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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Legislature</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">1,701 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Legislature</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Legislature">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5393475" data-work_id="5393475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5393475/Malayan_Law_Journal_Articles_2012_Volume_4_The_Doctrine_of_Ministerial_Responsibility_in_Malaysia_Theory_and_Practice_in_a_New_Regime_of_Parliamentary_Accountability_THE_DOCTRINE_OF_MINISTERIAL_RESPONSIBILITY_IN_MALAYSIA_THEORY_AND_PRACTICE_IN_A_NEW_REGIME_OF_PARLIAMENTARY_ACCOUNTABILITY">Malayan Law Journal Articles/2012/Volume 4/The Doctrine of Ministerial Responsibility in Malaysia: Theory and Practice in a New Regime of Parliamentary Accountability THE DOCTRINE OF MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MALAYSIA: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN A NEW REGIME OF PARLIAMENTARY ACCOUNTABILITY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ministerial responsibility to Parliament is an important convention of the parliamentary system of government. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility is central to the Constitution, and plays a fundamental role in the relationship... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5393475" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ministerial responsibility to Parliament is an important convention of the parliamentary system of government. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility is central to the Constitution, and plays a fundamental role in the relationship between the executive and Parliament. For example, Ministers inform and explain, apologise, tak e remedial action or resign in support of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility. Hence, for the doctrine of government under the law to be observed, it is essential that the government be both accountable to Parliament and to the electorate, and that the government be conducted in a manner sufficiently open, subject to the requirements of national interest, to inspire public confidence. There are two separate but related parts to the doctrine; there is, first, the individual responsibility of each Minister to Parliament, and second, there is collective responsibility of the Cabinet to Parliament. In Malaysia, it is important to note that collective responsibility is explicitly ack nowledged in art 43(3) of the Federal Constitution whereas individual responsibility is founded on unwritten conventions and political norms: for example, Ministers' question-time is set aside in Parliament as a regular part of proceedings. The primary aim of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility is to maintain a relationship of check and balance between the executive and the Legislature. This paper offers an introduction to the constitutional convention of ministerial responsibility as practiced in Malaysia bearing in mind that the government is part of Parliament and is thus responsible to it for the way it steers the ship of the state. The paper concludes that in Malaysia, there is indeed a need for reforms as far as the operation of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility is concerned. This is due to the fact that there is a wide gap between the theory and practice of ministerial responsibility in Malaysia. One thing for sure that needs to be pointed out is that, the effectiveness of ministerial responsibility depends on the effectiveness of Parliament itself.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5393475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ebf9949ac5662e8d469086899cdbafb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32532287,"asset_id":5393475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32532287/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7520407" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AimanAtirah">Atirah Aiman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7520407" type="text/json">{"id":7520407,"first_name":"Atirah","last_name":"Aiman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AimanAtirah","display_name":"Atirah Aiman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AimanAtirah?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7520407/10753077/12003196/s65_atirah.aiman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5393475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5393475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5393475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5393475", }); 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The doctrine of ministerial responsibility is central to the Constitution, and plays a fundamental role in the relationship between the executive and Parliament. For example, Ministers inform and explain, apologise, tak e remedial action or resign in support of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility. Hence, for the doctrine of government under the law to be observed, it is essential that the government be both accountable to Parliament and to the electorate, and that the government be conducted in a manner sufficiently open, subject to the requirements of national interest, to inspire public confidence. There are two separate but related parts to the doctrine; there is, first, the individual responsibility of each Minister to Parliament, and second, there is collective responsibility of the Cabinet to Parliament. In Malaysia, it is important to note that collective responsibility is explicitly ack nowledged in art 43(3) of the Federal Constitution whereas individual responsibility is founded on unwritten conventions and political norms: for example, Ministers' question-time is set aside in Parliament as a regular part of proceedings. The primary aim of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility is to maintain a relationship of check and balance between the executive and the Legislature. This paper offers an introduction to the constitutional convention of ministerial responsibility as practiced in Malaysia bearing in mind that the government is part of Parliament and is thus responsible to it for the way it steers the ship of the state. The paper concludes that in Malaysia, there is indeed a need for reforms as far as the operation of the doctrine of ministerial responsibility is concerned. This is due to the fact that there is a wide gap between the theory and practice of ministerial responsibility in Malaysia. One thing for sure that needs to be pointed out is that, the effectiveness of ministerial responsibility depends on the effectiveness of Parliament itself.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32532287,"asset_id":5393475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7520407,"first_name":"Atirah","last_name":"Aiman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AimanAtirah","display_name":"Atirah Aiman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AimanAtirah?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7520407/10753077/12003196/s65_atirah.aiman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34593240]'), work: {"id":34593240,"title":"Legislature in Malaysia.docx","created_at":"2017-09-17T19:16:35.847-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34593240/Legislature_in_Malaysia_docx?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_34593240","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54458868,"asset_id":34593240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57144392,"first_name":"Nurul Ain","last_name":"Farhana Rizduan","domain_name":"iium2009","page_name":"NurulAinFarhanaRizduan","display_name":"Nurul Ain Farhana Rizduan","profile_url":"https://iium2009.academia.edu/NurulAinFarhanaRizduan?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57144392/16581112/18647092/s65_nurul_ain.farhana_rizduan.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38250587 coauthored" data-work_id="38250587" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38250587/Civil_Society_Organizations_and_Legislative_Accountability_in_Nigerias_6th_and_7th_National_Assembly_pdf">Civil Society Organizations and Legislative Accountability in Nigeria's 6th and 7th National Assembly.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper attempts to establish the functional roles of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in ensuring public accountability of the Federal Legislature in Nigeria. Using a combination of desk review, interview and historical methods, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38250587" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper attempts to establish the functional roles of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in ensuring public accountability of the Federal Legislature in Nigeria. Using a combination of desk review, interview and historical methods, the paper reviews key contributions of CSOs in strengthening legislative accountability in the 6th and 7th National Assembly. Some of the challenges affecting the capacity of CSOs in promoting legislative accountability were interrogated. The paper recommends, among others, for CSOs to build specialised skills in working with the legislature and for the Nigerian National Assembly to be more open, transparent and responsive in dealing with the public and key stakeholders, especially, CSOs as a way of building institutions and deepening democracy in Nigeria</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38250587" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cd36d6246d4a8e1c85e2b3fe2fe499c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58292903,"asset_id":38250587,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58292903/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37088525" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UgeTimipanipre">Uge Timipanipre</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37088525" type="text/json">{"id":37088525,"first_name":"Uge","last_name":"Timipanipre","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UgeTimipanipre","display_name":"Uge Timipanipre","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UgeTimipanipre?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37088525/17871532/23708128/s65_uge.timipanipre.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38250587">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38250587"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://medaner.academia.edu/ChristopherNgara">Christopher O Ngara</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38250587'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38250587').html(); 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Using a combination of desk review, interview and historical methods, the paper reviews key contributions of CSOs in strengthening legislative accountability in the 6th and 7th National Assembly. Some of the challenges affecting the capacity of CSOs in promoting legislative accountability were interrogated. 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In a democratic set up where there is separation of powers the three organs of the State, namely, the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary are to remain... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1615813" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interpretation of Statutes is the subject of the domain of Judiciary. In a democratic set up<br />where there is separation of powers the three organs of the State, namely, the Legislature,<br />the Executive and the Judiciary are to remain independent of each other each performing<br />its constitutional role independently. By observance of this principle the grace and glory<br />of the rule of law brings confidence and transparency in the working of the said organs<br />with the result that the entire system works well for the welfare of the people.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1615813" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d05bd08b2078b4cdcc8b128320f75bce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":15924681,"asset_id":1615813,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/15924681/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1615015" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MunirMughal">Munir Mughal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1615015" type="text/json">{"id":1615015,"first_name":"Munir","last_name":"Mughal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MunirMughal","display_name":"Munir Mughal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MunirMughal?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1615015/2802741/3268631/s65_munir.mughal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1615813 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1615813"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1615813, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1615813", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1615813]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1615813").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1615813").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1615813"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Jurisprudence">Islamic Jurisprudence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30600" type="text/json">{"id":30600,"name":"Islamic Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Jurisprudence?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281994" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judiciary">Judiciary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="281994" type="text/json">{"id":281994,"name":"Judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judiciary?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="384138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administration_of_Justice">Administration of Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="384138" type="text/json">{"id":384138,"name":"Administration of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administration_of_Justice?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="454948" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation_of_law_or_statutes">Interpretation of law or statutes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="454948" type="text/json">{"id":454948,"name":"Interpretation of law or statutes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation_of_law_or_statutes?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1615813]'), work: {"id":1615813,"title":"Role of Public Policy in the Interpretation of Statutes","created_at":"2012-06-03T05:26:35.050-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1615813/Role_of_Public_Policy_in_the_Interpretation_of_Statutes?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_1615813","summary":"Interpretation of Statutes is the subject of the domain of Judiciary. In a democratic set up\nwhere there is separation of powers the three organs of the State, namely, the Legislature,\nthe Executive and the Judiciary are to remain independent of each other each performing\nits constitutional role independently. By observance of this principle the grace and glory\nof the rule of law brings confidence and transparency in the working of the said organs\nwith the result that the entire system works well for the welfare of the people.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":15924681,"asset_id":1615813,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1615015,"first_name":"Munir","last_name":"Mughal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MunirMughal","display_name":"Munir Mughal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MunirMughal?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1615015/2802741/3268631/s65_munir.mughal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":30600,"name":"Islamic Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Jurisprudence?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":281994,"name":"Judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judiciary?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":384138,"name":"Administration of 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12456583/Lok_Sabha_and_Law_Making_Tracking_the_Efficiency_of_Law_Making_Process">Lok Sabha and Law Making: Tracking the Efficiency of Law Making Process</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Parliament is a crucial part of the legislative process. Though the powers of initiating the legislation lies with executive, the role of the Parliament in deliberating and amending the ultimate outcome is of considerable importance. In... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12456583" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Parliament is a crucial part of the legislative process. Though the powers of initiating the legislation lies with executive, the role of the Parliament in deliberating and amending the ultimate outcome is of considerable importance. In that sense, law making constitutes the core competency of the Lok Sabha, which is the popularly elected chamber of Indian legislature. The present paper attempts to trace the contours of Lok Sabha as a law making body. It examines the changes in the efficiency of Lok Sabha as a law making body and explores the context in which such changes have taken place.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12456583" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac76dc6320f51538d45cf7b926863e99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37676159,"asset_id":12456583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37676159/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2978969" href="https://sndt.academia.edu/ManishaM">Manisha Madhava</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2978969" type="text/json">{"id":2978969,"first_name":"Manisha","last_name":"Madhava","domain_name":"sndt","page_name":"ManishaM","display_name":"Manisha Madhava","profile_url":"https://sndt.academia.edu/ManishaM?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2978969/18333447/33208774/s65_manisha.madhava.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12456583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12456583"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12456583, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12456583", }); 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Political Parties and Party Systems; Content Analysis techniques.</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="103106" type="text/json">{"id":103106,"name":"Parliaments (in particular, parliamentary opposition and law making process), from a comparative perspective; Political Parties and Party Systems; Content Analysis techniques.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliaments_in_particular_parliamentary_opposition_and_law_making_process_from_a_comparative_per?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12456583]'), work: {"id":12456583,"title":"Lok Sabha and Law Making: Tracking the Efficiency of Law Making Process","created_at":"2015-05-18T23:49:53.292-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12456583/Lok_Sabha_and_Law_Making_Tracking_the_Efficiency_of_Law_Making_Process?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_12456583","summary":"Parliament is a crucial part of the legislative process. Though the powers of initiating the legislation lies with executive, the role of the Parliament in deliberating and amending the ultimate outcome is of considerable importance. In that sense, law making constitutes the core competency of the Lok Sabha, which is the popularly elected chamber of Indian legislature. The present paper attempts to trace the contours of Lok Sabha as a law making body. It examines the changes in the efficiency of Lok Sabha as a law making body and explores the context in which such changes have taken place.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37676159,"asset_id":12456583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2978969,"first_name":"Manisha","last_name":"Madhava","domain_name":"sndt","page_name":"ManishaM","display_name":"Manisha Madhava","profile_url":"https://sndt.academia.edu/ManishaM?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2978969/18333447/33208774/s65_manisha.madhava.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10993,"name":"Parliamentary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliamentary_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":103106,"name":"Parliaments (in particular, parliamentary opposition and law making process), from a comparative perspective; Political Parties and Party Systems; Content Analysis techniques.