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<span>Inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Honorifics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetano_cl%C3%A1sico" title="Tibetano clásico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tibetano clásico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_classique" title="Tibétain classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tibétain classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet_Klasik" title="Bahasa Tibet Klasik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tibet Klasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്ലാസിക്കൽ ടിബറ്റൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലാസിക്കൽ ടിബറ്റൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_tibetansk" title="Klassisk tibetansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisk tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Classical_Tibetan#Disputed" 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Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Classical Tibetan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">North Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11th–19th centuries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Classical Tibetan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xct" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xct">xct</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xct">xct</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/clas1254">clas1254</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Classical Tibetan</b> refers to the language of any text written in <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> period. Though it extends from the 12th century until the modern day,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadre200327_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadre200327-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it particularly refers to the language of early canonical texts translated from other languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> implied by Classical Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is very similar to the phonology of Old Tibetan, but the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> varies greatly depending on period and geographic origin of the author. Such variation is an under-researched topic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 816 AD, during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Sadnalegs" title="Sadnalegs">Sadnalegs</a>, literary Tibetan underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the language and vocabulary of the translations being made from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, which was one of the main influences for literary standards in what is now called Classical Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_noun_phrase">Structure of the noun phrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure of the noun phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nominalizing suffixes — <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">pa</i></span> or <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ba</i></span> and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ma</i></span> — are required by the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> that is to be singled out; </p> <ul><li><span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">po</i></span> or <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a>) and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">mo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>) are used for distinction of gender.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> is denoted, when required, by adding the morpheme <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">-rnams</i></span>; when the collective nature of the plurality is stressed the morpheme <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">-dag</i></span> is instead used. These two morphemes combine readily (e.g. <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">rnams-dag</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a group with several members</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">dag-rnams</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">several groups</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical written language has ten <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a> (unmarked morphologically)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-གི</span></span>་ <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-gi</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-གྱི</span></span>་ <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-gyi</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ཀྱི་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct">-kyi</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-འི་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-'i</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ཡི་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-yi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agentive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Agentive case">agentive</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-གིས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-gis</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">གྱིས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-gyis</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ཀྱིས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-kyis</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-s</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ཡིས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-yis</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ན་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-na</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ལ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-la</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-རུ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-ru</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-སུ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-su</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ཏུ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-tu</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-དུ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-du</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ར་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-r</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-དང་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-dang</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ནས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-nas</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-ལས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-las</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a> (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">-བས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-bas</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>Case markers are affixed to entire noun phrases, not to individual words (i.e. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gruppenflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gruppenflexion">Gruppenflexion</a>). </p><p>Traditional Tibetan grammarians do not distinguish case markers in this manner, but rather distribute these case morphemes (excluding <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-dang</i></span> and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><i lang="xct-Latn">-bas</i></span>) into the eight cases of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are personal, demonstrative, interrogative and reflexive <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, as well as an <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a>, which is plainly related to the numeral for "one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an example of the pronominal system of classical Tibetan, the <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">Milarepa rnam thar</i></span>, exhibits the following personal pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>First person</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ང་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">nga</i></span></td> <td>ངེད་ <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">nged</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First + Second</td> <td></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">རང་རེ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">rang-re</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second person</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཁྱོད་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">khyod</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཁྱེད་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">khyed</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third