/8520933947">8520933947</a> Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carey,_Alan_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Carey, Alan C.">Carey, Alan C.</a> (2004) Galloping Ghosts of the Brazilian Coast. Lincoln, NE USA: iUniverse, Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595315275" title="Special:BookSources/0595315275">0595315275</a> Page 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Wesley F. Craven & James L. Cate; 1983 Ibidem Page 695 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lochery, Neill. Brazil: The Fortunes of War, War II and the Making of Modern Brazil. Basic Books, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465039982" title="Special:BookSources/9780465039982">9780465039982</a> Parts 4 & 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The Japanese Occupation of Borneo 1941–1945, Ooi Keat Gin, page 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp. 387–388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-517-8"><bdi>978-1-85285-517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-517-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clod-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_66-2">c</a> Micheal Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6">0-7864-1204-6</a>. p. 556 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruhl-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gruhl_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruhl_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruhl_67-2">c</a> Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8">978-0-7658-0352-8</a> (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> CBC Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/09/10/">On This Day, Sept. 10, 1939</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Canadian War Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931italian_e.html">"The Italian Campaign"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222011617/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931italian_e.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Canadian War Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931liberating_e.html">"Liberating Northwest Europe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215220005/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931liberating_e.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Canadian War Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931cost_e.html">"Counting the Cost"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615215151/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931cost_e.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050319051926/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008717">"World War II"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008717">the original</a> on March 19, 2005. Retrieved 2010-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1ARTA0008717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Canadian Air Force Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/CFAWC/eLibrary/Journal/Vol3-2010/Iss1-Winter/Sections/08-Worlds_Fourth_Largest_Air_Force_e.pdf">"World's Fourth Largest Air Force?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614070606/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/CFAWC/eLibrary/Journal/Vol3-2010/Iss1-Winter/Sections/08-Worlds_Fourth_Largest_Air_Force_e.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> World War – Willmott, H.P. et al.; Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, 2004, Page 168 Retrieved on 17 May 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Veterans Affairs Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=history/other/merchant/hist">"The Historic Contribution of Canada's Merchant Navy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117123949/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=history%2Fother%2Fmerchant%2Fhist">Archived</a> 2007-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Stacey, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050319051926/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008717#SEC904084">"World War II: Cost and Significance"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia online (Historica). Revised by N. Hillmer. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Caribbean_Islands_–_World_War_II-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_Islands_–_World_War_II_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_Islands_–_World_War_II_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3368.html">"Caribbean Islands – World War II"</a>. www.country-data.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.country-data.com&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Islands+%E2%80%93+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-3368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2014" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Carrie (2014). Empire's Crossroads: A History of the Caribbean from Columbus to the Present Day. Grove Press. pp. 258–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2431-9"><bdi>978-0-8021-2431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+the+Caribbean+from+Columbus+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-2431-9&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Hastings, Max, p. 74., All Hell Let Loose, The World at War 1939–45, Harper Press, London (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-ASM-80"><a href="#cite_ref-ASM_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1430.html">"Tolten"</a>. uboat.net. 1995. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolten&rft.pub=uboat.net&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fallies%2Fmerchants%2Fship%2F1430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterio_de_Relaciones_Exteriores_de_Chile1945" class="citation web cs1">Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile (13 April 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1045158">"LEY 8109 - AUTORIZA AL PRESIDENTE DE LA REPUBLICA PARA RECONOCER LA EXISTENCIA DEL ESTADO DE GUERRA ENTRE CHILE Y EL JAPÓN"</a>. www.leychile.cl. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leychile.cl&rft.atitle=LEY+8109+-+AUTORIZA+AL+PRESIDENTE+DE+LA+REPUBLICA+PARA+RECONOCER+LA+EXISTENCIA+DEL+ESTADO+DE+GUERRA+ENTRE+CHILE+Y+EL+JAP%C3%93N&rft.date=1945-04-13&rft.au=Ministerio+de+Relaciones+Exteriores+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leychile.cl%2FNavegar%3FidNorma%3D1045158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian.com-82"><a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian.com_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chile-foiled-nazi-plot-attack-panama-canal-documents-show-180963836/">"Documents Show Chile Foiled Nazi Plot to Attack Panama Canal"</a>. Retrieved June 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+Show+Chile+Foiled+Nazi+Plot+to+Attack+Panama+Canal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fchile-foiled-nazi-plot-attack-panama-canal-documents-show-180963836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot,_1995-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot,_1995_84-6">g</a> Dear and Foot, The Oxford Companion to World War II (1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-176772">"CLAVE 1944 RC CALDAS HUNDE SUBMARINO NAZI - eltiempo.com"</a>. 22 October 1991. Retrieved May 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLAVE+1944+RC+CALDAS+HUNDE+SUBMARINO+NAZI+-+eltiempo.com&rft.date=1991-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Farchivo%2Fdocumento%2FMAM-176772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zamora, Alberto (9 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunamag.com/tribuna/2017/12/9/the-fdr-of-costa-rica">"The "FDR" of Costa Rica: The Life and Times of Dr. Calderón Guardia"</a>. TribunaMag. Retrieved 19 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TribunaMag&rft.atitle=The+%22FDR%22+of+Costa+Rica%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Dr.+Calder%C3%B3n+Guardia&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.aulast=Zamora&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunamag.com%2Ftribuna%2F2017%2F12%2F9%2Fthe-fdr-of-costa-rica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Frank Argote-Freyre. Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, New Jersey. </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-88"><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html">"U.S. Policy During the Holocaust: The Tragedy of S.S. St. Louis"</a>. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Policy+During+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Tragedy+of+S.S.+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fstlouis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urrib2000.narod.ru-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urrib2000.narod.ru_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urrib2000.narod.ru_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/Mil1-4-e.html">"Second World War and the Cuban Air Force"</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+World+War+and+the+Cuban+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urrib2000.narod.ru%2FMil1-4-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarThomas_B._Allen" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen. World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941–1945. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+War+Years+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=230&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hague-91"><a href="#cite_ref-hague_91-0">^</a> Hague, Arnold The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 Naval Institute Press 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-019-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-019-3">1-55750-019-3</a> p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Levine, Herbert S., Hitler🇩🇪's 3 City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925–39 (University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheundpolen.de/ereignisse/ereignis_jsp/key=polnische_post_1939.html">Danzig: Der Kampf um die polnische Post</a> (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1958 Pages 38 and 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308045139/http://www.hoy.com.do/opiniones/2009/9/4/292270/112-dominicanos-lucharon-en-la-Segunda-Guerra-Mundial">"112 dominicanos lucharon en la Segunda Guerra Mundial"</a>. hoy.com.do. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoy.com.do/opiniones/2009/9/4/292270/112-dominicanos-lucharon-en-la-Segunda-Guerra-Mundial">the original</a> on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=112+dominicanos+lucharon+en+la+Segunda+Guerra+Mundial&rft.pub=hoy.com.do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoy.com.do%2Fopiniones%2F2009%2F9%2F4%2F292270%2F112-dominicanos-lucharon-en-la-Segunda-Guerra-Mundial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L. (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711160513/https://dutcheastindies.webs.com/borneo.html">"The conquer of Borneo Island, 1941–1942"</a>. Dutch East Indies Campaign website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/borneo.html">the original</a> on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+website&rft.atitle=The+conquer+of+Borneo+Island%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutcheastindies.webs.com%2Fborneo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 (Second ed.). MacMillan. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.pages=199&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Cited in: Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986; Pantheon; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8">0-394-75172-8</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Eng2008" class="citation web cs1">Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/">"Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950"</a>. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. pp. 35–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Munich+Personal+RePEc+Archive&rft.atitle=Food+Supply+in+Java+during+War+and+Decolonisation%2C+1940%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Van+der+Eng&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F8852%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.mongabay.com/ecuador/galapagos.htm">"Pictures from the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador"</a>. Travel.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2010-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pictures+from+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands+in+Ecuador&rft.pub=Travel.mongabay.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.mongabay.com%2Fecuador%2Fgalapagos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/sab86/Mart.htm">"CU People has been decommissioned"</a>. People.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CU+People+has+been+decommissioned&rft.pub=People.cornell.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.cornell.edu%2Fpages%2Fsab86%2FMart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/19/secondworldwar">Call to honour El Salvador's rescuer of Jews after war role rediscovered</a>, Rory Carroll, June 2008, The Guardian, retrieved 8 April 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard_Mosley_1964-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_Mosley_1964_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_Mosley_1964_103-1">b</a> Leonard Mosley, Haile Selassie: the conquering lion (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen" class="citation news cs1">Chen, C. Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/country/Fiji">"Fiji in World War II"</a>. WW2DB. Retrieved 2018-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WW2DB&rft.atitle=Fiji+in+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=C.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fcountry%2FFiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Polvinen (1964) Suomi suurvaltojen politiikassa 1941–1944 p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/fall_france_01.shtml">"BBC – History – World Wars: The Fall of France"</a>. Retrieved 2018-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+World+Wars%3A+The+Fall+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Ffall_france_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_short_history_of_NATO-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_short_history_of_NATO_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_short_history_of_NATO_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310094039/http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html">"A short history of NATO"</a>. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2013-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+NATO&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fhistory%2Fnato-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_Security_Council-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Security_Council_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Security_Council_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml">"Charter of the United Nations: Chapter V: The Security Council"</a>. United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 2013-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+the+United+Nations%3A+Chapter+V%3A+The+Security+Council&rft.pub=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fcharter%2Fchapter5.