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliaments_in_particular_parliamentary_opposition_and_law_making_process_from_a_comparative_per?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30311216" data-work_id="30311216" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30311216/Tensiones_y_conflictos_en_el_peronismo_un_an%C3%A1lisis_a_trav%C3%A9s_de_la_Legislatura_bonaerense_1973_1976">Tensiones y conflictos en el peronismo: un análisis a través de la Legislatura bonaerense, 1973-1976</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30311216" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e44dc0c8b2d68b40a2320ad3f174c1e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50767735,"asset_id":30311216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50767735/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32187824" href="https://cehisunmdp.academia.edu/MarianaPozzoni">Mariana Pozzoni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32187824" type="text/json">{"id":32187824,"first_name":"Mariana","last_name":"Pozzoni","domain_name":"cehisunmdp","page_name":"MarianaPozzoni","display_name":"Mariana Pozzoni","profile_url":"https://cehisunmdp.academia.edu/MarianaPozzoni?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32187824/15146020/15843833/s65_mariana.pozzoni.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30311216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30311216"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30311216, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30311216", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30311216]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30311216").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30311216").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30311216"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30311216]'), work: {"id":30311216,"title":"Tensiones y conflictos en el peronismo: un análisis a través de la Legislatura bonaerense, 1973-1976","created_at":"2016-12-07T07:49:28.644-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30311216/Tensiones_y_conflictos_en_el_peronismo_un_an%C3%A1lisis_a_trav%C3%A9s_de_la_Legislatura_bonaerense_1973_1976?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_30311216","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50767735,"asset_id":30311216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32187824,"first_name":"Mariana","last_name":"Pozzoni","domain_name":"cehisunmdp","page_name":"MarianaPozzoni","display_name":"Mariana Pozzoni","profile_url":"https://cehisunmdp.academia.edu/MarianaPozzoni?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32187824/15146020/15843833/s65_mariana.pozzoni.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10435324" data-work_id="10435324" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10435324/Understanding_the_Rules_of_the_Game_Evidence_From_Taiwans_Mixed_Legislative_System">Understanding the Rules of the Game: Evidence From Taiwan's Mixed Legislative System</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How does the public understand mixed-member legislative systems? Mixed systems combine seats allocated by single-member districts and proportional representation within the same legislature. Despite a sizable literature, little attention... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10435324" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How does the public understand mixed-member legislative systems? Mixed systems combine seats allocated by single-member districts and proportional representation within the same legislature. Despite a sizable literature, little attention is placed on how the public perceives these electoral systems. Survey data prior to Taiwan's second mixed legislative election allow for an analysis of technical knowledge of the system. Empirical analysis finds low levels of knowledge across five preelection survey waves, with supporters of smaller parties more likely to correctly identify electoral rules. Ultimately, this analysis contributes to our understanding of how the public adapts to electoral reforms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10435324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="203cc4e4f57f9e0143448c2fdc6841cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39026577,"asset_id":10435324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39026577/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25627508" href="https://wku.academia.edu/TimothyRich">Timothy Rich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25627508" type="text/json">{"id":25627508,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Rich","domain_name":"wku","page_name":"TimothyRich","display_name":"Timothy Rich","profile_url":"https://wku.academia.edu/TimothyRich?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25627508/7001801/7894656/s65_timothy.rich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10435324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10435324"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10435324, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10435324", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10435324]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10435324").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10435324").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10435324"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1116" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion">Public Opinion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1116" type="text/json">{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10435324]'), work: {"id":10435324,"title":"Understanding the Rules of the Game: Evidence From Taiwan's Mixed Legislative System","created_at":"2015-02-01T10:43:01.578-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10435324/Understanding_the_Rules_of_the_Game_Evidence_From_Taiwans_Mixed_Legislative_System?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_10435324","summary":"How does the public understand mixed-member legislative systems? Mixed systems combine seats allocated by single-member districts and proportional representation within the same legislature. Despite a sizable literature, little attention is placed on how the public perceives these electoral systems. Survey data prior to Taiwan's second mixed legislative election allow for an analysis of technical knowledge of the system. Empirical analysis finds low levels of knowledge across five preelection survey waves, with supporters of smaller parties more likely to correctly identify electoral rules. Ultimately, this analysis contributes to our understanding of how the public adapts to electoral reforms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39026577,"asset_id":10435324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25627508,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Rich","domain_name":"wku","page_name":"TimothyRich","display_name":"Timothy Rich","profile_url":"https://wku.academia.edu/TimothyRich?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25627508/7001801/7894656/s65_timothy.rich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1948089" data-work_id="1948089" 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$('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1948089]'), work: {"id":1948089,"title":"Institutions and political regime in Putin´s Russia: an analysis","created_at":"2012-09-18T19:43:28.978-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1948089/Institutions_and_political_regime_in_Putin_s_Russia_an_analysis?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_1948089","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":29651152,"asset_id":1948089,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":240098,"first_name":"Rubén","last_name":"Ruiz-Ramas","domain_name":"uned","page_name":"RubénRuizRamas","display_name":"Rubén Ruiz-Ramas","profile_url":"https://uned.academia.edu/Rub%C3%A9nRuizRamas?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/240098/857169/14442992/s65_rub_n.ruiz_ramas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":5779,"name":"Post-Soviet 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Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Politics?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":951178,"name":"Gosudarstvennaya Duma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gosudarstvennaya_Duma?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34642416" data-work_id="34642416" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34642416/Judicial_Activism_In_India_With_Preferences_to_Media">Judicial Activism In India With Preferences to Media</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With the framing of the Constitution of India, the three wings of effective governance came into being, namely the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Constitution provides for separation of powers and hence demarcates the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34642416" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With the framing of the Constitution of India, the three wings of effective governance came<br />into being, namely the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Constitution provides for<br />separation of powers and hence demarcates the powers and areas of all these three machineries.<br />However sometimes with the failure of the legislature and the executive, the separation of power<br />remains a theory only in the text book and the third wing of governance, the judiciary assumes<br />powers unprecedented for under the name and guise of judicial review, which is a very basic<br />feature of the Constitution of India. The Indian judiciary has taken upon itself the task of<br />ensuring maximum freedom to the masses and in the process, to galvanize the executive and the<br />legislature to work for public good. However, this changing stance of the judiciary from<br />moderate to active role has invited wrath from some sections of the society, criticism from some<br />others and support and cheers from still other sections. Some political scholars feel that the<br />judiciary is usurping powers in the name of public interest (Rajinder Sacher, 1999), while<br />according to others, judicial activism and interference is actually preventing the executive from<br />going astray</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34642416" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b404d94759cea2974b10d6ede8e77d45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54503268,"asset_id":34642416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54503268/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45421900" href="https://independent.academia.edu/rexjournal">Rex Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45421900" type="text/json">{"id":45421900,"first_name":"Rex","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"rexjournal","display_name":"Rex Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/rexjournal?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45421900/12052186/17817400/s65_rex.journal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34642416 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34642416"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34642416, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34642416", }); 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The Constitution provides for\nseparation of powers and hence demarcates the powers and areas of all these three machineries.\nHowever sometimes with the failure of the legislature and the executive, the separation of power\nremains a theory only in the text book and the third wing of governance, the judiciary assumes\npowers unprecedented for under the name and guise of judicial review, which is a very basic\nfeature of the Constitution of India. The Indian judiciary has taken upon itself the task of\nensuring maximum freedom to the masses and in the process, to galvanize the executive and the\nlegislature to work for public good. However, this changing stance of the judiciary from\nmoderate to active role has invited wrath from some sections of the society, criticism from some\nothers and support and cheers from still other sections. Some political scholars feel that the\njudiciary is usurping powers in the name of public interest (Rajinder Sacher, 1999), while\naccording to others, judicial activism and interference is actually preventing the executive from\ngoing astray","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54503268,"asset_id":34642416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45421900,"first_name":"Rex","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"rexjournal","display_name":"Rex Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/rexjournal?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45421900/12052186/17817400/s65_rex.journal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":71738,"name":"constitution of 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class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31594011" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2236b53510e1f52f639e5017a6a23980" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51924987,"asset_id":31594011,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51924987/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60546787" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/RickStapenhurst">Rick Stapenhurst</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60546787" type="text/json">{"id":60546787,"first_name":"Rick","last_name":"Stapenhurst","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"RickStapenhurst","display_name":"Rick Stapenhurst","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/RickStapenhurst?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60546787/18518215/18483306/s65_rick.stapenhurst.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31594011 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31594011"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4205" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis">Data Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4205" type="text/json">{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31594011]'), work: {"id":31594011,"title":"Trends in Parliamentary 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75487972/Parliaments_in_Europe_Engaging_in_Post_legislative_Scrutiny">Parliaments in Europe Engaging in Post-legislative Scrutiny</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Post-legislative scrutiny (PLS) is not completely new to European parliamentarism. In the last few decades, this activity has experienced rapid development, either pushed by supranational trends on better regulation or fostered by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75487972" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Post-legislative scrutiny (PLS) is not completely new to European parliamentarism. In the last few decades, this activity has experienced rapid development, either pushed by supranational trends on better regulation or fostered by national constitutional reforms. However, the involvement of parliaments in the ex post stage of law-making still remains under-theorised. This article aims at providing a comparative overview of the main rules, practices and trends on post-legislative scrutiny in Europe, focusing on the experience of three bicameral Parliaments: the French, Italian and Swiss Parliaments which have been selected as examples of three proactive approaches to post-legislative scrutiny, based on alternative bicameral arrangements. After providing a general overview of the main options that support the involvement of parliaments in the ex-post stage of law-making, the article examines how the benchmark case studies address the following variables: the internal organisation of t...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75487972" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e3aaaee3d98a6ccbd27a0ea18efdd87" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83237312,"asset_id":75487972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83237312/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1099701" href="https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo">Nicola Lupo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1099701" type="text/json">{"id":1099701,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Lupo","domain_name":"luiss","page_name":"NicolaLupo","display_name":"Nicola Lupo","profile_url":"https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1099701/16968232/125354008/s65_nicola.lupo.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75487972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75487972"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75487972, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75487972", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75487972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75487972").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75487972").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75487972"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="799" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration">Public Administration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="799" type="text/json">{"id":799,"name":"Public Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7554" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law">Comparative Constitutional Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7554" type="text/json">{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75487972]'), work: {"id":75487972,"title":"Parliaments in Europe Engaging in Post-legislative Scrutiny","created_at":"2022-04-04T23:00:54.307-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75487972/Parliaments_in_Europe_Engaging_in_Post_legislative_Scrutiny?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_75487972","summary":"Post-legislative scrutiny (PLS) is not completely new to European parliamentarism. In the last few decades, this activity has experienced rapid development, either pushed by supranational trends on better regulation or fostered by national constitutional reforms. However, the involvement of parliaments in the ex post stage of law-making still remains under-theorised. This article aims at providing a comparative overview of the main rules, practices and trends on post-legislative scrutiny in Europe, focusing on the experience of three bicameral Parliaments: the French, Italian and Swiss Parliaments which have been selected as examples of three proactive approaches to post-legislative scrutiny, based on alternative bicameral arrangements. After providing a general overview of the main options that support the involvement of parliaments in the ex-post stage of law-making, the article examines how the benchmark case studies address the following variables: the internal organisation of t...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83237312,"asset_id":75487972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1099701,"first_name":"Nicola","last_name":"Lupo","domain_name":"luiss","page_name":"NicolaLupo","display_name":"Nicola Lupo","profile_url":"https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1099701/16968232/125354008/s65_nicola.lupo.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":799,"name":"Public Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":10993,"name":"Parliamentary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliamentary_Studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":72274,"name":"Parliament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliament?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3102328" data-work_id="3102328" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3102328/Budget_institutions_and_fiscal_responsibility_parliaments_and_the_political_economy_of_the_budget_process">Budget institutions and fiscal responsibility: parliaments and the political economy of the budget process</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3102328" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fe546092d0ecf2aff727b0fb855371d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31029614,"asset_id":3102328,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31029614/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3567749" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DamienRamnarine">Damien Ramnarine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3567749" type="text/json">{"id":3567749,"first_name":"Damien","last_name":"Ramnarine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DamienRamnarine","display_name":"Damien Ramnarine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DamienRamnarine?