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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additive_suprafixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additive_suprafixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Additive suprafixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additive_suprafixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacive_suprafixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacive_suprafixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Replacive suprafixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacive_suprafixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Tibetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreistger" title="Dreistger – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dreistger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="زبروند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبروند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafixe" title="Suprafixe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suprafixe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affixes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em 2.0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affix</a>(<a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">Suffix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">Circumfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Duplifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">Infix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libfix" title="Libfix">Libfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix">Interfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfix" title="Transfix">Transfix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulfix" title="Simulfix">Simulfix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suprafix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfix" title="Disfix">Disfix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em 2.0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">Null morpheme</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Affixes" title="Template:Affixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Affixes" title="Template talk:Affixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Affixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Affixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>suprafix</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> that gives a <a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">suprasegmental</a> pattern (such as <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>) to either a neutral base or a base with a preexisting suprasegmental pattern. This affix will, then, convey a <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivational</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suprasegmental pattern acts like segmental <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>; the suprafix is a combination of suprasegmental phonemes, organized into a pattern, that creates a morpheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a number of African languages express <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> distinctions by tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has a process of changing stress on verbs to create nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Driven by <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguists</a> in the United States, the suprafix was more frequently used by such linguists during the time of American structuralism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of suprasegmental morphemes was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nida" title="Eugene Nida">Eugene Nida</a>'s morphology textbook, where he suggested the term, suprafix, to account for these kinds of morphemes; the term was adopted by <a href="/wiki/George_L._Trager" title="George L. Trager">George L. Trager</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Lee_Smith_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Lee Smith Jr. (page does not exist)">Henry Lee Smith Jr.</a> in their paper on the structure of English.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further described in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Trager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Trager (page does not exist)">Edith Trager</a>'s article on the suprafix in English verbal compounds and in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_A._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald A. Hill (page does not exist)">Archibald A. Hill</a>'s introductory linguistics of English text.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, it was taken up in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthews_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthews (linguist)">Peter Matthews</a>' influential morphology textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some linguists prefer <b>superfix</b>, which was introduced by George L. Trager for the stress pattern of a word, which he regarded as a special morpheme that combines and unifies the parts of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term that has not been widely adopted, but has been suggested to replace suprafix or superfix, is <b>simulfix</b>. This word has been offered as a replacement term because many linguists have noted that the addition of suprasegmental phonemes is added neither above nor below the segmental phonemes; instead it is affixed altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a <a href="/wiki/Simulfix" title="Simulfix">simulfix</a> has been used to describe different morphological phenomena and, therefore, has not been adopted for the purposes defined here.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two different types of suprafixes: additive and replacive. Suprafixes are additive if they add a suprasegmental pattern to the base form, and replacive suprafixes simply change the pattern from the base form to a new pattern that conveys a different meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additive_suprafixes">Additive suprafixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Additive suprafixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additive suprafixes are affixes that <i>add</i> suprasegmental phonemes to the base.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such processes occur as a result of an underlying pattern of stress, tones, or even nasalization being added to an underlying morpheme composed of only segmental phonemes. In other words, the affix is attached to a bare base that has no other suprasegmental pattern underlyingly.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That can fall under a broader category of additive morphology (e.g. processes of prefixation, suffixation, infixation).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is exemplified by a language in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka</a>: <i>wà, wā, wǎ</i> and <i>wá</i> all mean 'clean'. Nida, however, explains that the segmental base contains the meaning 'to clean', but the different tones associated with the base reveal different tense/aspect information.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacive_suprafixes">Replacive suprafixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Replacive suprafixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Replacive suprafixes are affixes that <i>replace</i> suprasegmental phonemes of the base form.