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Jean-Jacques Youlou & <a href="/wiki/Scholastique_Dianzinga" title="Scholastique Dianzinga">Scholastique Dianzinga</a>, "Une capitale dans l'histoire"; Chapter 1 in Ziavoula (2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Dominic (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Twentieth-Century+African+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djibouti_and_the_Horn_of_Africa-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djibouti_and_the_Horn_of_Africa_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djibouti_and_the_Horn_of_Africa_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonAdloff1968" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Virginia McLean; Adloff, Richard (1968). Djibouti and the Horn of Africa. Stanford University Press. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djibouti+and+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Virginia+McLean&rft.au=Adloff%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicone_Chiodo1990" class="citation book cs1">Picone Chiodo, Marco (1990). In nome della resa: l'Italia nella guerra 1940–1945. Mursia. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+nome+della+resa%3A+l%27Italia+nella+guerra+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Picone+Chiodo&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonAdloff1968" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Virginia McLean; Adloff, Richard (1968). Djibouti and the Horn of Africa. Stanford University Press. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djibouti+and+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Virginia+McLean&rft.au=Adloff%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654943/Yundum">"Yundum"</a>. Britannica Online encyclopedia. Retrieved 10 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yundum&rft.pub=Britannica+Online+encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F654943%2FYundum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/in-the-run-up-to-the-duration-of-world-war-2-the-gambia-direct">"In the run-up to the duration of World War II, The Gambia direct"</a>. The Point. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Point&rft.atitle=In+the+run-up+to+the+duration+of+World+War+II%2C+The+Gambia+direct&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthepoint.gm%2Fafrica%2Fgambia%2Farticle%2Fin-the-run-up-to-the-duration-of-world-war-2-the-gambia-direct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/112.html">"Locations of British General Hospitals during WW2"</a>. Scarlet Finders. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scarlet+Finders&rft.atitle=Locations+of+British+General+Hospitals+during+WW2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scarletfinders.co.uk%2F112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2005" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2005). The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. London: Free Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Africa%3A+A+History+of+Fifty+Years+of+Independence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1959/mar/25/clause-2-loans-for-approved-colonial#S5CV0602P0_19590325_HOC_385">"Hansard HC Deb 25 March 1959, vol 602, cols 1405–1458"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 25 March 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110234156/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1959/mar/25/clause-2-loans-for-approved-colonial#S5CV0602P0_19590325_HOC_385">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Hansard+HC+Deb+25+March+1959%2C+vol+602%2C+cols+1405%E2%80%931458&rft.date=1959-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1959%2Fmar%2F25%2Fclause-2-loans-for-approved-colonial%23S5CV0602P0_19590325_HOC_385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c12-119"><a href="#cite_ref-c12_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519085844/http://www.aboutourrock.com/culture/tracer/operationtracer.htm">"Operation Tracer – Stay Behind Cave"</a>. www.aboutourrock.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutourrock.com/culture/tracer/operationtracer.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Tracer+%E2%80%93+Stay+Behind+Cave&rft.pub=www.aboutourrock.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutourrock.com%2Fculture%2Ftracer%2Foperationtracer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2002" class="citation book cs1">Lawler, Nancy Ellen (2002). Soldiers, Airmen, Spies, and Whisperers: the Gold Coast in World War II. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821414309" title="Special:BookSources/9780821414309"><bdi>9780821414309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%2C+Airmen%2C+Spies%2C+and+Whisperers%3A+the+Gold+Coast+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780821414309&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerman1982" class="citation book cs1">Immerman, Richard H. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciainguatemalafo0000imme">The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention</a>. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciainguatemalafo0000imme/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2"><bdi>978-0-292-71083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+in+Guatemala%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Intervention&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas%2C+USA&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71083-2&rft.aulast=Immerman&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciainguatemalafo0000imme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-Erik_Goldstein_2005,_p._218-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_2005,_p._218_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erik_Goldstein_2005,_p._218_123-1">b</a> Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000349/http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx">"Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuskegee+Airmen+Pilot+Listing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuskegee.edu%2Fabout_us%2Flegacy_of_fame%2Ftuskegee_airmen%2Ftuskegee_airmen_pilot_listing.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1997" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Charles E (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tuskegeeairmenme00char">The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men who Changed a Nation</a>. Branden Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tuskegeeairmenme00char/page/438">438</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828320290" title="Special:BookSources/9780828320290"><bdi>9780828320290</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuskegee+Airmen%3A+The+Men+who+Changed+a+Nation&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Branden+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780828320290&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Charles+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftuskegeeairmenme00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140010/http://www.latribuna.hn/2015/05/12/honduras-participo-activamente-en-la-segunda-guerra-mundial/">"Honduras participó activamente en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Diario La Tribuna"</a>. www.latribuna.hn (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latribuna.hn/2015/05/12/honduras-participo-activamente-en-la-segunda-guerra-mundial/">the original</a> on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.latribuna.hn&rft.atitle=Honduras+particip%C3%B3+activamente+en+la+Segunda+Guerra+Mundial+%E2%80%93+Diario+La+Tribuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latribuna.hn%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Fhonduras-participo-activamente-en-la-segunda-guerra-mundial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen" class="citation news cs1">Chen, C. Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/country/Hong%20Kong">"Hong Kong in World War II"</a>. WW2DB. Retrieved 2018-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WW2DB&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+in+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=C.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fcountry%2FHong%2520Kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2005" class="citation web cs1">Keith Bradsher (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214191558/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0418-04.htm">"Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong"</a>. NY Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0418-04.htm">the original</a> on 2006-02-14. Retrieved 11 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+March+in+Anti-Japan+Protest+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines05%2F0418-04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon_Roland" title="Charles Gordon Roland">Roland, Charles G.</a> (2001). Long Night's Journey into Day: Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan, 1941–1945. <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press" title="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a>. pp. xxviii, 1, 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889203628" title="Special:BookSources/0889203628"><bdi>0889203628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Night%27s+Journey+into+Day%3A+Prisoners+of+War+in+Hong+Kong+and+Japan%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=xxviii%2C+1%2C+321&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0889203628&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625000629/https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375">"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448/31764375">the original</a> on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission+Annual+Report+2014-2015+p.+38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwargravescommission%2Fdocs%2Far_2014-2015%3Fe%3D4065448%2F31764375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2002" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland & Co. p. 582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts+%E2%80%93+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1500%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khanbbc-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khanbbc_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khanbbc_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khanbbc_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Yasmin (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33105898">"Has India's contribution to WW2 been ignored?"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Has+India%27s+contribution+to+WW2+been+ignored%3F&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-33105898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17799625">"JAPANESE RAID CHITTAGONG"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 1942-12-14. Retrieved 2024-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=JAPANESE+RAID+CHITTAGONG&rft.date=1942-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article17799625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randhawa-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Randhawa_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandhawa2005" class="citation web cs1">Randhawa, K. (15 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml">"The bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+bombing+of+Calcutta+by+the+Japanese&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft.aulast=Randhawa&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F50%2Fa5756150.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Despatch "Operations in Assam and Burma from 23RD June 1944 to 12TH November 1944" Supplement to the London Gazette, 3 March 1951 pg 1711 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFamine_Inquiry_Commission1945" class="citation book cs1">Famine Inquiry Commission (May 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.206311/2015.206311.Famine-Inquiry#page/n3/mode/2up">Report on Bengal</a> (PDF). New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India Press. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+Bengal&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications%2C+Government+of+India+Press&rft.date=1945-05&rft.au=Famine+Inquiry+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.206311%2F2015.206311.Famine-Inquiry%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/world-war-2.cfm">"World War II (1939–1945)"</a>. www2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=World+War+II+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~erpapers%2Fteachinger%2Fglossary%2Fworld-war-2.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patti-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Patti_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatti,_Archimedes_L._A.1980" class="citation book cs1">Patti, Archimedes L. A. (1980). Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross. University of California Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520041569" title="Special:BookSources/0520041569"><bdi>0520041569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Viet+Nam%3F+Prelude+to+America%27s+Albatross&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0520041569&rft.au=Patti%2C+Archimedes+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988">7 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1995" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (1995). Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. University of California Press. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+1945%3A+The+Quest+for+Power&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesplat" class="citation web cs1">Desplat, Juliette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312222442/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/arcaheology-second-world-war-iraq/">"Archaeology and the Second World War in Iraq"</a>. blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/arcaheology-second-world-war-iraq/">the original</a> on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Second+World+War+in+Iraq&rft.aulast=Desplat&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fblog%2Farcaheology-second-world-war-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curragh.info/klines.htm">"K-Lines Internment Camp"</a>. The Curragh. 2011. Retrieved 2016-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K-Lines+Internment+Camp&rft.pub=The+Curragh&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curragh.info%2Fklines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume6/issue1/features/?id=181">"History Ireland"</a>. historyireland.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyireland.com&rft.atitle=History+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume6%2Fissue1%2Ffeatures%2F%3Fid%3D181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1999" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Richard (1999). "Chapter I". Irish Men and Women in the Second World War. Dublin: Four Courts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+I&rft.btitle=Irish+Men+and+Women+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1992" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Doug (1992) [1983]. Paddy Finucane, Fighter Ace: A Biography of Wing Commander Brendan E. Finucane, D.S.O., D.F.C. and Two Bars. Somerton, Somerset, UK: Crécy Publishing. pp. 193–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947554-22-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-947554-22-X"><bdi>0-947554-22-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddy+Finucane%2C+Fighter+Ace%3A+A+Biography+of+Wing+Commander+Brendan+E.