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3567749/1235604/1543375/s65_damien.ramnarine.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3102328 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3102328"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3102328, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3102328", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3102328 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3102328").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3102328"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="741" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Finance">Public Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="741" type="text/json">{"id":741,"name":"Public Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Finance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2585" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3490" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting">Accounting</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3490" type="text/json">{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3102328]'), work: {"id":3102328,"title":"Budget institutions and fiscal responsibility: parliaments and the political economy of the budget process","created_at":"2013-03-25T03:12:21.672-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3102328/Budget_institutions_and_fiscal_responsibility_parliaments_and_the_political_economy_of_the_budget_process?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_3102328","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31029614,"asset_id":3102328,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3567749,"first_name":"Damien","last_name":"Ramnarine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DamienRamnarine","display_name":"Damien Ramnarine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DamienRamnarine?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3567749/1235604/1543375/s65_damien.ramnarine.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":741,"name":"Public Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Finance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":15927,"name":"Legislatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislatures?f_ri=771508"},{"id":16457,"name":"Public sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=771508"},{"id":48288,"name":"Internal Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Control?f_ri=771508"},{"id":50195,"name":"Public policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_policies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":50785,"name":"Dictatorship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorship?f_ri=771508"},{"id":59537,"name":"Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency?f_ri=771508"},{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=771508"},{"id":81822,"name":"Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolution?f_ri=771508"},{"id":83306,"name":"Consensus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consensus?f_ri=771508"},{"id":130844,"name":"Service Delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Delivery?f_ri=771508"},{"id":155992,"name":"Economic Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Policies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":156572,"name":"Latin American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American?f_ri=771508"},{"id":213902,"name":"Crises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crises?f_ri=771508"},{"id":215358,"name":"Public finances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_finances?f_ri=771508"},{"id":284014,"name":"Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laws?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34669316" data-work_id="34669316" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34669316/Key_Legislations_in_Nigeria_1999_2015_Potentials_for_Impact_and_Challenges">Key Legislations in Nigeria, 1999 – 2015: Potentials for Impact and Challenges</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While all legislations enacted by the National Assembly are binding and important, there are many laws that are significant for their span or because they point to a major and official decisive moment for the country. Since the return to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34669316" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While all legislations enacted by the National Assembly are binding and<br />important, there are many laws that are significant for their span or because they point to a major and official decisive moment for the country. Since the return to democratic governance in 1999, the National Assembly has passed several critical legislations aimed at transforming state institutions that have become moribund under successive military regimes and influencing particular attitudes and social behaviours on a large scale. This paper critically assesses such "landmark legislations" in Nigeria that were passed from 1999 to 2016 in terms of their potentials for positive impacts on development and democratic re-engineering. These legislations cover such areas as finance and the economy, politics, security, corruption, democracy and governance, and the social sector among others. Also, some of the challenges faced in their implementation are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34669316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a645edbcd247b45eff1f393254790cec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54528914,"asset_id":34669316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54528914/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4981331" href="https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi">Jake D Dan-Azumi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4981331" type="text/json">{"id":4981331,"first_name":"Jake","last_name":"Dan-Azumi","domain_name":"medaner","page_name":"JakeDanAzumi","display_name":"Jake D Dan-Azumi","profile_url":"https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4981331/2157876/19892950/s65_jake.dan-azumi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34669316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34669316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34669316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34669316", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34669316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34669316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34669316"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34669316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34669316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34669316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34669316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34669316").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34669316").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34669316"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37662" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislative_Studies">Legislative Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37662" type="text/json">{"id":37662,"name":"Legislative Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislative_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="160146" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Governance">Democratic Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="160146" type="text/json">{"id":160146,"name":"Democratic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2790827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly">Nigeria National Assembly</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2790827" type="text/json">{"id":2790827,"name":"Nigeria National Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34669316]'), work: {"id":34669316,"title":"Key Legislations in Nigeria, 1999 – 2015: Potentials for Impact and\r\nChallenges","created_at":"2017-09-25T03:40:31.544-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34669316/Key_Legislations_in_Nigeria_1999_2015_Potentials_for_Impact_and_Challenges?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_34669316","summary":"While all legislations enacted by the National Assembly are binding and\nimportant, there are many laws that are significant for their span or because they point to a major and official decisive moment for the country. Since the return to democratic governance in 1999, the National Assembly has passed several critical legislations aimed at transforming state institutions that have become moribund under successive military regimes and influencing particular attitudes and social behaviours on a large scale. This paper critically assesses such \"landmark legislations\" in Nigeria that were passed from 1999 to 2016 in terms of their potentials for positive impacts on development and democratic re-engineering. These legislations cover such areas as finance and the economy, politics, security, corruption, democracy and governance, and the social sector among others. Also, some of the challenges faced in their implementation are discussed. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54528914,"asset_id":34669316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4981331,"first_name":"Jake","last_name":"Dan-Azumi","domain_name":"medaner","page_name":"JakeDanAzumi","display_name":"Jake D Dan-Azumi","profile_url":"https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4981331/2157876/19892950/s65_jake.dan-azumi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37662,"name":"Legislative Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislative_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":160146,"name":"Democratic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":2790827,"name":"Nigeria National Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31594012" data-work_id="31594012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31594012/The_Legislature_and_the_Budget">The Legislature and the Budget</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During the 1990s, more than a quarter of the countries of the world revised their constitutions to include an expand the role of their legislatures. This paper examines one of the most important roles for legislatures-that of financial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31594012" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During the 1990s, more than a quarter of the countries of the world revised their constitutions to include an expand the role of their legislatures. This paper examines one of the most important roles for legislatures-that of financial oversight-and considers some of the lessons emerging from a decade of legislative development and reform.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31594012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b6c6334aaa9154e80a5189e6eb5fd555" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51924965,"asset_id":31594012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51924965/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60546787" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/RickStapenhurst">Rick Stapenhurst</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60546787" type="text/json">{"id":60546787,"first_name":"Rick","last_name":"Stapenhurst","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"RickStapenhurst","display_name":"Rick Stapenhurst","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/RickStapenhurst?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60546787/18518215/18483306/s65_rick.stapenhurst.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31594012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31594012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31594012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31594012", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31594012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31594012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31594012"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31594012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31594012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31594012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31594012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31594012").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31594012").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31594012"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31594012]'), work: {"id":31594012,"title":"The Legislature and the Budget","created_at":"2017-02-24T10:52:44.072-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31594012/The_Legislature_and_the_Budget?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_31594012","summary":"During the 1990s, more than a quarter of the countries of the world revised their constitutions to include an expand the role of their legislatures. This paper examines one of the most important roles for legislatures-that of financial oversight-and considers some of the lessons emerging from a decade of legislative development and reform.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51924965,"asset_id":31594012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60546787,"first_name":"Rick","last_name":"Stapenhurst","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"RickStapenhurst","display_name":"Rick Stapenhurst","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/RickStapenhurst?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60546787/18518215/18483306/s65_rick.stapenhurst.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80659902" data-work_id="80659902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80659902/Legislature_and_Governance_A_Comparative_Study_between_Bangladesh_and_Japan">Legislature and Governance A Comparative Study between Bangladesh and Japan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study shades light on the legislative structure and practices of Japan and that of Bangladesh with a view to comparing the state of governance of these two countries. This study has been conducted based on purely qualitative approach... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80659902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study shades light on the legislative structure and practices of Japan and that of Bangladesh with a view to comparing the state of governance of these two countries. This study has been conducted based on purely qualitative approach with content analysis. As per myriad of study legislative practices of Japan is successful to discharge good governance as the economic growth of Japan is termed as miracle. This study find that the legislative practices of Japan incorporated all the values of governance through its provision of two-house diet where lower house preserve substantial power over upper house, floor crossing, responsiveness of the legislatures, and strong role of parliamentary committees. After comparing the legislative practices of Japan with that of Bangladesh, this study basically found distinctions in structure and practiced value. The parliamentarian of Japan can vote against party decision to preserve the national interest while this is restricted in Bangladesh by the constitution. Japanese parliamentarian even prime minister often stepped down from the government confessing their faults. In Bangladesh we can't even think of it. Although every parliament in Bangladesh forms myriad of committees to oversight the work of ministers but visible and vibrant role of these committees is rare in both in giving policy input and in discharging oversight activities. Bangladesh, a democratic state wants to uphold the principles of good governance, may imitate some legislative principles both from structure and values of Japanese style of legislature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80659902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f83fd5a47a56dcea75d049909cc63c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86969026,"asset_id":80659902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86969026/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63789599" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SMUKHARJEE">SHANJAY MUKHARJEE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63789599" type="text/json">{"id":63789599,"first_name":"SHANJAY","last_name":"MUKHARJEE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SMUKHARJEE","display_name":"SHANJAY MUKHARJEE","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SMUKHARJEE?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/63789599/22264070/21485489/s65_shanjay.mukharjee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80659902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80659902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80659902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80659902", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80659902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80659902; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80659902"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80659902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80659902"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80659902; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80659902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80659902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80659902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80659902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance">Corporate Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4167" type="text/json">{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance">Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5167" type="text/json">{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80659902]'), work: {"id":80659902,"title":"Legislature and Governance A Comparative Study between Bangladesh and Japan","created_at":"2022-06-04T00:35:57.462-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80659902/Legislature_and_Governance_A_Comparative_Study_between_Bangladesh_and_Japan?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_80659902","summary":"This study shades light on the legislative structure and practices of Japan and that of Bangladesh with a view to comparing the state of governance of these two countries. This study has been conducted based on purely qualitative approach with content analysis. As per myriad of study legislative practices of Japan is successful to discharge good governance as the economic growth of Japan is termed as miracle. This study find that the legislative practices of Japan incorporated all the values of governance through its provision of two-house diet where lower house preserve substantial power over upper house, floor crossing, responsiveness of the legislatures, and strong role of parliamentary committees. After comparing the legislative practices of Japan with that of Bangladesh, this study basically found distinctions in structure and practiced value. The parliamentarian of Japan can vote against party decision to preserve the national interest while this is restricted in Bangladesh by the constitution. Japanese parliamentarian even prime minister often stepped down from the government confessing their faults. In Bangladesh we can't even think of it. Although every parliament in Bangladesh forms myriad of committees to oversight the work of ministers but visible and vibrant role of these committees is rare in both in giving policy input and in discharging oversight activities. Bangladesh, a democratic state wants to uphold the principles of good governance, may imitate some legislative principles both from structure and values of Japanese style of legislature.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86969026,"asset_id":80659902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63789599,"first_name":"SHANJAY","last_name":"MUKHARJEE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SMUKHARJEE","display_name":"SHANJAY MUKHARJEE","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SMUKHARJEE?