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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etreger" title="Etreger – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Etreger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Интерфикс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интерфикс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindebogstav" title="Bindebogstav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bindebogstav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interfix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfijo" title="Interfijo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interfijo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="درون‌وند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درون‌وند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfixe" title="Interfixe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interfixe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BD%EA%B0%84%EC%82%AC" title="삽간사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삽간사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfisso" title="Interfisso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interfisso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Интерфикс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интерфикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6t%C5%91hangz%C3%B3" title="Kötőhangzó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kötőhangzó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Интерфикс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интерфикс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interfix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E8%BE%9E" title="接合辞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="接合辞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrostek" title="Międzyrostek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzyrostek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfixo" title="Interfixo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interfixo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunet_de_leg%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Sunet de legătură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sunet de legătură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Интерфикс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерфикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interfix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogemorfem" title="Fogemorfem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fogemorfem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Інтерфікс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтерфікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interfix" title="Special:EditPage/Interfix">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Interfix%22">"Interfix"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Interfix%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Interfix%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Interfix%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Interfix%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Interfix%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affixes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em 2.0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affix</a>(<a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">Suffix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">Circumfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Duplifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">Infix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libfix" title="Libfix">Libfix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfix" title="Transfix">Transfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulfix" title="Simulfix">Simulfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprafix" title="Suprafix">Suprafix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfix" title="Disfix">Disfix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em 2.0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">Null morpheme</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Affixes" title="Template:Affixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Affixes" title="Template talk:Affixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Affixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Affixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>interfix</b> or <b>linking element</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a part of a word that is placed between two <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> (such as two <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> or a root and a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>) and lacks a <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to interfixes, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Interfixes_by_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Interfixes by language"><i><b>Interfixes by language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_compound_words">Formation of compound words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of compound words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the interfix <i>-s-</i> has to be used between certain nouns in compound words, but not all, such as <i>Arbeit<b>s</b>zimmer</i> ("workroom") as opposed to <i>Schlafzimmer</i> ("bedroom"). This originates from the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a> and neuter <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> singular suffix <i>-s</i>. German has many other interfixes, for example <i>-es</i>, <i>-(e)n-</i>, <i>-er-</i> and <i>-e-</i>. Not all of them originate from the genitive. Likewise, it is often stated that German interfixes originated from plural forms, when in fact German plural forms and linking forms developed parallel to each other and are only partly similar by coincidence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, the interfix <i>-e-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) sometimes can be traced back to the original form of the first part ending in an <i>-e</i> that has been lost in the present day form: <i>zielerust</i> ("peace of mind") was derived in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Dutch language">Middle Dutch</a> from <i>ziele</i> ("soul") and <i>rust</i> ("rest, peace"), but modern Dutch has <i>ziel</i> for "soul". In other compounds the <i>-e-</i> stems from a case suffix: <i>petekind</i> ("godchild") from <i>peet</i> ("godfather") and <i>kind</i> ("child"). The very common interfixes <i>-s-</i> and <i>-en-</i> originally were genitive suffixes. The much less frequent <i>-er-</i> in compounds can be seen as the remnant of an original plural suffix: <i>rundergehakt</i>, "ground beef" from <i>rund</i>, plural <i>runderen</i> "bovine(s)".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, when technical compound words are formed from non-technical roots, an <i>-o-</i> interfix is sometimes used, as <i>o</i> has come to be seen as a connecting vowel (<i>speed-o-meter, mile-o-meter</i>) by analogy to <i>tacho-meter, odo-meter</i>, compounds of which the first part comes from an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> noun whose <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> includes <i>o</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, compound nouns are written as one word, and interfixes are very common. <i>-s-</i> is frequently used in this way, as in <i>fabrik<b>s</b>arbetare</i>, which consists of <i>fabrik</i> ("factory") and <i>arbetare</i> ("worker"). Examples of other interfixes are <i>-e-</i>, as in when <i>familj</i> and <i>far</i> ("family" and "father") become <i>familj<b>e</b>far</i>, and <i>-a-</i>, when <i>viking</i> and <i>by</i> ("viking" and "village") become <i>viking<b>a</b>by</i>. However, just like in Norwegian, not all compound words are written with an interfix. For example <i>stenålder</i>, which consists of <i>sten</i> ("stone") and <i>ålder</i> ("age"). Some words ending in a vowel lose the last letter. For example <i>arbetarklass</i> ("working class") consists of <i>arbetare</i> ("worker") and <i>klass</i> ("class"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> is closely related to Swedish and has a similar pattern, but uses interfixing somewhat more moderately. Examples: <i>arbeid</i> + <i>rom</i> = <i>arbeid<b>s</b>rom</i> ("workroom"), but <i>fabrikk</i> + <i>arbeider</i> = <i>fabrikkarbeider</i> and <i>familie</i> + <i>far</i> = <i>familiefar</i>. The most common interfix is <i>-s-</i>, but there are examples with <i>-e-</i>: <i>barn</i> + <i>hage</i> = <i>barnehage</i> ("kindergarten"), and <i>bjørn</i> + <i>hi</i> = <i>bjørnehi</i> ("bear hive" / "bear's nest"). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, interfixes <i>-o-</i> and <i>-e-</i> are obligatory when forming a compound. For example, <i>brod</i> + <i>gradilište</i> = <i>brod<b>o</b>gradilište</i> ("shipyard"), but <i>kuća</i> + <i>pazitelj</i> = <i>kuć<b>e</b>pazitelj</i> ("concierge"). Unless an interfix is added, the new-formed word is considered to be a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Word-joining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Word-joining (page does not exist)">word-joining</a>, such as <i>zimzelen</i> (<i>zima</i> + <i>zelen</i>, "evergreen"). </p><p>In Russian the most popular interfixes are letters <i>-o-</i> and <i>-e-</i> (Russian letters). For example: the word <i>паровоз (пар-о-воз) — "parovoz" (par-o-voz)</i> means "locomotive"; <i>par</i> means "steam" and <i>voz</i> means "cart". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">Linking and intrusive R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">Thematic vowel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRochelle_Lieber2022" class="citation book cs1">Rochelle Lieber (2022). <i>Introducing morphology</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108957960">10.1017/9781108957960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-95796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-95796-0"><bdi>978-1-108-95796-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35578155M">35578155M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125778052" class="extiw" title="d:Q125778052">Q125778052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+morphology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35578155M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108957960&rft.isbn=978-1-108-95796-0&rft.au=Rochelle+Lieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2015" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_deCAAAQBAJ&q=interfix+%22linking+element%22&pg=PA268"><i>Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe</i></a>. Berlin / Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110246247" title="Special:BookSources/9783110246247"><bdi>9783110246247</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word-Formation%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Boston&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783110246247&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_deCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinterfix%2B%2522linking%2Belement%2522%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varsami, Johny. <i>Fugenelemente im Deutschen</i>. Universität Stuttgart, 2008, 15 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooij" class="citation web cs1">Booij, Geert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-13998813295824921">"Linking elements"</a>. <i>Taalportaal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taalportaal&rft.atitle=Linking+elements&rft.aulast=Booij&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaalportaal.org%2Ftaalportaal%2Ftopic%2Fpid%2Ftopic-13998813295824921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interfix&oldid=1229097122">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interfix&oldid=1229097122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Affixes" title="Category:Affixes">Affixes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2014">Articles needing additional references from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 June 2024, at 21:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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