+Finucane%2C+D.S.O.%2C+D.F.C.+and+Two+Bars&rft.place=Somerton%2C+Somerset%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Cr%C3%A9cy+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-947554-22-X&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410081622/http://www.acesofww2.com/UK/aces/finucane/">[1]</a> "An Irishman who became one of the most decorated Spitfire Ace's. With the highest number of 'kills' (32), Finucane was the youngest Wing Commander in the RAF all before his 22nd birthday. Paddy was both the leader of his Squadron, and an inspirational leader to his pilots and ground crew. With his Shamrock crested Spitfire emblazoned with his initials, Paddy achieved one of the highest kill rates in RAF history." </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See The War Room website for a listing of bombing attacks on Irish soil, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/bombings.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128163526/http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/bombings.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/nazi-bombing-of-dublin-was-not-accidental-1.83210">"Nazi bombing of Dublin was "not accidental""</a>. The Irish Times. 19 June 1997. Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+bombing+of+Dublin+was+%22not+accidental%22&rft.date=1997-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnazi-bombing-of-dublin-was-not-accidental-1.83210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk1996" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Robert (1996) [1983]. In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality, 1939–1945. London: Gill & Macmillan. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2411-8"><bdi>0-7171-2411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Time+of+War%3A+Ireland%2C+Ulster+and+the+Price+of+Neutrality%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7171-2411-8&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> Cobh was to be attacked by the British 3rd Infantry Division so that the Cork Harbour could be used as a naval base for the anti-submarine war in the Atlantic, the plan was eventually dropped as one division was not considered enough of a force to reoccupy this part of the State. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk1983" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Robert (1983). In Time of War. Gill and Macmillan. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2411-8"><bdi>0-7171-2411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Time+of+War&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7171-2411-8&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2003" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, John P. (2003). Herr Hempel at the German Legation in Dublin 1937–1945. Irish Academic Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-2746-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-2746-4"><bdi>0-7165-2746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herr+Hempel+at+the+German+Legation+in+Dublin+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7165-2746-4&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> WW2 in Africa, Sebastion O'kelly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.amedeoguillet.com/ww2-in-africa/">http://www.amedeoguillet.com/ww2-in-africa/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairwith_Stitt_RNMolonyToomer1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.</a>; et al. (1954). <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html">The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494123451">494123451</a>. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494123451&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.+S.+O.&rft.au=with+Stitt+RN%2C+Commander+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+Air+Vice-Marshal+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-Med-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Playfair, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernuschi1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). "La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" [The Unknown Resistance in East Africa]. Rivista storica (in Italian). Roma: Coop. giornalisti storici: 5, 36. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30747124">30747124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+storica&rft.atitle=La+resistenza+sconosciuta+in+Africa+Orientale&rft.pages=5%2C+36&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30747124&rft.aulast=Cernuschi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolbergAguayoSuhrke1992" class="citation book cs1">Zolberg, Aristide R.; Aguayo, Sergio; Suhrke, Astri (1992). Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507916-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507916-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507916-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+from+Violence%3A+Conflict+and+the+Refugee+Crisis+in+the+Developing+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507916-6&rft.aulast=Zolberg&rft.aufirst=Aristide+R.&rft.au=Aguayo%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Suhrke%2C+Astri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. p. 835. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2"><bdi>978-0-85229-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=835&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-787-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrisMawdsley2015" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+I%3A+Fighting+the+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mawdsley%2C+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1957" class="citation book cs1">Gill, G. Hermon (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525001721/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910">Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942</a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58037940">58037940</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910">the original</a> on May 25, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Australian+Navy+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+2+%E2%80%93+Navy&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58037940&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=G.+Hermon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fhistories%2Fsecond_world_war%2Fvolume.asp%3FlevelID%3D67910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButow1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Butow" title="Robert Butow">Butow, Robert Joseph Charles</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDGsAAAAIAAJ&q=neutrality+pact+japan+soviet+union+violate&pg=PA155">Japan's decision to surrender</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804704601" title="Special:BookSources/9780804704601"><bdi>9780804704601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+decision+to+surrender&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9780804704601&rft.aulast=Butow&rft.aufirst=Robert+Joseph+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDGsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dneutrality%2Bpact%2Bjapan%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%2Bviolate%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-161"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal1999" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Ralph (March 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E6DB153FF934A35750C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">"The World: Revisiting World War II Atrocities; Comparing the Unspeakable to the Unthinkable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2008-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3A+Revisiting+World+War+II+Atrocities%3B+Comparing+the+Unspeakable+to+the+Unthinkable&rft.date=1999-03-07&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B05E6DB153FF934A35750C0A96F958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26partner%3Dpermalink%26exprod%3Dpermalink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillingray2010" class="citation book cs1">Killingray, David (2010). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-015-5"><bdi>978-1-84701-015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Britain%3A+African+Soldiers+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-015-5&rft.aulast=Killingray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1993" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforequality0000greg/page/50">Quest for Equality: Asian Politics in East Africa, 1900-1967</a>. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforequality0000greg/page/50">50 to 52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86311-208-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86311-208-0"><bdi>0-86311-208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Equality%3A+Asian+Politics+in+East+Africa%2C+1900-1967&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=50+to+52&rft.pub=Orient+Longman+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86311-208-0&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforequality0000greg%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.</a>; et al. (1954). <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html">The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494123451">494123451</a>. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494123451&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.+S.+O.&rft.au=with+Stitt+RN%2C+Commander+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+Air+Vice-Marshal+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-Med-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522160450/http://www.k2.dion.ne.jp/~rur55/E/epage12.htm">"Koreans in the Japanese Imperial Army"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k2.dion.ne.jp/~rur55/E/epage12.htm">the original</a> on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koreans+in+the+Japanese+Imperial+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.k2.dion.ne.jp%2F~rur55%2FE%2Fepage12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916065633/http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20101227000641">"Over 2,000 Koreans forced into labor camp in Siberia"</a> (in Korean). Koreaherald.com. 2010-12-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20101227000641">the original</a> on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2011-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+2%2C000+Koreans+forced+into+labor+camp+in+Siberia&rft.pub=Koreaherald.com&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fnational%2FDetail.jsp%3FnewsMLId%3D20101227000641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/usa/embassy/honorary-consuls-in-the-u-s-and-mexico/789-ministry/briefing-papers/5258-soviet-occupation-and-annexation-of-latvia-1939-1940">"Soviet Occupation and Annexation of Latvia 1939–1940"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. 2004-08-16. Retrieved 2020-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Latvia&rft.atitle=Soviet+Occupation+and+Annexation+of+Latvia+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.lv%2Fen%2Fusa%2Fembassy%2Fhonorary-consuls-in-the-u-s-and-mexico%2F789-ministry%2Fbriefing-papers%2F5258-soviet-occupation-and-annexation-of-latvia-1939-1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37317">"Latvia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed.). 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latvia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-37317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> See text of ultimatum; text in Latvian: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Grava-KreituseI._FeldmanisJ._GoldmanisA._Stranga1995" class="citation book cs1">I. Grava-Kreituse; I. Feldmanis; J. Goldmanis; A. Stranga (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/okupac/dokumenti/1940.06.16.ultim.htm">Latvijas okupācija un aneksija 1939–1940: Dokumenti un materiāli (The Occupation and Annexation of Latvia: 1939–1940. Documents and Materials)</a>. Preses nams. pp. 340–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvijas+okup%C4%81cija+un+aneksija+1939%E2%80%931940%3A+Dokumenti+un+materi%C4%81li+%28The+Occupation+and+Annexation+of+Latvia%3A+1939%E2%80%931940.+Documents+and+Materials%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.pub=Preses+nams&rft.date=1995&rft.au=I.+Grava-Kreituse&rft.au=I.+Feldmanis&rft.au=J.+Goldmanis&rft.au=A.+Stranga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.lv%2Falfabets%2FL%2Fla%2Fokupac%2Fdokumenti%2F1940.06.16.ultim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227010540/http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/latviesu_legions/dokumenti/1944.07.01.htm">"Report of General Inspectorate of the Latvian Legion on Latvian nationals in German armed forces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/latviesu_legions/dokumenti/1944.07.01.htm">the original</a> on 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2006-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+General+Inspectorate+of+the+Latvian+Legion+on+Latvian+nationals+in+German+armed+forces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.lv%2Falfabets%2FL%2Fla%2Flatviesu_legions%2Fdokumenti%2F1944.07.01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latvia.eu/lv/history/story-last-latvian-ships-1940">"The Story of the Last Latvian Ships in 1940"</a>. Latvia.eu. 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2020-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latvia.eu&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Last+Latvian+Ships+in+1940&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latvia.eu%2Flv%2Fhistory%2Fstory-last-latvian-ships-1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ezergailis" title="Andrew Ezergailis">Andrew Ezergailis</a> estimates the number of criminally guilty working for the German side, to be between 500 and 600, with 1,000 being the high estimate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzergailis" class="citation web cs1">Ezergailis, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504081651/http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/ezerg_intr.html">"Introduction to "The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941–1944: The Missing Center""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.latnet.lv/lpra/EZERG_intr.html">the original</a> on 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2006-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+%22The+Holocaust+in+Latvia%2C+1941%E2%80%931944%3A+The+Missing+Center%22&rft.aulast=Ezergailis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvip.latnet.lv%2Flpra%2FEZERG_intr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodogno-174"><a href="#cite_ref-rodogno_174-0">^</a> Rodogno, D. (2006). Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jon_Wright_P._165-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Jon_Wright_P._165_175-0">^</a> Jon Wright. History of Libya. P. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Sarti, Roland. The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action. Modern Viewpoints. New York, 1974, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=597&filename=591.pdf.">Libyan colonial Troops: pp. 3031</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/hol/holc-lib.html">"The Holocaust in Libya (1938–43)"</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Libya+%281938%E2%80%9343%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fessay%2Fwar%2Fww2%2Fhol%2Fholc-lib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stegemann-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Stegemann_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegemannVogel1995" class="citation book cs1">Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). Germany and the Second World War: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa, 1939–1941. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822884-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822884-8"><bdi>0-19-822884-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe%2C+and+North+Africa%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-822884-8&rft.aulast=Stegemann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoddy-Evans" class="citation web cs1">Boddy-Evans, Alistair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chronological-list-of-african-independence-4070467">"A Timeline of African Countries' Independence"</a>. ThoughtCo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=A+Timeline+of+African+Countries%27+Independence&rft.aulast=Boddy-Evans&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fchronological-list-of-african-independence-4070467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309222117/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759431,00.html">"LIECHTENSTEIN: Nazi Pressure?"</a>. TIME. 1938-04-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759431,00.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2007. Retrieved 2010-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=LIECHTENSTEIN%3A+Nazi+Pressure%3F&rft.date=1938-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C759431%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minorsights-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minorsights_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minorsights_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorsights.com/2014/09/Czech-Lednice-Valtice.html">"The former Liechtenstein possessions of Lednice-Valtice"</a>. Minor Sights. September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+former+Liechtenstein+possessions+of+Lednice-Valtice&rft.pub=Minor+Sights&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorsights.com%2F2014%2F09%2FCzech-Lednice-Valtice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Li-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Li_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Li_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Li_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4443809.stm">"Nazi crimes taint Liechtenstein"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 14 April 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nazi+crimes+taint+Liechtenstein&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4443809.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222120252/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818218,00.html">ARGENTINA: Last of the Wehrmacht</a> – Monday, Apr. 13, 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-Liechtenstein_National_Archives-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liechtenstein_National_Archives_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liechtenstein_National_Archives_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liechtenstein_National_Archives_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-archiv.li/koerperschaftDetail.aspx?backurl=editionSuche.aspx?eid=&koerperID=3366&eID=">"Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein"</a>. e-archiv.li (in German). Liechtenstein National Archives. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-archiv.li&rft.atitle=Volksdeutsche+Bewegung+in+Liechtenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FkoerperschaftDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3DeditionSuche.aspx%3Feid%3D%26koerperID%3D3366%26eID%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2015" class="citation book cs1">May, Ernest R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiTVCQAAQBAJ">Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France</a>. Hill and Wang. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466894280" title="Special:BookSources/9781466894280"><bdi>9781466894280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Victory%3A+Hitler%27s+Conquest+of+France&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781466894280&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGiTVCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher,_Jean_Tucker2012" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Jean Tucker (2012). Fletcher, Willard Allen (ed.). Defiant Diplomat: George Platt Waller, American consul in Nazi-occupied Luxembourg 1939–1941. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-398-6"><bdi>978-1-61149-398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defiant+Diplomat%3A+George+Platt+Waller%2C+American+consul+in+Nazi-occupied+Luxembourg+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Newark&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61149-398-6&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Jean+Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005363">"Luxembourg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxembourg&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2011" class="citation book cs1">Various (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173644/http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/gouvernement/gouvernements_depuis_1848/Les_gouvernements_depuis_1848.pdf">Les Gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848</a> (PDF). Luxembourg: Government of Luxembourg. pp. 110–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87999-212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87999-212-9"><bdi>978-2-87999-212-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/gouvernement/gouvernements_depuis_1848/Les_gouvernements_depuis_1848.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Gouvernements+du+Grand-Duch%C3%A9+de+Luxembourg+depuis+1848&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pub=Government+of+Luxembourg&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-87999-212-9&rft.au=Various&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.lu%2Fpublications%2Fgouvernement%2Fgouvernements_depuis_1848%2FLes_gouvernements_depuis_1848.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapou1998" class="citation book cs1">Yapou, Eliezer (1998). "Luxembourg: The Smallest Ally". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://governmentsinexile.com/yapouluxembourg.html">Governments in Exile, 1939–1945</a>. Jerusalem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luxembourg%3A+The+Smallest+Ally&rft.btitle=Governments+in+Exile%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Yapou&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovernmentsinexile.com%2Fyapouluxembourg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AEL1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEL1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEL1_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150220180233/http://www.luxembourg.alloexpat.com/luxembourg_information/history_of_luxembourg.php?page=0,5">"World War II"</a>. Allo Expat: Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.pub=Allo+Expat%3A+Luxembourg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxembourg.alloexpat.com%2Fluxembourg_information%2Fhistory_of_luxembourg.php%3Fpage%3D0%252C5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaths2008" class="citation book cs1">Raths, A. (2008). Unheilvolle Jahre für Luxemburg: années néfastes pour le Grand-Duché. Luxemburg: Rappel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/845663699">845663699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unheilvolle+Jahre+f%C3%BCr+Luxemburg%3A+ann%C3%A9es+n%C3%A9fastes+pour+le+Grand-Duch%C3%A9&rft.place=Luxemburg&rft.pub=Rappel&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F845663699&rft.aulast=Raths&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-{{{id}}}">Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-141-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-141-2">1-84037-141-2</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1956" class="citation book cs1">Waters, S. D. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy.html">The Royal New Zealand Navy</a>. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (New Zealand Electronic Text Centre ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. pp. 96–98. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11085179">11085179</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+New+Zealand+Navy&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.series=Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.edition=New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Centre&rft.pub=War+History+Branch%2C+Dept.+of+Internal+Affairs&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11085179&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2Navy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themaldivesjournal.com/themaldivesjournal.com/20768">"Ameen Didi and the Great Famine"</a>. themaldivesjournal.com. Retrieved 2023-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=themaldivesjournal.com&rft.atitle=Ameen+Didi+and+the+Great+Famine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemaldivesjournal.com%2Fthemaldivesjournal.com%2F20768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_3530000/3530301.stm">"1942: Malta gets George Cross for bravery"</a>. BBC News. 15 April 1942. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1942%3A+Malta+gets+George+Cross+for+bravery&rft.date=1942-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F15%2Fnewsid_3530000%2F3530301.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=8566&l=1">"Constitution of Malta, Article 3"</a>. Government of Malta. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Malta%2C+Article+3&rft.pub=Government+of+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justiceservices.gov.mt%2FDownloadDocument.aspx%3Fapp%3Dlom%26itemid%3D8566%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> p. 325 Jackson, Ashley The British Empire and the Second World War, A&C Black, 9 Mar 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> pp. 121–122 Killingray, David & Plaut, Martin Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> p.325 Jackson </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/1648.html">"Potrero del Llano (steam tanker)"</a>. German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+WWII+-+uboat.net&rft.atitle=Potrero+del+Llano+%28steam+tanker%29&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fallies%2Fmerchants%2Fships%2F1648.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Schoultz2014" class="citation book cs1">Lars Schoultz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_X_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858491" title="Special:BookSources/9781400858491"><bdi>9781400858491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Security+and+United+States+Policy+Toward+Latin+America&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400858491&rft.au=Lars+Schoultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_X_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/201squadron.html">"201st Mexican Fighter Squadron"</a>. The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Netherlands+East+Indies+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=201st+Mexican+Fighter+Squadron&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2F201squadron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Navarro, Armando, Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2018" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Sarah (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/mexico-world-war-ii-surprising-involvement">"The Surprising Role Mexico Played in World War II"</a>. History.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Role+Mexico+Played+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fmexico-world-war-ii-surprising-involvement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Abramovici P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/rocher-been-occupé-pendant-1939-1945/dp/2020372118">Un rocher been occupé : Monaco pendant la Guerre 1939–1945</a> Editions Seuil, Paris 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-037211-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-037211-8">2-02-037211-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batbayar-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Batbayar_209-0">^</a> Tsedendambyn Batbayar (2003), "The Japanese Threat and Stalin's Policies Towards Outer Mongolia", Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945, Li Narangoa and Robert B. Cribb, eds. (London: Routledge Curzon), 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Christopher P. Atwood (1999), "Sino-Soviet Diplomacy and the Second Partition of Mongolia, 1945–1946", Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin, eds. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe), 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross32-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross32_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross32_211-1">b</a> Cross, J.P & Buddhiman Gurung (2002) Gurkhas at War: Eyewitness Accounts from World War II to Iraq. Greenhill Books, p. 32 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-727-4">978-1-85367-727-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Osprey Military Elite Series #49 The Gurkhas by Mike Chappell 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-357-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-357-5">1-85532-357-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgtrust.org/ind2.htm">"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the Second World War"</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Participants+from+the+Indian+subcontinent+in+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgtrust.org%2Find2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Parker, John (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. Headline Book Publishing, p. xvii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1415-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1415-7">978-0-7553-1415-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGibbon." class="citation web cs1">McGibbon., Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech/34551/new-zealand-declares-war-on-germany">"Second World War – New Zealand's involvement'"</a>. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Second+World+War+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand%27s+involvement%27&rft.aulast=McGibbon.&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fspeech%2F34551%2Fnew-zealand-declares-war-on-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle,_Karl_McNeil1998" class="citation journal cs1">Earle, Karl McNeil (Winter 1998). "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States". American Review of Canadian Studies. 