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/63789599/22264070/21485489/s65_shanjay.mukharjee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74679524" data-work_id="74679524" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74679524/Personnel_systems_in_Japanese_local_governments">Personnel systems in Japanese local governments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74679524" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those of central government staff. As a result, Japanese local governments have attracted good staff into their ranks and built up strong human resource capacity over time. Moreover, the tendency for a brain drain to the central government has been restrained. Also, the similarity of personnel systems across local government units has led to a convergence of skill bases across such units over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74679524" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="58e98656c9b04696370f536e7e842a40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82744362,"asset_id":74679524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82744362/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58022954" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu">hiroaki inatsugu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58022954" type="text/json">{"id":58022954,"first_name":"hiroaki","last_name":"inatsugu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"hiroakiinatsugu","display_name":"hiroaki inatsugu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74679524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74679524"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74679524, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74679524", }); 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This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those of central government staff. As a result, Japanese local governments have attracted good staff into their ranks and built up strong human resource capacity over time. Moreover, the tendency for a brain drain to the central government has been restrained. Also, the similarity of personnel systems across local government units has led to a convergence of skill bases across such units over time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82744362,"asset_id":74679524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58022954,"first_name":"hiroaki","last_name":"inatsugu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"hiroakiinatsugu","display_name":"hiroaki inatsugu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15927,"name":"Legislatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislatures?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":16457,"name":"Public sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":16606,"name":"Human Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":17580,"name":"Human 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href="https://www.academia.edu/74679567/Personnel_Systems_in_Japanese_Local_Governments_World_Bank_Institute_Working">Personnel Systems in Japanese Local Governments. World Bank Institute Working</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74679567" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those of central government staff. As a result, Japanese local governments have attracted good staff into their ranks and built up strong human resource capacity over time. Moreover, the tendency for a brain drain to the central government has been restrained. Also, the similarity of personnel systems across local government units has led to a convergence of skill bases across such units over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74679567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9682d55ca93b31601d505f851d49759" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82744378,"asset_id":74679567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82744378/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58022954" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu">hiroaki inatsugu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58022954" type="text/json">{"id":58022954,"first_name":"hiroaki","last_name":"inatsugu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"hiroakiinatsugu","display_name":"hiroaki inatsugu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74679567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74679567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74679567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74679567", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79775688/Positive_Canons_The_Role_of_Legislative_Bargains_in_Statutory_Interpretation">Positive Canons: The Role of Legislative Bargains in Statutory Interpretation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">are gratefully acknowledged. The author also thanks Gabriella Montinola for her helpful research assistance. 1. See WILLIAM N. ESKRIDGE, JR. & PHILIP P. FRICKEY, CASES AND MATERIALS ON LEGISLATION: STATUTES AND THE CREATION OF PUBLIC... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79775688" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">are gratefully acknowledged. The author also thanks Gabriella Montinola for her helpful research assistance. 1. See WILLIAM N. ESKRIDGE, JR. & PHILIP P. FRICKEY, CASES AND MATERIALS ON LEGISLATION: STATUTES AND THE CREATION OF PUBLIC POLICY 569-828 (1988). 2. Leading critics of the "deep" reading approach argue for a narrow "textualist" reading of legislation. Another critical school uses a more passive approach, deferring to agencies in their interpretations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79775688" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96acc40bb910e3c2f31f7a61a1bcf532" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86376677,"asset_id":79775688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86376677/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32070760" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/httpswebstanfordedugroupmcnollgastcgibinwordpress">Barry R . Weingast</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32070760" type="text/json">{"id":32070760,"first_name":"Barry","last_name":"Weingast","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"httpswebstanfordedugroupmcnollgastcgibinwordpress","display_name":"Barry R . Weingast","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/httpswebstanfordedugroupmcnollgastcgibinwordpress?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32070760/24403155/23318196/s65_barry.weingast.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79775688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79775688"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79775688, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79775688", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79775688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79775688; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79775688"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79775688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79775688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79775688; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79775688]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79775688").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79775688").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79775688"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation">Legislation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88815" type="text/json">{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="218886" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation">Statutory Interpretation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="218886" type="text/json">{"id":218886,"name":"Statutory Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79775688]'), work: {"id":79775688,"title":"Positive Canons: The Role of Legislative Bargains in Statutory Interpretation","created_at":"2022-05-23T16:53:45.738-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79775688/Positive_Canons_The_Role_of_Legislative_Bargains_in_Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_79775688","summary":"are gratefully acknowledged. The author also thanks Gabriella Montinola for her helpful research assistance. 1. See WILLIAM N. ESKRIDGE, JR. \u0026 PHILIP P. FRICKEY, CASES AND MATERIALS ON LEGISLATION: STATUTES AND THE CREATION OF PUBLIC POLICY 569-828 (1988). 2. Leading critics of the \"deep\" reading approach argue for a narrow \"textualist\" reading of legislation. Another critical school uses a more passive approach, deferring to agencies in their interpretations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86376677,"asset_id":79775688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32070760,"first_name":"Barry","last_name":"Weingast","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"httpswebstanfordedugroupmcnollgastcgibinwordpress","display_name":"Barry R . Weingast","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/httpswebstanfordedugroupmcnollgastcgibinwordpress?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32070760/24403155/23318196/s65_barry.weingast.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":218886,"name":"Statutory Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":632418,"name":"Statutory law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_law?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74679566" data-work_id="74679566" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74679566/Personnel_Systems_in_Japanese_Local_Governments_The_World_Bank_Institution">Personnel Systems in Japanese Local Governments. The World Bank Institution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74679566" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those of central government staff. As a result, Japanese local governments have attracted good staff into their ranks and built up strong human resource capacity over time. Moreover, the tendency for a brain drain to the central government has been restrained. Also, the similarity of personnel systems across local government units has led to a convergence of skill bases across such units over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74679566" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a00ddb441590d0d81390232d7125560" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82744376,"asset_id":74679566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82744376/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58022954" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu">hiroaki inatsugu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58022954" type="text/json">{"id":58022954,"first_name":"hiroaki","last_name":"inatsugu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"hiroakiinatsugu","display_name":"hiroaki inatsugu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74679566 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74679566"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74679566, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74679566", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74679566]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74679566").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74679566").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74679566"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15927" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislatures">Legislatures</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15927" type="text/json">{"id":15927,"name":"Legislatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislatures?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16457" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector">Public sector</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16457" type="text/json">{"id":16457,"name":"Public sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16606" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource">Human Resource</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16606" type="text/json">{"id":16606,"name":"Human Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17580" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources">Human Resources</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17580" type="text/json">{"id":17580,"name":"Human Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74679566]'), work: {"id":74679566,"title":"Personnel Systems in Japanese Local Governments. The World Bank Institution","created_at":"2022-03-27T03:24:56.577-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74679566/Personnel_Systems_in_Japanese_Local_Governments_The_World_Bank_Institution?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_74679566","summary":"Personnel systems and policies can have a substantial influence on the quality of local government. This paper shows that Japanese local governments provide stable and well-paid careers. Indeed, pay scales are slightly higher than those of central government staff. As a result, Japanese local governments have attracted good staff into their ranks and built up strong human resource capacity over time. Moreover, the tendency for a brain drain to the central government has been restrained. Also, the similarity of personnel systems across local government units has led to a convergence of skill bases across such units over time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82744376,"asset_id":74679566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58022954,"first_name":"hiroaki","last_name":"inatsugu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"hiroakiinatsugu","display_name":"hiroaki inatsugu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/hiroakiinatsugu?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15927,"name":"Legislatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislatures?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":16457,"name":"Public sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":16606,"name":"Human Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":17580,"name":"Human Resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":33426,"name":"Decentralization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decentralization?f_ri=771508"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=771508"},{"id":127550,"name":"Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Promotion?f_ri=771508"},{"id":163028,"name":"Personnel Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personnel_Management?f_ri=771508"},{"id":178041,"name":"Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authority?f_ri=771508"},{"id":284014,"name":"Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laws?f_ri=771508"},{"id":309843,"name":"Legal system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_system?f_ri=771508"},{"id":311533,"name":"Hiring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiring?f_ri=771508"},{"id":335754,"name":"Metropolitan Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metropolitan_Areas?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":2619513,"name":"Central Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Government?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43180383" data-work_id="43180383" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43180383/In_caput_anguli_ili_o_rimskoj_pravnoj_tradiciji_u_Skup%C5%A1tini_Crne_Gore">In caput anguli ili: o rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji u Skupštini Crne Gore</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main goal of this paper is twofold. On one hand—directly investigating original archival material of Montenegrin Parliament from 1946 onward—it aims to show the scope of influence that roman legal tradition had on our law-making. On... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43180383" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main goal of this paper is twofold. On one hand—directly investigating original archival material of Montenegrin Parliament from 1946 onward—it aims to show the scope of influence that roman legal tradition had on our law-making. On the other hand the author strives to stress historical background in which roman law became the very foundation of contemporary legal system in Montenegro, as well as to highlight several particular influences it made. The paper is consisted of two non-separated parts: (i) introduction with short historical overview of Ius Commune and its importance, and (ii) the central part with major results of the research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43180383" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29d6e54aba44def6e85194199e573a73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63446228,"asset_id":43180383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63446228/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3243657" href="https://udg-me.academia.edu/AndrejBracanovi%C4%87">Andrej B Bracanović</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3243657" type="text/json">{"id":3243657,"first_name":"Andrej","last_name":"Bracanović","domain_name":"udg-me","page_name":"AndrejBracanović","display_name":"Andrej B Bracanović","profile_url":"https://udg-me.academia.edu/AndrejBracanovi%C4%87?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3243657/1070390/18418400/s65_andrej.bracanovi_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43180383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43180383"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43180383, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43180383", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43180383]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43180383").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43180383").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43180383"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4134" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Law">Roman Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4134" type="text/json">{"id":4134,"name":"Roman Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42690" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_of_Roman_law">Reception of Roman law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42690" type="text/json">{"id":42690,"name":"Reception of Roman law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_of_Roman_law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ius_commune">Ius commune</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538390" type="text/json">{"id":538390,"name":"Ius commune","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ius_commune?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43180383]'), work: {"id":43180383,"title":"In caput anguli ili: o rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji u Skupštini Crne Gore","created_at":"2020-05-27T13:59:01.842-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43180383/In_caput_anguli_ili_o_rimskoj_pravnoj_tradiciji_u_Skup%C5%A1tini_Crne_Gore?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_43180383","summary":"The main goal of this paper is twofold. On one hand—directly investigating original archival material of Montenegrin Parliament from 1946 onward—it aims to show the scope of influence that roman legal tradition had on our law-making. On the other hand the author strives to stress historical background in which roman law became the very foundation of contemporary legal system in Montenegro, as well as to highlight several particular influences it made. The paper is consisted of two non-separated parts: (i) introduction with short historical overview of Ius Commune and its importance, and (ii) the central part with major results of the research.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63446228,"asset_id":43180383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3243657,"first_name":"Andrej","last_name":"Bracanović","domain_name":"udg-me","page_name":"AndrejBracanović","display_name":"Andrej B Bracanović","profile_url":"https://udg-me.academia.edu/AndrejBracanovi%C4%87?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3243657/1070390/18418400/s65_andrej.bracanovi_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4134,"name":"Roman Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":42690,"name":"Reception of Roman law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_of_Roman_law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":538390,"name":"Ius commune","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ius_commune?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":1829538,"name":"Regulae Iuris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regulae_Iuris?