person</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཁོ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">kho</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཁོང་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">khong</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">Like in French</a>, the plural (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཁྱེད་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">khyed</i></span>) can be used as a polite singular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> do not inflect for person or number. Morphologically there are up to four separate stem forms, which the Tibetan grammarians, influenced by Sanskrit grammatical terminology, call the "present" (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">lta-da</i></span>), "past" (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">'das-pa</i></span>), "future" (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ma-'ongs-pa</i></span>), and "imperative" (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">skul-tshigs</i></span>), although the precise semantics of these stems is still controversial. The so-called future stem is not a true future, but conveys the sense of necessity or obligation. </p><p>The majority of Tibetan verbs fall into one of two categories, those that express implicitly or explicitly the involvement of an agent, marked in a sentence by the instrumental particle (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">kyis</i></span>, etc.) and those that express an action that does not involve an agent. Tibetan grammarians refer to these categories as <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">tha-dad-pa</i></span> and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">tha-mi-dad-pa</i></span> respectively. Although these two categories often seem to overlap with the English<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> grammatical concepts of transitive and intransitive, most modern writers on Tibetan grammar have adopted the terms "voluntary" and "involuntary", based on native Tibetan descriptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most involuntary verbs lack an imperative stem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflection">Inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many verbs exhibit stem ablaut among the four stem forms, thus <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">a</i></span> or <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">e</i></span> in the present tends to become <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">o</i></span> in the imperative <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byed</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byas</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bya</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byos</i></span> ('to do'), an <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">e</i></span> in the present changes to <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">a</i></span> in the past and future (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">len</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">blangs</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">blang</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">longs</i></span> 'to take'); in some verbs a present in <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">i</i></span> changes to <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">u</i></span> in the other stems (<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">'dzin</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bzung</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">gzung</i></span>, <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">zung</i></span> 'to take'). Additionally, the stems of verbs are also distinguished by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes, thus <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">sgrub</i></span> (present), <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bsgrubs</i></span> (past), <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bsgrub</i></span> (future), '<span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">sgrubs</i></span> (imperative). Though the final <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">-s</i></span> suffix, when used, is quite regular for the past and imperative, the specific prefixes to be used with any given verb are less predictable; while there is a clear pattern of <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">b-</i></span> for a past stem and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">g-</i></span> for a future stem, this usage is not consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Meaning</th> <th>present</th> <th>past</th> <th>future</th> <th>imperative </th></tr> <tr> <td>do</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བྱེད་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byed</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བྱས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byas</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བྱ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bya</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བྱོས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byos</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>take</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ལེན་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">len</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བླངས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">blangs</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བླང་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">blang</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ལོངས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">longs</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>take</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">འཛིན་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">'dzin</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བཟུངས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bzungs</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">གཟུང་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">gzung</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">ཟུངས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">zungs</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>accomplish</td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">སྒྲུབ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">sgrub</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བསྒྲུབས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bsgrubs</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">བསྒྲུབ་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">bsgrub</i></span></td> <td><span title="Classical Tibetan-language text"><span lang="xct">སྒྲུབས་</span></span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">sgrubs</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Only a limited number of verbs are capable of four changes; some cannot assume more than three, some two, and many only one. This relative deficiency is made up by the addition of auxiliaries or suffixes both in the classical language and in the modern dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are negated by two prepositional particles: <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">mi</i></span> and <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ma</i></span>. <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">Mi</i></span> is used with present and future stems. The particle <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ma</i></span> is used with the past stem; prohibitions do not employ the imperative stem, rather the present stem is negated with <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">ma</i></span>. There is also a negative stative verb <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">med</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">there is not, there does not exist</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, the counterpart to the stative verb <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">yod</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">there is, there exists</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorifics">Honorifics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honorifics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with nouns, Tibetan also has a complex system of honorific and polite verbal forms. Thus, many verbs for everyday actions have a completely different form to express the superior status, whether actual or out of courtesy, of the agent of the action, thus <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">lta</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">see</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, hon. <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">gzigs</i></span>; <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">byed</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">do</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, hon. <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">mdzad</i></span>. Where a specific honorific verb stem does not exist, the same effect is brought about by compounding a standard verbal stem with an appropriate general honorific stem such as <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">mdzad</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadre200327-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadre200327_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadre2003">Tournadre 2003</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge1993">Hodge 1993</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHahn2003">Hahn 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2012">Hill 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911">Waddell & de Lacouperie 1911</a>, p. 919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2007">Hill 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010">Hill 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911">Waddell & de_Lacouperie 1911</a>, p. 920.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBialek2022" class="citation cs2">Bialek, Joanna (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/A-Textbook-in-Classical-Tibetan/Bialek/p/book/9781032123561"><i>A Textbook in Classical Tibetan</i></a>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032123561" title="Special:BookSources/9781032123561"><bdi>9781032123561</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+in+Classical+Tibetan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032123561&rft.aulast=Bialek&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FA-Textbook-in-Classical-Tibetan%2FBialek%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032123561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" title="Laurence Waddell">Waddell, Lawrence Austine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Terrien_de_Lacouperie" title="Albert Terrien de Lacouperie">de Lacouperie, Albert Terrien</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tibet" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibet">Tibet § Language</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 919–921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibet+%C2%A7+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=919-921&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Austine&rft.au=de+Lacouperie%2C+Albert+Terrien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Stephen (1992). <i>The Classical Tibetan language</i>. New York: State University of New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tibetan+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint 1993, (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica series, 116.) Delhi: Sri Satguru.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2003" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Michael (2003). <i>Schlüssel zum Lehrbuch der klassischen tibetischen Schriftsprache</i>. Marburg: Indica et Tibetica Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schl%C3%BCssel+zum+Lehrbuch+der+klassischen+tibetischen+Schriftsprache&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Indica+et+Tibetica+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Nathan W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5609/">"Personalpronomina in der Lebensbeschreibung des Mi la ras pa, Kapitel III"</a>. <i>Zentralasiatische Studien</i>. <b>36</b>: 277–287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralasiatische+Studien&rft.atitle=Personalpronomina+in+der+Lebensbeschreibung+des+Mi+la+ras+pa%2C+Kapitel+III&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=277-287&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F5609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation cs2">Hill, Nathan W. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11006/3/Hill_2010_verb_dictionary_excerpt.pdf">"Brief overview of Tibetan Verb Morphology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Lexicon of Tibetan Verb Stems as Reported by the Grammatical Tradition</i>, Studia Tibetica, Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. xv–xxii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brief+overview+of+Tibetan+Verb+Morphology&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Tibetan+Verb+Stems+as+Reported+by+the+Grammatical+Tradition&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Studia+Tibetica&rft.pages=xv-xxii&rft.pub=Bayerische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F11006%2F3%2FHill_2010_verb_dictionary_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Nathan W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/">"Tibetan -las, -nas, and -bas"</a>. <i>Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 3–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1960602812X00014">10.1163/1960602812X00014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Tibetan+-las%2C+-nas%2C+and+-bas.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-38&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1960602812X00014&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F14122%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1993" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Stephen (1993). <i>An Introduction to Classical Tibetan</i> (Revised ed.). Warminster: Aris & Phillips. pp. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856685488" title="Special:BookSources/0856685488"><bdi>0856685488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.place=Warminster&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0856685488&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwieger2006" class="citation book cs1">Schwieger, Peter (2006). <i>Handbuch zur Grammatik der klassischen tibetischen Schriftsprache</i>. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+zur+Grammatik+der+klassischen+tibetischen+Schriftsprache&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Tibetan+and+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schwieger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre2003" class="citation book cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas (2003). <i>Manual of Standard Tibetan (MST)</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Standard+Tibetan+%28MST%29&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFskal-bzhang_'gur-med1992" class="citation book cs1">skal-bzhang 'gur-med (1992). <i>Le clair miroir : enseignement de la grammaire Tibetaine</i>. Translated by Stoddard, Heather; Tournadre, Nicholas. Paris: Editions Prajna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+clair+miroir+%3A+enseignement+de+la+grammaire+Tibetaine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Prajna&rft.date=1992&rft.au=skal-bzhang+%27gur-med&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Tibetan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Research_on_Tibetan_Languages:_A_Bibliography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography">Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Textbook_of_Classical_Tibetan" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:A Textbook of Classical Tibetan">A Textbook of Classical Tibetan</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2014/03/tibetan-in-digital-communication/">Tibetan in Digital Communication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324053216/http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2014/03/tibetan-in-digital-communication/">Archived</a> 2014-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetantranslations.com/">Translations of Tibetan texts, Tibetan language courses & publications by Erick Tsiknopoulos and the Trikāya Translation Committee.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_language" title="Template talk:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tibetan language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a></li> <li> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classical Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">U-tsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a> (Drutsa, Bêtsug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Tibet_calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Tibet calligraphy (page does not exist)">Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transcription: <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Transcription</a></li> <li>Grammar (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Modern Standard Tibetan grammar</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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