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such processes occur as a result of an underlying pattern of stress, tones or nasalization replacing a previous pattern of suprasegmental phonemes. More succinctly, the process involves stripping one suprasegmental pattern for another to convey a different meaning. That can fall under a broader category of replacive morphology. In this kind of morphology, some particular phoneme or phonemes are being replaced by another to attribute a different meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example can be found in another language from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mongbandi: <i>ngbò</i> and <i>ngbó</i> both mean 'swam'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nida explains that the first word is the base form, and the second shows the verb in second-person plural. Since the second-person plural suprafix replaces the tonal pattern of the base form, it is a replacive suprafix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suprafix can also be defined as an underlying suprasegmental pattern that indicates a property of a particular type of phrase in a language but especially for English. Such patterns are most notable between an individually-uttered word and the same word in a larger phrase. Consider, for example, the word <i>house</i>, which has no internal stress pattern, alone. However, within a phrase like <i>the white house</i> (e.g. /ðə ʍàɪt hâʊs/) versus <i>the White House</i> (e.g. /ðə ʍáɪt hàʊs/), the stress on the word <i>house</i> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English also uses a process of replacive suprafixes in which base form verbs are changed to nouns by replacing the stress pattern alone: <i><u>'im</u>port</i> (n) vs. <i>im<u>'port</u></i> (v) and <i><u>'in</u>sult</i> (n) vs. <i>in<u>'sult</u></i> (v). The stress pattern alters to signal the difference between noun and verb.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Tibetan">In Tibetan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Tibetan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, replacive suprafixes in stress are used to disambiguate many noun and verb <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, in a way similar to English (e.g. <i><u>'im</u>port</i> (n) vs. <i>im<u>'port</u></i> (v), as described above). For example, the Tibetan word ལྟ་བ (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: lta ba, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">IPA</a>: [ˈta˥˥.wa]), with stress on the first syllable is a verb, meaning “to look”, while its homograph ལྟ་བ (Wylie: lta ba, IPA: [ta˥˥.ˈwa]), with stress on the second syllable is a noun, meaning a “view/outlook/sight”. This pattern of replacive suprafixes with stress, where homograph verbs and nouns are stressed on their first and second syllables, respectively, can be generalized in Tibetan, since a large number of verbs and nouns are two-syllable words consisting of a single-syllable <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free morpheme</a> (and semantic root) followed by either of the two bound morphemes and nominalizing particles པ (Wylie: pa, IPA: [pa]) or བ (Wylie: ba, IPA: [wa]) (which of the two particles follows is determined by euphony rules, based on the final letter of the preceding syllable).<sup id="cite_ref-hackett2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackett2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, in the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> register of Tibetan (and to some extent in the colloquial register as well, although herein less often realized), a separate system of replacive suprafixes in <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> allows speakers to disambiguate otherwise identically-pronounced <a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">volitional</a> and non-volitional forms (this extends in some cases to <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitivity</a>, although this is a separate, yet often interrelated concept in Tibetan, usually conceived of as a <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>/resultative relationship) of the same verb. For example, the Tibetan verb སྐོལ་བ (Wylie: skol ba, IPA: [ˈkøː˥˥.wa]) means “to boil” (volitional/transitive/causative—e.g. “He boiled the water”), while the verb འཁོལ་བ (Wylie: ‘khol ba, IPA: [ˈkʰøː˥˥.wa]) means “to boil” (non-volitional/intransitive/resultative—e.g. “The water is boiling”). Several other pairs of such verbs exist in Tibetan, for example བཅག་པ (Wylie: bcag pa)/ཆག་པ (Wylie: chag pa) ”to break” (causative/resultative), སྐོར་བ (Wylie: skor ba)/འཁོར་བ (Wylie: ‘khor ba) “to turn/rotate” (causative/resultative), and སྤར་བ (Wylie: spar ba)/འཕར་བ (Wylie: ‘phar ba) “to increase/raise” (causative/resultative). Though the verbs in each of these pairs of verbs differ in <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, their pronunciation (including tone) is the same, but for the added aspiration in the involuntary verb, and other than in a difference in causativity (again, this can manifest in a complex interrelation of volition, transitivity, and causativity), their meanings are otherwise identical.<sup id="cite_ref-tournadre2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tournadre2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sedlaccek1959_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedlaccek1959-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Toneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneme">toneme</a> that marks a replacive morpheme that is also described as a suprafix. Lex van der Leeden describes the language as having a toneme pattern, such as a class 12 toneme pattern of the language being replaced by a class 21 toneme pattern. He notes that they are inflectional changes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language" title="Waurá language">Waurá language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, there is a nasalization suprafix that arises when the word is placed in a possessive construction: <i>nu-mapã́</i>, 'my honey' and <i>mápa</i>, 'honey'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ngbaka, there are examples of additive suprafixes. The segmental string that constitutes the morpheme meaning 'to return' is <i>kpolo</i>. However, when the four different additive suprafixes are affixed, a change in tense/aspect is realised: <i>kpòlò, kpōlō, kpòló</i> and <i>kpóló</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(word_formation)" title="Conversion (word formation)">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulfix" title="Simulfix">Simulfix</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauer2003" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Laurie (2003). <i>Introducing linguistic morphology</i> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878403434" title="Special:BookSources/0878403434"><bdi>0878403434</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51942679">51942679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+linguistic+morphology&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=35-36&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51942679&rft.isbn=0878403434&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1993" class="citation book cs1">Trask, R.L. (1993). <i>A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics</i>. London. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415086272" title="Special:BookSources/0415086272"><bdi>0415086272</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26363058">26363058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+grammatical+terms+in+linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26363058&rft.isbn=0415086272&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation book cs1">Trask, R.L. (1996). <i>A dictionary of phonetics and phonology</i>. London: Routledge. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415112605" title="Special:BookSources/0415112605"><bdi>0415112605</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32508753">32508753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+phonetics+and+phonology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32508753&rft.isbn=0415112605&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Nida, <i>Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words</i>, 2nd ed., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1949, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1958" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Archibald A. (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linguisticstruct0000arch"><i>Introduction to Linguistic Structures</i></a></span>. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linguisticstruct0000arch/page/103">103</a>, 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780155430310" title="Special:BookSources/9780155430310"><bdi>9780155430310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Linguistic+Structures&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=103%2C+105-106&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+and+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9780155430310&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Archibald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinguisticstruct0000arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Nida, <i>Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words</i>, 2nd ed., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1949, p. 63, Problem 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Word-formation : an international handbook of the languages of Europe. Volume 1</i>. Müller, Peter O., Dr., Ohnheiser, Ingeborg, Olsen, Susan, 1948–, Rainer, Franz. Berlin. 30 March 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110246254" title="Special:BookSources/9783110246254"><bdi>9783110246254</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909907714">909907714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word-formation+%3A+an+international+handbook+of+the+languages+of+Europe.+Volume+1&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909907714&rft.isbn=9783110246254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, John M. 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"Superfix and Sememe: English Verbal Compounds". <i>General Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b>: 1–14 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Superfix+and+Sememe%3A+English+Verbal+Compounds&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P[eter] H. Matthews, <i>Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word-Structure</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1974, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George L. Trager, "Taos I: A language revisited". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 14 (1948), 155–160, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikhenvaldDixon2017" class="citation book cs1">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R. M. W. (2017-03-30). <i>The Cambridge handbook of linguistic typology</i>. Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡. (Aleksandra I︠U︡rʹevna), Dixon, Robert M. W. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107091955" title="Special:BookSources/9781107091955"><bdi>9781107091955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950901589">950901589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+handbook+of+linguistic+typology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950901589&rft.isbn=9781107091955&rft.aulast=Aikhenvald&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Y.&rft.au=Dixon%2C+R.+M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Nida, <i>Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words</i>, 2nd ed., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1949, p. 63, Problem 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hackett2019-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hackett2019_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2019" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, Paul G. (2019). <i>A Tibetan Verb Lexicon</i> (2nd ed.). Boulder: Snow Lion. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559394833" title="Special:BookSources/9781559394833"><bdi>9781559394833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan+Verb+Lexicon&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781559394833&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tournadre2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tournadre2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre2003" class="citation book cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas (2003). <i>Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and Civilization</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion. pp. 419–420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559391894" title="Special:BookSources/9781559391894"><bdi>9781559391894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Standard+Tibetan%3A+Language+and+Civilization&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=419-420&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781559391894&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sedlaccek1959-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sedlaccek1959_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedláčcek1959" class="citation journal cs1">Sedláčcek, Kamil (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/tpao/47/1/article-p181_9.xml?Tab%20Menu=article-metadata">"The Tonal System of Tibetan (Lhasa Dialect)"</a>. <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853259X00097">10.1163/156853259X00097</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=The+Tonal+System+of+Tibetan+%28Lhasa+Dialect%29&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=247&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853259X00097&rft.aulast=Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dcek&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ftpao%2F47%2F1%2Farticle-p181_9.xml%3FTab%2520Menu%3Darticle-metadata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Leeden1997" class="citation book cs1">van der Leeden, Lex (1997). Odé, Cecilia; Stokhof, Wim; Baak, Connie (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Leiden University, Department of Languages and Cultures of South East Asia and Oceania, Projects Division. pp. 327–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042002531" title="Special:BookSources/9789042002531"><bdi>9789042002531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+seventh+International+Conference+on+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=327-350&rft.pub=Leiden+University%2C+Department+of+Languages+and+Cultures+of+South+East+Asia+and+Oceania%2C+Projects+Division&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789042002531&rft.aulast=van+der+Leeden&rft.aufirst=Lex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1987" class="citation journal cs1">Payne, David L. (April 1987). "Some morphological elements of Maipuran Arawakan: Agreement affixes and the genitive construction". <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 57–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0388-0001%2887%2980009-8">10.1016/s0388-0001(87)80009-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0388-0001">0388-0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Some+morphological+elements+of+Maipuran+Arawakan%3A+Agreement+affixes+and+the+genitive+construction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-75&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0388-0001%2887%2980009-8&rft.issn=0388-0001&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuprafix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&oldid=1259248794">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suprafix&oldid=1259248794</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Affixes" title="Category:Affixes">Affixes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2013">Articles needing additional references from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 04:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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