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27981536" data-work_id="27981536" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27981536/Elecciones_y_Cambio_de_Elites_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_2014_2015">Elecciones y Cambio de Elites en América Latina 2014-2015</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Los procesos electorales el América Latina han logrado ser rutina como nunca antes en la historia de la región. La competencia electoral dirime la composición de las élites dirigentes entre distintas alternativas y abre espacios para la... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27981536" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Los procesos electorales el América Latina han logrado ser rutina como nunca antes en la historia de la región. La competencia electoral dirime la composición de las élites dirigentes entre distintas alternativas y abre espacios para la alternancia política incluso en escenarios nacionales donde pareciera que la misma no es posible por la presencia de fuerzas políticas de vocación hegemónica. El bienio 2014-2015 que es objeto de estudio de este libro supone un parteaguas en la política latinoamericana como consecuencia de la apertura de un nuevo ciclo económico y del desgaste generacional de la clase política que ha estado presente tanto en el gobierno como en el parlamento en los lustros anteriores. Los once países latinoamericanos analizados en este volumen son una muestra representativa de ello a la vez que vuelven a poner de relieve la extraordinaria heterogeneidad de la región.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27981536" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="47c64bb6349ecfd5ca0fff77d6e894bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48283895,"asset_id":27981536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48283895/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3113530" href="https://unsam.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaLauraTagina">María Laura Tagina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3113530" type="text/json">{"id":3113530,"first_name":"María Laura","last_name":"Tagina","domain_name":"unsam","page_name":"MaríaLauraTagina","display_name":"María Laura Tagina","profile_url":"https://unsam.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaLauraTagina?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3113530/1023219/3845578/s65_mar_a_laura.tagina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27981536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27981536"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27981536, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27981536", }); 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La competencia electoral dirime la composición de las élites dirigentes entre distintas alternativas y abre espacios para la alternancia política incluso en escenarios nacionales donde pareciera que la misma no es posible por la presencia de fuerzas políticas de vocación hegemónica. El bienio 2014-2015 que es objeto de estudio de este libro supone un parteaguas en la política latinoamericana como consecuencia de la apertura de un nuevo ciclo económico y del desgaste generacional de la clase política que ha estado presente tanto en el gobierno como en el parlamento en los lustros anteriores. Los once países latinoamericanos analizados en este volumen son una muestra representativa de ello a la vez que vuelven a poner de relieve la extraordinaria heterogeneidad de la región.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48283895,"asset_id":27981536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3113530,"first_name":"María Laura","last_name":"Tagina","domain_name":"unsam","page_name":"MaríaLauraTagina","display_name":"María Laura Tagina","profile_url":"https://unsam.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaLauraTagina?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3113530/1023219/3845578/s65_mar_a_laura.tagina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":3778,"name":"Political 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js-work-card work_2359861" data-work_id="2359861" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2359861/Rethinking_Post_Soviet_Politics_from_a_Neopatrimonial_Perspective">Rethinking Post-Soviet Politics from a Neopatrimonial Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Focusing on the battle between democrats and their opponents does not provide a satisfying way to explain the political trajectories of the former Soviet states. A more useful approach is neopatrimonialism. From this perspective, we can... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2359861" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Focusing on the battle between democrats and their opponents does not provide a satisfying way to explain the political trajectories of the former Soviet states. A more useful approach is neopatrimonialism. From this perspective, we can explain the colored revolutions as elite-led efforts by rent-seeking entrepreneurs to resist increased pressure placed on them by neopatrimonial states.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2359861" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8b79c90152c69ab96f5f86e8f0c437e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38717474,"asset_id":2359861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38717474/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1187308" href="https://kharkov-ua.academia.edu/OleksandrFisun">Oleksandr Fisun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1187308" type="text/json">{"id":1187308,"first_name":"Oleksandr","last_name":"Fisun","domain_name":"kharkov-ua","page_name":"OleksandrFisun","display_name":"Oleksandr Fisun","profile_url":"https://kharkov-ua.academia.edu/OleksandrFisun?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1187308/423915/66841803/s65_oleksandr.fisun.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2359861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2359861"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2359861, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2359861", }); 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A more useful approach is neopatrimonialism. From this perspective, we can explain the colored revolutions as elite-led efforts by rent-seeking entrepreneurs to resist increased pressure placed on them by neopatrimonial states.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38717474,"asset_id":2359861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1187308,"first_name":"Oleksandr","last_name":"Fisun","domain_name":"kharkov-ua","page_name":"OleksandrFisun","display_name":"Oleksandr Fisun","profile_url":"https://kharkov-ua.academia.edu/OleksandrFisun?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1187308/423915/66841803/s65_oleksandr.fisun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=771508"},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=771508"},{"id":5779,"name":"Post-Soviet Regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Regimes?f_ri=771508"},{"id":5821,"name":"Ukrainian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":5895,"name":"Russian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Politics?f_ri=771508"},{"id":5903,"name":"Postsocialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postsocialism?f_ri=771508"},{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":6990,"name":"Post-Soviet Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Politics?f_ri=771508"},{"id":9626,"name":"Ukrainian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_Politics?f_ri=771508"},{"id":12396,"name":"Post-Soviet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Soviet_Studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":15781,"name":"Russian Studies (in Area Studies) and the Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies_in_Area_Studies_and_the_Caucasus?f_ri=771508"},{"id":16598,"name":"Social movements and revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_and_revolution?f_ri=771508"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":18717,"name":"Social Enterprises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Enterprises?f_ri=771508"},{"id":25516,"name":"Postcommunist studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcommunist_studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":27641,"name":"Soviet, post-Soviet, Russian politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_post-Soviet_Russian_politics?f_ri=771508"},{"id":27728,"name":"Politics of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Ukraine?f_ri=771508"},{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=771508"},{"id":33669,"name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan?f_ri=771508"},{"id":33670,"name":"Armenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenia?f_ri=771508"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=771508"},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=771508"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=771508"},{"id":44441,"name":"Post Soviet Transformation of the South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Soviet_Transformation_of_the_South_Caucasus?f_ri=771508"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=771508"},{"id":45578,"name":"Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacebuilding?f_ri=771508"},{"id":46039,"name":"Youth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth?f_ri=771508"},{"id":54445,"name":"Elites and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elites_and_Society?f_ri=771508"},{"id":56845,"name":"Comparative Politics, Democratization, Authoritarian Regimes, Regime Change, Concept Analysis, Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics_Democratization_Authoritarian_Regimes_Regime_Change_Concept_Analysis_Measu?f_ri=771508"},{"id":75162,"name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Caucasus?f_ri=771508"},{"id":102828,"name":"History of Communism; 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A través de un acercamiento mixto se... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70930042" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En este artículo se indaga sobre la posible interacción de los legisladores de Puerto Rico con sus constituyentes en Twitter, a manera de determinar si se establece una participación política. A través de un acercamiento mixto se trabajaron dos fases, en donde se identificaban y categorizaban las cuentas de Twitter de los legisladores, y luego se realizó un análisis de contenido de los tuits en los periodos seleccionados. Mientras el indicador de participación política sirvió para observar cómo y en qué forma los legisladores interactúan con sus constituyentes, el análisis de contenido de los tuits funcionó como indicador para determinar los temas principales y si establecieron una comunicación dialógica. Se evidenció que los legisladores, aunque capacitados para establecer una participación política en la red, disminuyen sustancialmente el potencial uso de interacción al limitar la participación ciudadana.<br />***<br />This article enquires over the possible interaction of Puerto Rico’s legislators with their constituents on Twitter, in order to determine if political participation is established. Through a combined approach two phases were worked on, in which the Twitter accounts of the legislators were identified and categorized, and later an analysis of the content of the tweets during the selected periods was realized. While the indicator of political participation served to observe how and in what form the legislators interacted with their constituents, the content analysis of the tweets functioned as an indicator to determine the principal topics and if a dialogic communication was established. Evidence was found that legislators, although capable of establishing a political participation on the social media site, substantially diminished the potential use of interaction by limiting citizen participation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70930042" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0f01f5f23997ca0ae743d1c5337ae71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80478226,"asset_id":70930042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80478226/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="70381433" href="https://unal-co.academia.edu/ForumRevistaDepartamentodeCienciaPol%C3%ADtica">Forum Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="70381433" type="text/json">{"id":70381433,"first_name":"Forum","last_name":"Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política","domain_name":"unal-co","page_name":"ForumRevistaDepartamentodeCienciaPolítica","display_name":"Forum Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política","profile_url":"https://unal-co.academia.edu/ForumRevistaDepartamentodeCienciaPol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70930042 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70930042"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70930042, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70930042", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70930042]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70930042").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70930042").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70930042"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1118" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Participation">Political Participation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1118" type="text/json">{"id":1118,"name":"Political Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Participation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13873" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Twitter">Twitter</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13873" type="text/json">{"id":13873,"name":"Twitter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Twitter?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41608" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship">Citizenship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41608" type="text/json">{"id":41608,"name":"Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="104153" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialogical_Communication">Dialogical Communication</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="104153" type="text/json">{"id":104153,"name":"Dialogical Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialogical_Communication?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70930042]'), work: {"id":70930042,"title":"El uso de Twitter por los miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico como medio de participación política * The Use of Twitter by the Members of Puerto Rico’s Legislative Assembly as a Means of Political Participation","created_at":"2022-02-08T06:44:25.029-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70930042/El_uso_de_Twitter_por_los_miembros_de_la_Asamblea_Legislativa_de_Puerto_Rico_como_medio_de_participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_The_Use_of_Twitter_by_the_Members_of_Puerto_Rico_s_Legislative_Assembly_as_a_Means_of_Political_Participation?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_70930042","summary":"En este artículo se indaga sobre la posible interacción de los legisladores de Puerto Rico con sus constituyentes en Twitter, a manera de determinar si se establece una participación política. A través de un acercamiento mixto se trabajaron dos fases, en donde se identificaban y categorizaban las cuentas de Twitter de los legisladores, y luego se realizó un análisis de contenido de los tuits en los periodos seleccionados. Mientras el indicador de participación política sirvió para observar cómo y en qué forma los legisladores interactúan con sus constituyentes, el análisis de contenido de los tuits funcionó como indicador para determinar los temas principales y si establecieron una comunicación dialógica. Se evidenció que los legisladores, aunque capacitados para establecer una participación política en la red, disminuyen sustancialmente el potencial uso de interacción al limitar la participación ciudadana.\n***\nThis article enquires over the possible interaction of Puerto Rico’s legislators with their constituents on Twitter, in order to determine if political participation is established. Through a combined approach two phases were worked on, in which the Twitter accounts of the legislators were identified and categorized, and later an analysis of the content of the tweets during the selected periods was realized. While the indicator of political participation served to observe how and in what form the legislators interacted with their constituents, the content analysis of the tweets functioned as an indicator to determine the principal topics and if a dialogic communication was established. Evidence was found that legislators, although capable of establishing a political participation on the social media site, substantially diminished the potential use of interaction by limiting citizen participation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80478226,"asset_id":70930042,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":70381433,"first_name":"Forum","last_name":"Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política","domain_name":"unal-co","page_name":"ForumRevistaDepartamentodeCienciaPolítica","display_name":"Forum Revista Departamento de Ciencia Política","profile_url":"https://unal-co.academia.edu/ForumRevistaDepartamentodeCienciaPol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1118,"name":"Political 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extraordinario de sesiones del Segundo receso del Primer año de ejercicio de la LXIV Legislatura, programado para los días 18 y 25 de julio de 2019 en... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39979229" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En este documento se presentan los temas agendados para tratarse en el Tercer periodo extraordinario de sesiones del Segundo receso del Primer año de ejercicio de la LXIV Legislatura, programado para los días 18 y 25 de julio de 2019 en la Cámara de Diputados.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39979229" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span 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Evolución conceptual en la legislación y jurisprudencia argentina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">La autonomía institucional y académica de las universidades nacionales... Marcela S. 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Evolución conceptual en la legislación y jurisprudencia argentina","created_at":"2021-12-10T19:19:01.499-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63818698/La_autonom%C3%ADa_institucional_y_acad%C3%A9mica_de_las_universidades_nacionales_Evoluci%C3%B3n_conceptual_en_la_legislaci%C3%B3n_y_jurisprudencia_argentina?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_63818698","summary":"La autonomía institucional y académica de las universidades nacionales... Marcela S. Molina / pp. 66-89 La autonomía institucional y académica de las universidades nacionales...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76114771,"asset_id":63818698,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31811890,"first_name":"Marcela","last_name":"Molina","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcelaMolina16","display_name":"Marcela Molina","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelaMolina16?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31811890/41632505/33676119/s65_marcela.molina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14197,"name":"Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76675646" data-work_id="76675646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76675646/The_Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act_4_of_2000_Proposals_for_Legislative_Reform_to_Promote_Equality_through_Schools_and_the_Education_System">The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000: Proposals for Legislative Reform to Promote Equality through Schools and the Education System</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (the Equality Act) was inter alia promulgated to create a caring South African society. To achieve this goal, the Equality Act prohibits unfair... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76675646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (the Equality Act) was inter alia promulgated to create a caring South African society. To achieve this goal, the Equality Act prohibits unfair discrimination, hate speech and harassment on a number of prohibited grounds, including religion, conscience, belief and culture. The Bill of Rights in the 1996 Constitution also prohibits unfair discrimination on these and other grounds. In addition, the Bill of Rights also contains rights such as the right to freedom of association and the right to freedom of expression. All laws, including the Equality Act, must be interpreted in accordance with the spirit, purport and objectives of the Bill of Rights. This article identifies possible challenges in applying the Equality Act where the alleged perpetrator attempts to justify the discrimination based on his/her religious beliefs, freedom of expression and/or freedom of association.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76675646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea9c0dd78945f12449896b253b3767a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84305151,"asset_id":76675646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84305151/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17121400" href="https://up-za.academia.edu/AntonKok">Anton Kok</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17121400" type="text/json">{"id":17121400,"first_name":"Anton","last_name":"Kok","domain_name":"up-za","page_name":"AntonKok","display_name":"Anton Kok","profile_url":"https://up-za.academia.edu/AntonKok?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17121400/4712009/42435509/s65_anton.kok.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76675646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76675646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76675646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76675646", }); 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Also included in this focus area are implications of any gap between the mechanisms in the donor-supported initiatives and the officially sanctioned system. This study documents field level experience of the various parallel planning and budgeting processes used by the government and/or by donor-sponsored programs to determine any interaction between the two entities. The findings should help improve the quality of decentralization that has been implemented in Indonesia since 2001. Since 1998 there are at least two major changes in Indonesia that are meant to improve the quality of governance and the quality of services to the people. Decentralization and empowering local government will better involve those persons most like...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65149887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de67efb8a1cfc4f199e3f6f6c1e2cbca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76869742,"asset_id":65149887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76869742/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8292896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/wicaksonosarosa">wicaksono sarosa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8292896" type="text/json">{"id":8292896,"first_name":"wicaksono","last_name":"sarosa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"wicaksonosarosa","display_name":"wicaksono sarosa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/wicaksonosarosa?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8292896/19954927/19750182/s65_wicaksono.sarosa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65149887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65149887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65149887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65149887", }); 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Legislative Agenda Setting</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75155720" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="add2eebe081a49476f07b53d0bd0bd54" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83038598,"asset_id":75155720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38085" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_European_Politics">West European Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38085" type="text/json">{"id":38085,"name":"West European Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_European_Politics?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75155720]'), work: {"id":75155720,"title":"The Role of 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Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_European_Politics?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75011373" data-work_id="75011373" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75011373/Unorthodox_Lawmaking_and_Legislative_Complexity_in_American_Statutory_Interpretation">Unorthodox Lawmaking and Legislative Complexity in American Statutory Interpretation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The traditional legislative process is dead in the U.S. Statutes are increasingly long and complex omnibus efforts rushed through at the end of congressional sessions. Yet American statutory interpretation remains largely unchanged, with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75011373" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The traditional legislative process is dead in the U.S. Statutes are increasingly long and complex omnibus efforts rushed through at the end of congressional sessions. Yet American statutory interpretation remains largely unchanged, with judges generally uninterested in the realities of the legislative process, despite claiming our dominant interpretive approach reflects Congress or is in conversation with it. Omnibus statutes pose challenges for judges who read statutes with assumptions of linguistic perfection and consistency—as American judges do—and the truncated legislative process results in more gaps and mistakes, problems that lack coherent doctrinal approaches in our courts. And American judges have never been willing to strike down federal statutes for lack of deliberation or process, preferring instead indirect nudges toward more “due process in lawmaking.” This chapter documents the rise of unorthodox modern lawmaking in the U.S., including omnibus lawmaking, and details its causes, costs and benefits. These developments are not unmitigated negatives; they are adaptations to the changing complexities of the American political system. It has been 50 years since the last congressional reorganization and another revolution may be coming. There is a burgeoning legal movement among scholars and some American jurists, including several Supreme Court justices, to bring understanding of the legislative process, and how it has changed, into our theories and doctrines of statutory interpretation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75011373" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="212471153" href="https://independent.academia.edu/abbegluck">abbe gluck</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="212471153" type="text/json">{"id":212471153,"first_name":"abbe","last_name":"gluck","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"abbegluck","display_name":"abbe gluck","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abbegluck?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75011373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75011373"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75011373, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75011373", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75011373]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75011373").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75011373").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75011373"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="218886" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation">Statutory Interpretation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="218886" type="text/json">{"id":218886,"name":"Statutory Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="632418" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_law">Statutory law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="632418" type="text/json">{"id":632418,"name":"Statutory law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75011373]'), work: {"id":75011373,"title":"Unorthodox Lawmaking and Legislative Complexity in American Statutory Interpretation","created_at":"2022-03-30T15:38:46.310-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75011373/Unorthodox_Lawmaking_and_Legislative_Complexity_in_American_Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_75011373","summary":"The traditional legislative process is dead in the U.S. Statutes are increasingly long and complex omnibus efforts rushed through at the end of congressional sessions. Yet American statutory interpretation remains largely unchanged, with judges generally uninterested in the realities of the legislative process, despite claiming our dominant interpretive approach reflects Congress or is in conversation with it. Omnibus statutes pose challenges for judges who read statutes with assumptions of linguistic perfection and consistency—as American judges do—and the truncated legislative process results in more gaps and mistakes, problems that lack coherent doctrinal approaches in our courts. And American judges have never been willing to strike down federal statutes for lack of deliberation or process, preferring instead indirect nudges toward more “due process in lawmaking.” This chapter documents the rise of unorthodox modern lawmaking in the U.S., including omnibus lawmaking, and details its causes, costs and benefits. These developments are not unmitigated negatives; they are adaptations to the changing complexities of the American political system. It has been 50 years since the last congressional reorganization and another revolution may be coming. There is a burgeoning legal movement among scholars and some American jurists, including several Supreme Court justices, to bring understanding of the legislative process, and how it has changed, into our theories and doctrines of statutory interpretation.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212471153,"first_name":"abbe","last_name":"gluck","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"abbegluck","display_name":"abbe gluck","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abbegluck?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":218886,"name":"Statutory Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Interpretation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":632418,"name":"Statutory law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":1445896,"name":"Lawmaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lawmaking?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44227995 coauthored" data-work_id="44227995" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44227995/Supreme_Court_of_India_on_Governance">Supreme Court of India on Governance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As per the constitutional scheme, “governance” is “a means to provide service to THE PEOPLE OF INDIA by all the organs and all the functionaries of the State.” “THE PEOPLE OF INDIA” are the master and organs of the State and their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44227995" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As per the constitutional scheme, “governance” is “a means to provide service to THE PEOPLE OF INDIA by all the organs and all the functionaries of the State.” “THE PEOPLE OF INDIA” are the master and organs of the State and their functionaries are the servant. The Constitution of India envisages a responsive and responsible mode of governance. To ensure constitutional governance, it is the duty of the legislature to make law and to hold the executive accountable. Duty of the executive is to make rules and govern the country according to the law and be accountable to the legislature. Duty of the Court is to decide cases and ensure that the governance of the country is carried out according to the constitutional scheme. The Court declares the law, (un)makes law–through the counter-majoritarian device of judicial review – and issues directions to the executive to ensure constitutional governance. Court also makes suggestions to legislature to make or modify a law. In short, Court performs two types of functions. One, it decides cases. Two, it also keeps a check on the legislative and executive powers. Performance of these functions is necessary for ensuring constitutional governance else the rule of law will collapse and no governance will be possible. <br />This paper is an attempt to identify those decisions of the Supreme Court of India in which the ‘idea’ of governance has been explicated. No attempt has been made to find out the role of the Courts in the ‘act’ of the governance. The Supreme Court has spoken on: governance generally, corporate governance, democracy, rule of law, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, judiciary, Centre-State relations, election, local bodies, bureaucracy, taxing statutes, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, women and children, and corruption — and the paper seeks to extract the observation of the Supreme Court on governance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44227995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57fce279668bebe872cbc75c7bd57061" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72306884,"asset_id":44227995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72306884/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="139554174" href="https://nliu.academia.edu/GhayurAlam">Ghayur Alam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="139554174" type="text/json">{"id":139554174,"first_name":"Ghayur","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"nliu","page_name":"GhayurAlam","display_name":"Ghayur Alam","profile_url":"https://nliu.academia.edu/GhayurAlam?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/139554174/44906670/89934823/s65_ghayur.alam.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44227995">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44227995"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://jgu.academia.edu/AqaRaza">Aqa Raza</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44227995'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44227995').html(); 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The Constitution of India envisages a responsive and responsible mode of governance. To ensure constitutional governance, it is the duty of the legislature to make law and to hold the executive accountable. Duty of the executive is to make rules and govern the country according to the law and be accountable to the legislature. Duty of the Court is to decide cases and ensure that the governance of the country is carried out according to the constitutional scheme. The Court declares the law, (un)makes law–through the counter-majoritarian device of judicial review – and issues directions to the executive to ensure constitutional governance. Court also makes suggestions to legislature to make or modify a law. In short, Court performs two types of functions. One, it decides cases. Two, it also keeps a check on the legislative and executive powers. Performance of these functions is necessary for ensuring constitutional governance else the rule of law will collapse and no governance will be possible. \nThis paper is an attempt to identify those decisions of the Supreme Court of India in which the ‘idea’ of governance has been explicated. No attempt has been made to find out the role of the Courts in the ‘act’ of the governance. The Supreme Court has spoken on: governance generally, corporate governance, democracy, rule of law, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, judiciary, Centre-State relations, election, local bodies, bureaucracy, taxing statutes, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, women and children, and corruption — and the paper seeks to extract the observation of the Supreme Court on governance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72306884,"asset_id":44227995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":139554174,"first_name":"Ghayur","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"nliu","page_name":"GhayurAlam","display_name":"Ghayur Alam","profile_url":"https://nliu.academia.edu/GhayurAlam?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/139554174/44906670/89934823/s65_ghayur.alam.jpg"},{"id":34849791,"first_name":"Aqa","last_name":"Raza","domain_name":"jgu","page_name":"AqaRaza","display_name":"Aqa Raza","profile_url":"https://jgu.academia.edu/AqaRaza?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34849791/10186221/107110841/s65_aqa.raza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":7813,"name":"Judicial review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":15419,"name":"Rule of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rule_of_Law?f_ri=771508"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":67148,"name":"Fundamental Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fundamental_Rights?f_ri=771508"},{"id":71738,"name":"constitution of India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/constitution_of_India?f_ri=771508"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=771508"},{"id":78388,"name":"Bureaucracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bureaucracy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":80918,"name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supreme_Court_of_India?f_ri=771508"},{"id":92226,"name":"Election","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Election?f_ri=771508"},{"id":266999,"name":"Directive Principles of State Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":631551,"name":"Women and Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Children?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36937835" data-work_id="36937835" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36937835/CSOs_Advocacy_and_the_Legislative_Process_in_Nigeria_A_Case_Study_of_the_National_Health_Act_2014">CSOs Advocacy and the Legislative Process in Nigeria: A Case Study of the National Health Act, 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in health care delivery through legislative advocacy. It highlights the various efforts of civil society organisations (CSOs) towards the passage of the National Health... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36937835" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in health care delivery through legislative advocacy. It highlights the various efforts of civil society organisations (CSOs) towards the passage of the National Health Bill (2014). The role of CSOs spanned the various stages of the legislative process. Evidence from their engagement and advocacy for the NHB shows that when CSOs are engaged in developing and reviewing national health plans, they can assist in identifying or sharpening national priorities and consequently help improve health outcomes. The paper concludes by highlighting key lessons learnt in the advocacy process and critical success factors which include knowledge of the legislative process, ability to leverage on existing relationships and networks, and partnership with international partners, among others.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36937835" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="84346482c579a96c13fa6d5905e30a1f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56887997,"asset_id":36937835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56887997/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4981331" href="https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi">Jake D Dan-Azumi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4981331" type="text/json">{"id":4981331,"first_name":"Jake","last_name":"Dan-Azumi","domain_name":"medaner","page_name":"JakeDanAzumi","display_name":"Jake D Dan-Azumi","profile_url":"https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4981331/2157876/19892950/s65_jake.dan-azumi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36937835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36937835"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36937835, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36937835", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36937835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36937835").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36937835").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36937835"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21559" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Management">Health Care Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21559" type="text/json">{"id":21559,"name":"Health Care Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Management?