28 (4): 387–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02722019809481611">10.1080/02722019809481611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Cousins+of+a+Kind%3A+The+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Relationship+with+the+United+States&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02722019809481611&rft.au=Earle%2C+Karl+McNeil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Williams" class="citation web cs1">Jenny Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/royal_navy.html">"Newfoundlanders in the War: Royal Navy"</a>. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newfoundlanders+in+the+War%3A+Royal+Navy&rft.pub=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage+Web+Site&rft.au=Jenny+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Flaw%2Froyal_navy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> O. E. Udofia, Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966, Journal of Black Studies Vol. 11, No. 4 (Jun., 1981), pp. 435–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211403/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWrhodesia.htm">"Rhodesian Army"</a>. Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWrhodesia.htm">the original</a> on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesian+Army&rft.pub=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FFWWrhodesia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv.nrk.no/serie/vaar-aere-og-vaar-makt/prho65006207/10-01-2010">"NRK TV – Se I krig og kjærleik"</a>. nrk.no. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nrk.no&rft.atitle=NRK+TV+%E2%80%93+Se+I+krig+og+kj%C3%A6rleik&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftv.nrk.no%2Fserie%2Fvaar-aere-og-vaar-makt%2Fprho65006207%2F10-01-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksenTerje_Halvorsen1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Einar_Eriksen" title="Knut Einar Eriksen">Eriksen, Knut Einar</a>; Terje Halvorsen (1990). Norge i krig – Frigjøring (in Norwegian). Oslo: <a href="/wiki/Aschehoug" title="Aschehoug">Aschehoug</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-03-11423-7" title="Special:BookSources/82-03-11423-7"><bdi>82-03-11423-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norge+i+krig+%E2%80%93+Frigj%C3%B8ring&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=82-03-11423-7&rft.aulast=Eriksen&rft.aufirst=Knut+Einar&rft.au=Terje+Halvorsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greve272-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greve272_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greve272_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreve1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Greve" title="Tim Greve">Greve, Tim</a> (1990). Norge i krig III – Verdenskrig (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-03-11418-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-03-11418-0"><bdi>82-03-11418-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norge+i+krig+III+%E2%80%93+Verdenskrig&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=82-03-11418-0&rft.aulast=Greve&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1945" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, J. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/Lion%20Guardant.pdf">Lion with Tusk Guardant</a> (PDF). Salisbury: Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85997210">85997210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+with+Tusk+Guardant&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pub=Rhodesian+Printing+and+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85997210&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2FLion%2520Guardant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsA99MJ13t0C">A History of Malawi, 1859–1966</a>. Woodbridge: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010506" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010506"><bdi>9781847010506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malawi%2C+1859%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781847010506&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsA99MJ13t0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupiah1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rupiah, M. (1995). "The History of the Establishment of Internment Camps and Refugee Settlements in Southern Rhodesia, 1938–1952". <a href="/wiki/Zambezia_(journal)" title="Zambezia (journal)">Zambezia</a>. 22 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</a>: 137–152. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA03790622_444">10520/AJA03790622_444</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0379-0622">0379-0622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambezia&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Internment+Camps+and+Refugee+Settlements+in+Southern+Rhodesia%2C+1938%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA03790622_444&rft.issn=0379-0622&rft.aulast=Rupiah&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken2012238–240-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCracken2012238–240_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCracken2012">McCracken 2012</a>, pp. 238–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/oman-and-the-second-world-war/">"Oman and the Second World War"</a>. rafmuseum.org. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rafmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Oman+and+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fonline-exhibitions%2Fan-enduring-relationship-a-history%2Foman-and-the-second-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Williamson Murray, Allan R. Millett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdYkMPfUSUAC&pg=PT159">A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War</a>, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLindstrom1989" class="citation book cs1">White, Geoffrey Miles; Lindstrom, Lamont (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZUEAQAAIAAJ&q=the+pacific+theater+white">The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824811464" title="Special:BookSources/9780824811464"><bdi>9780824811464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Theater%3A+Island+Representations+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780824811464&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Miles&rft.au=Lindstrom%2C+Lamont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZUEAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bpacific%2Btheater%2Bwhite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Werner Gruhl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102">Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Transaction Publishers, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8">978-0-7658-0352-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstromWhiteCenter1990" class="citation book cs1">Lindstrom, Lamont; White, Geoffrey Miles; Center, East-West (September 17, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKIWAAAAYAAJ&q=island+encounters">Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War</a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874744576" title="Special:BookSources/9780874744576"><bdi>9780874744576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Encounters%3A+Black+and+White+Memories+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1990-09-17&rft.isbn=9780874744576&rft.aulast=Lindstrom&rft.aufirst=Lamont&rft.au=White%2C+Geoffrey+Miles&rft.au=Center%2C+East-West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKIWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Disland%2Bencounters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2009" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Judith A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4U71TFEaahcC&q=natives+and+exotics">Natives and Exotics: World War II and Environment in the Southern Pacific</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824832650" title="Special:BookSources/9780824832650"><bdi>9780824832650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natives+and+Exotics%3A+World+War+II+and+Environment+in+the+Southern+Pacific&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780824832650&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4U71TFEaahcC%26q%3Dnatives%2Band%2Bexotics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindstrom-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindstrom_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstrom1993" class="citation book cs1">Lindstrom, Lamont (1993). Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cargo+Cult%3A+Strange+Stories+of+desire+from+Melanesia+and+beyond&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lindstrom&rft.aufirst=Lamont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1971" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Peter (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadbelongcargos00lawr_0">Road Belong Cargo: A Study of the Cargo Movement in the Southern Madang District, New Guinea</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719004575" title="Special:BookSources/9780719004575"><bdi>9780719004575</bdi></a>. <q>Cargo cult new guinea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Road+Belong+Cargo%3A+A+Study+of+the+Cargo+Movement+in+the+Southern+Madang+District%2C+New+Guinea&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780719004575&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadbelongcargos00lawr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Nachman Ben-Yehuda. The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1995. Pp. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/letters-describing-dayan-losing-eye-to-be-auctioned/">"Letters describing Dayan losing his eye to be auctioned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Letters+describing+Dayan+losing+his+eye+to+be+auctioned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fletters-describing-dayan-losing-eye-to-be-auctioned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1997" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Benis M. (July 4, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/svc.htm">"The Jewish Company of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps Compared With Other Jewish Diaspora Fighting Units"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Company+of+the+Shanghai+Volunteer+Corps+Compared+With+Other+Jewish+Diaspora+Fighting+Units&rft.date=1997-07-04&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Benis+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2Festu%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2Fsvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParaszczuk2010" class="citation news cs1">Paraszczuk, Joanna (March 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/We-proved-to-the-world-that-we-can-fight">"'We proved to the world that we can fight'. Veterans attend a special showing in Tel Aviv of Chuck Olin's award-winning documentary about the outstanding all-Jewish Brigade that helped defeat Hitler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved September 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%27We+proved+to+the+world+that+we+can+fight%27.+Veterans+attend+a+special+showing+in+Tel+Aviv+of+Chuck+Olin%27s+award-winning+documentary+about+the+outstanding+all-Jewish+Brigade+that+helped+defeat+Hitler.&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft.aulast=Paraszczuk&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FLocal-Israel%2FTel-Aviv-And-Center%2FWe-proved-to-the-world-that-we-can-fight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2007" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Adi (2007-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-nine-lives-of-the-lorenz-cafe-1.237605">"The nine lives of the Lorenz Cafe – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News"</a>. Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+nine+lives+of+the+Lorenz+Cafe+%E2%80%93+Haaretz+Daily+Newspaper+%7C+Israel+News&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2007-03-17&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-nine-lives-of-the-lorenz-cafe-1.237605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiferheld" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seiferheld, Alfredo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalguarani.com/836_alfredo_m_seiferheld_r/7114_nazismo_y_fascismo_en_el_paraguay_1936_1939__1985__por_alfredo_m_seiferheld.html">"Nazism y Fascismo en el Paraguay"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazism+y+Fascismo+en+el+Paraguay&rft.aulast=Seiferheld&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalguarani.com%2F836_alfredo_m_seiferheld_r%2F7114_nazismo_y_fascismo_en_el_paraguay_1936_1939__1985__por_alfredo_m_seiferheld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimahora.com/los-pilotos-paraguayos-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-n278340.html">"Los Pilotos paraguayos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial"</a>. Diario Última Hora (in Spanish). 29 November 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+%C3%9Altima+Hora&rft.atitle=Los+Pilotos+paraguayos+en+la+Segunda+Guerra+Mundial&rft.date=2009-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimahora.com%2Flos-pilotos-paraguayos-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-n278340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tydings-McDuffie-Act">"Tydings-McDuffie Act"</a>. Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tydings-McDuffie+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTydings-McDuffie-Act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corregidor-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corregidor_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corregidor_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asomf.org/what-happened-during-the-battle-of-corregidor/">"What Happened During the Battle of Corregidor?"</a>. U.S. Army Airborne & Special Operations Museum. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Airborne+%26+Special+Operations+Museum&rft.atitle=What+Happened+During+the+Battle+of+Corregidor%3F&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asomf.org%2Fwhat-happened-during-the-battle-of-corregidor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phusdod-244"><a href="#cite_ref-phusdod_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergun" class="citation web cs1">Vergun, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/2048611/us-forces-began-main-battle-for-philippines-75-years-ago/">"U.S. Forces Began Main Battle For Philippines 75 Years Ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=U.S.+Forces+Began+Main+Battle+For+Philippines+75+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=Vergun&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FFeature-Stories%2Fstory%2FArticle%2F2048611%2Fus-forces-began-main-battle-for-philippines-75-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-245"><a href="#cite_ref-AS_245-0">^</a> Andrzej Sławiński, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/10%20Article.htm">Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020143832/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/10%20Article.htm">Archived</a> 2019-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on March 14, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050211055135/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm">Archived</a> February 11, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/01/the-qatar-oil-discoveries">"The Qatar Oil Discoveries" by Rasoul Sorkhabi"</a>. geoxpro.com. 