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2790827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly">Nigeria National Assembly</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2790827" type="text/json">{"id":2790827,"name":"Nigeria National Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36937835]'), work: {"id":36937835,"title":"CSOs Advocacy and the Legislative Process in Nigeria: A Case Study of the National Health Act, 2014","created_at":"2018-06-28T14:13:44.129-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36937835/CSOs_Advocacy_and_the_Legislative_Process_in_Nigeria_A_Case_Study_of_the_National_Health_Act_2014?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_36937835","summary":"This paper examines the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in health care delivery through legislative advocacy. It highlights the various efforts of civil society organisations (CSOs) towards the passage of the National Health Bill (2014). The role of CSOs spanned the various stages of the legislative process. Evidence from their engagement and advocacy for the NHB shows that when CSOs are engaged in developing and reviewing national health plans, they can assist in identifying or sharpening national priorities and consequently help improve health outcomes. The paper concludes by highlighting key lessons learnt in the advocacy process and critical success factors which include knowledge of the legislative process, ability to leverage on existing relationships and networks, and partnership with international partners, among others.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56887997,"asset_id":36937835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4981331,"first_name":"Jake","last_name":"Dan-Azumi","domain_name":"medaner","page_name":"JakeDanAzumi","display_name":"Jake D Dan-Azumi","profile_url":"https://medaner.academia.edu/JakeDanAzumi?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4981331/2157876/19892950/s65_jake.dan-azumi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21559,"name":"Health Care Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Management?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":2790827,"name":"Nigeria National Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria_National_Assembly?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2414085" data-work_id="2414085" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2414085/Parliamentary_elites_as_a_democratic_thermometer_Estonia_Lithuania_and_Moldova_compared">Parliamentary elites as a democratic thermometer: Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova compared</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article assesses how the character of emerging legislative elites conforms to the broader patterns of post-communist social transformation by comparing Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova. We argue that the pace and direction of change... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2414085" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article assesses how the character of emerging legislative elites conforms to the broader patterns of post-communist social transformation by comparing Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova. We argue that the pace and direction of change among MPs has been significantly shaped by the nature of regime change in each country. We first address the issue of pace and scope of elite replacement. Second, we examine whether and to what extent, over time, changes occurred in the parliamentary representation of major social categories (in particular, ethnic minorities, women, age groups). Third, we examine the dynamics of political professionalization.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2414085" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d187a3a9bbe665d8888d23bb07cc88d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50637634,"asset_id":2414085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50637634/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="161374" href="https://ism.academia.edu/IrminaMatonyte">Irmina Matonyte</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="161374" type="text/json">{"id":161374,"first_name":"Irmina","last_name":"Matonyte","domain_name":"ism","page_name":"IrminaMatonyte","display_name":"Irmina Matonyte","profile_url":"https://ism.academia.edu/IrminaMatonyte?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2414085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2414085"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2414085, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2414085", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2414085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2414085; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2414085"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2414085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2414085"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2414085; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2414085]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2414085").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2414085").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2414085"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12402" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities">Ethnic minorities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12402" type="text/json">{"id":12402,"name":"Ethnic minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation">Legislation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88815" type="text/json">{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="104990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regime_change">Regime change</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="104990" type="text/json">{"id":104990,"name":"Regime change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regime_change?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2414085]'), work: {"id":2414085,"title":"Parliamentary elites as a democratic thermometer: Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova compared","created_at":"2013-01-16T15:48:50.493-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2414085/Parliamentary_elites_as_a_democratic_thermometer_Estonia_Lithuania_and_Moldova_compared?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_2414085","summary":"This article assesses how the character of emerging legislative elites conforms to the broader patterns of post-communist social transformation by comparing Estonia, Lithuania and Moldova. We argue that the pace and direction of change among MPs has been significantly shaped by the nature of regime change in each country. We first address the issue of pace and scope of elite replacement. Second, we examine whether and to what extent, over time, changes occurred in the parliamentary representation of major social categories (in particular, ethnic minorities, women, age groups). Third, we examine the dynamics of political professionalization.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50637634,"asset_id":2414085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":161374,"first_name":"Irmina","last_name":"Matonyte","domain_name":"ism","page_name":"IrminaMatonyte","display_name":"Irmina Matonyte","profile_url":"https://ism.academia.edu/IrminaMatonyte?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":12402,"name":"Ethnic minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_minorities?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":104990,"name":"Regime change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regime_change?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":202728,"name":"Post-Communist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communist_Studies?f_ri=771508"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":625811,"name":"Ethnic Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Minorities-1?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7201784" data-work_id="7201784" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7201784/ISSN_2277_3061_E_parliament_and_Democratic_Representation_in_African_States_Prospects_and_Challenges">ISSN 2277-3061 E-parliament and Democratic Representation in African States: Prospects and Challenges</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A healthy and credible legislature is indispensable for representative liberal democratic governance. While representation involves informing and listening to those represented and making decisions and exercising influence on their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7201784" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A healthy and credible legislature is indispensable for representative liberal democratic governance. While representation involves informing and listening to those represented and making decisions and exercising influence on their behalf, legislative institutions of many African countries lack the effectiveness to inform and interact with their constituents, thus resulting to serious citizens-representatives disengagement. This pervasive contemporary estrangement is manifested in public cynicism towards political institutions and a collapse in once-strong loyalties and attachment between citizens and government. This research paper draws from case analysis and literature search to examine the potentials and challenges of e-parliament for re-engaging the electorate in the democratic states of Africa. Findings reveal that by leveraging on the exponential growth of ICTs particularly, in the continent, e-parliament provides new strategies for increasing and strengthening deliberative and interactive dialogue between citizens and their representatives. With e-parliament, citizens-representatives estrangement is reduced and new forms of engagement and collaboration created thus making democratic processes more inclusive and transparent. In this process the crisis of democratic legitimacy and accountability is averted for the African states. Though the realization of the full potential of e-parliament in Africa is greatly hampered by such challenges as inadequate infrastructural facilities and capacity building, this paper argues that with effective ICT strategic planning and management so as to judiciously utilize available resources and a mechanism for ICT skill training and development for all stakeholders, e-parliament presents a glimmer of hope for responsive and accountable governance in Africa.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7201784" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ded17cb3e7defc421512376053f76aa0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33827404,"asset_id":7201784,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33827404/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7605003" href="https://covenantuniversity.academia.edu/OniSamuel">Oni Samuel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7605003" type="text/json">{"id":7605003,"first_name":"Oni","last_name":"Samuel","domain_name":"covenantuniversity","page_name":"OniSamuel","display_name":"Oni Samuel","profile_url":"https://covenantuniversity.academia.edu/OniSamuel?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7605003/2745572/3199090/s65_oni.samuel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7201784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7201784"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7201784, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7201784", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7201784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7201784; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7201784"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7201784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7201784"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7201784; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7201784]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7201784").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7201784").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7201784"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4527" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa">Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4527" type="text/json">{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5709" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics">Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5709" type="text/json">{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT">ICT</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10414" type="text/json">{"id":10414,"name":"ICT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7201784]'), work: {"id":7201784,"title":"ISSN 2277-3061 E-parliament and Democratic Representation in African States: Prospects and Challenges","created_at":"2014-05-29T21:11:31.679-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7201784/ISSN_2277_3061_E_parliament_and_Democratic_Representation_in_African_States_Prospects_and_Challenges?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_7201784","summary":"A healthy and credible legislature is indispensable for representative liberal democratic governance. While representation involves informing and listening to those represented and making decisions and exercising influence on their behalf, legislative institutions of many African countries lack the effectiveness to inform and interact with their constituents, thus resulting to serious citizens-representatives disengagement. This pervasive contemporary estrangement is manifested in public cynicism towards political institutions and a collapse in once-strong loyalties and attachment between citizens and government. This research paper draws from case analysis and literature search to examine the potentials and challenges of e-parliament for re-engaging the electorate in the democratic states of Africa. Findings reveal that by leveraging on the exponential growth of ICTs particularly, in the continent, e-parliament provides new strategies for increasing and strengthening deliberative and interactive dialogue between citizens and their representatives. With e-parliament, citizens-representatives estrangement is reduced and new forms of engagement and collaboration created thus making democratic processes more inclusive and transparent. In this process the crisis of democratic legitimacy and accountability is averted for the African states. Though the realization of the full potential of e-parliament in Africa is greatly hampered by such challenges as inadequate infrastructural facilities and capacity building, this paper argues that with effective ICT strategic planning and management so as to judiciously utilize available resources and a mechanism for ICT skill training and development for all stakeholders, e-parliament presents a glimmer of hope for responsive and accountable governance in Africa.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33827404,"asset_id":7201784,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7605003,"first_name":"Oni","last_name":"Samuel","domain_name":"covenantuniversity","page_name":"OniSamuel","display_name":"Oni Samuel","profile_url":"https://covenantuniversity.academia.edu/OniSamuel?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7605003/2745572/3199090/s65_oni.samuel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":10414,"name":"ICT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICT?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=771508"},{"id":50118,"name":"Representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representation?f_ri=771508"},{"id":62725,"name":"E-parliament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/E-parliament?f_ri=771508"},{"id":508892,"name":"Citizens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizens?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75488055" data-work_id="75488055" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/75488055/The_Commission_s_Power_to_Withdraw_Legislative_Proposals_and_its_Parliamentarisation_Between_Technical_and_Political_Grounds">The Commission’s Power to Withdraw Legislative Proposals and its ‘Parliamentarisation’, Between Technical and Political Grounds</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">European Commission – Monopoly on legislative initiative – Power to withdraw legislative proposals, as recognised and limited by the Court of Justice – Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making – European Parliament Rules of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75488055" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">European Commission – Monopoly on legislative initiative – Power to withdraw legislative proposals, as recognised and limited by the Court of Justice – Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making – European Parliament Rules of Procedure – Interinstitutional programming procedures – Technical and political usages of the withdrawal – Question of confidence in national parliamentary systems – National Parliaments and Early Warning System – Parliamentarisation of the decision to withdraw – Principle of institutional balance</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73384906/Regulatory_Governance_in_Infrastructure_Industries">Regulatory Governance in Infrastructure Industries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73384906" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Te su reforme ukljuèivale modernizaciju studija medicine, obavezno školovanje svih medicinskih... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65722343" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Meðu brojnim reformama koje je tijekom svoje vladavine 1740.-1780. godine provela Marija Terezija, svoje su mjesto našle i zdravstvene reforme. Te su reforme ukljuèivale modernizaciju studija medicine, obavezno školovanje svih medicinskih djelatnika i organiziranje sustava kontrole njihovog rada na podruèju èitave Monarhije. Vrhunac zdravstvene reforme bio je donošenje zakona o medicinskoj zaštiti "Generale Normativum Sanitatis" 1770. godine koji je definirao sve kljuène zadatke zdravstvene zaštite u Monarhiji. Velik dio toga zakona posveaeen je Sanitarnom kordonu u Vojnoj granici, što pokazuje da je taj kordon imao izuzetno velik znaèaj za tadašnji beèki Dvor.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65722343" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54e5ad754e7b339f8bef6ed81858628a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77195283,"asset_id":65722343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77195283/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4181794" href="https://isp.academia.edu/RobertSkenderovi%C4%87">Robert Skenderović</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4181794" type="text/json">{"id":4181794,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Skenderović","domain_name":"isp","page_name":"RobertSkenderović","display_name":"Robert Skenderović","profile_url":"https://isp.academia.edu/RobertSkenderovi%C4%87?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4181794/1637283/45802556/s65_robert.skenderovi_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65722343 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65722343"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65722343, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65722343", }); 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Te su reforme ukljuèivale modernizaciju studija medicine, obavezno školovanje svih medicinskih djelatnika i organiziranje sustava kontrole njihovog rada na podruèju èitave Monarhije. Vrhunac zdravstvene reforme bio je donošenje zakona o medicinskoj zaštiti \"Generale Normativum Sanitatis\" 1770. godine koji je definirao sve kljuène zadatke zdravstvene zaštite u Monarhiji. Velik dio toga zakona posveaeen je Sanitarnom kordonu u Vojnoj granici, što pokazuje da je taj kordon imao izuzetno velik znaèaj za tadašnji beèki Dvor.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77195283,"asset_id":65722343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4181794,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Skenderović","domain_name":"isp","page_name":"RobertSkenderović","display_name":"Robert Skenderović","profile_url":"https://isp.academia.edu/RobertSkenderovi%C4%87?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4181794/1637283/45802556/s65_robert.skenderovi_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22496942/Dynamic_legislative_policy_making">Dynamic legislative policy making</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We prove existence of stationary Markov perfect equilibria in an infinite-horizon model of legislative policy making in which the policy outcome in one period determines the status quo for the next. We allow for a multidimensional policy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22496942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We prove existence of stationary Markov perfect equilibria in an infinite-horizon model of legislative policy making in which the policy outcome in one period determines the status quo for the next. We allow for a multidimensional policy space and arbitrary smooth stage utilities, and we assume preferences and the status quo are subject to arbitrarily small shocks. We prove that equilibrium continuation values are differentiable and that proposal strategies are continuous almost everywhere. We establish upper hemicontinuity of the equilibrium correspondence, and we provide weak conditions under which each equilibrium of our model determines an aperiodic transition probability over policies. We establish a convergence theorem giving conditions under which the invariant distributions generated by stationary equilibria must be close to the core in a canonical spatial model. Finally, we extend the analysis to sequential move stochastic games and to a version of the model in which the proposer and voting rule are determined by play of a finite, perfect information game.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22496942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9bc3fc20343680f49de4095ffad8d01" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43116954,"asset_id":22496942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43116954/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43742840" href="https://independent.academia.edu/johnduggan13">john duggan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43742840" type="text/json">{"id":43742840,"first_name":"john","last_name":"duggan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"johnduggan13","display_name":"john duggan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/johnduggan13?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22496942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22496942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22496942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22496942", }); 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We allow for a multidimensional policy space and arbitrary smooth stage utilities, and we assume preferences and the status quo are subject to arbitrarily small shocks. We prove that equilibrium continuation values are differentiable and that proposal strategies are continuous almost everywhere. We establish upper hemicontinuity of the equilibrium correspondence, and we provide weak conditions under which each equilibrium of our model determines an aperiodic transition probability over policies. We establish a convergence theorem giving conditions under which the invariant distributions generated by stationary equilibria must be close to the core in a canonical spatial model. Finally, we extend the analysis to sequential move stochastic games and to a version of the model in which the proposer and voting rule are determined by play of a finite, perfect information game.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43116954,"asset_id":22496942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43742840,"first_name":"john","last_name":"duggan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"johnduggan13","display_name":"john duggan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/johnduggan13?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":176941,"name":"CORE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CORE?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_82096688" data-work_id="82096688" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82096688/A_Critical_Assessment_of_Pertinent_Locus_Standi_Features_of_the_Derivative_Remedy_under_Zimbabwes_New_Companies_and_Other_Business_Entities_Act">A Critical Assessment of Pertinent Locus Standi Features of the Derivative Remedy under Zimbabwe's New Companies and Other Business Entities Act</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The importance and contribution of derivative litigation to the effectiveness and credibility of a jurisdiction&#39;s corporate governance system is indisputable. There is a positive correlation between good corporate governance... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_82096688" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The importance and contribution of derivative litigation to the effectiveness and credibility of a jurisdiction&#39;s corporate governance system is indisputable. There is a positive correlation between good corporate governance practices, which include shareholders’ rights, and investors’ return on their investments. On the one hand, an overly pro-shareholder derivative scheme is vulnerable to abuse and results in unnecessary interference with company management. This may, in turn, discourage directors from entrepreneurial risk-taking and undermine enterprise efficiency. On the other hand, a complex and ineffective system of derivative litigation protects errant directors and decreases investor confidence. This article is a critical assessment of Zimbabwe&#39;s recently adopted statutory derivative remedy. The analysis focuses on five locus standi-related aspects of the new statutory derivative regime. The article highlights some major weaknesses within Zimbabwe&#39;s statutory rem...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82096688" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a090add49e436de7859eb22cf0b95b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87911933,"asset_id":82096688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87911933/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14204230" href="https://nwu.academia.edu/friedrichhamadziripi">Friedrich Hamadziripi (LLD)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14204230" type="text/json">{"id":14204230,"first_name":"Friedrich","last_name":"Hamadziripi (LLD)","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"friedrichhamadziripi","display_name":"Friedrich Hamadziripi (LLD)","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/friedrichhamadziripi?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82096688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82096688"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82096688, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82096688", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_82096688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82096688; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_82096688"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_82096688 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="82096688"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82096688; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82096688]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_82096688").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_82096688").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="82096688"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance">Corporate Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4167" type="text/json">{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11753" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11753" type="text/json">{"id":11753,"name":"Jurisdiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisdiction?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=82096688]'), work: {"id":82096688,"title":"A Critical Assessment of Pertinent Locus Standi Features of the Derivative Remedy under Zimbabwe's New Companies and Other Business Entities Act","created_at":"2022-06-23T04:25:07.985-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/82096688/A_Critical_Assessment_of_Pertinent_Locus_Standi_Features_of_the_Derivative_Remedy_under_Zimbabwes_New_Companies_and_Other_Business_Entities_Act?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_82096688","summary":"The importance and contribution of derivative litigation to the effectiveness and credibility of a jurisdiction\u0026#39;s corporate governance system is indisputable. There is a positive correlation between good corporate governance practices, which include shareholders’ rights, and investors’ return on their investments. On the one hand, an overly pro-shareholder derivative scheme is vulnerable to abuse and results in unnecessary interference with company management. This may, in turn, discourage directors from entrepreneurial risk-taking and undermine enterprise efficiency. On the other hand, a complex and ineffective system of derivative litigation protects errant directors and decreases investor confidence. This article is a critical assessment of Zimbabwe\u0026#39;s recently adopted statutory derivative remedy. The analysis focuses on five locus standi-related aspects of the new statutory derivative regime. The article highlights some major weaknesses within Zimbabwe\u0026#39;s statutory rem...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87911933,"asset_id":82096688,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14204230,"first_name":"Friedrich","last_name":"Hamadziripi (LLD)","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"friedrichhamadziripi","display_name":"Friedrich Hamadziripi (LLD)","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/friedrichhamadziripi?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":11753,"name":"Jurisdiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisdiction?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":154687,"name":"African Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Law?f_ri=771508"},{"id":170413,"name":"Credibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credibility?f_ri=771508"},{"id":606222,"name":"Shareholder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shareholder?f_ri=771508"},{"id":632418,"name":"Statutory law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_law?f_ri=771508"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508"},{"id":1286085,"name":"Companies Act","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Companies_Act?f_ri=771508"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75981691" data-work_id="75981691" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75981691/Legislative_autolimitation_under_divided_government_evidence_from_the_German_case_1976_2002">Legislative autolimitation under divided government: evidence from the German case, 1976-2002</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Most efforts to detect the consequences of divided government in German federalism by analyzing legislative statistics have been unsuccessful. Therefore, there is still much debate in Germany about the gridlock potential of divided... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75981691" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Most efforts to detect the consequences of divided government in German federalism by analyzing legislative statistics have been unsuccessful. Therefore, there is still much debate in Germany about the gridlock potential of divided government, as there is in the United ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75981691" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13139f042786f28966ac291297921436" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83669301,"asset_id":75981691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83669301/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65947748" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BurkhartSimone">Simone Burkhart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65947748" type="text/json">{"id":65947748,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Burkhart","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BurkhartSimone","display_name":"Simone Burkhart","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BurkhartSimone?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75981691 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75981691"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75981691, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75981691", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75981691 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75981691; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75981691"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75981691 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75981691"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75981691; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75981691]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75981691").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75981691").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75981691"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32175" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German">German</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32175" type="text/json">{"id":32175,"name":"German","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="771508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature">Legislature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="771508" type="text/json">{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75981691]'), work: {"id":75981691,"title":"Legislative autolimitation under divided government: evidence from the German case, 1976-2002","created_at":"2022-04-10T03:22:08.744-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75981691/Legislative_autolimitation_under_divided_government_evidence_from_the_German_case_1976_2002?f_ri=771508","dom_id":"work_75981691","summary":"Most efforts to detect the consequences of divided government in German federalism by analyzing legislative statistics have been unsuccessful. Therefore, there is still much debate in Germany about the gridlock potential of divided government, as there is in the United ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83669301,"asset_id":75981691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65947748,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Burkhart","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BurkhartSimone","display_name":"Simone Burkhart","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BurkhartSimone?f_ri=771508","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":32175,"name":"German","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature?f_ri=771508","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74967518" data-work_id="74967518" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74967518/Legislatures_and_Representation_in_Latin_American_Politics">Legislatures and Representation in Latin American Politics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The variation offered by Latin American legislatures makes them empirically and theoretically relevant to the field of legislative studies. Since the 1980s, the study of these legislatures has experienced significant growth, widening the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74967518" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The variation offered by Latin American legislatures makes them empirically and theoretically relevant to the field of legislative studies. Since the 1980s, the study of these legislatures has experienced significant growth, widening the range of topics covered and the territorial scope of the analysis. Legislative-executive relations, elections and careers, and legislative behavior continue to be the most studied topics. In addition, by the 2010s a greater number of empirical analyses have made use of cross-national comparisons of the region and studied both subnational legislatures and how internal processes and institutions shape legislative outcomes. This academic interest still coexists with a low level of citizen confidence in the legislatures, which are considered to be ineffective in policymaking. In between lies representation. Its study has attracted increased attention in a context of significant changes in descriptive representation in the region, such as the increased p...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74967518" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8624629" href="https://uba.academia.edu/EmiliaSimison">Emilia Simison</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8624629" type="text/json">{"id":8624629,"first_name":"Emilia","last_name":"Simison","domain_name":"uba","page_name":"EmiliaSimison","display_name":"Emilia Simison","profile_url":"https://uba.academia.edu/EmiliaSimison?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8624629/10012397/12323480/s65_emilia.simison.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74967518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74967518"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74967518, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74967518", }); 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Since the 1980s, the study of these legislatures has experienced significant growth, widening the range of topics covered and the territorial scope of the analysis. Legislative-executive relations, elections and careers, and legislative behavior continue to be the most studied topics. In addition, by the 2010s a greater number of empirical analyses have made use of cross-national comparisons of the region and studied both subnational legislatures and how internal processes and institutions shape legislative outcomes. This academic interest still coexists with a low level of citizen confidence in the legislatures, which are considered to be ineffective in policymaking. In between lies representation. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/54874767/Part_three_country_case_studies_on_civic_participation_in_sub_national_budgeting">Part three : country case studies on civic participation in sub national budgeting</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The scheme selection ultimately rests with the Union Development Committee (UDC) for subsequent implementation. Each Union is provided with no more than a $6,780 12 block grant for the implementation of the development schemes for each... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54874767" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The scheme selection ultimately rests with the Union Development Committee (UDC) for subsequent implementation. Each Union is provided with no more than a $6,780 12 block grant for the implementation of the development schemes for each year. Given the resources constraint, the scheme selection finally has to be directed at the union level where local representatives also take part in decision-making based on certain criteria. 13 However, if some of the priority schemes cannot be accommodated, the next year's priorities may be adjusted accordingly. The project team has also developed a screening matrix for the UDC to use in the final selection. This includes criteria such as: contribution to poverty alleviation, environmental impact, impact on women, and so on. UDCs consider this matrix as well as the priorities of the WDCs in their final selection exercise. However, the UP chair and members usually make final selection of the schemes in a UP after they have held discussions among themselves. Once the schemes are finalized, no one can change them. Note that the schemes are usually selected on a priority basis in order to accommodate the $6,780 block grant.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54874767" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea6afd10db4a3fabb7ea8e1ff7394ca0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71024314,"asset_id":54874767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71024314/download_file?st=MTczODM1MDAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3421319" href="https://swufe.academia.edu/AnwarShah">Anwar Shah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3421319" type="text/json">{"id":3421319,"first_name":"Anwar","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"swufe","page_name":"AnwarShah","display_name":"Anwar Shah","profile_url":"https://swufe.academia.edu/AnwarShah?f_ri=771508","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3421319/94808162/84421267/s65_anwar.shah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54874767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54874767"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54874767, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54874767", }); 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