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Qatar+Oil+Discoveries%22+by+Rasoul+Sorkhabi&rft.pub=geoxpro.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoexpro.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2Fthe-qatar-oil-discoveries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Toth, Anthony. "Qatar: Historical Background." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/qatoc.html">A Country Study: Qatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Helen Chapin Metz</a>, editor). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (January 1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard1944" class="citation news cs1">Packard, Reynolds (September 14, 1944). "Nazis Invade San Marino". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Nazis+Invade+San+Marino&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1944-09-14&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Spector" title="Ronald H. Spector">Spector, Ronald H.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_p8k8">Eagle Against the Sun</a>. The MacMillan Wars of the United States. New York: MacMillan, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-930360-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-930360-5"><bdi>0-02-930360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+Against+the+Sun&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+MacMillan+Wars+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=MacMillan%2C+Inc&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-02-930360-5&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_p8k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/wapa/encounters/encounters5.htm">"Pacific Memories: Island Encounters of World War II"</a>. Retrieved 2007-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Memories%3A+Island+Encounters+of+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fwapa%2Findepth%2FextContent%2Fwapa%2Fencounters%2Fencounters5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513062414/http://www.pidgin.ca/www/History/History.htm">"Solomon Islands Pijin – History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pidgin.ca/www/History/History.htm">the original</a> on May 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solomon+Islands+Pijin+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pidgin.ca%2Fwww%2FHistory%2FHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Brij V. Lal, Edward D. Beechert, and Doug Munro. Plantation Workers: Resistance and Accommodation, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. Page 162-3. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2004" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, David (3 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC">Moon Handbooks South Pacific</a>. David Stanley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC/page/n1018">999</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-411-6"><bdi>978-1-56691-411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Handbooks+South+Pacific&rft.pages=999&rft.pub=David+Stanley&rft.date=2004-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-56691-411-6&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1989" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Captain Dave (1989). Yellow Wings – The Story of the Joint Air Training Scheme in World War 2. Pretoria: The SAAF Museum. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellow+Wings+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+the+Joint+Air+Training+Scheme+in+World+War+2&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=The+SAAF+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Captain+Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Ashley (1999). "African Soldiers and Imperial Authorities: Tensions and Unrest During the Service of High Commission Territories Soldiers in the British Army, 1941–46". Journal of Southern African Studies. 25 (4): 645–665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F030570799108515">10.1080/030570799108515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=African+Soldiers+and+Imperial+Authorities%3A+Tensions+and+Unrest+During+the+Service+of+High+Commission+Territories+Soldiers+in+the+British+Army%2C+1941%E2%80%9346&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E645-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F030570799108515&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, J. R. T. (June 2005). So Far And No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965. Victoria, British Columbia: <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4952-8"><bdi>978-1-4120-4952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Far+And+No+Further%21+Rhodesia%27s+Bid+For+Independence+During+the+Retreat+From+Empire+1959%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-4952-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War (First ed.). London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4049-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-4049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=173&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4049-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1947" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, John Forrest (1947). The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939–1945. Salisbury: S R G Stationery Office. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568041576">568041576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+History+of+Southern+Rhodesia+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=S+R+G+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568041576&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=John+Forrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/21/arts/a-job-for-rewrite-stalin-s-war.html?_r=0">[3]</a> Article at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Feb. 21, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/germany-to-open-last-wwii-war-cemetery-in-russia-a-914093.html">[4]</a> Article at <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, July 31, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Churchill memoirs, Molotov requests for second front. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> "The United States is well aware of the fact that the Soviet Union bears the weight of the fight."— F. D. Roosevelt. Source: Correspondence of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a> with the U.S. Presidents and Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, V. 2. M., 1976, pp. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> "Red Army decided the fate of German militarism". – W. Churchill. Source: Correspondence of the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the U.S. Presidents and Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945., V. 2. M., 1976, pp. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "he attack on the Third Reich was a joint effort. But it was not a joint effort of two equal parts. The lion's share of victory in Europe can be awarded only to Stalin's forces." – N. Davis, Sunday Times, 5 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> David M. Glantz, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">Jonathan M. House</a>, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, University Press of Kansas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700621210" title="Special:BookSources/0700621210">0700621210</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker" title="Christopher J. Walker">Walker, Christopher J.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355">Armenia The Survival of a Nation</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355">355–356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-0210-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-0210-7"><bdi>0-7099-0210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+The+Survival+of+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=355-356&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7099-0210-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniasurvivalo0000walk%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianow.com/news/22993/serzh_sargsyan_moscow_vday_military_parade">V-Day: Armenian leader attends WW II allies’ parade in Red Square</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100512180334/http://www.armenianow.com/news/22993/serzh_sargsyan_moscow_vday_military_parade">Archived</a> 2010-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." ArmeniaNow. May 9, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAE_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAE_268-1">b</a> (in Armenian) <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Khudaverdyan" title="Konstantin Khudaverdyan">Khudaverdyan, Konstantine</a>. «Սովետական Միության Հայրենական Մեծ Պատերազմ, 1941–1945» ("The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945"). <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia</a>. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 542–547. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II#Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Participants in World War II">Participants in World War II#Armenia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Swietochowski, Tadeusz(1995) Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, Columbia University, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rustaveli.tripod.com/history9.html">"Georgia: Past, Present, Future..."</a> tripod.com. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tripod.com&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frustaveli.tripod.com%2Fhistory9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGachava2009" class="citation news cs1">Gachava, Nino (28 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Georgian_President_Blasted_Over_Monuments_Demolition/1910056.html">"Georgian President Blasted Over Monument's Demolition – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty © 2010"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Rferl.org. Retrieved 2010-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Georgian+President+Blasted+Over+Monument%27s+Demolition+%E2%80%93+Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty+%C2%A9+2010&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft.aulast=Gachava&rft.aufirst=Nino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FGeorgian_President_Blasted_Over_Monuments_Demolition%2F1910056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2011" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J (2011). The Atlantic Wall (2): Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. Osprey Publishing. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-145-3"><bdi>978-1-78096-145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Wall+%282%29%3A+Belgium%2C+The+Netherlands%2C+Denmark+and+Norway&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-145-3&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-274"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_274-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Georgian Legion (1941–1945)">Georgian Legion (1941–1945)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-texel.net-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texel.net_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-texel.net_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuchtvaart_en_Oorlogsmuseum" class="citation web cs1">Luchtvaart en Oorlogsmuseum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texel.net/en/about-texel/history/the-uprising-of-the-georgians">"The uprising of the Georgians – VVV Texel"</a>. Texel.net. Retrieved 2011-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+uprising+of+the+Georgians+%E2%80%93+VVV+Texel&rft.pub=Texel.net&rft.au=Luchtvaart+en+Oorlogsmuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texel.net%2Fen%2Fabout-texel%2Fhistory%2Fthe-uprising-of-the-georgians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=A+History+of+Ukraine">A History of Ukraine</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802078209" title="Special:BookSources/9780802078209"><bdi>9780802078209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine.&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780802078209&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt124cP06gg0C%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Michael Berenbaum (ed.), A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York University Press, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-251-1">1-85043-251-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Wilson, Andrew. Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith. Cambridge University Press. London: 1997. 47–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-tris-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tris_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tris_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tris_279-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tris_279-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trisonline.nl/de-tris/tweede-wereldoorlog/">"Tweede wereldoorlog"</a>. TRIS Online (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TRIS+Online&rft.atitle=Tweede+wereldoorlog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trisonline.nl%2Fde-tris%2Ftweede-wereldoorlog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parbode.com/het-prinses-irene-detachement-in-suriname-parbode-sneak-peek/">"Het Prinses Irene detachement in Suriname"</a>. Parbode (in Dutch). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parbode&rft.atitle=Het+Prinses+Irene+detachement+in+Suriname&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parbode.com%2Fhet-prinses-irene-detachement-in-suriname-parbode-sneak-peek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suriname_airport-281"><a href="#cite_ref-suriname_airport_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=vliegveld+suriname&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1940-1949%7C1941%7C&page=1&coll=ddd&identifier=KBNRC01:000052327:mpeg21:a0013&resultsidentifier=KBNRC01:000052327:mpeg21:a0013&rowid=1">"Aanleg vliegveld in Suriname"</a>. Algemeen Handelsblad (in Dutch). 2 December 1941. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algemeen+Handelsblad&rft.atitle=Aanleg+vliegveld+in+Suriname&rft.date=1941-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delpher.nl%2Fnl%2Fkranten%2Fview%3Fquery%3Dvliegveld%2Bsuriname%26facets%255Bperiode%255D%255B%255D%3D2%257C20e_eeuw%257C1940-1949%257C1941%257C%26page%3D1%26coll%3Dddd%26identifier%3DKBNRC01%3A000052327%3Ampeg21%3Aa0013%26resultsidentifier%3DKBNRC01%3A000052327%3Ampeg21%3Aa0013%26rowid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonet-Vincent2001" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Donet-Vincent, Danielle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2001_num_88_330_3849">"Les "bagnes" des Indochinois en Guyane (1931-1963)"</a>. Persée. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pers%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Les+%22bagnes%22+des+Indochinois+en+Guyane+%281931-1963%29&rft.pages=220&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Donet-Vincent&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Foutre_1631-0438_2001_num_88_330_3849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThabouillot2011" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thabouillot, Gérard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532">"Être chef de poste en Inini (1930-1969)"</a>. Persée. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2275-4954">2275-4954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pers%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=%C3%8Atre+chef+de+poste+en+Inini+%281930-1969%29&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2275-4954&rft.aulast=Thabouillot&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Foutre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Going Solo, By Roald Dahl, Publisher: Puffin Books (September 4, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141322742" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141322742">978-0141322742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heale-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heale_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heale_285-1">b</a> Jay Heale, Winnie Wong, 2009, Cultures of the World, Second (Book 16), Tanzania, Publisher: Cavendish Square Publishing (March 1, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761434177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761434177">978-0761434177</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Memorial Gates Trust, African participants in the Second World War, www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945), Updated September 2005, Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2004" class="citation book cs1">Anand, R. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IDsCAAAQBAJ&dq=tibet+country+1950+international+law&pg=PA127">Studies in International Law and History: An Asian Perspective</a>. Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13859-9"><bdi>978-90-04-13859-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+International+Law+and+History%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer-Science%2BBusiness+Media%2C+B.V.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13859-9&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IDsCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtibet%2Bcountry%2B1950%2Binternational%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_289-0">^</a> Smith, Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canonymous.com/press/ecritique2/part2.html">"Self-Determination in Tibet: The Politics of Remedies"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificwrecks.com/airfields/tonga/tongatabu/then-now.html">"The United States Invasion of Tonga In 1942"</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Invasion+of+Tonga+In+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificwrecks.com%2Fairfields%2Ftonga%2Ftongatabu%2Fthen-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacificpolitics.com/2013/09/fighting-in-whose-name/">"Name Change"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904170811/http://pacificpolitics.com/2013/09/fighting-in-whose-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Name+Change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacificpolitics.com%2F2013%2F09%2Ffighting-in-whose-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaramone,_Jim2010" class="citation web cs1">Garamone, Jim (9 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011502/http://www.cpf.navy.mil/news.aspx/000101">"Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support"</a>. U.S. Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpf.navy.mil/news.aspx/000101">the original</a> on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mullen+Thanks+Tonga+for+Steadfast+Support&rft.pub=U.S.+Navy&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.au=Garamone%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpf.navy.mil%2Fnews.aspx%2F000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Kenneth J. (2004). A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81124-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81124-4"><bdi>0-521-81124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tunisia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-81124-4&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1986" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Kenneth J. (1986). Tunisia. Crossroads of the Islamic and European World. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-4050-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-4050-5"><bdi>0-7099-4050-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunisia.+Crossroads+of+the+Islamic+and+European+World&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7099-4050-5&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Adnan et Saadeddine Zmerli, "Moncef Bey, protecteur des Juifs", Jeune Afrique, 19 April 2009, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DE-ejLROEUQC&dq=moncef+bey+esteva&pg=PA100">Henri Grimal, La décolonisation de 1919 à nos jours, éd. Complexe, Bruxelles, 1985, p. 100</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrouhi2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (13 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005075810/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN13086moncesillas0">"Moncef Bey, les juifs, l'Axe et les Alliés"</a>. jeuneafrique.com (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN13086moncesillas0">the original</a> on 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jeuneafrique.com&rft.atitle=Moncef+Bey%2C+les+juifs%2C+l%27Axe+et+les+Alli%C3%A9s&rft.date=2006-08-13&rft.aulast=Barrouhi&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2Fjeune_afrique%2Farticle_jeune_afrique.asp%3Fart_cle%3DLIN13086moncesillas0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> The Diary of Anne Frank, entries for March 8 and 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Alatalu1992" class="citation journal cs1">Toomas Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: a State Reawakens". <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a>. 44 (5): 881–895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139208412051">10.1080/09668139208412051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/152275">152275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=Tuva%3A+a+State+Reawakens&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E895&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139208412051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Toomas+Alatalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204659/http://www.theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk/server?show=nav.00n00h003&timeline=n_ireland">"Northern Ireland at War"</a>. Theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk/server?show=nav.00n00h003&timeline=n_ireland">the original</a> on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2010-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+at+War&rft.pub=Theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk%2Fserver%3Fshow%3Dnav.00n00h003%26timeline%3Dn_ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1974" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis (1974) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-5.html">Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds</a>. Vol. I (paperback ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. pp. 38, 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9"><bdi>978-0-11-771592-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+At+Odds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38%2C+217&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-11-771592-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RAF-I%2FUK-RAF-I-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1997" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E. R. (1997). Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. Arms & Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85409-343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-343-1&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton2012-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton2012_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2012" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html">Britain's War Machine</a>. Retrieved 2020-05-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F55731%2Fbritain-s-war-machine%2F9780141026107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114">"Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War"</a>. Reviews in History. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine%3A+Weapons%2C+Resources+and+Experts+in+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> David White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQPvXYoo8X8C&pg=PA331">The Everything World War II Book: People, Places, Battles, and All the Key Events</a>, Adams Media, 2010, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2005" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paul (2005). The British Channel Islands under German Occupation 1940–1945. Jersey: Jersey Heritage Trust / Société Jersiaise. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0953885836" title="Special:BookSources/0953885836"><bdi>0953885836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Channel+Islands+under+German+Occupation+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Jersey&rft.pub=Jersey+Heritage+Trust+%2F+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0953885836&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1952" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Thomas J. (October 10, 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10813F7385E177B93C2A8178BD95F468585F9">"WORK COMPLETED ON U. N. BUILDINGS; $68,000,000 Plant Finished – Lie Announces a Plan to Reorganize Top Staff"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WORK+COMPLETED+ON+U.+N.+BUILDINGS%3B+%2468%2C000%2C000+Plant+Finished+%E2%80%93+Lie+Announces+a+Plan+to+Reorganize+Top+Staff&rft.date=1952-10-10&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10813F7385E177B93C2A8178BD95F468585F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Thomas D. (Fall 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327110226/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/NAWWII.html">"Native Americans in World War II"</a>. Army History: The Professional Bulletin of Army History (35): 22–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/NAWWII.html">the original</a> on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2013-04-17 – via www.shsu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+History%3A+The+Professional+Bulletin+of+Army+History&rft.atitle=Native+Americans+in+World+War+II&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FNAWWII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2019" class="citation book cs1">Treuer, David (22 January 2019). The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present. Riverhead Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heartbeat+of+Wounded+Knee%3A+Native+America+from+1890+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=Treuer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_D._Morgan1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas D. Morgan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26304400">"Native Americans in World War II"</a>. Army History (35): 22–27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26304400">26304400</a>. Retrieved 2022-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+History&rft.atitle=Native+Americans+in+World+War+II&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26304400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Thomas+D.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26304400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111022905/http://noticel.com/noticia/153909/donan-bandera-nazi-a-la-guardia-nacional-de-puerto-rico.html">"Donan bandera nazi a la Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NotiCel" title="NotiCel">NotiCel</a> (in Spanish). January 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticel.com/noticia/153909/donan-bandera-nazi-a-la-guardia-nacional-de-puerto-rico.html">the original</a> on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NotiCel&rft.atitle=Donan+bandera+nazi+a+la+Guardia+Nacional+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticel.com%2Fnoticia%2F153909%2Fdonan-bandera-nazi-a-la-guardia-nacional-de-puerto-rico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base" title="Maxwell Air Force Base">Maxwell Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: Office of Air Force History 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9">0-912799-12-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n18/CBRROpportunityCrsrds-en.html">Puerto Rico Herald May 1, 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022163641/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n18/CBRROpportunityCrsrds-en.html">Archived</a> October 22, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-01-na-roads1-story.html">Navy Closes Major Base in Wake of Protests</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Martin Henry John Finch, A political economy of Uruguay since 1870 (Springer, 1981). </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanović2019" class="citation web cs1">Jovanović, Nenad (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalnovosti.com/krive-brojke-kolinde-grabar-kitarovic">"Krive brojke Kolinde Grabar Kitarović"</a>. Novosti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novosti&rft.atitle=Krive+brojke+Kolinde+Grabar+Kitarovi%C4%87&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nenad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalnovosti.com%2Fkrive-brojke-kolinde-grabar-kitarovic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975259-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975259_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich1975">Tomasevich 1975</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Dobroslav Pavlović, and Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia (Columbia University Press, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Robert McCormick, Croatia Under Ante Pavelic: America, the Ustase and Croatian Genocide (IB Tauris), 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomasevich78-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomasevich78_319-0">^</a> <a href="#Tomasevich_2001">Tomasevich (2001)</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2002" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719064678" title="Special:BookSources/0719064678"><bdi>0719064678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+victim-centred+propaganda+and+the+war+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0719064678&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByfield2012304-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByfield2012304_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFByfield2012">Byfield 2012</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz2009128-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitz2009128_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeitz2009">Weitz 2009</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199683-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199683_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1996">Cohen 1996</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasovac1999161-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasovac1999161_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTasovac1999">Tasovac 1999</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManoschek1995166-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManoschek1995166_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManoschek1995">Manoschek 1995</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200293-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox200293_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox2002">Cox 2002</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz199986-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz199986_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenz1999">Benz 1999</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2006134–136-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno2006134–136_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodogno2006">Rodogno 2006</a>, pp. 134–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975103-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975103_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich1975">Tomasevich 1975</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008590-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin2008590_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLemkin2008">Lemkin 2008</a>, p. 590. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=175" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Benz, Wolfgang</a> (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11215-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+German+Historian+Examines+the+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11215-4&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Byfield, Judith A. (2012). "Beyond Impact: Toward a New Historiography of Africa and World War II.". In Zeiler, Thomas W. (ed.). A Companion to World War II. Vol. 2. pp. 652–665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+Impact%3A+Toward+a+New+Historiography+of+Africa+and+World+War+II.&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E652-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC">Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History</a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7"><bdi>978-0-89096-760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-760-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFz1PW_wnHYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2002" class="citation book cs1">Cox, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U765FGDfbPoC">The History of Serbia</a>. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31290-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Serbia&rft.place=Westport&rft.series=The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31290-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU765FGDfbPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C">Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clark,_New_Jersey" title="Clark, New Jersey">Clark, New Jersey</a>: The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114040954/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2016-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.place=Clark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoschek1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manoschek, Walter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5OkYuM2K1cC">"Serbien ist judenfrei": Militarische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42</a> (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486561371" title="Special:BookSources/9783486561371"><bdi>9783486561371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Serbien+ist+judenfrei%22%3A+Militarische+Besatzungspolitik+und+Judenvernichtung+in+Serbien+1941%2F42&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783486561371&rft.aulast=Manoschek&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5OkYuM2K1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Davide_Rodogno" title="Davide Rodogno">Rodogno, Davide</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC">Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84515-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215025806/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2020-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%27s+European+Empire%3A+Italian+Occupation+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84515-1&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcUNELPsQQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasovac1999" class="citation book cs1">Tasovac, Ivo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanforeignp00taso">American Foreign Policy and Yugoslavia, 1939–1941</a>. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-897-0"><bdi>978-0-89096-897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Policy+and+Yugoslavia%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-897-0&rft.aulast=Tasovac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanforeignp00taso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1975" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: The Chetniks, Volume 1</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Chetniks%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoCaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=af3gJaNj3ZEC">A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40082-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40082-550-9"><bdi>978-1-40082-550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Genocide%3A+Utopias+of+Race+and+Nation&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-40082-550-9&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daf3gJaNj3ZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&action=edit&section=176" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II_by_country" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:World War II by country">World War II by country</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahar2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Bahar, I. Izzet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/11785/1/Dissertation_ETD_April_17%2C_2012_Fixed_2.pdf">Turkey and the Rescue of Jews During the Nazi Era: A Reappraisal of Two Cases; German-Jewish Scientists in Turkey & Turkish Jews in Occupied France</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Turkey+and+the+Rescue+of+Jews+During+the+Nazi+Era%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+Two+Cases%3B+German-Jewish+Scientists+in+Turkey+%26+Turkish+Jews+in+Occupied+France&rft.inst=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bahar&rft.aufirst=I.+Izzet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship.pitt.edu%2F11785%2F1%2FDissertation_ETD_April_17%252C_2012_Fixed_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dear, I. C. B. and M. R. D. Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II (1995)</li> <li>Higham, Robin, Loyd E. Lee, Mark A. Stoler, eds. World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1997)</li> <li>Lee, Loyd E. ed. World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's Aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1998)</li> <li>Leitz, Christian. Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War</li> <li>Packard, Jerrold M. Neither Friend Nor Foe: The European Neutrals in World War II</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3615-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3615-4"><bdi>0-8047-3615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia+1941-1945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-3615-4&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II+by+country" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5948" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5948" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&oldid=1276426101">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&oldid=1276426101</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_by_country" title="Category:World War II by country">World War II by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Politics of World War II">Politics of World War II</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)">Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2017">Articles with dead external links from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" title="Category:Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy)">Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 February 2025, at 20:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_by_country&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >World War II by country</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 23 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-4mggl","wgBackendResponseTime":235,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.038","walltime":"4.793","ppvisitednodes":{"value":47022,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":947119,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":118925,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":220,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":980628,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3694.532 1 -total"," 38.84% 1435.077 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.95% 589.209 95 Template:Cite_book"," 13.63% 503.704 152 Template:Flagcountry"," 12.14% 448.578 3 Template:Columns-list"," 10.54% 389.581 92 Template:Cite_web"," 8.31% 307.047 143 Template:Main"," 5.53% 204.386 32 Template:Fix"," 5.29% 195.361 27 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.13% 152.664 12 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.102","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22432604,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAli2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaete1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrouhi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartiromoFreeman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenthal1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoddy-Evans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButow1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCernuschi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrews2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesplat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonet-Vincent2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorji2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarle,_Karl_McNeil1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgerton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEloy_Martínez1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEriksenTerje_Halvorsen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzergailis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFamine_Inquiry_Commission1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrisMawdsley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher,_Jean_Tucker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGachava2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaramone,_Jim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreve1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelgason\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._Grava-KreituseI._FeldmanisJ._GoldmanisA._Stranga1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmerman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJenny_Williams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovanović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillingray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemen1999–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangworth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLars_Schoultz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstrom1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstromWhiteCenter1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuchtvaart_en_Oorlogsmuseum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManoschek1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGibbon.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinisterio_de_Relaciones_Exteriores_de_Chile1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_United_States_Chief_of_Counsel_for_Prosecution_of_Axis_Criminality1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPackard1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParaszczuk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatti,_Archimedes_L._A.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicone_Chiodo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfair1954\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfairwith_Stitt_RNMolonyToomer1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmarThomas_B._Allen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolsson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruitt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandhawa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaths2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodogno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupiah1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSTACEY1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainsbury1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiferheld\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingiza2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStegemannVogel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTasovac1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThabouillot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_D._Morgan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonAdloff1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTimes1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToomas_Alatalu1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreuer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Eng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarious2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarious_authors1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaters1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteLindstrom1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapou1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamora2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZolbergAguayoSuhrke1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"AUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circular reference\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 89,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEN\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"EST\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 152,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"GS\"] = 8,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"LAT\"] = 1,\n [\"LIT\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 143,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"TopicTOC-World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"WWII history by nation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","10.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","8.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","120","5.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.6"],["[others]","540","24.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-5m8d2","timestamp":"20250219122835","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"World War II by country","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_by_country","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q718921","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q718921","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-13T22:42:54Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T20:05:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>